it. fascismo from fas-cio - bundle, bundle, association) - ideology, political movement and social practice, which are characterized the following signs and features: justification on racial grounds for the superiority and exclusivity of one nation, which is therefore proclaimed dominant; intolerance and discrimination towards other “alien”, “hostile” nations and national minorities; denial of democracy and human rights; imposing a regime based on the principles of totalitarian-corporate statehood, one-party system and leaderism; the establishment of violence and terror in order to suppress the political enemy and any form of dissent; militarization of society, the creation of paramilitary forces and the justification of war as a means of solving interstate problems. As can be seen from the list given in the definition, it covers and takes into account many signs and characteristic features, from the totality of which the most common and adequate formula of f. is composed. Such a wide set of characteristics is explained by the fact that f. is a complex, multidimensional social phenomenon noted in different countries features and differences in the origins, prerequisites, forms of manifestation, socio-economic conditions and national-political traditions that contribute to its origin and formation. F. in its own, narrow sense is usually associated with its Italian model, which is etymologically and historically quite justified.

The first fascist organizations appeared in the spring of 1919. in Italy in the form of paramilitary squads of nationalist-minded former front-line soldiers. In October 1922, the fascists, who had become a major political force, staged an armed “march on Rome”, which resulted in the appointment of October 31, 1922. the prime minister was the head of the fascists (Il Duce) B. Mussolini. Over the next 4 years, political freedoms were gradually eliminated, and the omnipotence of the fascist party elite was established. In the 30s The creation of a corporate state was completed in Italy. The basis political system constituted the only legal fascist party. Parliament was replaced by a special body, which included representatives of various professional groups and social strata (“corporations,” hence the name “corporate state”). Independent trade unions were replaced by completely nationalized “vertical” fascist trade unions. Mussolini's government developed and adopted a series of codes (criminal, criminal procedure, civil, etc.), a number of which, with modifications, are still in force today. The fascist government adopted the criminal law doctrine " social protection", led a decisive fight against the mafia, as a result of which for the first time in Italian history it was possible to put an end to organized crime.

In a broad sense, the concept of F. is extended to National Socialism and other authoritarian-corporate, military regimes (Salazar in Portugal (1926-1974) and Franco in Spain (1939-1975).

In relation to Hitler's Germany (1933-1945), as a rule, the term “national socialism” (“Nazism”) is used, the use of which is also typical for the post-war legislation of these countries banning National Socialism. Nazi organizations and their activities, as well as propaganda of the ideas of National Socialism. And although many political scientists rightly point out the vagueness of the concept of f., it seems legitimate to talk about f. in a broad sense, i.e. including National Socialism, Italian, Portuguese and its other varieties. It should also be taken into account that the UN General Assembly, in many of its resolutions on the threat of the revival of F. and the need to combat it, uses this concept in a broad sense.

In the most concentrated form, although in its most extreme manifestations, the generic signs and characteristic features of f. were embodied in Nazi Germany, where racism, mass terror and aggression were justified in ideology, legalized in legislation and implemented in the criminal policy and practice of the state.

On October 1, 1946, the first international trial in the history of mankind of the main war criminals of Nazi Germany ended in Nuremberg. The International Military Tribunal (IMT), on behalf of the peoples of the world, condemned leaders, ideologists, and military commanders fascist Germany for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The IMT recognized the NSDAP, Gestapo, SS and SD as criminal organizations. The Tribunal recognized and condemned the ideology of Nazism and the regime based on it as criminal.

The main Nuremberg IMT trial was followed by 12 trials, which held American military tribunals (AMT) in Nuremberg. In Trial No. 3 of the AVT, a case was considered on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity against Nazi judges. The Court's verdict clearly defined the role of judges and high-ranking justice officials in the commission of these crimes: "The main element of the charge is that the laws, Hitler's decrees and the draconian, corrupt and corrupt National Socialist legal system as such, they collectively constitute a war crime and a crime against humanity. Participation in the publication and application of such laws meant criminal complicity." The Tribunal described Nazi legislation itself as a far-reaching degradation of the entire legal system.

After the Second World War, the question of creating legal barriers to the revival of France became acute. Analysis of legislation Western countries(Germany, Austria, Italy, Portugal, etc.), in which F. in different periods was in power or existed as a political and state reality, shows that the suppression of f. is carried out mainly through the prohibition of the formation and activities of associations and parties of a fascist, Nazi or neo-Nazi persuasion or other national varieties of f., known in these countries from their own experience . Thus, the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 directly uses the term “F.”. In paragraph 4 of Art. 46 of the Constitution on the right of citizens to associate, “armed associations, associations of a militaristic or paramilitarist nature, as well as organizations that adhere to the ideology of fascism” are recognized as unacceptable.

Violation of the ban and the continuation of the activities of banned parties and associations of pro-Nazi or pro-fascist orientation are subject to criminal punishment in these countries, while the concept or definition of F. as a legal category used in a criminal law or administrative law context. usually absent. The exception is Portugal. In the law banning F. of 1978, the lack of a legal definition of F. is compensated by a detailed definition of fascist organizations: “... fascist organizations are considered to be organizations that, in their charters, manifestos, messages and statements of leading and responsible figures, as well as in their activities, openly adhere to , advocate, seek to propagate and actually propagate the principles, teachings, attitudes and methods inherent in famous history fascist regimes, namely: they promote war, violence as a form of political struggle, colonialism, racism, corporatism and extol prominent fascist figures."

In Austria, liberated from the Nazi occupation, the provisional coalition government on May 8, 1945 adopted the constitutional Law banning the NSDAP, which is still in force. In 1992, it was amended to tighten criminal liability for any attempts to recreate or support the activities of banned Nazi organizations. At the same time, the upper limits of the punishment in the form of life imprisonment were retained and the lower limits were omitted. The law increased penalties for promoting National Socialism by distributing publications or works of art, and also introduced new line-up crimes that criminalize denial of Nazi genocide and crimes against humanity or apology for National Socialism.

In Germany, a different mechanism is provided for the possible suppression of pro-Nazi activities. In 1952, the Federal Constitutional Court declared the Socialist Imperial Party unconstitutional and banned it as the successor to the NSDAP; the ban also applies to the creation of organizations replacing it. The German Criminal Code, which came into force on January 1, 1975, contains a number of articles establishing criminal liability for the continuation of the activities of a banned organization, an attempt to recreate it or create a replacement organization, for the dissemination of propaganda materials of such an organization, as well as for the use of its symbols. These articles should apply to parties and associations with a Nazi and neo-Nazi orientation.

In Italy, the condemnation of F. and its ban are recorded in the transitional and final regulations of the 1947 Constitution: “The restoration in any form of the dissolved fascist party is prohibited.” Article 13 of the Constitution prohibits the creation of secret societies and associations that, at least indirectly, pursue political goals through organizations of a military nature. In November 1947, the Constituent Assembly of Italy passed a law banning fascist activities, which also provides for imprisonment for F propaganda. In 1952, a law was passed banning neo-fascist activities and organizations such as the Italian Social Movement party. It was first used in 1973 in the case of 40 members of a neo-fascist organization " New order". 30 of whom were sentenced to different deadlines imprisonment. In 1974, more than 100 criminal cases were brought against members of the neo-fascist organization National Vanguard. The fight against F. in Italy is based both on the legislation applied by the courts and on the people’s active rejection of any manifestations and performances of neo-fascist forces.

Incomplete definition ↓

What is “fascism” associated with?

With name, country, time. Name of “fascism”: “Hitler”, country: “Germany”, time: “Great Patriotic War" or "Second world war" Unfortunately, this is where many people’s knowledge ends. And this is fundamentally wrong. Germany is mistakenly considered the birthplace of fascism and connect its appearance with the Second World War. So, fascism arose back in 1919, with the appearance of a document called the “Manifesto of Fascism,” authored by the Italians Filippo Marinetti and Alcesta De Ambrisa. Yes, exactly the Italians. The origin of fascism has nothing to do with Germany. It is the “Manifesto of Fascism” that contains the basic ideas of fascism, which were later “adopted” by Benito Mussolini.
The concept of fascism that Mussolini developed was international in nature. Typically, this manifesto set out the ideas of class cooperation, suffrage for all, corporatism, and it contained the makings of democracy. Thus, from the above it is easy to understand that “fascism” is an exclusively Italian concept and is associated with the name of B. Mussolini. Therefore, the application of this concept in relation to other countries similar to the ideas of fascism is incorrect.

The emergence of fascism in Italy

The idea of ​​the emergence of fascism arose due to the fact that after the First World War, Italian society experienced a crisis of capitalist society. Despite the fact that Italy emerged victorious, its situation was deplorable.

About 700 thousand inhabitants died on the fronts, for a country with a population of 35 million people this was very serious, in addition, the country was mired in foreign debts, bankruptcy developed, which led to class struggle within the country. An example was the events in Russia in 1917. They began to hold strikes, seize factories and factories that independently provided raw materials and even tried to sell them on the market. But all this did not last long. After a month, the government managed to return factories to their owners, promising increased wages for workers. Thus, the revolution was defeated “in the bud.”
But, despite this, unrest still remained among the masses. The ruling elite split into: communists and centrists. And then, it became obvious that the country needed a new leader who could unite the people and restore the country. In 1921, elections were held in which the fascists took part c kaya party, under the leadership of B. Mussolini. But voters did not support the party the right amount votes, and subsequently the “March on Rome” took place, as a result of which Mussolini became prime minister and Italy the first “fascist” state.

Differences between Italian fascism and German nationalism

As mentioned above, the fascists opposed class struggle. They united the warring parties under speeches about the “anti-monopoly revolution” and the “power of the lumpen proletariat,” thereby subjugating both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The main difference is that in Germany there was no “fascism”, there was “Nazism”. It is generally accepted that the basis of nationalism is fascism. At first glance, these systems are identical, but there are differences between them.

1. The policy of nationalism was based on equality, the absence of class struggle, while the policy of fascism advocated the superiority of a certain abstract “Aryan race” over all others.
2. Fascism did not have an ideology as such; it was created in the course of the development of the state. She had a somewhat contradictory character. Whereas the Nazis strictly followed the plan.
3. Attitude to the church. Initially, both the first and second had a negative attitude towards religion. But if fascism gradually replaced anger with mercy, then the Nazis were anti-clerical to the last.
4. Fascism advocated the ideas of futurism, which was even reflected in the art of that time, and the Nazis were anti-modernists.
5. And, of course, “ Jewish question" The Nazis treated this issue formally. Hostility was inherent as everyday xenophobia, while the Nazis formed the final decision and moved on to execution.

It is clear that all the differences between fascism and Nazism are not reflected in the proposed list, but it outlines the key points. Despite the fact that the “springhead” of Nazism was the ideas of fascism, in modern society you need to be able to distinguish between these concepts and their ideology.

Where does the word “fascism” come from (Twi story) January 6th, 2014

Today, I finally got completely tired of the stories on Twitter that the concept of “fascism” came from the Latin language, stillborn in the century before last, and “ancient” Rome, from where it came from no less “ancient” Egypt.
In order to eliminate the blind worship of the officially imposed on us (literally just now, by the way) version of the TOR, I am publishing below my twee story (tweets from today). I’m just too lazy to write again, and this new genre needs to be introduced :)

1. I explain the origin of the word “fascism” so that it is not attributed either to Latin, artificially created in the century before last (!), or to Italian.
2. For some reason, the mention of the word from which the concept of “fascism” came from was eradicated from our language, although the symbol itself literally (!) screams about it!
3. In the Russian language there are many words meaning the union of plant stems: bunch, vyazanka, sheaf. Each of them has its own purpose
4. A bundle means brushwood, a sheaf means ears of corn, a bunch means greenery (dill, parsley, etc.), and a large bunch means straw.
5. But there is one more word that has been completely drained from our language, although it denotes a completely independent association of plant stems
6. It was this union of stems that was the strongest and was used for strengthening both in military affairs and in civil life

Strengthening the bank or ravine with the help of this union of sprouts, the name of which is below.

7. In order to militarize it as a symbol of fascism, they even stuck a hatchet into it - supposedly not for strengthening banks, ravines and roads
8. It's time to call it native(!) Russian word! Do you know him? While you're thinking, a few words about word formation in Russian
9. Look at the following row:
one is a warrior, many are a squad
one is a community member, many are a community member.
The pattern is clear, I hope
10. So, exactly before the Nuremberg trials, at which National Socialist Germany was called fascist, FASCINE was used with might and main in Russia
11. Fashina on Wikipedia: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%E0%F8%E8%ED%E0 In other dictionaries: http://enc-dic.com/efremova/Fashinnik-114676. html
12. Detailed article about fascine and fascinnik (how to prepare it, knit it, use it) with pictures: Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron 1890-1907(!) http://omop.su/1000/07/142504.php

Making a fascine from twigs on a trestle from stakes driven into the ground.

13. Only in the Russian language does a fascinnik (willow twigs) unite into a fascina (a bundle of twigs), just as warriors form a squad, and community members form a community!
And this is - key point, blowing to smithereens this whole pompous notion about Latin-Italian fascio and other “ancient” Egyptian crap! Here I’m making fun of 3 things at once:
- stillborn and artificial in Latin, invented at the beginning of the century before last
- "antiquity" of Rome and Egypt
- the origin of “fascism” from fascio - we just have some kind of fashion brought by the Romanoffs - to bow to foreignness, when everything around is invented and created by us ourselves!

"Fashism"

Contents of the article:

• Fascism in different countries
• Fascism today
• Video

The word fascism, translated from Italian, briefly sounds like a union or unification, and a fascist, accordingly, is an adherent of fascism. The form of government is dictatorship. The history of fascism dates back to the ancient Romans.
IN modern world, fascism is a political movement, as well as a form of power, that originated in Italy at the beginning of the last century. Later, this movement began to spread to other countries, such as in Germany during the period of Adolf Hitler's rule. Fascism is characterized by the principles of leadership, partisanship, and most importantly, violence.

Fascism and racism: what are they similar in common?

Science does not give one general opinion about the commonality of racism and fascism. Some scientists believe that fascism focused on the superiority of the nation, not the race. Therefore, these two concepts were not identified. The second point of view has become more widespread in the modern world. If fascism is a kind of doctrine about higher man, then racism fits harmoniously into this concept. According to scientists, this political movement, which originated in Italy, was much closer to racism than is commonly thought.

Fascism: main features and common features of fascist associations

The main feature of fascism is the strong role of the state in regulating all spheres of society. Fascism does not tolerate dissent and completely subjugates it using violent methods. Varieties of fascism include traditionalism, often leaderism, nationalism, anti-communism, extremism, etc.
Fascism, for the most part, originates in states with the presence of economic crisis leading to social and political crises. The fascists used styles that were not typical for those times. All of them consisted of mass events. Also, the masculine character of the party was emphasized, in a sense the secularization of religiosity, unconditional approval and the widespread use of violence in resolving political conflicts.

Fascism includes some aspects of anti-socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-modernism. Nationalism was one of the foundations of this movement. However, small fascist movements were obliged to take into account the ideology of other similar movements. Thus, it turns out that, despite their nationalist ideology, they had to accept the ideals of foreign models. Subsequently, both the right and left movements of Nazism began to fight this.
The Nazis brutally destroyed their political enemies. Randomly selected minority parties also fell under their reprisals.

Fascism in different countries

Briefly - fascism, and more thoroughly - the doctrine of Benitto Mussolini. He believed that the state should represent corporate power. In Italy, fascism originated in the 10s of the last century. Mussolini, having come to power, established a dictatorship. In his book "La Dottrina del Fascismo", the leader of the movement equated the word "fascism" with the system public administration and this word meant “ideology.”
Then fascism spread to Germany. The leader of the National Socialist Party was Adolf Hitler, who planned the seizure of European lands through the Blitzkrieg plan.

Hitler's inspiration was Mussolini. The leader of German fascism himself argued that Italian ideology became the basis for the formation Nazi Party Germany. The connection between German and Italian fascism was, for example, anti-Semitism. The German fascists were the furthest from all like-minded people to advance towards their goal. The Blitzkrieg plan, which promised territorial expansion, nevertheless failed.

During the existence of German fascism, Romania formed its own Nazi party (1927-1941).
In 1934, the Second Spanish Republic emerged in Spain. This gave impetus to the beginning of Spanish fascism. The leader was José Antonio Primo de Rivera.

In 1928 Catholic Church supported the rise to power of Oliveira Salazar. His dictatorial power lasted for about 40 years, until Oliveira fell ill and stopped governing the country. He retired. Marcel Caetano, who became the leader of Spain, put an end to the regime of fascism. The new state under the leadership of Oliveira Salazar became the longest lasting of the previously existing fascist regimes.

Fascist ideology in Brazil was called integralism. The founder was Plinu Salgado. Integralism absorbed some features of Italian fascism. But the Brazilian fascists differed from the European ones in that they did not promote racism. This movement even accepted blacks into its ranks.

In Russia, fascism became widespread before the start of World War II (30s - 40s of the 20th century). Russian fascism took its inspiration from Italian Nazism. The founders were white emigrants who settled in Germany, Manchuria and the USA. Russian fascism took its name from the Black Hundred and White Movement movements. Active policy(except for the White emigrants from Manchuria), they did not lead. The only thing they were doing was being anti-Semitic. During the implementation of the Blitzkrieg plan, Russian fascists acted on the side of the invaders.

In the period from the 20s to the mid-50s of the XX century, mainly in Western Ukraine, there existed the OUN (Organization Ukrainian nationalists). The main ideology was protection from the influence of Poland and Soviet Union. The creation of an independent state was planned. The composition was to include the lands of Poland, the Soviet Union, Romania and Czechoslovakia. That is, the territories where Ukrainians lived. It was with these goals that they justified their terror. The activities of the OUN were anti-Soviet, anti-Polish and anti-communist in nature. Historians not only equate the OUN with Italian fascism, but also argue about the greater extremism of the former.

In the history of some countries, movements can be traced that are similar to the ideology of fascism, but they are in no hurry to unite them with the fascists. These movements mainly have an anti-liberal or anti-communist orientation. They use the methods of fascism, but do not set themselves the goal of creating a superior nation. For example, parafascism. This regime is authoritarian.

Fascism today

Today in Russia there is such a thing as neo-Nazism. It consists of adherence to Nazi symbols, anti-Semitism and racism.

Neo-Nazism can be either individual or organized. If organized, neo-Nazism represents an extreme form. In the media you can see reports related to the crimes of neo-Nazis. He can also reach anti-Christian and anti-Abrahamic views.
Adherents of neo-Nazism differ in their musical preferences. This is mainly rock music or patriotic songs performed with a guitar.

There are neo-Nazi symbols different types. It could be a flag Russian Empire, symbols of the Third Reich, Russian symbols, Nazi symbols in general, pagan (pseudo-pagan) or their own symbols.

It is worth noting that fascist symbols today can be used as a specific type or in combination. Attributes with symbols of neo-Nazism are purchased, for the most part, through online stores. You can buy jewelry items (rings, watches, bracelets), knives and other items with symbols there.
A feature of the neo-Nazi movement in Russia is that its participants adhere to the rules of healthy image life.
According to representatives of this movement, power, television and the economy are not in the hands of the Slavic people. They advocate for racial purity in these industries.

The use of different types of symbols leads to conflicts among themselves.
In the USA there is such a thing as neo-fascism. During the Second World War, the United States actively fought against the Nazis, and now this movement quietly exists among the Americans. In the current political situation, there is an opinion that neo-fascists are being incited against Russia. The United States published post-war documents indicating American ties to the Nazis. The purpose of this cooperation was to unite against the Soviet Union. The deterioration of political relations between the USA and the USSR occurred partly due to the cooperation of the United States authorities with the fascists.

Despite the fact that the USSR fought the fascists with all its might, in Latvia Russians were and are called occupiers. Latvians glorify the fascists as heroes. Soviet monuments are regularly destroyed, streets are renamed, and the Russian language is destroyed throughout the country. And all this happens despite the fact that Russian-speaking citizens live in Latvia.

Lithuanian history textbooks instill in children that Lithuanians fully supported the German army, thereby freeing themselves from the oppression of the Soviet Union. The Estonian ruling circles also share the same opinion.
As we know from history, Ukraine has always been secretly divided into Western and Eastern. The massive spread of neo-fascism in Ukraine occurred and is occurring in its western part. During World War II, this part of Ukrainians supported the Nazis. Today the situation is such that Ukraine has again begun its split. The Russian-speaking population is oppressed. Can mass oppression be called fascism? The people themselves living in eastern Ukraine consider the political methods of the country's leadership to be the beginnings of fascism. Civil war today, indirectly speaks of the same thing.

After the Second World War died down, such a word as “fascism” acquired a clearly negative meaning, and now this term is being abused a lot, calling their political opponents that way and labeling them. On the other hand, such a vague definition of this absolutely terrible phenomenon makes it possible to revive ultra-right parties, which, however, do not call themselves that, although in their doctrine they are very close to fascism or contain some elements of this ideology. But is it so easy to clearly define fascism and outline the boundaries of this term?

Classical fascism, that is, in the narrow historical meaning of the word, became dominant in Italy in 1922 after the famous “March on Rome” of the Blackshirts. The name “fascism” has Italian roots, coming from the word “fascio”, that is, corporation, union . And the organization headed by Mussolini was called the Union of Struggle (Fascio di combattimento). Fascio, in turn, is associated with the Latin fascis (bundle, bundle) - this was the name of the honorary weapon of lictors, guards. By the way, fascia is still present in symbolism state power some countries (for example, in the emblem of the Russian Federal Bailiff Service). But symbols are symbols, and now the swastika of the German Nazis is considered to be the symbol of this movement. But fascism, and what are the main features of this ideology?

The Blackshirt movement can be described as definitely authoritarian, nationalistic, and also using extreme violence as regular form political struggle. But, for example, anti-Semitism and racism in Italian fascism were not at the forefront of their ideology, as was the case with the German Nazis. However, since the Italian fascists had a clear ultra-right orientation, the left parties considered it necessary to brand this as sometimes going too far and calling their opponents that way, even competitors from the left camp, for example, some communists called the Social Democrats “social fascists.” The classic “left” definition of what fascism is was given by Georgiy Dimitrov at the VII Congress of the Comintern: “... this is a terrorist dictatorship of reactionary structures financial capital... In foreign policy fascism is chauvinism in its crudest form, which cultivates visceral hatred of other peoples.”

However, this definition does not clearly highlight the features of the ideology of this movement, which prevents us from clearly characterizing what fascism is. Modern science tried to fill this deficiency and compiled a list of features, the presence of which in the program or ideology of the party allows it to be called fascist. This is ardent anti-communism, radical nationalism and even extremism, militarism, traditionalism, leaderism, statism, exaltation of the “titular nation” and open discrimination against national minorities, elements of populism and the declaration of protection for broad sections of the population (however, many parties are guilty of this). But the main thing distinctive feature The fascist party that came to power is totalitarianism, that is, total state control, penetrating into all spheres of human life.

However, even such a definition of the features of fascism makes it possible to call many nationalist parties and regimes with a similar word (for example, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan) and even brings into the arena such a term as Jewish fascism, applying it to the openly discriminatory policies of the State of Israel.

To understand (to define) what fascism is, it helps to study such related movements, which arose approximately at the same time as the Italian classical type, with which Mussilini collaborated or which set the Blackshirt movement as a model of their own struggle. In Germany it was National Socialism (or Nazism), in Spain - Falangism and Francoism, in Portugal - the New State, in Hungary - the Arrow Cross, in Romania - the Iron Guard, in Brazil - integralism (although in its ideology there was no racism), Bulgarian, Austrian, Japanese and Belgian variants of fascism.