When the blockade ring closed, in addition to the adult population, 400 thousand children remained in Leningrad - from infants to schoolchildren and teenagers. Naturally, they wanted to save them first of all, they tried to protect them from shelling and bombing. Comprehensive care for children in those conditions was characteristic feature Leningraders. And she gave special strength to adults, inspired them to work and fight, because children could only be saved by defending the city...

Alexander Fadeev in travel notes " During the days of the siege" he wrote:

"Children school age can be proud that they defended Leningrad together with their fathers, mothers, older brothers and sisters.

Great work protecting and saving the city, serving and saving the family fell to the lot of Leningrad boys and girls. They put out tens of thousands of lighters dropped from airplanes, they put out more than one fire in the city, they were on duty on frosty nights on towers, they carried water from an ice hole on the Neva, they stood in lines for bread...

And they were equal in that duel of nobility, when the elders tried to quietly give their share to the younger ones, and the younger ones did the same in relation to the elders. And it’s hard to understand who died more in this fight".

The whole world was shocked by the diary of the little Leningrad girl Tanya Savicheva: “Grandma died on January 25...”, “Uncle Alyosha on May 10...”, “Mom on May 13 at 7.30 in the morning...”, “Everyone died. Tanya is the only one left." The notes of this girl, who died in evacuation in 1945, became one of the formidable accusations against fascism, one of the symbols of the blockade.

They had a special childhood, scorched by the war, during the siege. They grew up in conditions of hunger and cold, under the whistling and explosions of shells and bombs. It was its own world, with special difficulties and joys, with their own scale of values. Open today the monograph “Children of the Siege Draw.”

Shurik Ignatiev, three and a half years old, on May 23, 1942, in kindergarten, covered his piece of paper with random pencil scribbles with a small oval in the center. “What did you draw!” – asked the teacher. He replied: “This is war, that’s all, and there’s a bun in the middle. I don’t know anything else.” They were the same blockade runners as adults.” And they died the same way.

The only transport route connecting the city with the rear regions of the country was the “Road of Life”, laid through Lake Ladoga. During the days of the blockade along this road from September 1941 to November 1943, it was possible to evacuate 1 million 376 thousand Leningraders, mostly women, children and the elderly. The war scattered them around different corners Union, their destinies turned out differently, many did not return back.

Existence in a besieged city was unthinkable without hard, everyday work. Children were also workers. They managed to distribute their forces in such a way that they were enough not only for family, but also for public affairs. Pioneers delivered mail to homes. When the bugle sounded in the yard, we had to go down to get the letter. They sawed wood and carried water to the families of the Red Army soldiers. They mended linen for the wounded and performed for them in hospitals. The city could not protect children from malnutrition and exhaustion, but nevertheless, everything possible was done for them.

Despite the harsh situation of the front-line city, the Leningrad City Party Committee and the City Council of Workers' Deputies decided to continue educating children. At the end of October 1941, 60 thousand schoolchildren in grades 1-4 began their studies in bomb shelters of schools and households, and from November 3, in 103 schools in Leningrad, more than 30 thousand students in grades 1-4 sat at their desks.

In the conditions of besieged Leningrad, it was necessary to connect education with the defense of the city, to teach students to overcome difficulties and hardships that arose at every step and grew every day. And the Leningrad school coped with this difficult task with honor. The classes took place in an unusual environment. Often during a lesson, a siren would sound, signaling another bombing or shelling.

The students quickly and orderly descended into the bomb shelter, where classes continued. Teachers had two lesson plans for the day: one for working in normal conditions, the other - in case of shelling or bombing. The training was conducted in an abbreviated manner curriculum, which included only the basic items. Each teacher strived to conduct classes with students as accessible, interesting, and meaningful as possible.

"“I’m preparing for lessons in a new way,” K.V., a history teacher at School No. 239, wrote in her diary in the fall of 1941. Polzikova - Nothing superfluous, a spare, clear story. It is difficult for children to prepare homework; This means you need to help them in class. We don’t keep any notes in notebooks: it’s hard. But the story must be interesting. Oh, how necessary it is! Children have so much trouble in their souls, so much anxiety that they will not listen to dull speech. And you can’t show them how difficult it is for you either.”.

Studying in the harsh winter conditions was a feat. Teachers and students produced fuel themselves, carried water on sleds, and monitored the cleanliness of the school. The schools became unusually quiet, the children stopped running and making noise during breaks, their pale and emaciated faces spoke of grave suffering. The lesson lasted 20-25 minutes: neither the teachers nor the students could stand it any longer. No records were kept, since in unheated classrooms not only the children’s thin hands froze, but also the ink froze.

Talking about this unforgettable time, students of the 7th grade of school 148 wrote in their collective diary:

"The temperature is 2-3 degrees below zero. Dim winter, the light timidly breaks through the only small glass in the only window. The students huddle close to the open door of the stove, shivering from the cold, which bursts out from under the cracks of the doors in a sharp frosty stream and runs through their entire bodies. A persistent and angry wind drives the smoke back from the street through a primitive chimney straight into the room... My eyes water, it’s hard to read, and it’s completely impossible to write. We sit in coats, galoshes, gloves and even hats... "

Students who continued to study during the harsh winter of 1941-1942 were respectfully called “winter workers.”

In addition to their meager bread ration, children received soup at school without cutting out coupons from their ration cards. With the launch of the Ladoga Ice Route, tens of thousands of schoolchildren were evacuated from the city. The year 1942 arrived. In schools, where classes did not stop, holidays were declared. And on the unforgettable January days, when everything adult population The city was starving; in schools, theaters, and concert halls, New Year trees with gifts and a hearty lunch were organized for children. For the little Leningraders it was a real big holiday.

One of the students wrote about this New Year tree: “January 6. Today there was a Christmas tree, and how magnificent! True, I almost didn’t listen to the plays: I kept thinking about lunch. Lunch was wonderful. The children ate slowly and intently, without losing a crumb. They they knew the value of bread, they gave us noodle soup, porridge, bread and jelly for lunch, everyone was very happy. This tree will remain in their memory for a long time.”

There were also New Year's gifts, this is how participant in the siege P.P. recalled them. Danilov: “From the contents of the gift, I remember candies made from flaxseed cake, gingerbread and 2 tangerines. For that time it was a very good treat.”

For students in grades 7-10, Christmas trees were arranged in the premises of the Drama Theater named after. Pushkin, Bolshoi Drama and Maly Opera Theaters. The surprise was that all the theaters had electric lighting. Brass bands played. At the Drama Theater. The play “The Noble Nest” was staged at Pushkin, and “The Three Musketeers” was staged at the Bolshoi Drama Theater. In Maly opera house The holiday opened with the play "The Gadfly".

And in the spring, schoolchildren began their “garden life.” In the spring of 1942, thousands of children and teenagers came to the empty, depopulated workshops of enterprises. At the age of 12-15 they became machine operators and assemblers, producing machine guns and machine guns, artillery and rocket shells.

So that they could work at machines and assembly workbenches, wooden stands were made for them. When, on the eve of breaking the blockade, delegations from front-line units began to arrive at enterprises, experienced soldiers swallowed tears, looking at the posters above the workplaces of boys and girls. It was written there with their own hands: “I won’t leave until I fulfill my quota!”

Hundreds of young Leningraders were awarded orders, thousands were awarded medals “For the Defense of Leningrad.” They went through the entire months-long epic of the heroic defense of the city as worthy comrades of adults. There were no events, campaigns or cases in which they did not participate.

Clearing attics, fighting "lighters", putting out fires, clearing rubble, clearing the city of snow, caring for the wounded, growing vegetables and potatoes, working on producing weapons and ammunition - children's hands were everywhere. On equal terms, with a sense of fulfilled duty, Leningrad boys and girls met with their peers - the “sons of the regiments” who received awards on the battlefields.

Photos of children who survived the siege

Toys of Leningrad children

125 grams of blockade bread...

Classes in a bomb shelter...

This year, January 27, marks 70 years since the siege of Leningrad was lifted. It lasted 872 long days and claimed the lives of one and a half million people. Surrounded by adults during these most difficult days for the city were 400 thousand children.

Start

The capture of Leningrad was one of the points of the German Barbarossa plan. The Nazis believed that during the summer and autumn the Soviet Union would be defeated and the city on the Neva would be taken. But their plans did not come true. The defenders of Leningrad managed to stop enemy troops 4-7 kilometers from the city. The city was not captured, but its inhabitants found themselves surrounded by a blockade, cut off from the outside world.

Hitler decided to wipe Leningrad off the face of the earth. To do this, fire at it from artillery and continuously bomb it, strangling it with hunger. On German maps, objects such as schools, hospitals, pioneer palaces, and museums were marked for bombing. In the fall of 1941 alone, about 100 raids were carried out on Leningrad and 65 thousand incendiary and 3055 high-explosive bombs were dropped.

The picture shows the toys of Leningrad children who were evacuated from Leningrad to the mainland on a barge. The transport with children was subjected to enemy bombing and was flooded. Tens of years later, these toys were found at the bottom of Lake Ladoga. None of the little owners of these dolls, bears, and rattles survived.

During the air raid, when city residents were hiding in bomb shelters, air defense fighters were on duty on the roofs of houses and schools. Children helped them. The “lighter,” which hissed and splashed, was quickly grabbed with long tongs and extinguished by putting it in a box of sand or throwing it down to the ground. We couldn’t miss a second, so we had to move quickly along the sloping and slippery roof. The nimble guys did it well. There could have been hundreds of times more fires if the children had not lubricated the wooden attic floors with a special anti-fire mixture developed by Leningrad scientists.

Blockade

But the death of civilians during shelling was only the beginning of the disasters that befell the city. The power plants stopped working and the city plunged into darkness.

The most difficult time began: the winter of 1941-1942. Leningrad was covered with snow and 40 degree frosts hit. The fuel ran out and the interior walls of the apartments were covered in frost. Leningraders began installing iron temporary stoves in their rooms. They burned tables, chairs, cabinets, and sofas. And then books.

Water and sewer pipes froze, leaving people without water. Now it could only be taken from the Neva and Fontanka.

“I was ten years old,” recalls one of the residents of the besieged city, A. Molchanov. - I went for water with a kettle. I was so weak that while I was fetching water, I rested several times. Previously, when climbing the stairs, I ran, jumping over the steps. And now, going up the stairs, he often sat down and rested. What I was most afraid of was that I might not be able to carry the kettle of water, I would fall and spill it.

We were so exhausted that when we went out to get bread or water, we didn’t know if we would have enough strength to return home. My school friend went for bread, fell and froze. It was covered with snow."

Hunger

Only three percent of lives were claimed by bombing and shelling. 97 percent of the inhabitants of the besieged city died of starvation.

The winter of 1941 was the hardest. Bread standards were constantly declining and reached their minimum in November. Workers received 250 grams, employees, dependents and children - 125 grams of bread. And this bread was very different from the current one. Only half of it consisted of flour, which was in very short supply at that time. Cake, cellulose, and wallpaper glue were added to it.

But for this small piece it was necessary to stand in a queue for many hours in the cold, which was occupied early in the morning. There were days when, due to constant bombing, bakeries did not work and mothers returned home with nothing, where hungry children were waiting for them.

There were practically no other products. People were tearing off the wallpaper, back side of which the remains of the paste were preserved, soup was prepared from them. Jelly was made from wood glue. To fill empty stomachs, everything that could be eaten was taken from home medicine cabinets: castor oil, Vaseline, glycerin. Leather boots and shoes were cut into pieces and boiled.

“We live very poorly here,” a seven-year-old boy writes in a letter in block letters. - Hungry like wolves in winter. And my appetite is such that it seems that if they gave me three loaves of bread, I would eat everything.”

Children of that time did not dream of something tasty. The unattainable desire was that food, which they may have capriciously refused in times of peace.

Here is a note from Valya Chepko, which she called “the menu after the hunger strike, if I stay alive.” 1st course: potato, oatmeal soup...2nd. porridge: oatmeal, wheat, pearl barley, buckwheat...Cutlet with mashed potatoes, sausage with mashed potatoes. And a sad signature: I don’t even dream about this.

This modest menu remains a pipe dream. The girl died of starvation in 1942. During that first terrible winter of the siege, 2-3 thousand people died of hunger in the city every day.

Grief

During the siege, children had it much worse than adults. How to explain to kids why their lives have changed so terribly? Why does the siren howl and you have to run to a bomb shelter? Why is there no food? Why can't omnipotent adults fix anything?

The number of orphanages has increased sharply. If at the end of 41 there were 17 of them, then in the spring of 1942 there were 98. More than 40 thousand orphans were accepted into them.

Each such child - your peer - has his own terrible story of life in a besieged city. Often, remembering the blockade, they talk about Tanya Savicheva’s diary, and her famous phrase “there is only Tanya left.” But Tanya’s fate is one of the fates of many Leningrad boys and girls.

How much enormous grief is hidden in these children's lines, the authors of which are unknown. Today their letters are exhibits in the Museum of the Defenders of Leningrad.

"Greetings from Leningrad. Hello, dear aunt. You write that you do not receive news from us. Here it is.

And I was left alone".

Most of the children under the siege had parents who died before their eyes. These guys were used to shelling, and the sight of people dying on the streets was a common sight for them. But they all dreamed of a future, a future without war. And so, overcoming weakness, in the bitter cold, under shelling, they went to school.

SCHOOL

During the harshest days of the siege of the winter of 1941-1942, 39 schools operated in the besieged city.

The classes took place in an unusual environment. Often during a lesson, a siren would sound, signaling another bombing or shelling. The students quickly descended into the bomb shelter, where classes continued.

To avoid running around with students primary school from the classroom to the bomb shelter and back, lessons for them were held only there. Here is an amazing copy of a textbook from that time. Written on it by a child's hand is not a school, but the serial number of a bomb shelter. This was only possible in Leningrad!

Studying in the harsh winter conditions was a feat. Teachers and students produced fuel themselves, carried water on sleds, and monitored the cleanliness of the school. The lesson lasted no more than 25 minutes; neither the teachers nor the students could stand it any longer. No records were kept, since in unheated classrooms not only hands froze, but also ink froze. Lessons were learned by heart. An excerpt from a schoolboy’s diary: “The temperature is 2-3 degrees below zero. It’s dim winter, the light timidly breaks through the only window. We sit in coats, galoshes, gloves and even hats...”

But, despite all the difficulties, the guys passed the exams, received grades and moved from class to class!

In September 1942, schools reopened in the city. There were fewer students in each class, many died from shelling and starvation. The schools became unusually quiet; exhausted, hungry children stopped running around and making noise during breaks. And the first time, when two boys fought during recess, the teachers did not scold them, but were happy. “So our children are coming to life.”

New Year

Although the situation in besieged Leningrad was very difficult, nevertheless, a decision was made to hold school Christmas trees in the winter of 1942. Music sounded in the frozen dark city, and artists performed for the children. But the main thing is that the invitation cards said that they would have lunch. The guys received a small portion of soup and porridge - luxurious food for that time. They also brought tangerines to the city and distributed them to children. This was the best gift from Santa Claus. They pressed him under their clothes and took him home - to his mother, younger brothers and sisters.

Little heroes

Suffering from hunger and cold, the residents - adults and children - did not sit idly by, did not wait for them to be freed, but fought as best they could for their hometown.

There were no such events in the besieged city in which young Leningraders did not participate. They stood at the factory machines, replacing adults who died or went to the front. At the age of 12-15, children made parts for machine guns, machine guns, and artillery shells. So that the guys could work at the machines, wooden stands were made for them. No one counted how long the working day would last.

Children, together with adults, extinguished fires and destroyed tens of thousands of incendiary bombs. They cleared away the rubble of destroyed buildings, clearing roads and tram tracks.

From spring to late autumn in 1942-44, schoolchildren worked in state farm fields to provide the city with vegetables. Vegetable gardens were also bombed. When the raid began, the teachers shouted and took off their panama hats and lay face down on the ground. There was everything: heat, rain, frost, and dirt. The guys exceeded the norm by two or three times and collected record harvests.

Schoolchildren came to the hospital to see the wounded. They cleaned the wards and fed the seriously wounded. They sang songs to them, read poems to them, and wrote letters under dictation. We prepared firewood for the hospital.

Since 1943, Timur teams were organized in the city. They visited the elderly, the sick, and delivered mail.

In the besieged city there was a conservatory, theaters gave performances, and films were shown. The city lived and survived, despite the main goal of the Germans to destroy it by shelling and starvation. And together with the adults, its young residents, who had matured so much during the 872 days of the siege, rejoiced at the lifting of the blockade in 1944. But they not only survived the blockade, but they, like their parents, helped the great city survive. They studied, fought, worked: 15 thousand schoolchildren were awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad.”

Chronicle of the blockade

September 8: The encirclement around Leningrad closed when German troops reached the shores of Lake Ladoga.

GBDOU d/s No. 75 Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Children about the siege of Leningrad

(for older preschoolers)

Children, do you like holidays? Holidays are usually noisy and joyful, with cheerful music, laughter, and jokes. But there are also those who are said to be “with tears in their eyes” - these are memorable dates, which should not be forgotten.

In the history of our city there is special page. A long time ago (seventy years ago) the Great Patriotic War was fought. Our entire country (Motherland, Fatherland) was in danger. A mortal threat loomed over our city, then called Leningrad. The Nazis surrounded the city. They decided to destroy Leningrad and its inhabitants.

A city, like a living organism, is born, grows, develops, and sometimes dies. He may be sick, or he may become prettier. It depends on the people who love, protect, and protect the city. Listen to your heart beat. Do you think the city has a heart? (Answers).

As long as there are people alive in the city who take care of and protect it, as long as their hearts beat, as long as the heart of the city beats, the city is alive. The heart of our St. Petersburg has been beating for more than 300 years.

And in those sorrowful war days, the Nazis surrounded our beloved Leningrad with a blockade ring. It was scary time. Constant shelling of the city, hunger, cold, death. The blockade lasted almost 900 days (from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944). All residents besieged Leningrad became defenders of the city so as not to give it to the enemy, because the Nazis wanted to wipe Leningrad off the face of the earth - to blow up and burn all its beauty, to destroy all its inhabitants.

We remember how the blockade ring strangled us,

How death frightened us and stared us in the face more than once.

Yes, there was cold, hunger, hail of shells, booming explosions,

Fire smoke. But Leningrad stood in spite of the enemy.

In besieged Leningrad, trams, buses and trolleybuses stopped. The heating did not work, and many houses had no light or water. There are almost no products left. The piece of blockade bread was very small. Many mothers gave their last piece to their child so that he would live. But kindergartens and schools operated in the city, factories produced live ammunition and military equipment. Teenagers and children worked alongside adults in military factories (sometimes it was necessary to place boxes for them so that they could reach the machine), and they were on duty on the roofs of houses, preventing fires from incendiary bombs and explosions.

Leningrad radio operated in the city. People listened to the beat of the city's heart on the radio - this is the Leningrad metronome. Messages were conveyed from the front, but there were also poems and music, which also helped Leningraders to be courageous and persistent.

During the days of siege,

Under fire, in the snow,

Didn't give up, didn't give up

Our city to the enemy.

During the war winter, trucks with food, fuel and clothing walked across the ice of Lake Ladoga to Leningrad, and these vehicles transported the wounded back to the mainland. This road helped save the lives of many Leningraders, which is why it was called the Road of Life.

Through storms, storms, through all obstacles

You are a song about Ladoga, fly.

The road here goes through a blockade,

There is no other way to find.

Oh, Ladoga, dear Ladoga!

Blizzards, storms and menacing waves...

No wonder my dear Ladoga

It's called "The Road of Life".

Leningrad survived, the enemy blockade ring was broken (January 18, 1943), and the fascist bastard that was strangling the city was defeated (the blockade was completely lifted on January 27, 1944).

Today we remember and celebrate this event. People come to the monuments to the defenders of Leningrad, the burial places of the fallen defenders of the city and lay flowers, silently bowing their heads before the eternal flame, which burns day and night, as an eternal memory of the heroes. A minute of silence is a holy moment when heads bow in reverence.

Here is a place of eternal memory and sorrow.

There are many monuments and monuments to the defenders of Leningrad in our city. The memory of war and victory is also preserved by the names of streets, squares, avenues and parks (Prospect of Glory, Avenue of the Unconquered, Street of Fortitude, Square of Courage, Victory Square, Victory Park,...)

Our city has become free over the free Neva

And we will never forget with you

The tragic days of the Leningrad blockade.

How steadfastly our city hero fought,

How was he able to defeat the fascist bastard?

Today we celebrate the day of the complete lifting of the enemy blockade. We say thank you to the war veterans who defended our beloved city. May all residents of St. Petersburg, both big and small, be healthy, joyful and happy. Remember this day.

Show off, city of Petrov,

And stand unwavering

Like Russia!

Materials used:

Alifanova "First steps"

Ermolaeva, Gavrilova “Wonderful City” (2nd edition, part –1)

Nikonova State Educational Institution Central District No. 29 Vasileostrovsky District “Memory Lesson”

For preschoolers about the blockade (POEMS)

E. Nikonova

OLD PHOTOS

Stored in every home

Family albums

The photographs are black and white,

A little yellowed

Cardboard pages...

And young faces

People from the past are looking at us

And it’s as if they’re talking to us

How we lived, how we loved

And how the children were raised,

How they saved it for you and me

A beautiful city above the Neva.

POEMS OF SIECAED CHILDREN by V. Sementsov

Steamboat-steamer

It goes through Ladoga.

Take it quickly

Through Ladoga children,

Where there is no war and grief,

Protect everyone from harm.

VETERANS E. Nikonova

Look, the veterans are sitting,

Witnesses of a long-ago war,

Wearing medals and awards,

They came to our holiday.

Familiar, kind faces,

We know them by name

Keepers of glorious traditions,

Bequeathed to us forever.

LENINGRAD BLOCKADE E. Nikonova

We did not know the days of the siege

That distant war

But the feat of his homeland

Let us remember sacredly.

We remember how we were choked

blockade ring,

How death has frightened me more than once

She looked us in the face.

Yes, there was cold, hunger, hail

Shells, explosions roar,

Fire smoke. But Leningrad

He stood in spite of the enemy.

But the Leningrad metronome

It sounded like a heartbeat.

He made his way into every house:

• Live, fight, my friend!

Together with you we are alive

And we will overcome death,

And, not afraid of the darkness of the grave,

Let's order her: - Don't you dare!

And both old and young rejoiced

January winter day:

• We defended Leningrad!

The enemy is broken, defeated!

The soul will forever preserve

The stamp of the blockade years.

And our memory is like granite -

There is nothing stronger and firmer.

Those years are moving away

But let’s repeat it a hundred times:

We will never forget

Your feat, Leningrad!

For preschoolers about the blockade (POEMS)

YUNGA E. Nikonova

Someone's grandfather was an artilleryman,

He fired from a cannon.

And someone was a tank driver

And he drove the tank.

And someone's grandfather served in the infantry,

He went on the attack.

My grandfather was a cabin boy in the navy,

My grandfather was a Baltic.

He got on the cruiser as a boy,

Almost like me

She called him “brother”, “brother”

Sailor family.

He, the cabin boy, together with the crew

I went on a sea voyage.

In one battle he was even wounded,

But he returned to duty again.

"For the defense of Leningrad"

He received a medal.

And this glorious reward

Rightfully deserved it.

***

During the days of siege, under fire, in the snow,

We did not give up, our city did not surrender to the enemy.

Proud, brave people live here.

And their valiant work is glorified everywhere.

***

Flip through the pages of history,

When you walk around the city

Columns, arches, obelisks

You will find it on your way.

The obelisk closest to the kindergarten is “Rzhev Blockade Corridor - Road of Life” at the intersection of Kommuny and Krasin streets.

Look at the bas-reliefs with your children and talk about what you see.

For preschoolers about the blockade (POEMS)

O.F. Bergholtz

My sister, comrade, friend and brother!

After all, these are us, born of the blockade.

Together they call us “Leningrad”,

And the globe is proud of Leningrad!

***

... we will never forget with you

The tragic days of the Leningrad blockade,

How steadfastly our hero city fought,

How could he defeat the fascist bastard!

***

Here is a place of eternal memory and sorrow

Let's be quiet for a bit now.

Do you hear how much bitterness and pain

In the music that sounds?

It cries a requiem for all the dead,

For those who lie here in the damp earth.

Let this pain of loss become closer

(Song by T. Igritskaya)

DEDICATED TO TANIA SAVICHEVA

It was a war winter, a blockade winter.

That girl lived on Vasilyevsky Island.

The whole family died from hunger and cold,

And the girl wrote: “Only I am left.”

Chorus: Tanechka Savicheva,

You've been gone for a long time

But we know the house number

And your window.

Didn’t rise, didn’t survive on the mainland.

Only sad notes remained in the journal.

At Piskarevskoye Cemetery now and forever

These records are kept so that the earth remembers.

Chorus.

For you, parents!

LENINGRAD BLOCKADE

There is a special memorable page in the life of our city. The Great Patriotic War was going on. A mortal threat loomed over our city, then Leningrad. The Nazis surrounded the city. They decided to destroy Leningrad and its inhabitants.

The blockade of the city lasted almost 900 days:

It was a scary time. Constant artillery shelling of the city. Hunger. Cold. Death. But real townspeople coped with the disaster with dignity, showed courage, perseverance, and heroism. And the city was saved.

Maybe there are older people in your family who remember these days, let them tell their children about the blockade. Show your children monuments and memorials in the city that remind you of the siege. Let the children know what a difficult test the residents of our city endured.

The obelisk closest to our kindergarten is“Rzhev blockade corridor – Road of life”at the intersection of Communa and Krasin streets.

Look at the bas-reliefs with your children and talk about what you saw, you can take photographs, and at home invite your child to draw or sculpt what he remembers.

TO ALL LENINGRADIERS, DEFENDERS AND RESIDENTS OF BLOCKETED LENINGRAD

CONGRATULATIONS

HAPPY HOLIDAY –

HAPPY DAY OF ENDING THE BLOCKADE OF LENINGRAD!

The day of January 27, 1944 will forever go down in the history of our city. On this day, Leningrad was completely liberated from the enemy blockade, ending 900 terrible blockade days and nights.

Low bow to all the defenders of Leningrad who defended the city in the days difficult trials, this feat will remain for the whole world an example of unparalleled courage, perseverance, and unbending will to win. Let the saved St. Petersburg prosper - a city that has risen from the ruins and preserved its beauty and grandeur for future generations.

Good health to you, Leningrad blockade survivors, residents of the besieged city, soldiers who defended and liberated the city, happiness, prosperity and many years life! Thank you for everything you have done for the country, for our beloved city, for current and future generations of St. Petersburg residents!

The city lost every second resident. About a million soldiers died in the battle for Leningrad,sailors and officers.

“There is no city in the world that gave so many lives for victory. Its history is the history of the entire Patriotic War: if we entered Berlin, it was also because the Germans did not enter Leningrad,” wrote I. Ehrenburg

We drank the cup of grief to the dregs.

But the enemy did not starve us to death.

And death was defeated by life.

And Man and the City won.

Lyudmil Popova 1953

The deaf rage of the city will explode -

And the Last Judgment will come for the enemies,

And the houses will fall from their places, thundering,

And the streets will go on the offensive.

And into an all-crushing, victorious battle,

Ringing with heavy armor,

The Bronze Horseman will rush beyond Pulkovo,

Spurring a proud horse.

Vadim Shefner, lieutenant,

Leningrad Front. 1943

Siege of Leningrad, children of the siege... Everyone heard these words. One of the most majestic and at the same time tragic pages in the archives of the Great Patriotic War. These events were included in world history as the longest and most terrible siege of the city in its consequences. The events that took place in this city from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944 showed the whole world the great spirit of the people, capable of heroism in conditions of hunger, disease, cold and devastation. The city survived, but the price paid for this victory was very high.

Blockade. Start

Plan “Barbarossa” - this was the name of the enemy strategy according to which the capture was carried out Soviet Union. One of the points of the plan was the defeat and complete capture of short terms Leningrad. Hitler dreamed of taking over the city no later than the autumn of 1941. The aggressor's plans were not destined to come true. The city was captured, cut off from the world, but not taken!

The official start of the blockade was recorded on September 8, 1941. It was on this autumn day that German troops captured Shlisselburg and finally blocked the land connection between Leningrad and the entire territory of the country.

In fact, everything happened a little earlier. The Germans systematically isolated the city. Thus, from July 2, German planes regularly bombed railways, preventing the supply of products by this method. On August 27, communication with the city through the railways was completely interrupted. After 3 days, the city’s connection with hydroelectric power stations was cut off. And from September 1, all commercial stores stopped working.

At first, almost no one believed that the situation was serious. Still, people who sensed something was wrong began to prepare for the worst. The shops emptied very quickly. Right from the first days, food cards were introduced in the city, schools and kindergartens were closed.

Children of the besieged city

The siege of Leningrad left its mark on the fates of many people with grief and horror. Children of the siege are a special category of residents of this city, who were deprived of their childhood by circumstances, forced to grow up much earlier and fight for survival at the level of adults and experienced people.

At the time of the closure of the blockade ring, in addition to adults, 400 thousand children remained in the city different ages. It was caring for children that gave Leningraders strength: they took care of them, took care of them, tried to hide them from bombings, and took full care of them. Everyone understood that the children could only be saved if the city was saved.

Adults could not protect children from hunger, cold, disease and exhaustion, but everything possible was done for them.

Cold

Life in besieged Leningrad was difficult and unbearable. The shelling was not the worst thing the city hostages experienced. When all the power plants were turned off and the city was enveloped in darkness, the most difficult period. A snowy, frosty winter has arrived.

The city was covered with snow, frosts of 40 degrees led to the fact that the walls of unheated apartments began to become covered with frost. Leningraders were forced to install stoves in their apartments, in which everything was gradually burned for warmth: furniture, books, household items.

A new problem came when the sewer system froze. Now water could only be taken from 2 places: from the Fontanka and the Neva.

Hunger

The sad statistics say that the most big enemy The inhabitants of the city were precisely hungry.

The winter of 1941 became a test of survival. To regulate the provision of people with bread, food cards were introduced. The size of the ration was constantly decreasing, reaching its minimum in November.

The norms in besieged Leningrad were as follows: those who worked were entitled to 250 grams. of bread, military personnel, firefighters and members of extermination squads received 300 grams each, and children and those who were supported by others received 125 grams each.

There were no other products in the city. 125 grams of siege bread bore little resemblance to our usual, well-known bread flour product. This piece, which could only be obtained after standing in line for many hours in the cold, consisted of cellulose, cake, wallpaper paste, mixed with flour.

There were days when people could not get this coveted piece. The factories were not operating during the bombing.

People tried to survive as best they could. They tried to fill empty stomachs with what they could swallow. Everything was used: first aid kits were emptied (they drank castor oil, ate Vaseline), they tore off wallpaper to get the remains of the paste and cook at least some soup, cut leather shoes into pieces and boiled them, and made jelly from wood glue.

Naturally, for the children of that time the most the best gift there was food. They constantly thought about delicious things. That food, which in normal times was disgusting, was now the ultimate dream.

Holiday for children

Despite the terrible, deadly hazardous conditions life, Leningraders with great zeal and diligence tried to ensure that children who found themselves hostage in a cold and hungry city lived full life. And if there was no place to get food and warmth, then it was possible to celebrate.

So, during the terrible winter, when there was a siege of Leningrad, the children of the siege celebrated. By the decision of the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council, events were organized and held for the small residents of the city.

All the city's theaters took an active part in this. Festive programs were drawn up, which included meetings with commanders and soldiers, artistic greetings, game program and dancing at the Christmas tree, and most importantly - lunch.

These holidays had everything except games and dancing. All due to the fact that weakened children simply did not have the strength for such entertainment. The children were not having fun at all - they were waiting for food.

The festive dinner consisted of a small piece of bread for yeast soup, jelly and a cutlet made from cereal. The children, who had experienced hunger, ate slowly, carefully collecting every crumb, because they knew the value of the siege bread.

Hard time

During this period, it was much harder for children than for the adult, fully conscious population. How can you explain to children why they need to sit in a dark basement during a bombing and why there is no food anywhere? About the blockade of Leningrad in people's memory There are many scary stories about abandoned babies, lonely children who tried to survive. After all, it often happened that while leaving for the treasured ration, the child’s relatives simply died along the way and did not return home.

The number of orphanages in the city grew inexorably. In one year, their number grew to 98, but at the end of 1941 there were only 17. About 40 thousand orphans were tried to be kept and preserved in these orphanages.

Each small resident of the besieged city has his own terrible truth. The diaries of Leningrad schoolgirl Tanya Savicheva have become famous throughout the world.

Symbol of the suffering of Leningraders

Tanya Savicheva - now this name symbolizes the horror and hopelessness that the residents of the city were forced to fight with. What Leningrad experienced then! told the world this tragic story through your diary entries.

This girl was youngest child in the family of Maria and Nikolai Savichev. At the time of the blockade, which began in September, she was supposed to be a 4th grade student. When the family learned about the start of the war, it was decided not to leave the city, but to stay to provide all possible assistance to the army.

The girl's mother sewed clothes for the soldiers. Lek's brother, who had poor eyesight, was not taken into the army, he worked at the Admiralty plant. Tanya's sisters, Zhenya and Nina, were active participants in the fight against the enemy. So, Nina, while she had the strength, went to work, where, together with other volunteers, she dug trenches to strengthen the city’s defense. Zhenya, hiding from her mother and grandmother, secretly donated blood for wounded soldiers.

Tanya, when schools reopened in the occupied city in early November, went to study. At this time, only 103 schools were open, but they also stopped working with the advent of severe frosts.

Tanya, being a little girl, also did not sit idle. Together with other guys, she helped dig trenches and put out fires.

Soon grief knocked on the door of this family. Nina was not the first to return home. The girl did not come after the most severe shelling. When it became clear that they would never see Nina again, Mom gave Tanya her sister’s notebook. It is in it that the girl will subsequently make her notes.

War. Blockade. Leningrad - a besieged city in which entire families died out. This was the case with the Savichev family.

Zhenya died next, right at the factory. The girl worked, working 2 shifts in a row. She also donated blood. Now the strength is gone.

The grandmother could not bear such grief; the woman was buried at the Piskarevskoye cemetery.

And every time grief knocked on the door of the Savichevs’ house, Tanya opened her notebook to note the next death of her family and friends. Soon Leka died, followed by the girl’s two uncles, and then her mother died.

“The Savichevs all died. There is only Tanya left” - these terrible lines from Tanya’s diary convey all the horror that the residents of the besieged city had to endure. Tanya died. But the girl was mistaken; she did not know that there was a living person left among the Savichevs. It was her sister Nina, who was rescued during the shelling and taken to the rear.

It was Nina, who returned to her native walls in 1945, who would find her sister’s diary and tell the world this scary story. The history of an entire people who steadfastly fought for their hometown.

Children are the heroes of besieged Leningrad

All residents of the city who survived and defeated death should rightfully be called heroes.

Most of the children behaved especially heroically. Little Citizens big country did not sit and wait for liberation to come; they fought for their native Leningrad.

Almost no event in the city took place without the participation of children. Children, along with adults, took part in the destruction of incendiary bombs, extinguished fires, cleared roads, and cleared away rubble after the bombing.

The siege of Leningrad lasted. Children of the siege were forced to replace adults who died, died or went to the front near the factory machines. Especially for children who worked in factories, special wooden stands were invented and made so that they could, like adults, work on making parts for machine guns, artillery shells and machine guns.

In spring and autumn, children actively worked in vegetable gardens and state farm fields. During the raids, the teacher's signal caused the children to take off their hats and fall face down into the ground. Overcoming heat, mud, rain and the first frosts, the young heroes of besieged Leningrad reaped a record harvest.

Children often visited hospitals: they cleaned them, entertained the wounded, and helped feed the seriously ill.

Despite the fact that the Germans tried with all their might to destroy Leningrad, the city lived on. He lived and survived. After the blockade was lifted, 15 thousand children received the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad.”

The road back to life

The only way that provided at least some opportunity to maintain contact with the country. In summer they were barges, in winter they were cars moving on ice. Until the beginning of the winter of 1941, tugs with barges reached the city, but the Military Council of the front understood that Ladoga would freeze and then all roads would be blocked. New searches and intensive preparations for other methods of communication began.

This is how the path on the ice of Ladoga was prepared, which over time began to be called the “Road of Life”. The history of the blockade preserves the date when the first horse-drawn convoy made its way across the ice; it was November 21, 1941.

Following this, 60 vehicles set off, the purpose of which was to deliver flour to the city. The city began to receive grain, the price of which was human life, because moving along this path was associated with enormous risk. Often cars fell through the ice and sank, taking people and food to the bottom of the lake. Working as a driver of such a car was deadly. In some places the ice was so fragile that even a car loaded with a couple of bags of cereal or flour could easily end up under the ice. Every flight taken this way was heroic. The Germans really wanted to block it, the bombing of Ladoga was constant, but the courage and heroism of the city residents did not allow this to happen.

“The Road of Life” really fulfilled its function. In Leningrad, food supplies began to be replenished, and children and their mothers were taken out of the city by cars. This path was not always safe. After the war, when examining the bottom of Lake Ladoga, toys of Leningrad children who drowned during such transportation were found. In addition to dangerous thawed areas on the icy road, evacuation vehicles were often subject to enemy shelling and flooding.

About 20 thousand people worked on this road. And only thanks to their courage, fortitude and desire to survive, the city received what it needed most - a chance to survive.

Surviving hero city

The summer of 1942 was very tense. The Nazis stepped up fighting on the fronts of Leningrad. The bombing and shelling of the city increased noticeably.

New artillery batteries appeared around the city. The enemies had maps of the city, and important areas were shelled every day.

The siege of Leningrad lasted. People turned their city into a fortress. Thus, on the territory of the city, due to 110 large defense nodes, trenches and various passages, it became possible to carry out a hidden regrouping of the military. Such actions served to significantly reduce the number of wounded and killed.

On January 12, the armies of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts began an offensive. After 2 days, the distance between these two armies was less than 2 kilometers. The Germans stubbornly resisted, but on January 18, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts united.

This day marked another important event: the blockade was lifted due to the liberation of Shlisselburg, as well as the complete clearing of the southern coast of Lake Ladoga from the enemy.

A corridor of about 10 kilometers was created along the coast, and it was this that restored land communications with the country.

When the blockade was lifted, there were about 800 thousand people in the city.

The significant date of January 27, 1944 went down in history as the day when the blockade of the city was completely lifted.

On this joyful day, Moscow ceded to Leningrad the right, in honor of the lifting of the blockade, to fire fireworks to commemorate the fact that the city survived. The order for the troops that won was signed not by Stalin, but by Govorov. Not a single commander-in-chief of the fronts was awarded such an honor during the entire Great Patriotic War.

The blockade lasted 900 days. This is the bloodiest, cruelest and inhumane blockade in the entire history of mankind. Its historical significance is enormous. Containing enormous forces German troops throughout this time, the residents of Leningrad provided invaluable assistance in conducting military operations on other sectors of the front.

More than 350 thousand soldiers who took part in the defense of Leningrad received their orders and medals. 226 people were awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 1.5 million people were awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad”.

The city itself received for heroism and fortitude honorary title Hero City.

Ivanova Olga
Abstract of the educational activity “Siege of Leningrad” for children of senior preschool age

Target: formation of intellectual competence preschoolers using examples of children's lives and adults behind enemy lines during the Great Patriotic War.

Integration of educational regions: "Cognition", "Communication", "Socialization", "Health", "Artistic creativity".

Tasks:

Cognitive:

To give children knowledge about the importance of communication means in informing people and the situation in the country and on the fronts of the Second World War;

develop performance about the organization of life and everyday life of adults and children during the war;

expand knowledge children about the history of the hero city Leningrad, about the heroism of people, children who survived the siege;

teach to see the state of the city, cultivate the ability to sympathize, empathize;

contribute to the formation of skills in establishing the simplest connections and relationships between facts and events of wartime;

promote the development of auditory and visual perception through the atmosphere prevailing in the group, video film and musical compositions.

Speech:

intensify vocabulary children on a lexical topic « Siege of Leningrad» ;

develop the ability to answer questions with complete answers.

Socio-communicative:

to cultivate respect for WWII veterans and home front workers, for women and children who survived all the horrors and hardships of wartime;

to cultivate love for the Fatherland, pride for one’s Motherland, for one’s people.

Artistic and aesthetic:

consolidate the ability to assemble a whole image from parts;

learn to express received emotions through drawing.

Physical:

Develop motor activity associated with the exercise.

Benefits and equipment:

presentation about blockade, cut-out pictures, electronic media with musical compositions, a piece of black bread.

Preliminary work:

learning poems about blockade, learning a song , thematic drawing, modeling.

The course of direct educational activities.

Educator:

In one beautiful city Once upon a time there lived a girl. Her name was Tanya. Tanya Savicheva. A girl lived on Vasilyevsky Island, in a house that still stands today. She had a big and friendly family: mother, grandmother, brothers, sisters and two uncles. Tanechka lived very happily. Everyone loved and spoiled her, because she was the youngest. On holidays the family gathered for big table, everyone was happy and joyful, they loved to walk along Nevsky Prospekt.

Did you guess what city the girl lived in? (St. Petersburg)

At the time when Tanya lived, our city was called Leningrad. And suddenly one day all this happiness ended.

Children read by heart poetry:

Kyiv was bombed, they told us

That the war has begun.

One summer at dawn

Hitler gave the troops an order

And he sent German soldiers

Against the Russians, against us.

And the menacing clouds of fascist blockade

Erupted over the city Leningrad.

Recording a song “Get up, huge country”.

Educator:

Our country was attacked fascist Germany. The war has begun. Terrible, merciless. Cities collapsed, villages burned, bridges and factories exploded. All the men old people and children from the age of 15 who could hold a weapon in their hands went to the front. There they dug trenches, made dugouts and, of course, fought with German troops, fought, but in moments of calm, they sat by the fire, remembered their loved ones, children, wives, mothers and sang songs.

Let us now sit around our fire and sing a song of the war years “The fire is beating in the cramped stove.”

Children under musical soundtrack perform a song.

Educator:

The fascist army came so close to Leningrad that she could calmly look through the streets and avenues of our city. But not only look at them, but also shoot at them. The Admiralty needle sparkling in the sun helped the Germans take aim. They are happy talked: “Great landmark! Look and shoot!. And then they decided to call for help from climbers who were able to climb so high and cover the Admiralty Needle with camouflage covers. The golden dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral was painted green. The sculptures of horse tamers from the Anichkov Bridge were removed and buried in the ground. The sculptures in the Summer Garden were also buried in the ground. Everything around took on a military look. The Nazis wanted not only to capture Leningrad, but completely destroy it. In the fall of 1941, they surrounded the city from all sides, captured railway which connected Leningrad with the country.

Look (map, what does it look like? (circle, ring). Yes and talked: "The ring has closed around the city". This ring is also called blockade. All roads leading to our city were cut off. There is only one left - along Lake Ladoga. A terrible 900 days dragged on. Every night there is the sound of planes and bombs exploding. Frost struck very early. It has probably never been so cold. Haven't been in the house all winter heating, water and light.

Let's make a circle that will remind us of a ring blockade, and then we’ll come closer to each other, hug and warm each other with our warmth.

Children read poetry:

Our window is blocked with plywood

The city is quiet, very dark

The sound of airplanes is heard

They fly low over the roof.

Quietly with just your lips,

I whisper something that mom understands:

"Mom I'm scared

Mom is 125 and not a gram more.”

Mom cuts her bread

And divides it in half.

Educator:

During the most difficult period blockade the norms for issuing bread were very small. This is the piece of bread they gave a resident besieged Leningrad for the whole day(show). And that’s all, nothing more - just water, which they went to the Neva to get. With the last of their strength, they carried water home, because those who could no longer walk were waiting there. The city plunged into silence, darkness, cold and hunger.

Tanechka went out into the street and did not recognize her city. What has changed? (children compare photographs with views of the city and black and white times blockade).

And even then the factories were working, tanks were leaving the Kirov plant for the front. It worked radio: they conveyed news from the front, music, poetry. Often the artist or announcer fainted from hunger, but the broadcasts did not stop, because this was the only connection with the country.

The country has not forgotten Leningrad. A road was built along Lake Ladoga, called the road of life. It was used to transport bread to the city under enemy fire and evacuate it back. old people and children, wounded. Tanechka was also evacuated because all her relatives died from hunger and cold and she was left alone. The road was swept away, cracks formed in the ice, enemy aircraft fired at cars - but the road existed.

When the ice melted, bread began to be transported on barges. In January 1944, our troops moved to offensive. January 18, 1944 year the blockade was broken, and January 27 Leningrad was completely freed from blockade.

Children read poetry:

IN blockade days

Under fire in the snow

Didn't give up, didn't give up

Our city to the enemy.

Proud, brave people live here.

And their valiant work is glorified everywhere!

Educator:

Many buildings in the liberated city were destroyed. Let's try to restore them.

Game "Cut pictures".

Educator:

At the place where the ring was broken blockade, now there is a monument called "Broken Ring". For courage and heroism, our city received the title "Hero Cities". We will never forget the feat of our fellow countrymen. At the Piskarevskoye cemetery, where thousands are buried Leningraders, who died during the years blockade the mournful figure of the Mother - the Motherland - rises.

Guys, we learned a lot of new things today, you did great. I would like you to draw now what you remember most. We will create an album from your drawings.

Children sit down to draw to the music "Scarlet sunsets."