To obtain the necessary therapeutic effect great value has the form in which the drug is used.
Dosage forms are forms given to drugs for ease of use. Dosage forms are prepared in pharmacies or pharmaceutical plants. There are liquid, soft and solid dosage forms, as well as dosage forms for injections. The same drug can be manufactured in different dosage forms.
Liquid dosage forms - solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, mixtures, mucus, emulsions and suspensions.
Solutions are prepared by dissolving solid or liquid medicinal substances in a solvent. Distilled water is most often used as a solvent, and in some cases - ethyl alcohol, glycerin, liquid oils(vaseline, olive, peach, sunflower). Solutions must be clear and free of visible particles or sediment. They are taken orally or taken externally (lotions, rinses, rubdowns, drops in the nose, eyes and ears, enemas, compresses, douching). Solutions intended for internal use, dosed with tablespoons (15 ml), dessert (10 ml), teaspoons (5 ml), as well as graduated cups (beakers). Some solutions containing toxic and potent medicinal substances are dosed in drops. Solutions intended for administration into the nose, ears, or used in ophthalmic practice are dosed in a similar manner (in drops).
Infusions and decoctions are medicinal forms that are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, mainly herbs, leaves, roots, bark and flowers. In addition to the active ingredients, infusions and decoctions contain harmless but non-medicinal impurities or ballast substances (sugars, tannin, pigments, etc.). Infusions and decoctions have a limited shelf life. Therefore, they are prepared in pharmacies immediately before dispensing to the patient and prescribed in quantities intended to be taken within 3-4 days. At home, infusions and decoctions should be stored in a cool place. They are intended for internal and, less often, for external use, for example for rinsing. Infusions and decoctions for oral administration are dosed in tablespoons or graduated cups for adults, and dessert spoons or teaspoons for children.
Tinctures are transparent liquid alcohol, water-alcohol or alcohol-ether extracts from plant medicinal raw materials, which are prepared without heat treatment at pharmaceutical plants. Tinctures are intended primarily for oral administration, and are dosed in drops, which can be diluted in a small amount of water before taking. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they are a stable dosage form and can be stored for a long time. Store tinctures in a dark place at room temperature, in well-sealed bottles.
Extracts, like tinctures, are also extracts from plant materials, only more concentrated. Depending on the consistency, there are liquid, thick and dry extracts. Extracts are used mainly internally. Liquid extracts dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are usually included in various solid dosage forms (tablets, suppositories). Tinctures and extracts are called galenic preparations in honor of the Roman physician Claudius Galen, who first began taking extracts from medicinal plants.
Mucilages are thick, viscous liquids that are obtained by dissolving or swelling in water of various mucous substances, for example, acacia and apricot gum, starch. Mucus protects against the irritating effects of various harmful factors skin, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract.
In this regard, mucus is usually taken to reduce the irritating effects of medications.
Emulsions are a type of liquid dosage forms in which water-insoluble liquids ( fixed oils, balms) are suspended in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are homogeneous, opaque liquids that look like milk. Medicinal substances with an unpleasant taste or irritating effect are usually prescribed in the form of emulsions to mask them. undesirable effect. Emulsions are unstable, so their shelf life is limited to 3-4 days and they are sold with labels “Shake before use”, “Store in a cool place”.
Suspensions (suspensions) are liquid dosage forms in which finely crushed medicinal substances (in the form of solid particles) are suspended in a liquid (water, vegetable oils, glycerin). Suspensions are prepared in cases where the drug substance is insoluble in liquid. Before using the suspension, shake thoroughly.
Medicines are mixtures of various medicinal substances dissolved or suspended in a particular liquid. The mixtures may include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, emulsions, soluble and insoluble powders. Medicines are prescribed for oral administration and sometimes for external use. Medicines intended for oral administration are dosed in the same way as solutions. Many mixtures have an original name (Pavlov's, Mikheev's, Kvater's, etc.). Potions containing insoluble substances must be shaken before use. Potions that include infusions, decoctions and emulsions should be stored in a cool place.
Soft dosage forms - ointments, liniments, pastes, suppositories and patches.
Ointments are homogeneous, without grains, soft to the touch. Ointments consist of medicinal substances and ointment bases. Fats of plant and animal origin, fat-like substances, petroleum products, and synthetic substances are used as ointment bases. Ointments are often prescribed externally to affect the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes medicinal substances are prescribed in the form of ointments, which are easily absorbed into the blood through the skin and mucous membranes. In such cases, ointments are used to influence pathological
processes occurring in internal organs, for example, nitro ointment for the prevention of angina attacks. Store ointments in well-sealed jars or tubes in a cool place.
Liniments (liquid ointments) differ from ointments in consistency and are thick liquids or gelatinous masses. They are for external use only.
Pastes are ointments containing at least 25% powdery substances, which gives them a denser (doughy) consistency. Pastes stay on the skin longer than ointments. In this regard, pastes are prescribed externally for skin diseases or to protect it from damage. chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and other harmful factors.
Suppositories (candles) are a dosage form that has a solid consistency at room temperature and melts at body temperature. Suppositories consist of medicines and basics. There are rectal suppositories (suppositories), which are intended for insertion into the rectum, and vaginal suppositories. The former usually have the shape of a cone or cylinder with a pointed end. In the form of rectal suppositories, drugs can be prescribed not only for local effects (for diseases of the rectum), but also for the treatment of diseases of other internal organs, since the absorption of drugs through the rectal mucosa is quite high (Cefekon suppositories).
Vaginal suppositories can be spherical, ovoid, or flat with a rounded end. They are prescribed mainly for the treatment of diseases of the female genital organs and as contraceptives.
Due to the fact that the drugs contained in suppositories are easily absorbed into the blood, you should strictly follow the doctor's instructions regarding the dosage of this dosage form. Store suppositories in a cool, dry place, wrapped in paraffin paper, cellophane or foil.
Solid dosage forms - powders, granules, tablets, dragees, pills.
Powders are a solid dosage form with free-flowing properties. Powders are intended for
external and internal use. Powders for external use are usually prescribed not divided into doses. They are used mainly for application to wound surfaces and mucous membranes, including in the form of powders. Powders intended for internal use are taken with a sufficient amount of water, milk or mineral water. Powders for internal use can be divided or not divided into doses. Low-toxic drugs are produced in the form of undivided powders. Patients dose such powders as directed by the doctor, most often in tablespoons or teaspoons, etc. Divided powders are sold from pharmacies in bags made of plain, parchment or wax paper. In some cases, powders are also sold in capsules.
Capsules are shells for dosed powder, paste or liquid medications used internally. Medicines that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract are prescribed in capsules. There are gelatin and starch capsules. In some cases, when a medicinal substance can be destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach, special capsules are used that dissolve only in the intestine under the influence of its alkaline contents. Capsules should be swallowed without chewing. It is not recommended to open the capsules and take their contents separately.
Granules are a solid dosage form in the form of grains (grains) round, cylindrical or irregular shape. The granules are prescribed for oral administration. Granules are used in the same way as powders. In some cases, the granules are dissolved in water before use. In this case, you should follow the instructions of your doctor or the instructions included with the drug.
Tablets are a solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances on special machines. Tablets have the form of round, oval or other shaped plates with a flat or biconvex surface. They are easy to use, portable and last for a long time. Less noticeable in them bad taste medicinal substances. In addition, by creating multilayer tablets, it is possible to ensure a certain sequence of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the ingredients included in the composition, so chewing of many tablets is strictly prohibited, and the number of drugs produced by the pharmaceutical industry in tablets is increasing every year.
It should be borne in mind that depending on a number of conditions (the properties of medicinal substances, the nature of diseases, etc.), the methods of using tablets may be different. Most often, tablets are prescribed for oral administration. In some cases, tablets are used to prepare solutions, including injections, as well as for subcutaneous implantation (esperal). In most cases, it is recommended to swallow the tablets without crushing or chewing them, especially if the tablets are coated with special coatings that ensure the release of active substances in the desired parts of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is advisable to take some tablets crushed. Tablets containing drugs that are well absorbed through the mucous membrane oral cavity, prescribed under the tongue (for example, tablets of nitroglycerin, isadrin, methyltestosterone, etc.). These tablets should not be swallowed. They must be kept under the tongue until completely absorbed. In this regard, when taking any tablets, you need to follow the doctor’s instructions.
Dragee is a solid dosage form obtained by layer-by-layer building up (drageeing) of drugs and excipients on sugar granules. The dragees have a regular spherical shape, an even and smooth surface. Use the pills internally, without chewing or crushing.
A special type of solid dosage forms are medicinal fees, which are mixtures of chopped or coarsely crushed, less often - whole plant medicinal raw materials, sometimes with an admixture of salts and essential oils. The collections are used for external and internal use. As a poultice, the mixtures are poured before use. hot water, wrapped in canvas and applied to the skin. Collections for dry poultices are applied to the sore spot in a linen bag, moderately heated. Collections intended for use in the form of infusions are poured with boiling water and infused. Collections are released in paper bags, boxes or bottles. Store the collections in packaged form in a dry place.
Dosage forms for injection include aqueous and oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, as well as sterile powders and tablets, which are dissolved in a sterile solvent immediately before administration. The main requirement for these dosage forms is sterility, since they serve mainly for injection, that is, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarterial administration, as well as for administration into body cavities. With these methods of administration, high dosage accuracy is achieved; the therapeutic effect usually manifests itself much faster than when substances are administered through the gastrointestinal tract. The administration of medications by injection requires appropriate knowledge and skill. Therefore, the administration of dosage forms for injections when providing assistance, even at home, is carried out by medical personnel (nurses, paramedics).
State budget educational institution
Higher professional education
Bashkir State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation
I APPROVED
Deputy director for sustainable development
T.Z. Galeyshina
"___" ___________ 20____
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT of a lecture on the topic: “Dosage forms”
Discipline "Pharmacology"
Specialty 02/34/01. Nursing
Semester: I
Number of hours 2 hours
Ufa 20____
Topic: “Dosage forms”
based on work program academic discipline"Pharmacology"
approved _________20____
Reviewers for the presented lecture:
Approved at a meeting of the college’s educational and methodological council dated “_______”___________.
1. Topic: “Dosage forms”
2. Course: 1st semester: I, II
3. Duration: combined lesson 2 hours
4. Audience population – students
5. Educational goal: to consolidate and test knowledge on the topic: “Introduction. History of pharmacology. Recipe”, acquire knowledge on new topic"Dosage forms".
6. Illustrative material and equipment ( multimedia projector, laptop, presentation, test tasks, information block)
7. The student must know:
· Ointments: definition, composition of ointment. Characteristics of ointment bases (vaseline, lanolin, animal fats, vegetable oils, synthetic bases, waxes). The influence of the ointment base on the process of drug absorption. Use of ointments, storage conditions. Liniments.
· Pastes: definition, paste composition. Difference between paste and ointment. Application.
· Suppositories: definition, composition, types of suppositories (rectal and vaginal). Basics for preparing suppositories. Application, storage conditions.
· Plasters: definition, types of patches, application.
· Gels: general characteristics, application, storage.
· Medicinal films: general characteristics, storage.
· Tablets, dragees, granules, powders, capsules: general characteristics, rules for prescribing solid dosage forms in a prescription. General characteristics and features of the use of caramels and lozenges in medical practice.
· Solutions. Designations for solution concentrations. Solutions for external and internal use. Suspensions. Emulsin. Infusions and decoctions. Tinctures and extracts (liquid). Novogalenic drugs. Potions. Rules for prescribing liquid dosage forms in prescriptions. General characteristics: liquid balms, medicinal oils, syrups, aerosols, drops and their use.
· Dosage forms for injections in ampoules and vials. Sterile solutions prepared in pharmacies. Rules for prescribing dosage forms for injections in prescriptions and requirements for them (sterility, absence of chemical and mechanical impurities)
Competencies being developed: studying the topic contributes to the formation
OK 1. Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in her.
OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates) and for the results of completing tasks.
OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan and implement professional development.
PC 2.1. Present information in a form understandable to the patient, explain to him the essence of the interventions.
PC 2.2. Carry out therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, interacting with participants in the treatment process.
PC 2.3. Cooperate with interacting organizations and services.
PC 2.4. Apply medications in accordance
with the rules for their use.
PC 2.6. Maintain approved medical records.
CHRONOCARD OF A COMBINED LESSON on the topic: “Dosage forms”
| No. | Contents and structure of the lesson | Time (min.) | Teacher's activities | Student activity | Methodological justification |
| 1. | Organizational moment | -welcoming students -checking the audience’s readiness for the lesson -marking absentees | - greeting from the teacher - report from the duty officer about absentees | -implementation of a psychological attitude towards educational activities, instilling organization, discipline, and a business approach; -activating the attention of students | |
| 2. | Determining the objectives of the lesson | - finalizing the lesson plan | -think through the stages of educational activities | -creating a holistic idea of the lesson -concentrating attention on the work ahead -creating interest and understanding the motivation for learning activities. | |
| 3. | Control and correction of knowledge on the previous topic: “Introduction. History of pharmacology. Recipe" | - frontal survey - CMM solution for current monitoring | - answer questions on the previous topic - demonstrate the level of independent preparation for the lesson - collectively correct gaps in knowledge | -level determination self-study students for the lesson, completeness of homework - correction of gaps in knowledge - development of self- and mutual control | |
| 4. | Motivation of the topic | -emphasizes the relevance of the topic | - write down the topic in a notebook | -formation of cognitive interests, concentration on the topic being studied | |
| 5. | Lecture-conversation with elements of interactivity | -provides awareness of the formation of knowledge on the topic | taking notes on a topic in a notebook | -formation of knowledge on the topic “Drugs affecting the blood system” | |
| 6. | Summing up the lesson, consolidating the material | -reflects the main issues of the topic; -with the help of students, analyzes the achievement of lesson goals; | - determine the level of mastery of the material and achievement of lesson goals | -development of analytical activity -formation of self-control and mutual control | |
| 7. | Homework, assignment for independent work | -offers to write down homework: prepare the topic “Dosage forms” for the next theoretical lesson. | - write down homework | -stimulation cognitive activity students and interest in mastering educational material |
Soft dosage forms
Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories.
The composition of soft dosage forms includes fats and fat-like substances as formative bases.
The basics should:
Mixes well with medicinal substances,
Do not enter into chemical interaction with them,
Have good lubricating ability,
Do not have a harmful effect on the skin,
Be shelf stable
Melt at body temperature.
Based on their origin, there are 4 groups of bases.
1. Animal Basics:
Purified pork fat from the internal organs of a pig (Adeps suillus depuratus)- white homogeneous mass with a melting point of 34-46 ° C.
Lanolin (Lanolinum)- yellow-brown mass with a melting point of 26-42 ° C. The source of production is wash water from the processing of sheep wool.
Spermacetum- is a fatty dense mass with a pearlescent sheen and a melting point of 45-54 "C. It is obtained from sperm whale fat and is used in the manufacture of cosmetic ointments, adding to other ointment bases to give them hygroscopicity and density.
Yellow wax (Cera flava)- a fat-like substance obtained by melting bee honeycombs. Melting point 63-65 "C.
2. Basics of plant origin - vegetable oils:
sunflower - Oleum Helianthi,
olive - Oleum Olivarum,
castor - Oleum Ricini,
peach - Oleum Persicorum.
These bases are used for the manufacture of liniments and plasters.
Cocoa butter - Oleum Cacao - has a solid consistency at 18-20 ° C and melts at body temperature and is used as a base for preparing suppositories.
3. Bases derived from petroleum:
Petrolatum- the most commonly used ointment base: chemically indifferent, does not irritate the skin and mucous membranes, does not decompose during storage. The melting point of Vaseline is 37-50 *C.
Vaseline oil(Oleum Vaselini)-oily, colorless liquid, used for making liniments.
Refined naftalan oil (Naphthalanum liquidum raffinatum)- a syrupy black liquid with a peculiar odor.
4. Synthetic bases. Some polymers are used as bases - polyethylene glycols or polyethylene oxides.
Ointment (Unguentum)– non-dosed dosage form for external use. There are simple and complex ointments. Most ointments are produced by industry in finished form. Ointments for the treatment of skin lesions are prescribed in an amount of 20.0-100.0, eye ointments in an amount of no more than 5.0-10.0.
Suppositories- dosage form. Suppositories may contain one or more ingredients and a base (most often cocoa butter or its substitutes). Currently, most suppositories are produced in finished form by pharmaceutical industry enterprises.
The following suppositories are distinguished:
1) Rectal suppositories(suppositoria rectalia) - a cone or cylinder with a pointed end, their weight ranges from 1.0 to 4.0 g. The maximum diameter is 1.5 cm. If the weight is not indicated in the recipe, then they are made weighing 3.0 g.
2) Vaginal suppositories(suppositoria vaginalia) - in shape they can be spherical (balls - globuli), ovoid (ovules - ovula), or in the form of a flat body with a rounded end (pessaries - pessaria). The weight of vaginal suppositories is from 1.5 to 6.0 g, by default they are made with a weight of 4.0 g.
3) Sticks(bacilli) - intended for introduction into the urethra (urethral suppositories), cervix, fistula tracts, etc. Currently, this dosage form is rarely used.
Pasta –- these are thick ointments containing from 25 to 60% powdery substances, have adsorbing and drying properties, as well as more long-term action compared to ointments. If the amount of powdery substances in the paste is less than 25%, then add one or more indifferent powders, such as starch (wheat, corn, potato, rice), zinc oxide, talc (magnesium silicic acid), white clay (kaolin), etc.
Cream- im. p.un. h. - Cremorum; genus. p.un. h. - Cremoris.
Creams are semi-liquid forms, less viscous than ointments, which are a combination of water, oils, fats and medicinal substances. Unlike ointments, they have a less protective function, but are better absorbed by the skin
Gels(jelly) is a soft, non-dosed dosage form primarily for external use (as well as for enteral and parenteral administration), having a jelly-like translucent consistency. They are a solution of medicinal substances on a jelly-like basis.
Plasters- dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass that has the ability to soften at body temperature and adhere to the skin, or in the form of the same mass on a flat carrier.
Plaster - them. p.un. h. - Emplastrum; genus. p.un. h. - Emplastri: abbreviated. - Empl.
Depending on medical purposes There are different types of patches:
Epidermatic: have the necessary stickiness and may not contain medicinal substances, are used as a dressing material, bringing wound edges closer together, hiding skin defects, protecting it from traumatic environmental factors, in the treatment of certain skin diseases;
Endermatic: contain medicinal substances (keratolytic, depilatory, etc.);
Diadermal: contain medicinal substances that penetrate the skin, affecting deep-lying tissues or a general (resorptive) effect.
According to their state of aggregation, the patches can be
hard (spread and not spread on the fabric), and
liquid – (skin adhesives) - volatile liquids that leave a film on the skin after the solvent evaporates. Available in bottles, vials, and aerosols.
A type of diadermal patches are transdermal therapeutic systems- TTS.
Transdermal therapeutic system- them, p. units Part – Systema therapeuticum
transcutaneum; wine p. units h. - Systema therapeuticum transcutaneum; wine p.m. including - Systemata therapeutica transcutanea; abbreviation - STT (Latin), TTS (Russian)
Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) are soft, dosed
dosage form in the form of a smeared patch, attached to intact skin and providing a prolonged resorptive effect.
Related information.
Soft dosage forms include ointments, liquid ointments, pastes, suppositories, vaginal balls and patches.
Ointment- unguentum ( genitive- unguenti). Ointment is a soft dosage form having the consistency of fresh lard; should be uniform, soft to the touch, without smacks and soften at body temperature. The ointment should not have the smell of rancid fat or signs of mold. Intended for external use. Most often, the ointment has local action(directly at the site of application), softens and reduces inflammatory processes. Depending on the presence of various medicinal substances in it, it may have an astringent, drying, irritating, etc. effect. At the same time, one should also remember those reflex effects on the central nervous system that arise from the site of application due to the effect on sensitive nerve endings.
The ointment consists of an ointment base, which makes up most of the weight, and various medicinal substances. The amount of powdery substances included in the ointment should not exceed 25% of the total weight. White and yellow Vaseline (Vaselinum album et flavum) is used as an ointment base. Vaseline is obtained from the residues of the distillation of paraffin oils, white Vaseline is obtained from yellow Vaseline by bleaching. Vaseline does not go bitter and makes ointments that do not spoil for a long time. Ointments prepared with Vaseline are designed mainly for local action, since Vaseline is not absorbed by the skin. Most manufactured cosmetic products are made in the form of ointments and creams; for example, ointments predominate in deaura cosmetics products with ingredients of herbal extracts.
Purified ointment is also used as an ointment base. lard- Adeps suillus depuratus s. Axungia porcina depurata. Pork lard is a good ointment base; when rubbed, it penetrates into the thickness of the skin and promotes the absorption of medicinal substances. Pork lard soon deteriorates and goes rancid, and therefore it is necessary to prescribe the ointment in such a way that it is quickly used up, especially during hot weather. summer time. In order to protect against spoilage, benzoic acid is added to lard in an amount of 1% - Adeps suillus benzoatus.
Lanolinum is often used as an ointment base. Lanolin is a fat-like substance obtained from the rinsing waters of sheep wool.
There is Lanolinum anhydricum - anhydrous lanolin, which has the ability to absorb about 150% water without losing its ointment-like consistency, and Lanolinum hydricum - aqueous lanolin of a softer consistency, containing 30% water and less absorbing water than the first. If the recipe does not indicate which lanolin should be taken, then aqueous lanolin is dispensed. Lanolin is able to penetrate deeply into the skin and, thus, helps the absorption of medicinal substances included in the ointment. Lanolin is a good ointment base, does not go bitter and is especially recommended for ointments designed to have a drying effect and to absorb various watery liquids.
Various fats, wax, glycerin and complex ointment bases can also be used as ointment bases.
Rp. Anaesthesini 1.0
Xeroformii 10.0
Lanolini et Vaselini aa ad 100.0
M. f. ung.
D.S. Ointment for burns
Available large number official ointments, contents active substance which are provided for by the Pharmacopoeia. For example:
Rp. Ung. Zinci 20.0
D.S. External
To prepare ointments, low-melting substances are melted with a small amount of low-melting substances, insoluble powdery substances are ground with almond oil, liquid paraffin and then combined with the ointment base, thoroughly stirring everything in a mortar. Relatively rarely, ointments are used for general resorptive action. For this purpose, methyl salicylic ointment, gray mercury ointment, etc. are used. Gray mercury ointment is intended for rubbing into various areas of the skin and therefore is prescribed not like other ointments, but for each rubbing separately. For example:
Rp. Ung. Hydrargyri cinerei 2.0
D.t. d. N. 6 in charta paraffinata
S. Rub 1 sachet daily
Paste- pasta (genitive case - pastae).3Ta ointment with a thicker dough-like consistency. It consists of an ointment base and powdery substances, the amount of the latter should exceed 25% of the total weight.
Rp. Pastae Zinci salicylatae 30.0
D.S. External
Liniment- linimentum (genitive case - linimenti). Liquid ointments are a dosage form intended for external use. In consistency they are empty liquids or gelatinous masses. Designed for a short shelf life. There are official and mainline liquid ointments.
Rp. Chloroformii
Oi. hyoscyami aa 15.0
M.f. linimentum
D.S. Trituration
Rp. Linimenti volatilis 30.0
D.S. Trituration
Candles- suppositorium (genitive case - suppositorii). Suppositories, or soap, are a dosage form of solid consistency at ordinary temperatures and melting at body temperature. Prepared, unless iMaoca is prescribed for them by a doctor, from cocoa butter - oleum s. Butyrum Cacao (Fig. 10).
Cocoa butter has a melting point of +30--34°, but at lower temperatures it is solid and is an almost indifferent substance, which is very convenient for making candles. Candles have a conical or cylindrical shape with a pointed end. The weight of candles can range from 2.0 to 4.0. If the weight of the candles is not indicated, then they are sold in a weight of 3.0. Intended for insertion into the rectum. The candle melts at body temperature, after which the medicinal substance that is included in its composition is absorbed. Cocoa butter is the substance that gives the shape of a candle - con-stituens - and can therefore be replaced by another if the latter meets certain requirements: sufficiently hard at room temperature, melts at body temperature and does not irritate - Fig. Yu. Suppositories and vaginal balls, compresses mucous membranes. Hydrogenated fats, mixtures of fats and wax, glycerin, gelatin jellies, etc. are used as a substitute.
Ready-made candles are wrapped in wax paper or a thin sheet of tin - staniol.
Rp. Extr. Belladonnae 0.015
Oi. Cacao 2.0
M.f. suppositorium
D.t. d. N. 6
S. 1 candle at night
Since suppositories, according to the Pharmacopoeia, have an average weight of 3.0, you can write out the same recipe without indicating the amount of cocoa butter.
Rp. Extr. Belladonnae 0.015
Oi. Cacao quantum satis ut f. supp.
D.t. d. N. 6
S. 1 candle at night
Soap is prepared manually by rolling the mass or pouring molten semi-cooled mass into molds, or by pressing the mass in special devices.
Vaginal balls- globuli vaginales (singular - globulus vaginalis, genitive case - globuli vaginalis). Vaginal balls are prepared in the same way as suppositories with cocoa butter. They have an ovoid or round shape. Vaginal balls are intended for insertion into the vagina. Their weight ranges from 2.0 to 6.0. If the weight is not indicated by the doctor, then vaginal balls are prepared weighing 4.0.
Rp. Ichthyoli 0.2
Oi. Cacao quantum satis ut f. globulus vaginalis.
D.t. d. N. 6 S.
1 ball morning and evening
Patch- emplas-trum (genitive case - emplastri). A plaster is a dosage form of a harder consistency than an ointment, which has the ability to soften at body temperature, but not melt, and stick to the body after softening. The patch is spread on canvas, calico or paper.
Plasters come in regular and rubber types.
The composition of ordinary plasters includes lead salts of fatty acids, resins, gums, waxes, fats and rubber.
The bulk of rubber patches consists of rubber dissolved in gasoline.
Plasters are usually released spread (extensum) on some material, and in most cases they are an official dosage form, that is, the content of the active principle in them is provided for by the Pharmacopoeia. Here is a recipe for a sticky plaster, which contains fatty lead compounds and resinous substances.
Rp. Empl. adhaesivi elastici extensi 50X2cm
D.S. Patch
Sometimes the patch is prescribed in a piece (i.e., unsmeared), and the patient himself spreads it on canvas or paper, and then applies it to the affected area.
Rp. Empl. Plumbi composite 50.0
D.S. Bedsore patch
Currently, adhesive plasters are a little used dosage form, and adhesive plasters are mainly used in surgical practice as a fixing bandage or for tightening the edges of a wound, etc.
Soap- sapones (singular - sapo, genitive case - saponis). Medical soaps are made by heating solutions of alkalis and fats. In this case, fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. The latter form fatty acid salts called soaps. For this purpose, use caustic soda NaOH or caustic potassium KOH. Soda soaps are solid, while potassium soaps come in the form of a thick mass.
In the presence of water, soaps hydrolyze and form abundant foam, which explains their cleansing effect on the skin.
The official ones are medical soap - sapo medica-tiis - and green soap - sapo viridis. The first is a white or yellowish powder, almost odorless, soluble in water and alcohol. Green soap is a soft, translucent dark brown or greenish mass faint soapy odor. Liquid solutions soaps in alcohol are called soap spirits (Spiritus saponatus).
Soft dosage forms include ointments (and their varieties: creams and gels), pastes, liquid ointments, suppositories.
OINTMENTS
Ointment– a dosage form for application to the skin, wound surfaces, mucous membranes, obtained by mixing one or more medicinal substances with so-called ointment bases.
Singular nominative case Unguentum, genitive Unguenti(Ung.).
As ointment bases Vaseline is most often used - white or yellow ( Vaselinum album s. flavum), lanolin ( Lanolinum), lard ( Adeps Suillus s. Axungia porcina), fat-like oils, beeswax, spermaceti, polyethylene glycols and other substances that have a soft consistency. The amount of ointment prescribed depends on the method of application. Eye ointments are prescribed in the amount of 5.0 – 10.0; ointments for lips, nose, ears in the amount of 10.0 - 20.0; for lubricating affected areas of the skin - from 15.0 to 100.0 or more.
When prescribing ointments, the main prescriptions indicate the medicinal substance included in the ointment and the ointment base. In ointment powdery substances should be no more than 25%.
An ointment consisting of one medicinal substance and an ointment base is called simple ointment. If Vaseline is used as an ointment base (the most common option), then such an ointment can be prescribed in an abbreviated version. The recipe begins with the word Ung. (ointment).
The concentration of the drug substance is indicated as a percentage.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
50.0 ointment containing 2% salicylic acid (Acidum Salicylicum)
Apply to affected areas of skin
Rp: Ung. acidi Salicylici 2% - 50.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
A simple ointment cannot be prescribed in an abbreviated version in cases where: the ointment base is not petroleum jelly, but other substances (or a mixture of them); ointment contains substances whose activity is expressed in units of action ( ED), in this case they use expanded form copybook
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
Write out
50.0 ointment containing 750,000 units of mycoheptin ( Mycoheptinum). Prescribe for lubricating affected areas of the skin 2 times a day.
Rp: Mycoheptini 750000 ED
Vaselini ad 50.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day.
Write out
30.0 ointment containing 5.0 potassium iodide ( Kalii iodidum) and lanolin ( Lanolinum). Spread on nail plates to soften them
Rp: Kalii iodidi 5.0
Lanolini ad 30.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Spread on nail plates
to soften them.
If the ointment contains several medicinal substances, then such an ointment is called complex. An ointment that contains one medicinal substance and a mixture of ointment bases (vaseline and lanolin) is also complex.
A complex ointment can only be prescribed in a detailed prescription - it is necessary to indicate the weight quantities of both the medicinal substances and the ointment base. The recipe ends with a sentence M.f. ung. (Misce fiat unguentum - « Mix it up to make an ointment»).
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
100.0 ointment containing 10% ichthyol ( Ichthyolum), petroleum jelly and lanolin in equal quantities. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp: Ichthyoli 10.0
Vselini
Lanolini ana ad 100.0
M.f. ung.
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin 3 times a day
day.
Currently, most simple and complex ointments are produced by the pharmaceutical industry in finished form. Such ointments are official and are written out only in abbreviated form without indicating them full composition and, in some cases, concentration. In this case, the recipe begins with the word Unguentum in the genitive singular ( Unguenti ).
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
25.0 Triderm ointment ( Triderm). Apply to affected areas of skin.
Rp: Ung. Triderm 25.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of the skin.
Write out
20.0 Finalgon ointment (Finalgon). Apply 3 times a day to the affected joint area.
Rp.: Ung. Finalgon 20.0
D.S. Apply 3 times daily to area
affected joint.
Creams And gels are a type of ointment. Therefore, the abbreviated prescription for these dosage forms begins with the word Unguenti , then indicate the consistency in brackets ( Gel, Cream ).
Cream (Cream ) - an ointment of soft consistency, which is an emulsion such as oil in water or water in oil. The content of powdery substances in creams in accordance with regulatory requirements should be no more than 5%.
Gel (Gel ) is a colloidal solution with a jelly-like consistency that can retain its shape and has elasticity and plasticity.
EXAMPLE RECIPE
Write out
20.0 5% official ointment (cream) Acyclovir ( Acyclovir). Apply to affected areas.
Rp: Ung. (creame) Acyclovir 5% - 20.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas.
Write out
40.0 2% ointment (gel) Troxevasin ( Troxevasin). Apply to skin lower limbs with superficial thrombophlebitis.
Rp: Ung. (gel) “Troxevasin” 2% - 40.0
D.S. Apply to the skin of the lower extremities when
superficial thrombophlebitis.
PASTES
Pastes- these are types of ointments in which the amount of powdery substances contains from 25% to 65%, As a result, the pastes have a thicker consistency and, when applied to the skin, can remain at the application site for a longer time.
Singular nominative case Pasta, singular genitive case Pastae (Past).
The therapeutic advantage of pastes over ointments is that they have a more pronounced adsorbing and drying ability, which is useful in the presence of effusions. If the amount of medicinal substance included in the paste is less than 25%, then some indifferent powdered substances are added to give the required consistency. substances (most often starch - Amylum, talc – Talcum,
zinc oxide – Zinci oxydum, white clay - Bolus alba etc.)
Official pastes are prescribed in recipes similar to official ointments.
EXAMPLES OF RECIPES
Write out
25.0 zinc official paste ( Pasta Zinci). Prescribe for application to affected areas of the skin.
Rp: Past. Zinci 25.0
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Write out
107.0 paste containing 2.0 boric acid ( Acidum boricum); 5.0 naftalan ( Naphthalanum) and equally 25.0 zinc oxide ( Zincum oxydum), talc ( Talcum), Vaseline ( Vaselinum), lanolin ( Lanolinum). Apply to affected areas of the skin.
Rp: Acidi borici 2.0
Naphthalani 5.0
Zinci oxydi
Vaselini
Lanolini ana 25.0
M.f. past.
D.S. Apply to affected areas of skin.
Write out
20.0 paste containing 5% anesthesin ( Anaesthesinum). Lubricate the affected areas.
Rp: Anaesthesini 1.0
Zinci oxydi
Amyli ana 5.0
Vaselini ad 20.0
M.f. past.
D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin.
LIQUID OINTMENTS (LINEMENTS ).
Liniments– a dosage form for external use, which is a thick liquid or gelatinous mass that melts at body temperature.
The variety of dosage forms requires their systematization, which combines individual phenomena and facts into groups and determines the optimal scheme for manufacturing the drug. Currently, there are several classifications of dosage forms based on different approaches and principles.
None of the existing classifications can be called universal, so their further improvement and the search for new ones continue.
The earliest is the classification of dosage forms by state of aggregation, proposed by Academician Yu. K. Trapp (1814-1908).
Classification of dosage forms by state of aggregation.
In accordance with this classification, all dosage forms are divided into four groups: solid, liquid, soft, gaseous.
Solid dosage forms include powders, tablets, granules, microgranules; for liquids - mixtures, drops, lotions, rinses; for soft ones - ointments, pastes, plasters; to gaseous - gases, vapors (sprayed liquids), aerosols.
This distribution of dosage forms allows us to obtain a primary idea of the nature of the technological process; choose packaging; to some extent predict the speed of onset of the pharmacological effect (as a rule, liquid dosage forms have a more fast action than solid ones).
Classification according to method of application and routes of administration. She
most perfect. For the first time such a classification was proposed by V.A. Tikhomirov, who, based on the route of administration, divided all dosage forms into 2 large groups: enteral (administered through the gastrointestinal tract) and parenteral (which are administered without digestive tract). A later classification is given in table. 7.1.
Enteral route of administration - through the mouth, through the rectum - As a modification oral route Sublingual administration (under the tongue) may be considered. Medicinal substances are quite quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the general circulation, bypassing the barriers of the gastrointestinal tract and liver.
| Table 7.1 Classification of dosage forms
|
The rectal (lat. rectus - direct) route of administration - through the rectum (per rectum) is capable of providing both local and general action medicinal substance on the body. It is convenient in pediatric practice and geriatrics; for unconscious patients.
Parenteral (lat. par entheron - past the intestines) methods of administration are very diverse. This is application to the skin, to easily accessible mucous membranes (nose, eyes), injection, inhalation and transdermal routes of administration.
The classification has technological significance, since, depending on the method of administration, certain requirements are imposed on dosage forms, the fulfillment of which must be ensured by the technological process.
The classification allows us to resolve the issue of the need to check the doses of substances of lists A and B (enteral route of administration); formulate the drug in accordance with the method of use. Depending on the route and method of administration, appropriate labels are used.
Classification of dosage forms according to the characteristics (nature) of dosage. In this case, dosage forms are divided into dosage forms (powders, pills, suppositories, injection solutions in ampoules, ophthalmic films) and non-dosage forms (potions, powders, ointments).
This division allows for a different approach when checking substances of lists A and B, choosing the nature of packaging, appropriate packaging, quality control (checking the number of doses, deviation in dose weight, etc.).
Classification of dosage forms depending on the age of patients. It involves dividing dosage forms into children's (pediatric) - for patients under the age of 14 years ( special group for newborns - children under 1 month); for the middle-aged category of patients (from 14 to 60 years); geriatric (for patients over 60 years old).
The differences between the drugs of these groups consist in the difference in the prescribed doses of drugs from lists A, B, etc.;
admissibility of the introduction of certain auxiliary substances, taking into account the anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics the patient's body;
strict regulation of the conditions for the manufacture of drugs for newborns;
the emergence of age-specific dosage forms (dragées, sweet syrups, lozenges, medicinal candies, etc.).
Classification of dosage forms based on the structure of dispersed systems. It is the most advanced and important for a pharmacist.
Physico-chemical systems in which a crushed substance is distributed in another substance are called dispersed
systems. The distributed substance constitutes the dispersed phase of the system, and the carrier constitutes a continuous dispersion medium.
Dosage forms can be without a dispersion medium or with a dispersion medium of different states of aggregation (liquid, solid, viscoplastic and gaseous).
Systems without a dispersion medium. In this case, there is no dispersion medium, since it is not added by the pharmacist during the manufacturing process of the dosage form. Based on their dispersion, these systems are divided into coarse (collections) and fine (powders).
Systems with liquid dispersion medium. Based on the nature of the dispersed phase and the nature of the connection with the dispersion medium, the following are distinguished:
a) true solutions in different solvents - homogeneous systems in which medicinal substances are in ionic or molecular form;
b) colloidal solutions with a micellar degree of fragmentation, in which the interface between phases is outlined (ultramicroheterogeneous systems);
c) suspensions (suspensions) - microheterogeneous systems with a solid dispersed phase and a liquid dispersion medium. The interface between the phases is visible to the naked eye;
d) emulsions - also microheterogeneous systems consisting of two liquids that are insoluble in one another;
e) combined systems.
Systems with a viscoplastic dispersion medium. In terms of its state of aggregation, the dispersion medium occupies an intermediate position between a liquid and a solid. Depending on the dispersion and aggregate state of the dispersed phase, these systems are divided into: homogeneous (solutions), microheterogeneous (suspensions, emulsions), combined systems, which can be represented by a combination of any types of dispersed systems. They can take the form of a continuous mass (ointment, paste) or a certain geometric shape (candles, balls, sticks).
Systems with a gaseous dispersed medium. This subgroup includes gas solutions and mists, smokes: inhalations, fumigations, smoking fumes, aerosols - microheterogeneous disperse systems.
Dispersological classification allows you to choose best option technologies, anticipate the stability of dosage forms during storage, evaluate the quality of the manufactured Drug.
General requirements for dosage forms. The dosage form must provide:
Necessary pharmacological action and biological Availability of drugs;
Uniform distribution of medicinal substances in the mass (volume) of the drug and dosing accuracy;
Stability during the established shelf life;
Compliance with microbial contamination standards, and, if necessary, sterility;
Compactness;
Ease of use.
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