The first trip around the world, or rather voyage, was made by the expedition of the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan in the period from 1519 to 1522. During the expedition, he died and one of the captains of Magellan's squadron named Juan Sebastian de Elcano completed the voyage.
During the first trip around the world, the spherical shape of the Earth was proven in practice. Magellan discovered the eastern coast of South America, the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean s, as well as the island of Guam and the Philippine archipelago.
The second circumnavigation of the world (and the first English circumnavigation of the world) was made in 1577-1580 by Admiral Francis Drake. He discovered the strait between South America and Antarctica and explored the West Coast of South America.
The third and fourth voyages around the world were completed in 1586-1588 and 1598-1601 by Thomas Cavendish and Olivier de Noort, respectively. They did not make any serious geographical discoveries.
The first trip around the world by the French took place in 1766-1769. An expedition led by Louis Antoine de Bougainville discovered islands in the Tuamotu and Louisiade archipelagos.
James Cook's three circumnavigations of the world, which he completed in 1768-1771, 1772-1775 and 1776-1779, revealed to Europeans the island status of New Zealand, the existence of the Great Barrier Reef, the mainland of Australia, the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska.
The first Russian trip around the world was made by an expedition under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern in 1803-1806.
The second Russian circumnavigation of the world was accomplished in 1815-1818 by an expedition under the command of Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue. The expedition discovered a number of unknown islands in the Pacific Ocean and explored the northern coast of Alaska.
During the Russian circumnavigation of 1819-1821, an expedition under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica and several islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Another Russian circumnavigation under the leadership of Otto Kotzebue was completed in 1823-1826. This time, islands were discovered in South Polynesia, Micronesia and other areas of the Pacific Ocean.
The round-the-world expedition of the Englishman Robert Fitzroy, completed in 1831-1836, is famous for the fact that he took part in it and collected data for the future theory of evolution organic world Charles Darwin.
The first trip around the world, made alone, dates back to 1895-1898. In 3 years, 2 months and 2 days, Joshua Slocum circumnavigated the world on a sailing yacht.
The first trip around the world by air, on an airship, was made in 1929 by the German aeronaut Hugo Eckener.
The first non-stop flight around the world was made in 1957 by three US Air Force B-52 aircraft.
1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight around the Earth in a spaceship.
The first circumnavigation of the world underwater in autonomous mode without surfacing during the entire voyage was made in 1966 by a detachment of nuclear submarines of the USSR Navy under the command of Rear Admiral A. Sorokin.
The first autonomous voyage around the world on a sailing yacht without visiting ports or any outside support was made in 1968-69 in 313 days by Robert Knox-Johnston.
February 12, 1908 The first in the world started in New York round the world motor rally– a very bold and risky event in the spirit of that era of great technical discoveries and achievements. But adventurers have always existed - they lived before 1908, they were there after it, they feel great in our time. And today we will talk about history of travel around the world, starting from Magellan and ending with modern brave knights of the compass and map.
Magellan's circumnavigation of the world (1519-1522)
Already at the very beginning of the sixteenth century, it became clear that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus were neither India nor China. But it was assumed that Asia, with all its many riches, was not so far from America. All that’s left to do is to find a strait, sail across the “South Sea” (as the body of water that became known as the Pacific Ocean was called in those days) and get to the desired lands, full of spices and silks. The Portuguese and Spanish navigator Ferdinand Magellan took up this matter.
On October 20, 1519, five ships under his command left the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. There was a crew of more than two hundred people on board the ships. The expedition led by Magellan actually managed to circumnavigate the American continent from the south, cross the Pacific Ocean, reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands) and return to Seville on September 6, 1522.
But during the circumnavigation of the world, the expedition lost four ships, and out of 235 personnel, only thirty-six returned to Spain (18 on the last remaining ship and the same number in different ways over the following months and even years). Magellan himself and most of his commanders died in skirmishes with the natives. The expedition was completed by Captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, the only surviving officer.
Circumnavigation of the world by bicycle (1884-1886)
Thomas Stevens became the first person to circumnavigate the world by bicycle. And it is worth understanding that this was not a bike in the modern sense - light, sporty, ergonomic, but a standard “penny and farthing” bike for those times (when the front wheel is eight times larger than the rear). And the situation with the roads was much more complicated.
Starting his journey in San Francisco, Stevens crossed all of America from west to east to New York. Then he traveled extensively around his native England, traveled through Europe, the Ottoman Empire, wintered in Tehran as the personal guest of the Shah, visited Afghanistan, returned to Istanbul, sailed by sea to India, checked in in China and Japan, and then returned to his starting point travel, spending more than two and a half years on the trip.
Voyage around the world on a yacht (1895-1898)
Joshua Slocum's legendary trip around the world started on April 25, 1895 in Boston. The 10-meter yacht Sprey, on which the Canadian-American traveler and adventurer sailed alone, first crossed the Atlantic Ocean, approaching the Iberian Peninsula, then passed along the western coast of Africa, again crossed the Atlantic, passed through the Strait of Magellan, reached Australia, visited New Guinea, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and on June 27, 1898, finished in Newport, Rhode Island.
But the traveler did not receive any magnificent honors upon his return to the USA. The American-Spanish War, which was raging at that time, attracted all the attention of the press and public. So they started talking about Slocum’s achievement only after peace was concluded. And in 1900 he published the book “Sailing Alone Around the World,” which became a worldwide bestseller and is still in print.
Joshua Slocum went missing while sailing on a yacht in 1909 near Bermuda, which became one of the reasons for the emergence of the legend of the Bermuda Triangle.
First round-the-world motor rally (1908)
On February 12, 1908, the first round-the-world motor rally started, organized by the American newspaper New York Times and the French Matin. This event was timed to coincide with the 99th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. It was planned that 13 crews would take part in it, but seven of them withdrew at the very last moment, before the start of the trip.
The main problem in the first weeks of the run was the cold. Cars of those times were not equipped with heaters, and some had no roof at all. At the same time, it was initially planned that the crews would move from the United States to Russia through the frozen Bering Strait. But terrible weather conditions in the North forced them to change the route - the cars were loaded onto a ship in Seattle and transported to Vladivostok.
The rally participants crossed all of Eurasia. The German crew in a Protos car was the first to reach the finish line in Paris. This happened on July 11, 169 days after the start. But it turned out that the Germans violated the terms of the competition, for which they received a fine of 15 days. So the winners were the Americans in the Thomas Flyer, who arrived at the last point exactly on July 26th. For the American participants, the race became a round-the-world race - after the triumph in Paris, they returned to New York, thereby closing the circle.
Round the World Airplane (1924, 1957)
It is now possible to fly around the globe on an airliner in just over a day. And in 1924, four Douglas World Cruiser aircraft took almost six months. Or rather, it took off from Seattle on April 6, four aircraft, and only two returned back on September 28 - the rest crashed along the road.
And the first non-stop flight around the world was made in January 1957, spending 45 hours and 19 minutes on it. Along the way, they were replenished with fuel three times from a refueling aircraft.
Around the world on foot (1970-1974)
On June 20, 1970, brothers David and John Kunst left their home in Waseca, Minnesota, and set off on a walking trip around the world. They reached New York, where they boarded a ship to Lisbon. Then they crossed the whole of Europe on foot and reached Afghanistan. But there they were attacked by bandits, John was killed, and David was hospitalized for four months.
Having recovered, Kunst continued his campaign exactly from the place where his relative died. But now their third brother, Peter, has joined him. However, he traveled for “only” a year - he had to return home to work.
David Kunst returned to his native Minnesota on October 5, 1974, having traveled about 25 thousand kilometers on the way, becoming a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, wearing 21 pairs of shoes and meeting the Australian teacher Jenny Samuel, who first became his travel companion, and then in life. .
Non-stop flight around the world in a hot air balloon (1999)
At the end of the twentieth century, hot air balloons practically ceased to exist. Only those that were used for advertising, tourism, sports and scientific purposes (strata balloons) remained. But balloons also appeared, created specifically for setting records. For example, Breitling Orbiter 3, on which in March 1999 Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones made a non-stop flight around the world, 45,755 kilometers long and lasting 19 days 21 hours and 47 minutes.
But this record is not enough for Picard! Worthy of his grandfather, father and uncle, the adventurer is going to make the first ever flight around the world in 2015 on an aircraft that receives energy exclusively from solar panels installed on it.
(hotels)
Travel time:
Countries: Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Brazil, Fiji, Vanuatu, Kenya, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and many others
For any Russian who does not have a second citizenship or a diplomatic position, the main headache when planning a trip around the world (and not only) is the visa issue. However, most tourists from developed countries, especially with such powerful passports as the American or British ones, prefer to travel around the world on their own.
A Russian tourist can do the same thing - with the exception that he will have to look for countries with free entry. Today, citizens of the Russian Federation can freely visit about 60 countries and receive a visa upon arrival in another 40. Thus, it turns out that in total almost half of the world is open to Russians. (You can always see details . )
But only a small part of such countries are the object of ordinary tourist interest, and in North America, say, there are none at all. But still, every citizen of Russia is able to travel at any time, for example, on the round-the-world route Moscow-Belgrade-Istanbul-Cairo-Bangkok-Fiji-Brazil-Havana-Moscow. The limited set of possible countries makes the total number of necessary tickets for September (about 3 days at each point) quite expensive - about 200,000 rubles. In addition, everyone must choose the countries themselves and find the corresponding tickets using one of the Internet aggregators, such as www.skyscanner.net. After which it is recommended to immediately book hotels, for which an unsurpassed www.booking.com.
Sea cruise
Price: from $20,000 + airfare
Order: www.breeze.ru
Travel time: from 80 days
Countries: USA, Caribbean countries, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Costa Rica, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Australia, Bali, India, Gulf countries, France, Spain, etc.
A cruise on an ocean liner is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the phrase “around the world.” True, such entertainment is not available to everyone and not always.
Firstly, the price: around the world trips only take place on 5- and 6-star ships, where for a minimum amount of $20,000 you can qualify for a 16-meter cabin without a window (there is nothing particularly humiliating or uncomfortable about this, but it still can significantly different from your fantasies). For a two-story apartment with several bedrooms, a jacuzzi and a huge balcony, you will have to pay about half a million euros.
Secondly, those who can afford it rarely have almost three months of free time in a row, so a considerable part of cruisers are wealthy retirees and wealthy slackers.
Thirdly, the sea option involves greatest number visas (for Russians - from 10 to 17), and you need to submit documents for them 100 days in advance ( good news: in cases with cruises there are practically no failures). Fourthly, such cruises do not depart from Russian territory. 80% of the world's cruise business is concentrated in the US and UK. So a Russian traveler will need to add air travel to New York (or London) and back.
On average, from the moment a person has the idea to undertake a circumnavigation at sea, about six months pass until the plan is brought to life. If all this cannot stop you, get ready to experience the main tourist adventure of your life. The routes, of course, are different. Many, trying to save money or time, take only part of the cruise (this can be, at your request, 20-30-60 days, or lowest price can be around €3000-4000).
Arctic sailing
Price: from $65,990
Order: www.exotic-travel-club.ru
Travel time: 64 days
Countries: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland (Denmark)
The most exotic option for circumnavigating the world (but exotic here does not mean hot) is a trip on the icebreaker “Captain Khlebnikov” around the Arctic. As you know, this is the shortest sea route crossing all the meridians of the Earth.
The list of countries in this case is quite formal, and the discussion here should rather be about territorial waters and remote archipelagic islands. Of all the stopping places, only Anadyr (where the flight starts), Murmansk (don’t forget: this is the largest polar city in the world), Kangerluusag in Greenland and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from where the return flight to Moscow will take place, can be called cities.
But I think it would be much more interesting to visit the Svalbard archipelago, the meteorological station and the headquarters of the Danish dog patrol, see the various northern fjords, watch the progress of the icebreaker from a helicopter and compare the Russian tundra with the Greenlandic one. You will visit many polar villages, some of which were founded in the 17th century, cross the Arctic Circle six times and the International Date Line twice. Plus walruses and bears. It is clear that tourism will turn out to be more popular science than entertainment.
“Captain Khlebnikov,” built by the Finns in 1981, boasts not of the number of swimming pools and cinemas, but of the fact that it has successfully navigated the northwest sea route 16 times (a world record) and that the captain’s bridge is open to those interested at any time of the day. However, the comfort of guests is not neglected here - which is not surprising, given the cost of travel. However, in this case, you need to take care of the visa issue yourself (and special permission is required even to visit Chukotka). Detailed information there is information about this on the website, as well as advice on clothing and equipment, which should be taken as mandatory.
A simple trip around the world
Price: from 120,000 rubles
Order: www. cheaptrip.ru
Travel time: 18 days
Countries: Russia, China, Australia, Hawaii (USA), USA, Germany
Most affordable way to travel around the world means to buy a ready-made tour based on flights between the famous and most colorful cities of the world. True, it cannot be said that Russian tour operators often offer such ready-made packages: making them profitable by regularly collecting the required number of people is not so easy. For the sake of best price it makes sense to constantly monitor offers in various specialized Internet communities like the group cheaptrip on LiveJournal. Next time they will gather a group for a New Year's trip around the world.
If you don’t want to wait, you can book yourself a three-week trip around the world at any time with stops for several nights in three-star hotels in the center of Beijing, Sydney, Honolulu, San Francisco, New York and Dusseldorf. The details, of course, can be varied: for example, replace Beijing with Shanghai or San Francisco with Los Angeles, and instead of flying to New York, rent a car and go there along the legendary Route 66. Then repeat the trick on the way from Dusseldorf to, say, , Prague. Or, conversely, uncouple the “extra” segments of the route to make it cheaper.
But the cost of tickets, which will not exceed €3,000 for a basic travel option, seems to be a very reasonable price even without this. By the way, if you get into the group that Cheaptrip collects, it can even fall by almost half.
Around the world in 4 days
Price: from 85,000 rubles
Order: www.cheaptrip.ru
Travel time: 4 days
Countries: Russia, USA (New York), Hawaii (USA), Hong Kong (China)
Around the world for show's sake - the option is actually quite extreme. Daily flights from Moscow to New York, then to Honolulu, then to Hong Kong and again to Moscow will definitely cause severe attacks of jet lag and completely confuse all possible biorhythms. But even in this madness, you can find your pleasure and see everything in a romantic light: dinner in Times Square, surfing in Hawaii, shopping in Hong Kong and the traditional queue at the Sheremetyevo sewage tank - and all this within four days! Plus the inalienable right to tell your grandchildren about your trip around the world.
For all this, it also makes sense to turn to Cheaptrip. This travel agent, who has promoted himself exclusively through the Internet, often becomes the object of criticism from competitors and consumers of the last-minute tours on which he specializes. But both of them recognize his ability to organize a variety of tours at fairly reasonable prices.
Theoretically, you can fly around the globe in two days, but this is already an activity for the most uncompromising record holders.
Special round-the-world airfares
Price:
Order: www.skyteam.com; www.staralliance.com; www.oneworld.com
Travel time: depends on the chosen route
Countries:
The three largest airline alliances are very familiar to any regular traveler. Number one in the world is the Star Alliance, which includes 28 airlines, including Lufthansa, Swiss Air, Air China, Air Canada and United. The second, Skyteam, is smaller - 12 carriers, but among them is the native Aeroflot (as well as Air France/KLM, Alitalia, Delta, Korean Air, etc.). One World has one less (British Airways, Malev, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, etc.).
Integration into the alliance allows companies to offer their customers a wide variety of routes at low prices. And the code-share flight system means that, having bought, for example, an Alitalia ticket Moscow - Paris with a transfer in Rome, you may find that the first flight is actually operated by Aeroflot, and the second by Air France. Many experienced travelers see the main advantage of such a system as the ability to accumulate award miles and receive free flights on any airline member of the alliance.
It makes sense that, with at least one member in each part of the world, these three associations, among other things, offer special round-the-world fares - Star Alliance's Round The World Fare, Skyteam's Round The World Pass and One World's Round The World Itinerary .
Buying tickets at such rates is in all respects more economical and convenient than individually, and passengers concerned about the notorious miles can even take such a trip for free (however, only a few manage to fly such a number of miles). On alliance websites, you can design your own route, taking into account all the restrictions (no more than 15 stops in one year, etc.) and see how much it will cost. As an example: Sky Team offers the Paris/New York/Miami/Atlanta/San Paolo/Mexico/Los Angeles/Honolulu/Tokyo/Bangkok/Paris option for €3,549 in Economy Class, €7,562 in Business Class and € 14,127 in the first.
To purchase a ticket and for final details, please contact your nearest alliance airline. And don’t forget that in addition to the ticket itself, you will need visas and hotels.
Comprehensive ticket
Price: from $2499 (plus taxes)
Order: www.roundtheworldticket.com
Travel time: depends on the time spent at each point
Countries: USA, Fiji, Australia, Bali, Singapore, Thailand, Nepal, India, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Italy, UK, Iceland
Roundtheworldticket.com is a very useful website for solo travel. Firstly, it allows you to design a ticket according to optimal price for any trip. Secondly, it aggregates the most interesting current offers for round-the-world tickets - the list is updated monthly.
The summer list includes New York/Los Angeles/Nadi (Fiji)/Auckland/Christchurch/Sydney/Perth/Bali/Singapore/Bangkok/Kathmandu/Delhi/Bombay/Cairo/Istanbul/Athens/Rome/London/Reykjavik/ New York for $2500. The advantage here is that the package includes not only flights, but also travel by land (usually by train). The downside is that everything here is aimed at the American consumer, and almost all tempting routes begin and end in the USA. In addition, it should be borne in mind that this is not just an aggregator site, but a specific conglomerate of tour operators, so you can find out all the details only after you fill out a special form and send a request.
The whole world in parts
Price: from €245,000
Order: www.sunhunters.ru
Travel time: from 2 to 3 years
Countries: depend on the chosen route
It is not at all necessary to travel around the world in one sitting - especially if you do not want to be limited to air travel and major cities. Everything can be done thoughtfully and efficiently, without falling out of everyday life for years. Tour operator Sunhunters has drawn two round-the-world routes on the globe - in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres - dividing them into 80 and 50 segments, respectively. On average, completing one segment takes about two weeks and costs about €3,500.
And this will not be a standard tour package, but a full-fledged passage of the stage: for example, a trip from Thailand to Malaysia on the legendary Orient Express train (which was resurrected and moved from Europe to Asia); sailing from Croatia to Italy on a yacht; expedition through Madagascar by jeep; walking through the jungle of Borneo and so on. From these pieces the puzzle of a trip around the world is assembled. A certificate is issued for completing each segment. To date, this paper has no official value, but Sunhunters are negotiating with the Russian Geographical Society, so by the time you manage to circumnavigate the entire globe, it is quite possible that you will be able to become a recognized world traveler.
June 26th, 2015
It was a time when ships were built from wood,
and the people who controlled them were forged from steel
Ask anyone, and he will tell you that the first person to circumnavigate the world was the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who died on the island of Mactan (Philippines) during an armed skirmish with the natives (1521). The same is written in history books. In fact, this is a myth. After all, it turns out that one excludes the other. Magellan managed to go only half of the way.
Primus circumdedisti me (you were the first to circumvent me)- reads the Latin inscription on the coat of arms of Juan Sebastian Elcano crowned with a globe. Indeed, Elcano was the first person to commit circumnavigation.
Let's find out in more detail how this happened...
The San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian houses Salaverria's painting "The Return of Victoria". Eighteen emaciated people in white shrouds, with lit candles in their hands, staggering down the ramp from the ship onto the Seville embankment. These are sailors from the only ship that returned to Spain from Magellan's entire flotilla. In front is their captain, Juan Sebastian Elcano.
Much in Elcano’s biography is still unclear. Oddly enough, the man who first circumnavigated the globe did not attract the attention of artists and historians of his time. There is not even a reliable portrait of him, and of the documents he wrote, only letters to the king, petitions and a will have survived.
Juan Sebastian Elcano was born in 1486 in Getaria, a small port town in the Basque Country, near San Sebastian. He early connected his own destiny with the sea, making a “career” that was not uncommon for an enterprising person of that time - first changing the job of a fisherman to being a smuggler, and later enlisting in the navy to avoid punishment for his too free attitude towards laws and trade duties. Elcano managed to take part in the Italian Wars and the Spanish military campaign in Algeria in 1509. Basque mastered maritime affairs well in practice when he was a smuggler, but it was in the navy that Elcano received the “correct” education in the field of navigation and astronomy.
In 1510, Elcano, the owner and captain of a ship, took part in the siege of Tripoli. But the Spanish Treasury refused to pay Elcano the amount due for settlements with the crew. Having left military service, which never seriously attracted the young adventurer with low wages and the need to maintain discipline, Elcano decides to start a new life in Seville. It seems to Basque that a brilliant future awaits him - in his new city, no one knows about his not entirely impeccable past, the navigator atoned for his guilt before the law in battles with the enemies of Spain, he has official papers allowing him to work as a captain on a merchant ship ... But the trading enterprises in which Elcano becomes a participant turn out to be unprofitable.
In 1517, to pay off debts, he sold the ship under his command to Genoese bankers - and this trading operation determined his entire fate. The fact is that the owner of the sold ship was not Elcano himself, but the Spanish crown, and the Basque, as expected, again had difficulties with the law, this time threatening him with the death penalty. At that time it was considered a serious crime. Knowing that the court would not take into account any excuses, Elcano fled to Seville, where it was easy to get lost and then hide on any ship: in those days, captains were least interested in the biographies of their people. In addition, there were many of Elcano’s fellow countrymen in Seville, and one of them, Ibarolla, was well acquainted with Magellan. He helped Elcano enlist in Magellan's flotilla. Having passed the exams and received beans as a sign of a good grade (those who failed received peas from the examination committee), Elcano became a helmsman on the third largest ship in the flotilla, the Concepcion.
Ships of Magellan's flotilla
On September 20, 1519, Magellan's flotilla left the mouth of the Guadalquivir and headed for the shores of Brazil. In April 1520, when the ships settled for the winter in the frosty and deserted Bay of San Julian, the captains dissatisfied with Magellan mutinied. Elcano found himself drawn into it, not daring to disobey his commander, captain of the Concepcion Quesada.
Magellan energetically and brutally suppressed the rebellion: Quesada and another of the leaders of the conspiracy had their heads cut off, the corpses were quartered and the mutilated remains were stuck on poles. Magellan ordered Captain Cartagena and one priest, also the instigator of the rebellion, to be landed on the deserted shore of the bay, where they subsequently died. Magellan spared the remaining forty rebels, including Elcano.
1. The first ever circumnavigation of the world
On November 28, 1520, the remaining three ships left the strait and in March 1521, after an unprecedentedly difficult passage across the Pacific Ocean, they approached the islands, which later became known as the Marianas. That same month Magellan discovered Philippine Islands, and on April 27, 1521 he died in a skirmish with local residents on the island of Matan. Elcano, stricken with scurvy, did not participate in this skirmish. After the death of Magellan, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. At the head of a small detachment, they went ashore to the Rajah of Sebu and were treacherously killed. Fate again - for the umpteenth time - spared Elcano. Karvalyo became the head of the flotilla. But there were only 115 people left on the three ships; There are many sick people among them. Therefore, the Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol; and his team moved to the other two ships - Victoria and Trinidad. Both ships wandered between the islands for a long time, until, finally, on November 8, 1521, they dropped anchor off the island of Tidore, one of the “Spice Islands” - the Moluccas. Then it was generally decided to continue sailing on one ship - the Victoria, of which Elcano had recently become captain, and leave the Trinidad in the Moluccas. And Elcano managed to guide his worm-eaten ship with a starving crew through Indian Ocean and along the coast of Africa. A third of the team died, about a third was detained by the Portuguese, but still “Victoria” entered the mouth of the Guadalquivir on September 8, 1522.
It was an unprecedented transition, unheard of in the history of navigation. Contemporaries wrote that Elcano surpassed King Solomon, the Argonauts and the cunning Odysseus. The first circumnavigation in history has been completed! The king granted the navigator an annual pension of 500 gold ducats and knighted Elcano. The coat of arms assigned to Elcano (since then del Cano) immortalized his voyage. The coat of arms depicted two cinnamon sticks framed with nutmeg and cloves, and a golden castle topped with a helmet. Above the helmet is a globe with the Latin inscription: “You were the first to circle me.” And finally, by a special decree, the king granted Elcano a pardon for selling the ship to a foreigner. But if it was quite simple to reward and forgive the brave captain, then resolving all the controversial issues related to the fate of the Moluccas turned out to be more difficult. The Spanish-Portuguese Congress met for a long time, but was never able to “divide” the islands located on the other side of the “apple of the earth” between the two powerful powers. And the Spanish government decided not to delay the departure of the second expedition to the Moluccas.
2. Goodbye La Coruña
La Coruña was considered the safest port in Spain, which “could accommodate all the fleets of the world.” The importance of the city increased even more when the Chamber of Indian Affairs was temporarily transferred here from Seville. This chamber developed plans for a new expedition to the Moluccas in order to finally establish Spanish dominance on these islands. Elcano arrived in La Coruña full of bright hopes - he already saw himself as an admiral of the armada - and began equipping the flotilla. However, Charles I appointed as commander not Elcano, but a certain Jofre de Loais, a participant in many naval battles, but completely unfamiliar with navigation. Elcano's pride was deeply wounded. In addition, from the royal chancellery came the “highest refusal” to Elcano’s request for payment of the annual pension granted to him of 500 gold ducats: the king ordered that this amount be paid only after returning from the expedition. Thus, Elcano experienced the traditional ingratitude of the Spanish crown towards famous navigators.
Before sailing, Elcano visited his native Getaria, where he, a famous sailor, easily managed to recruit many volunteers onto his ships: with a man who has walked around the “apple of the earth,” you will not be lost in the devil’s mouth, the port brethren reasoned. In the early summer of 1525, Elcano brought his four ships to A Coruña and was appointed helmsman and deputy commander of the flotilla. In total, the flotilla consisted of seven ships and 450 crew members. There were no Portuguese on this expedition. The last night before the flotilla sailed in La Coruña it was very lively and solemn. At midnight, a huge bonfire was lit on Mount Hercules, on the site of the ruins of a Roman lighthouse. The city said goodbye to the sailors. The cries of the townspeople who treated the sailors with wine from leather bottles, the sobs of women and the hymns of pilgrims mixed with the sounds of the cheerful dance “La Muneira”. The sailors of the flotilla remembered this night for a long time. They were sent to another hemisphere, and they now faced a life full of dangers and hardships. For the last time, Elcano walked under the narrow arch of Puerto de San Miguel and descended the sixteen pink steps to the shore. These steps, already completely erased, have survived to this day.
Death of Magellan
3. The misfortunes of the chief helmsman
Loaiza's powerful, well-armed flotilla set sail on July 24, 1525. According to the royal instructions, and Loaysa had fifty-three in total, the flotilla was to follow the path of Magellan, but avoid his mistakes. But neither Elcano, the king's chief adviser, nor the king himself foresaw that this would be the last expedition sent through the Strait of Magellan. It was Loaisa's expedition that was destined to prove that this was not the most profitable path. And all subsequent expeditions to Asia were sent from the Pacific ports of New Spain (Mexico).
On July 26, the ships rounded Cape Finisterre. On August 18, the ships were caught in a strong storm. The main mast on the admiral's ship was broken, but two carpenters sent by Elcano, risking their lives, still got there in a small boat. While the mast was being repaired, the flagship collided with the Parral, breaking its mizzenmast. The swimming was very difficult. There was not enough fresh water and provisions. Who knows what the fate of the expedition would have been if on October 20 the lookout had not seen the island of Annobon in the Gulf of Guinea on the horizon. The island was deserted - only a few skeletons lay under a tree on which a strange inscription was carved: “Here lies the unfortunate Juan Ruiz, killed because he deserved it.” Superstitious sailors saw this as a terrible omen. The ships hastily filled with water and stocked up on provisions. On this occasion, the captains and officers of the flotilla were convened for a festive dinner with the admiral, which almost ended tragically.
A huge, unknown breed of fish was served on the table. According to Urdaneta, Elcano’s page and chronicler of the expedition, some sailors who “tasted the meat of this fish, whose teeth were like big dog, their stomachs hurt so much that they thought they wouldn’t survive.” Soon the entire flotilla left the shores of inhospitable Annobon. From here Loaisa decided to sail to the shores of Brazil. And from that moment on, a streak of misfortune began for the Sancti Espiritus, Elcano’s ship. Without having time to set sail, the Sancti Espiritus almost collided with the admiral's ship, and then fell behind the flotilla for some time. At latitude 31º, after a strong storm, the admiral's ship disappeared from sight. Elcano took command of the remaining ships. Then the San Gabriel separated from the flotilla. The remaining five ships searched for the admiral's ship for three days. The search was unsuccessful, and Elcano ordered to move on to the Strait of Magellan.
On January 12, the ships stood at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, and since neither the admiral's ship nor the San Gabriel approached here, Elcano convened a council. Knowing from the experience of a previous voyage that there was an excellent anchorage here, he suggested waiting for both ships, as was provided for in the instructions. However, the officers, who were eager to enter the strait as quickly as possible, advised leaving only the Santiago pinnace at the mouth of the river, burying a message in a jar under the cross on the island that the ships were heading to the Strait of Magellan. On the morning of January 14, the flotilla weighed anchor. But what Elcano took to be a strait turned out to be the mouth of the Gallegos River, five or six miles from the strait. Urdaneta, who, despite his admiration for Elcano. retained the ability to be critical of his decisions, writes that Elcano’s mistake really amazed him. That same day they approached the present entrance to the strait and anchored off the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Holy Virgins.
An exact copy of the ship "Victoria"
At night a terrible storm hit the flotilla. The raging waves flooded the ship up to the middle of the masts, and it could barely stay on four anchors. Elcano realized that everything was lost. His only thought now was to save the team. He ordered the ship to be grounded. Panic began on the Sancti Espiritus. Several soldiers and sailors rushed into the water in horror; everyone drowned except one, who managed to reach the shore. Then the rest crossed to the shore. We managed to save some of the provisions. However, at night the storm broke out with the same force and finally destroyed the Sancti Espiritus. For Elcano, the captain, the first circumnavigator and chief helmsman of the expedition, the crash, especially through his fault, was a big blow. Elcano had never been in such a difficult situation. When the storm finally subsided, the captains of other ships sent a boat for Elcano, inviting him to lead them through the Strait of Magellan, since he had been here before. Elcano agreed, but took only Urdaneta with him. He left the rest of the sailors on the shore...
But failures did not leave the exhausted flotilla. From the very beginning, one of the ships almost ran into rocks, and only Elcano's determination saved the ship. After some time, Elcano sent Urdaneta with a group of sailors to pick up the sailors left on the shore. Urdaneta's group soon ran out of provisions. It was very cold at night, and people were forced to bury themselves up to their necks in sand, which also did little to warm them. On the fourth day, Urdaneta and his companions approached the sailors dying on the shore from hunger and cold, and on the same day Loaiza’s ship, the San Gabriel, and the pinassa Santiago entered the mouth of the strait. On January 20, they joined the rest of the flotilla.
JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO
On February 5, a strong storm broke out again. Elcano's ship took refuge in the strait, and the San Lesmes was thrown further south by the storm, to 54° 50′ south latitude, that is, it approached the very tip of Tierra del Fuego. In those days, not a single ship sailed further south. A little more, and the expedition could open a route around Cape Horn. After the storm, it turned out that the admiral's ship was aground, and Loaiza and his crew left the ship. Elcano immediately sent a group of his best sailors to help the admiral. On the same day, the Anunciada deserted. The captain of the ship, de Vera, decided to independently get to the Moluccas past the Cape of Good Hope. The Anunciada has gone missing. A few days later, the San Gabriel also deserted. The remaining ships returned to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, where the sailors began repairing the admiral's ship, which had been battered by storms. Under other conditions, it would have had to be abandoned altogether, but now that the flotilla had lost three of its largest ships, this could no longer be afforded. Elcano, who, on his return to Spain, had criticized Magellan for staying at the mouth of this river for seven weeks, was now forced to spend five weeks here. At the end of March, the somehow patched up ships again headed for the Strait of Magellan. The expedition now consisted of only an admiral's ship, two caravels and a pinnace.
On April 5, the ships entered the Strait of Magellan. Between the islands of Santa Maria and Santa Magdalena, the admiral's ship suffered another misfortune. A boiler filled with boiling tar caught fire and a fire broke out on the ship.
Panic began, many sailors rushed to the boat, not paying attention to Loaysa, who showered them with curses. The fire was still extinguished. The flotilla moved on through the strait, along the banks of which on the high mountain peaks, “so high that they seemed to stretch to the very sky,” lay eternal bluish snow. At night, Patagonian fires burned on both sides of the strait. Elcano was already familiar with these lights from his first voyage. On April 25, the ships weighed anchor from the San Jorge parking lot, where they replenished their supplies of water and firewood, and again set off on a difficult voyage.
And there, where the waves of both oceans meet with a deafening roar, a storm struck Loaisa's flotilla again. The ships anchored in the bay of San Juan de Portalina. On the shore of the bay rose mountains several thousand feet high. It was terribly cold, and “no clothing could warm us,” writes Urdaneta. Elcano was on the flagship the entire time: Loaiza, having no relevant experience, relied entirely on Elcano. The passage through the strait lasted forty-eight days - ten days more than Magellan. On May 31, a strong northeast wind blew. The whole sky was overcast. On the night of June 1–2, a storm broke out, the most terrible that had occurred so far, scattering all the ships. Although the weather later improved, they were never destined to meet. Elcano, with most of the crew of the Sancti Espiritus, was now on the admiral's ship, which numbered one hundred and twenty people. Two pumps did not have time to pump out the water, and it was feared that the ship could sink at any moment. In general, the ocean was Great, but by no means Quiet.
4. The helmsman dies an admiral
The ship was sailing alone; neither sail nor island were visible on the vast horizon. “Every day,” writes Urdaneta, “we waited for the end. Due to the fact that people from the wrecked ship moved to us, we are forced to reduce rations. We worked hard and ate little. We had to endure great hardships and some of us died.” Loaiza died on July 30. According to one of the expedition members, the cause of his death was loss of spirit; he was so worried about the loss of the remaining ships that he “became weaker and died.” Loayza did not forget to mention his chief helmsman in his will: “I ask that Elcano be returned the four barrels of white wine that I owe him. Let the crackers and other provisions lying on my ship Santa Maria de la Victoria be given to my nephew Alvaro de Loaiza, who should share them with Elcano.” They say that by this time only rats remained on the ship. Many on the ship suffered from scurvy. Wherever Elcano looked, everywhere he saw swollen pale faces and heard the groans of the sailors.
From the time they left the strait, thirty people died of scurvy. “They all died,” writes Urdaneta, “because their gums were swollen and they could not eat anything. I saw a man whose gums were so swollen that he tore off pieces of meat as thick as a finger.” The sailors had one hope - Elcano. They, in spite of everything, believed in his lucky star, although he was so ill that four days before Loaisa's death he made a will himself. A cannon salute was given to celebrate Elcano's assumption of the position of admiral, a position for which he had unsuccessfully sought two years previously. But Elcano's strength was running out. The day came when the admiral could no longer get out of bed. His relatives and his faithful Urdaneta gathered in the cabin. In the flickering light of the candle one could see how thin they had become and how much they had suffered. Urdaneta kneels and touches the body of her dying master with one hand. The priest watches him closely. Finally he raises his hand, and everyone present slowly kneels. Elcano's wanderings are over...
“Monday, August 6th. The valiant Senor Juan Sebastian de Elcano has died." This is how Urdaneta noted in his diary the death of the great navigator.
Four people lift the body of Juan Sebastian, wrapped in a shroud and tied to a board. At a sign from the new admiral, they throw him into the sea. There was a splash that drowned out the priest's prayers.
MONUMENT IN HONOR OF ELCANO IN GETARIA
Epilogue
Worn by worms, tormented by storms and storms, the lonely ship continued on its way. The team, according to Urdaneta, “was terribly exhausted and exhausted. Not a day went by without one of us dying.
Therefore, we decided that the best thing for us was to go to the Moluccas." Thus, they abandoned the bold plan of Elcano, who was going to fulfill Columbus’s dream - to reach the eastern coast of Asia, following the shortest route from the west. “I am sure that if Elcano had not died, we would not have reached the Ladron (Mariana) Islands so soon, because his always intention was to search for Chipansu (Japan),” writes Urdaneta. He clearly thought Elcano's plan was too risky. But the man who first circled the “earthly apple” did not know what fear was. But he also did not know that three years later Charles I would cede his “rights” to the Moluccas to Portugal for 350 thousand gold ducats. Of Loaiza's entire expedition, only two ships survived: the San Gabriel, which reached Spain after a two-year voyage, and the Santiago, under the command of Guevara, which sailed along the Pacific coast of South America to Mexico. Although Guevara saw the coast of South America only once, his voyage proved that the coast nowhere extends far to the west and South America has the shape of a triangle. This was the most important geographical discovery of Loaiza's expedition.
Getaria, in the homeland of Elcano, at the entrance to the church there is a stone slab, a half-erased inscription on which reads: “... the illustrious captain Juan Sebastian del Cano, a native and resident of the noble and faithful city of Getaria, the first to circumnavigate the globe on the ship Victoria.” In memory of the hero, this slab was erected in 1661 by Don Pedro de Etave e Azi, Knight of the Order of Calatrava. Pray for the repose of the soul of the one who was the first to travel around the world.” And on the globe in the San Telmo Museum the place where Elcano died is indicated - 157º west longitude and 9º north latitude.
In history books, Juan Sebastian Elcano undeservedly found himself in the shadow of the glory of Ferdinand Magellan, but in his homeland he is remembered and revered. A training sailing ship in the Spanish Navy bears the name Elcano. In the wheelhouse of the ship you can see the coat of arms of Elcano, and the sailing ship itself has already completed a dozen expeditions around the world.
The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let's bring to chronological order brief descriptions of the seven most significant trips around the world of our compatriots.
The first Russian trip around the world - Around the World Expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation. 
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803, under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda". The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.
Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Krusenstern’s condition
In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
And now, to answer the question: “Which Russian was the first to travel around the world?”, You can answer without difficulty.
Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev
Aivazovsky’s work “Ice Mountains in Antarctica”, written based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev In 1819, after long and very careful preparation, a south polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two military sloops - “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, experienced sailors. There was a long journey ahead to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the Southern Continent.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea and covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef were discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around the South Pole, but also conducted important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just emerging at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical areas.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Amazingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, then scientists argued for more than a hundred years about what had been discovered. Was it a mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common cap of ice? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. The continental nature of Antarctica was finally confirmed only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy research using complex technical means.
Traveling around the world by bike
On August 10, 1913, the finish line of a round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was ridden by a 25-year-old Russian athlete, Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.
This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. Countries from almost all of Europe were included in it. Having left Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Konigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to ride a bicycle through snow-covered rocky passes that are accessible only to experienced climbers. It took a lot of effort for the cyclist to overcome the mountains. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, Serbia, Greece and Turkey. He just had to sleep under starry sky, he often had only water and bread for food, but he still did not stop traveling.
After crossing the Pas-de-Calais by boat, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also arrived in America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and rode the entire American continent, following the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route - Harbin.
A distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered on a bicycle. His father suggested that Onesimus make such a journey around the earth
Pankratov's trip around the world was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritzner bicycle helped him travel around the world; during the trip, Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 steering wheels, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.
Around the Earth - the first space flight
At 9 o'clock 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having flown around globe, he returned safely to Earth 108 minutes later. There was a pilot-cosmonaut, Major, on board the ship.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding last stage launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.
The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger on the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the entire flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.
In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After successfully carrying out the planned research and completing the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the satellite ship "Vostok" made a safe landing in a given area of the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by telephone to the commander of the air defense division:
Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin
Immediately after Gagarin’s landing, the burnt descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the sensitive territory of the royal OKB-1. Later it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. Museum for a long time was closed (it was possible to get into it, but quite difficult - only as part of a group, with a preliminary letter), in May 2016 Gagarin's ship became publicly accessible, as part of the exhibition.
First circumnavigation of a submarine without surfacing
February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world voyage of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet began. Moreover, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, underwater, without surfacing even in little-studied areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of Soviet submariners had outstanding national significance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of submariners of the Great Patriotic War.
25 thousand miles were covered and the highest degree of secrecy was demonstrated; the voyage took 1.5 months
Two serial production submarines without any modifications were allocated to participate in the campaign. The K-116 missile boat of Project 675 and the second K-133 boat of Project 627A, which has torpedo armament.
In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire oceans have become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific fleets. In a broader sense, it can be said that in the midst of " cold war“The historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the World Ocean, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.
The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations on a 5.5 meter long dinghy
On July 7, 1992, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Gvozdev set off from Makhachkala on his first solo circumnavigation of the world on the yacht “Lena” (micro class, length only 5.5 meters). On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it took 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations made on a regular pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev went on a long-awaited trip around the world when he was 58 years old.
Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, radio, autopilot or cooker. But there was a treasured “sailor’s passport”, which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Evgeny Gvozdev cross the border in the direction he needed: subsequently Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali “guerrillas” who, at Cape Ras Hafun, robbed him completely and almost shot him.
His entire first trip around the world can be described in one word: “in spite of.” The chance of survival was too slim. Evgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: this is a world similar to a single brotherhood good people, a world of complete selflessness, a world without obstacles to global circulation...
On hot air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov
Fyodor Konyukhov was the first in the world to fly around the Earth in a hot air balloon (on his first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main one being the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design combining the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola equipped with the best technical instruments was attached below, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.
I thought that I had committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here
The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon found itself in a zone of severe turbulence with zero visibility, and there was also a cyclone with hail and strong winds. Due to difficult weather conditions, the equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually fix the problems.
During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took an adjustable wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand released the key, it fell onto the plate, making a noise, causing the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he performed this procedure regularly. It nearly exploded at a great height when different types of gas mistakenly began to mix. It’s good that I managed to cut off the flammable cylinder.
Along the entire route, air traffic controllers at various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew across the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded a thunderstorm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and returned safely to Australia, where he began his journey.
Fedor Konyukhov:
I circled the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We don’t even think about it, we people only fight. The world is so beautiful - explore it, get to know it
