Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . С4Н10О
Structural formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S2H5OS2H5
Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.12
Aggregate state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liquid
Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colorless liquid
Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peculiar
Application: as a solvent for cellulose nitrates, animals and vegetable fats, natural and synthetic resins, alkaloids; as an extractant for the separation of plutonium and its fission products during the production and processing of nuclear fuel, when separating uranium from ores, anesthetic in medicine.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Density at 20°C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.5
Air vapor density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6
Density at 20°C, divided by the density of water at 4°C. . . . . . . . . . 0.7138
Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5
Melting point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 116.3
Critical temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4
Critical pressure, MPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.61
Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 2531
Specific heat combustion, kJ/kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34147
Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 252.2
Vapor diffusion coefficient in air, cm2/s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0772
Constants of Antoine's equation in the temperature range minus 60.8 - plus 35 ° C
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9979
IN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098.945
WITH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.372
Heat capacity, J/(mol? deg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.69
Viscosity at 20°C, mPa?s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2448
Enthalpy of evaporation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3
:Solubility in water: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . soluble
Reactivity: soluble in ethanol, benzene, acetylene, chloroform and other organic solvents. When exposed to strong acids, it turns into unstable oxonium salts. Resistant to alkalis and alkali metals.
SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS
CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-29-7
Hazard class in the air working area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
MPCm.r./s.s. in the air of the working area, mg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900/300
Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
MPCm.r./s.s in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0/0.6
Effect on people: drug. Slightly irritates the respiratory tract, with acute poisoning excitement sets in, then drowsiness and loss of consciousness, sometimes prolonged. Upon contact with skin, it causes a burning and cold feeling.
Precautions: Proper ventilation. Upon receipt or use in organic synthesis– sealing of equipment and communications. Isolation of anesthesiologists from direct inhalation of diethyl ether. When stored in light, it forms unstable explosive peroxides, which can cause its spontaneous ignition at room temperature.
Remedies: skin protection; filtering industrial gas mask, safety glasses.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROPERTIES
Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable liquid (flammable liquid)
Flash point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 41
Self-ignition temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Concentration limits of flame propagation, % (vol.). . . 1.7-49
Temperature limits of flame propagation, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 44 – plus 16
Minimum ignition energy, mJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Normal flame propagation speed, m/s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.49
Minimum explosive oxygen content, % (vol.) when diluting the steam-air mixture with nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . .10.7
When diluting the steam-air mixture with carbon dioxide. . . . . . . . . 13
When diluting the steam-air mixture with helium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Maximum explosion pressure, kPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Maximum speed increase in explosion pressure, MPa/s. . . . . . . . . 21
Burnout rate, kg/(m2?s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.83?10-2
Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.87
Explosive mixture group according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T4
Fire extinguishing agents: sprayed water, air-mechanical foam, powders. Foam based on PO-11 with a flow rate of 0.34 kg/(m2 s), based on Foretol software - 0.1 kg/(m2 s), based on Sampo software - 0.25 kg/(m2 With). For volumetric extinguishing, the minimum fire extinguishing concentration of carbon dioxide is 38% (vol.), nitrogen 49% (vol.)
formula
group
topical liquid
Pharmacological action
Means for inhalation general anesthesia, has an analgesic and muscle relaxant effect, has a wide range of therapeutic action. General anesthesia when using ether is relatively safe and easily manageable. Skeletal muscles relaxes well. It has a direct negative inotropic effect (a decrease in myocardial contractility is compensated by an increase in the concentration of catecholamines in the blood). Causes a temporary (up to 24 hours) decrease in liver and kidney function, reduces intestinal motility (stimulation of the sympathoadrenal system), reduces blood volume and plasma (by about 10%). Unlike fluorothane, trichlorethylene and cyclopropane, ether does not increase the sensitivity of the myocardium to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The period of induction of anesthesia is long (12-20 minutes). Awakening occurs 20-40 minutes after stopping the supply of ether, and the complete depression of consciousness disappears after a few hours.
Pharmacokinetics
When administered by inhalation, the ether is absorbed into the blood and penetrates the brain. The relatively low solubility of the ester in the blood causes a gradual increase in its concentration in the alveoli in initial stage anesthesia and a gradual decrease when its entry into the body ceases. Almost all of the ether is excreted unchanged from the body through the respiratory tract (a small part is excreted by the kidneys). The smell of ether in the exhaled air can persist for more than 24 hours.
Application
IndicationsInhalation general anesthesia using open (drip), semi-open, semi-closed and closed systems (mainly for short-term surgical interventions).
Maintaining general anesthesia during combined general anesthesia with the use of psychoactive drugs and peripheral muscle relaxants.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity, acute diseases respiratory tract, intracranial hypertension, arterial hypertension; CHF, hepatic and/or renal failure, cachexia, diabetes mellitus, acidosis.
The need to carry out surgical intervention electrocoagulation or use of an electric knife.
Side effect
Cough, psychomotor agitation, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, hypersecretion of bronchial glands; nausea and vomiting.
IN postoperative period- vomiting, depression respiratory center; bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, pulmonary edema (toxic origin), intestinal paresis, decreased bile secretion, metabolic acidosis, decreased glomerular filtration and diuresis.
Dosage regimen
With a semi-open system: 2-4 vol.% of ether in the inhaled mixture supports analgesia and loss of consciousness, 5-8% - superficial general anesthesia, 10-12% - deep general anesthesia. To euthanize a patient, concentrations of up to 20-25% may be required.
Overdose
Symptoms: for acute inhalation intoxication - headache, nausea, lower back pain, agitation, inappropriate behavior; then - asthenia, drowsiness, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rare and shallow, cyanosis, acrocyanosis, tachycardia, threadlike pulse, severe mydriasis, decreased blood pressure, cardiac arrest.
At chronic intoxication- loss of appetite, nausea (rarely vomiting), constipation, apathy, pallor skin, headache, dizziness, ethanol intolerance.
Treatment. Immediately stop the supply of ether, remove the victim from the area of influence of the toxic compound for fresh air or in a well-ventilated area. Inhalation of humidified oxygen, alkaline oil inhalations for persistent cough - ethylmorphine, codeine. 20-30 ml of 40% dextrose solution with 5 ml of 5% solution is administered intravenously ascorbic acid, analeptics, and, if necessary, sedatives. In case of respiratory depression - mechanical ventilation (the possibility of developing toxic edema lungs), in case of cardiac arrest - indirect massage hearts.
If ether accidentally enters the gastrointestinal tract, induce vomiting, rinse the stomach (8-10 liters of water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution), give the finely crushed solution to drink activated carbon(2-3 tablespoons), then induce repeated vomiting, and after 10-15 minutes give a saline laxative. In the future - symptomatic treatment.
Interaction
Enhances the effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants, anxiolytics, antipsychotic, sedative and hypnotic drugs.
The minimum alveolar concentration decreases with simultaneous use of dinitrogen oxide.
Special instructions
Anesthesia ether should only be used by personnel trained to administer general anesthesia.
Inhalation ether general anesthesia should not be carried out deeper than level III (1-2) of the surgical stage.
When high concentrations of ether (10-25%) are given during induction of general anesthesia, irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, laryngospasm and salivation may occur due to the irritating effect (at present, induction of ether anesthesia is rarely used).
To reduce the evoked reflex reactions and reduce hypersecretion, atropine is pre-administered.
Ether vapors are highly flammable; with oxygen, air, dinitrogen oxide form explosive mixtures in certain concentrations.
The maximum permissible concentration of ether vapor in the air of the working area is 300 mg/cub.m.
When performing general ether anesthesia in a closed system, measures must be taken to prevent the possibility of explosion.
In order to reduce agitation, ether general anesthesia is often used after induction of anesthesia with barbiturates. Sometimes induction of anesthesia is started with dinitrogen oxide, and ether is used to maintain general anesthesia.
The use of muscle relaxants makes it possible to enhance muscle relaxation and significantly reduce the amount of ether required for anesthesia - up to 2-4 vol.% (to maintain general anesthesia with a semi-open system).
The muscle relaxant effect of ester is not eliminated by anticholinesterase drugs.
For general anesthesia, ether can only be used from bottles opened immediately before surgery (when exposed to light, air, elevated temperature and moisture in the ether is formed harmful products- peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, causing severe irritation respiratory tract).
Frequent inhalation of ether vapors causes drug dependence.
Release forms
One of the types of ether for anesthesia is stabilized ether (lat. Aether pro narcosi stabilisatum ). Adding a stabilizer (antioxidant) extends the shelf life of the drug. Available in hermetically sealed orange glass bottles of 100 and 150 ml with metal foil placed under the stopper. After every 6 months of storage, ether for anesthesia is checked for compliance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia.
In addition to ether for anesthesia, medical ether is also produced (lat. Aether medicinalis). This drug is less purified than the previous one and is unsuitable for anesthesia. Apply topically to dental practice, externally (for rubbing), as well as for preparing tinctures and extracts. Sometimes prescribed orally for vomiting. Higher doses for adults orally: single dose - 0.33 ml (20 drops), daily - 1 ml (60 drops).
Storage
List B. Store in a cool, dark place, away from sources of fire.
Notes
| General anesthetics ( N01A) | |
|---|---|
| Ethers | Diethyl ether Vinyl ester |
| Halogenated hydrocarbons | Halothane Chloroform Methoxyflurane * Enflurane * Trichloroethylene Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane |
Diethyl ether is an ether produced by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with ethyl alcohol. Diethyl ether was first obtained in the 16th century by the German pharmacist Valery Cordus. Even then, Cordus noted the anesthetic properties of the substance he obtained.
Properties of ether
Diethyl ether is a transparent mobile liquid with high volatility and characteristic strong odor. Ether is slightly soluble in water - at room temperature its solubility does not exceed 6-7%.
Medical ether is flammable - its vapors are extremely flammable. When mixed with air, they form an explosive mixture.
Application in medicine
In medicine, ether is used as a means of general anesthesia. Diethyl ether can be used as independent remedy for anesthesia, or be part of complex mixtures containing several narcotic gases.
Ether anesthesia is a classic. Diethyl ether has a wide therapeutic effects, strong analgesic and narcotic effect. In parallel with general anesthesia, the ester causes a general relaxation of smooth muscles and is able to enhance muscle relaxation caused by the action of curare-like drugs.
Diethyl ether is one of the safest narcotic drugs. It does not increase the sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamines, does not depress respiration, and is excreted from the body almost unchanged.
A separate advantage of using diethyl ether is that it does not require the use of special anesthesia devices and does not need to be pre-mixed with oxygen. Therefore, it is often sufficient to use a simple anesthesia mask for ether anesthesia.
If the supply of diethyl ether is stopped at any stage of anesthesia, the patient gradually regains consciousness, his reflexes and muscle tone are restored - that is, the person is in reverse order goes through all stages of anesthesia.
The negative properties of ether include the slow achievement of the surgical stage of anesthesia, the presence of a pronounced period of excitation, irritation of the respiratory tract and the likelihood of postoperative complications.
For anesthesia, the drugs “Ether for anesthesia” and “Ester for anesthesia stabilized” are used. They are distinguished by high purity. The drug "Medical Ether" contains less pure diethyl ether and is not used for anesthesia - it is used for the preparation of extracts for external use. Sometimes medicinal ether is used to relieve the gag reflex.
Diethyl ether(ethyl ether, sulfuric ether). By chemical properties is a typical aliphatic ether. Widely used as a solvent. First obtained in the Middle Ages.
Story
It is possible that diethyl ether was first obtained in the 9th century by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan or the alchemist Raymond Lull in 1275. It is reliably known that it was synthesized in 1540 by Valerius Cordus, who called it “sweet oil of vitriol” (lat. oleum dulce vitrioli), since it was obtained by distilling a mixture of ethyl alcohol and sulfuric acid, which was then called “oil of vitriol.” Cordus also noted its anesthetic properties.
The name "ether" was given to this substance in 1729 Frobenius .
Synthesis
It is obtained by the action of acid catalysts on ethyl alcohol when heated, for example by distilling a mixture of ethyl alcohol and sulfuric acid at a temperature of about 140-150 °C. It also turns out like by-product in the production of ethyl alcohol by hydration of ethylene in the presence phosphoric acid or 96-98% sulfuric acid at 65-75 °C and a pressure of 2.5 MPa. The main part of diethyl ether is formed at the stage of hydrolysis of ethyl sulfates (95-100 °C, 0.2 MPa)
Properties
- Colorless, transparent, very mobile, volatile liquid with a peculiar odor and pungent taste.
- Solubility in water 6.5% at 20 °C. Forms an azeotropic mixture with water (bp 34.15 °C; 98.74% diethyl ether). Miscible with ethanol, benzene, ethereal and fatty oils in all proportions.
- Highly flammable, including vapors; In a certain ratio with oxygen or air, ether vapors for anesthesia are explosive.
- Decomposes when exposed to light, heat, air and moisture to form toxic aldehydes, peroxides and ketones, which are irritating to the respiratory tract.
- The resulting peroxides are unstable and explosive; they can cause spontaneous ignition of diethyl ether during storage and explosion during its distillation to dryness.
In terms of chemical properties, diethyl ether has all the properties characteristic of ethers, for example, it forms unstable oxonium salts with strong acids:
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Forms relatively stable complex compounds with Lewis acids: (C 2 H 5) 2 O BF 3
Application
Pharmacology
In medicine it is used as medicine general anesthetic effect, since its effect on neuronal membranes and the ability to “immobilize” the central nervous system is very specific and completely reversible. It is used in surgical practice for inhalation anesthesia, and in dental practice - topically, for treatment carious cavities and root canals of the tooth in preparation for filling.
Due to the slow decomposition of diethyl ether, the established storage periods must be strictly adhered to. For anesthesia, ether can only be used from bottles opened immediately before surgery. After every 6 months of storage, ether for anesthesia is checked for compliance with the requirements. The use of technical ether for these purposes is not permitted.
Technique
- It is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrates in the production of smokeless powder, natural and synthetic resins, and alkaloids.
- It is used as an extractant for the separation of plutonium and its fission products during the production and processing of nuclear fuel, and for the separation of uranium from ores.
- It is used as a fuel component in model aircraft compression engines.
- When starting gasoline internal combustion engines in harsh winter conditions.
In the USSR, "Arctic" starting fluid was produced; a small amount was poured into the intake manifold through the carburetor with the air filter removed. For the army, ether was produced in a sealed aluminum casing; before use, the casing was pierced with a bayonet or screwdriver. Abroad, “starting fluid on cold days” is produced in an aerosol can. Ingredients: diethyl ether, industrial oil, propellant.
The engine starting mechanism in this case is mostly diesel: the mixture of ether and air is ignited by compression already at a compression ratio of about 5-6; lost compression various reasons engines can make several revolutions on ether, but nevertheless do not work on gasoline.
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Notes
Literature
- Babayan E. A., Gaevsky A. V., Bardin E. V. " Legal aspects trafficking in narcotic, psychotropic, potent, toxic substances and precursors" M.: MCFR, 2000 p. 148
- Gurvich Ya. A. “Handbook of a young apparatchik-chemist” M.: Chemistry, 1991 p. 229
- Devyatkin V.V., Lyakhova Yu.M. “Chemistry for the curious, or what you won’t learn about in class” Yaroslavl: Academy Holding, 2000 p. 48
- Rabinovich V. A., Khavin Z. Ya. “A short chemical reference book” L.: Chemistry, 1977 p. 148
- Hauptmann 3., Organic chemistry, trans. from German, M.: Khimiya, 1979, p. 332-40;
- Graefe Yu., General organic chemistry, trans. from English, vol. 2, M., 1982, p. 289-353;
- Remane X., Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia, v. 9, N.Y., 1980, p. 381-92.
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