In development pathological process With helminthiasis, a number of successive phases (periods) can be distinguished, characterized by certain symptoms:

The acute phase is caused by the introduction of helminth larvae into the human body and their migration, as a result of which the development of allergic reactions fast and slow types for antigens of the larval stages of helminths;

Latent phase associated with the gradual maturation of the young helminth in its specific organ;

From the moment the invasive helminth larvae enter the human body, the processes of immunogenesis also begin with the inclusion of cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunity. Enzymes and metabolites secreted by larvae have high antigenic activity, which leads to the development of acute and sometimes generalized inflammatory reactions, manifested by an “explosive” onset and rapid flow early stage diseases.

In the second phase (latent period), more or less widespread or generalized proliferative reactions develop in the walls of blood vessels and organs with the formation of granulomas and infiltrates.

Helminths have a mechanical, toxic, sensitizing effect on the human body. They absorb vitamins, food and contribute to the formation of tumors and the addition of a secondary infection.

Fixation of tapeworms and flukes in the human body, as a rule, occurs with the help of suction cups, which injure the mucous membranes of the host and disrupt blood circulation in them, which is accompanied by inflammatory reactions. Hookworm and necator injure the intestinal mucosa with their teeth, which is accompanied by long-term capillary bleeding, since the secretion secreted by these helminths prevents blood clotting. The whipworm “pierces” the intestinal mucosa with its thin anterior end. Trichinella penetrate deep into the mucosa small intestine, where females give birth to live larvae. The pinworm is fixed by the head end, penetrating deep into the mucous membrane of the large intestine.

Tapeworms and roundworms can cause intestinal blockages. They can also cause perforation of the intestinal wall and the development of perforated peritonitis.

Sexually mature helminths and their larvae have toxic effect on the host body. For example, when the metabolites of tapeworm and whipworm affect red blood cells, their hemolysis is observed; ascaris toxins lead to paralytic expansion of capillaries, resulting in hemorrhages. Often, when infested by tapeworms, a decrease in acidity is observed gastric juice, which reduces the barrier properties of the stomach against bacteria. According to the figurative expression of K.I. Scriabin, helminths open the gates of infection. There is evidence of more frequent occurrence in patients with helminthiasis chronic forms dysentery.

Helminths affect performance nonspecific resistance in infectious patients, causing inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, a persistent drop in complement titer compared to non-infected patients. Some pathogens of infectious diseases (Vibrio cholera, Pasteurella, etc.) can settle in the body of helminths, so treatment only infectious disease without deworming it does not give the desired effect.

Large helminths grow very quickly in the human intestine at the expense of the host’s nutritional material, which leads to malaise, decreased appetite, hypovitaminosis, anemia, and sometimes dystrophy.

The ability of some helminths to stimulate the development of neoplasms has been established (papillomas and carcinomatous growths in the bladder and rectum in patients with schistosomiasis, liver neoplasms in opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis).

With some helminthiases (opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, etc.), the risk of developing oncological diseases. It is believed that the causative agents of these helminth infections, on the one hand, cause a state of long-term acquired immunosuppression in the host’s body, and on the other, lead to the transformation of proliferating tissue into blastomatous tissue, which forms around the helminth or its eggs.

For helminthiases clinical manifestations diseases are characterized by a wide variety of observable symptoms, which are based on biological features individual species helminths, associated primarily with their localization in the human body. There are no organs and tissues that cannot be affected by one or another type of helminth.

Clinical picture The initial period of the disease in many helminth infections is due to sensitization of the body caused by the metabolic products of helminths entering the blood. As a result of this, patients experience various allergic reactions, which can be both local (infiltrates, granulomas, necrosis) and general character(urticaria, Quincke's edema, eosinophilia, etc.).

With intense damage to the cecum by pinworms or whipworms, and the penetration of these helminths into the appendix, clinical symptoms appendicitis.

Clinic of a number of helminthiases, the causative agents of which are localized outside digestive system, is characterized even more various symptoms. Symptoms characteristic of pneumonia can be observed as a result of the pathogenic effect on the lungs of migrating larvae of roundworms, hookworms, strongylids, and flukes.

Ministry of Health of Russia

Department of Biology

FACTORS OF THE INFLUENCE OF HELMINTHS ON THE BODY

Completed by: 8th group student

Slyusar A.O.

Checked by: assistant department. Chulkov

Oleg Dmitrievich
Volgograd - 2015

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ...............3

Pathogenesis of helminthiasis................................................... .....................................4

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ...................7

References........................................................ ...........................................8

Introduction

The most common nematodes are geohelminthiases. According to official WHO data, about 1.2 billion people in the world are affected annually by ascariasis, hookworm disease - more than 900 million, trichuriasis - up to 700 million.

Target of this abstract- reveal the essence of pathogenic processes in the human body, understand what can cause this or that symptom.

The topic of this essay is still relevant in our time, since, judging by statistical data, the frequency of helminthiases is still quite high. V.P. Sergiev (1998) believes that the current prevalence of helminthiases among residents of various continents of the Earth is not much different from the assessment of the situation given by Le Riche back in the 60s: for every resident of Africa there are on average more than 2 types of helminths, in Asia and Latin America– more than 1 species, in Europe every third inhabitant is affected.

Pathogenesis of helminthiases

In the pathogenesis and clinical picture of helminth infections, two main phases are distinguished: acute - the first 2–3 weeks after invasion, and when severe course- up to 2 months or more, and chronic - lasting from several months to many years.

The influence of the pathogen on the host’s immune system continues to play a significant role in the chronic phase of invasion. One of important reasons organ and systemic lesions, especially with tissue helminthiasis, is the formation of immune complexes that activate mediator systems (complement, cytokines, etc.). Along with stimulating the immune response, helminths have an immunosuppressive effect, which promotes their survival in the host. The state of immunodeficiency during helminthiases negatively affects a person’s resistance to bacterial, viral and other infections, contributes to their protracted course and the formation of carriage, and reduces the effectiveness preventive vaccinations. This is well shown in the frequency of typhoid carriage, the incidence of tuberculosis and other chronic infectious diseases among the population of hyperendemic foci of opisthorchiasis.

In clinically manifest forms of helminthiases, the first signs appear in different terms after infection: with ascariasis, manifestations of the acute phase are observed already on the 2-3rd day, with most other helminthiasis - after 2-3 weeks, with filariasis incubation period lasts 6–18 months. In the early acute phase of helminthiases, manifestations of allergic reactions are characteristic: fever, recurrent itchy skin rashes, swelling - from local to generalized, increased lymph nodes, myalgia, arthralgia, in the peripheral blood - leukocytosis with hypereosinophilia. Against this background, they often develop pulmonary syndrome(from minor catarrhal phenomena to asthmatic conditions, pneumonia and pleurisy) and abdominal syndrome(abdominal pain and dyspeptic disorders). The liver and spleen increase in size, possible varying degrees severity of symptoms and syndromes of damage to the central nervous system(CNS). With some helminthiases, there are also specific signs: with trichinosis, in typical cases, from the first days of the disease, a symptom complex is observed, including fever, muscle pain, swelling of the eyelids and face; with liver trematodes (opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis) - icteric syndrome, enlarged liver and spleen. Even among helminthiasis caused by similar types of pathogens, there are significant differences in the severity of the course and the nature of the manifestations acute period: Thus, with Japanese schistosomiasis, it develops much more often and is more severe than with genitourinary and intestinal schistosomiasis.

With a number of helminthiases (ascariasis, infestation by tapeworms, etc.), in persons with unstable psyche, the psychogenic effect of helminths is also observed, which manifests itself in the form psycho-emotional stress, and such patients are difficult to rehabilitate after deworming.

Conclusion

Consumption nutrients and vitamins from the body. This leads to the development of vitamin deficiency, the person gains weight poorly and grows slowly.

Toxic influence. Helminths poison the body with the products of their vital activity.

Metabolic disorder. Most often suffers protein metabolism substances.

Disruption immune system . Helminths produce substances that can cause allergic reactions and lead to weakened immunity. People suffering from helminth infections are more easily and much more likely to become infected with other dangerous infections.
Get infected

Helminths are especially dangerous for children, since they weak immunity and not so strong protection against external infections. In addition, children are always exploring the world and are curious; without thinking, they can play with a stray animal, or pick something up from the ground and taste it.

The main symptoms of the presence of helminths

Acute stage of helminthiasis development

At this stage, the worms have just penetrated the intestines and they need time to develop into sexually mature individuals. Depending on the number of larvae and the type of worms, on acute stage development takes from 2 to 10 weeks.

Symptoms of the chronic stage:

• metabolism is disrupted;
• immunity is suppressed;
• inflammatory processes occur.

Consequences of worms for humans

Weight loss

Skin problems

The skin color becomes pale, sometimes even with a bluish tint, as the body lacks nutrients. As a result, dryness, sometimes cracks and thinness of the skin appear, this is especially noticeable on the hands, feet and face.

Disruption of the gastrointestinal tract

Operation function gastrointestinal tract completely changes, if previously the problems were short-term, then with the development of worms they arise severe constipation and diarrhea. Moreover, they can alternately change every other day, which clearly indicates more than simple poisoning.

Simultaneously with disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, the following occurs:

• nausea;
• bloating;
• pain in the right hypochondrium or in the intestines.

CNS dysfunction

Fatigue and persistent loss of strength

Weakening of the immune system

Immunity weakens due to low consumption useful substances, secondary infections may join. Often, a person with worms easily catches a cold or other infectious diseases, which in theory are not dangerous for people with strong immune systems.

Damage to internal organs

But still, intoxication affects the fetus more, which leads to weak immunity and a predisposition to various kinds illnesses after birth.

Get your stool tested

Stool donation occurs several times, since one test is not enough; the time interval between each test is several days or weeks, as recommended by the doctor. It is also advisable to take a skin scraping near the anus.

Donate blood for analysis

Additionally, the doctor asks the patient what symptoms are bothering him while the test results are being prepared. Tests allow you to find out how severely the body is affected helminthic infestation, which will allow you to assign more effective technique healing a sick person.

Modern treatment methods make it possible to get rid of helminths almost always, although severely advanced cases are extremely difficult to cure, and the person may remain disabled for the rest of his life.

If helminths have already been detected, then they must be urgently destroyed, and then undergo a rehabilitation course in order to increase immunity.

In the development of the pathological process during helminthiasis, a number of successive phases (periods) can be distinguished, characterized by certain symptoms:

The acute phase is caused by the introduction of helminth larvae into the human body and their migration, as a result of which allergic reactions of rapid and delayed types develop to antigens of the larval stages of helminths;

The latent phase is associated with the gradual maturation of the young helminth in its specific organ;

From the moment the invasive helminth larvae enter the human body, the processes of immunogenesis also begin with the inclusion of cellular and humoral mechanisms of immunity. Enzymes and metabolites secreted by the larvae have high antigenic activity, which leads to the development of acute and sometimes generalized inflammatory reactions, manifested by an “explosive” onset and a rapid course of the early stage of the disease.

In the second phase (latent period), more or less widespread or generalized proliferative reactions develop in the walls of blood vessels and organs with the formation of granulomas and infiltrates.

Helminths have a mechanical, toxic, sensitizing effect on the human body. They absorb vitamins, food and contribute to the formation of tumors and the addition of a secondary infection.

Fixation of tapeworms and flukes in the human body, as a rule, occurs with the help of suction cups, which injure the mucous membranes of the host and disrupt blood circulation in them, which is accompanied by inflammatory reactions.

Hookworm and necator injure the intestinal mucosa with their teeth, which is accompanied by prolonged capillary bleeding, since the secretion secreted by these helminths prevents blood clotting. The whipworm “pierces” the intestinal mucosa with its thin anterior end. Trichinella penetrate deep into the mucous membrane of the small intestine, where females give birth to live larvae. The pinworm is fixed by the head end, penetrating deep into the mucous membrane of the large intestine.

Tapeworms and roundworms can cause intestinal blockages. They can also cause perforation of the intestinal wall and the development of perforated peritonitis.

Sexually mature helminths and their larvae have a toxic effect on the host. For example, when the metabolites of tapeworm and whipworm affect red blood cells, their hemolysis is observed; ascaris toxins lead to paralytic expansion of capillaries, resulting in hemorrhages. Often, when infested with tapeworms, a decrease in the acidity of gastric juice is observed, which reduces the barrier properties of the stomach against bacteria. According to the figurative expression of K.I. Scriabin, helminths open the gates of infection. There is evidence of a more frequent occurrence of chronic forms of dysentery in patients with helminthiasis.

Helminths affect the indicators of nonspecific resistance in infectious patients, causing inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, a persistent drop in complement titer compared to non-infected patients. Some pathogens of infectious diseases (Vibrio cholerae, Pasteurella, etc.) can settle in the body of helminths, so treating the infectious disease alone without deworming does not give the necessary effect.

Large helminths grow very quickly in the human intestine at the expense of the host’s nutritional material, which leads to malaise, decreased appetite, hypovitaminosis, anemia, and sometimes dystrophy.

The ability of some helminths to stimulate the development of neoplasms has been established (papillomas and carcinomatous growths in the bladder and rectum in patients with schistosomiasis, liver neoplasms in opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis).

With some helminthiases (opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, etc.), the risk of developing cancer increases. It is believed that the causative agents of these helminthiases, on the one hand, cause a state of long-term acquired immunosuppression in the host’s body, and on the other, lead to the transformation of proliferating tissue into blastomatous tissue, which forms around the helminth or its eggs.

For helminth infections, the clinical manifestations of the disease are characterized by a wide variety of observed symptoms, which are based on the biological characteristics of individual types of helminths, associated primarily with their localization in the human body. There are no organs and tissues that cannot be affected by one or another type of helminth.

The clinical picture of the initial period of the disease in many helminth infections is due to sensitization of the body caused by the metabolic products of helminths entering the blood. As a result, patients experience various allergic reactions, which can be both local (infiltrates, granulomas, necrosis) and general in nature (urticaria, Quincke's edema, eosinophilia, etc.).

With intensive damage to the cecum by pinworms or whipworms, and the penetration of these helminths into the appendix, clinical symptoms of appendicitis can be observed.

The clinical picture of a number of helminthiasis, the causative agents of which are localized outside the digestive system, is characterized by even more diverse symptoms. Symptoms characteristic of pneumonia can be observed as a result of the pathogenic effect on the lungs of migrating larvae of roundworms, hookworms, strongylids, and flukes.

When pathogens of schistosomiasis (percutaneous) and filariasis (by specific inoculation) enter the human body, skin lesions in the form of itchy dermatoses and limited swelling are often observed in the initial period of the disease.

For initial stage wucheriosis and brugiosis are characteristic febrile conditions, accompanied by the development of lymphadenitis and orchitis. Subsequently, elephantiasis of the extremities develops and mammary glands, chyluria and hydrocele.

With loiasis, swelling and hyperemia of the conjunctiva and eyelids, transient limited swelling of the skin on the face and limbs, and neuritis occur.

Characteristic signs of genitourinary schistosomiasis are: hematuria, discharge of drops of blood at the end of urination, ulceration of the mucous membrane bladder, formation of cracks, polypous growths and swelling of the genital organs.