Carried out by the endocrine system. Endocrine system

The human endocrine system in the field of knowledge of a personal trainer plays important role, since it is she who controls the release of many hormones, including testosterone, which is responsible for muscle growth. It is certainly not limited to testosterone alone, and therefore affects not only muscle growth, but also the work of many internal organs. What is the task endocrine system and how it is arranged, we will now understand.

The endocrine system is a mechanism for regulating the functioning of internal organs with the help of hormones that are secreted by endocrine cells directly into the blood, or by gradually penetrating through the intercellular space into neighboring cells. This mechanism controls the activity of almost all organs and systems of the human body, contributes to its adaptation to constantly changing conditions external environment, while maintaining the constancy of the internal, which is necessary to maintain the normal course of life processes. On the this moment it is clearly established that the implementation of these functions is possible only with constant interaction with the body's immune system.

The endocrine system is divided into glandular (endocrine glands) and diffuse. The endocrine glands produce glandular hormones, which include all steroid hormones, as well as thyroid hormones and some peptide hormones. The diffuse endocrine system is represented by endocrine cells scattered throughout the body that produce hormones called aglandular - peptides. Almost every tissue in the body contains endocrine cells.

glandular endocrine system

It is represented by the endocrine glands, which carry out the synthesis, accumulation and release into the blood of various biologically active ingredients(hormones, neurotransmitters and more). Classic endocrine glands: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, islet apparatus pancreas, adrenal cortex and medulla, testicles and ovaries are classified as glandular endocrine system. In this system, the accumulation of endocrine cells is located within the same gland. The central nervous system is directly involved in the control and management of the processes of hormone production by all endocrine glands, and hormones, in turn, through the feedback mechanism, affect the functioning of the central nervous system, regulating its activity.

Glands of the endocrine system and the hormones they secrete: 1- Epiphysis (melatonin); 2- Thymus (thymosins, thymopoietins); 3- Gastrointestinal tract (glucagon, pancreozymin, enterogastrin, cholecystokinin); 4- Kidneys (erythropoietin, renin); 5- Placenta (progesterone, relaxin, human chorionic gonadotropin); 6- Ovary (estrogens, androgens, progestins, relaxin); 7- Hypothalamus (liberin, statin); 8- Pituitary gland (vasopressin, oxytocin, prolactin, lipotropin, ACTH, MSH, growth hormone, FSH, LH); 9- Thyroid gland (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin); 10- Parathyroid glands (parathyroid hormone); 11- Adrenal gland (corticosteroids, androgens, epinephrine, norepinephrine); 12- Pancreas (somatostatin, glucagon, insulin); 13- Testis (androgens, estrogens).

The nervous regulation of the peripheral endocrine functions of the body is realized not only due to the tropic hormones of the pituitary gland (pituitary and hypothalamic hormones), but also under the influence of the autonomic nervous system. In addition, a certain amount of biologically active components (monoamines and peptide hormones) are produced directly in the central nervous system, a significant part of which is also produced by endocrine cells. gastrointestinal tract.

Endocrine glands (endocrine glands) are organs that produce specific substances and release them directly into the blood or lymph. Hormones act as these substances - chemical regulators necessary to ensure vital processes. Endocrine glands can be presented both as independent organs and as derivatives of epithelial tissues.

Diffuse endocrine system

In this system, endocrine cells are not collected in one place, but scattered. Many endocrine functions are performed by the liver (production of somatomedin, insulin-like growth factors and more), kidneys (production of erythropoietin, medullins and more), stomach (production of gastrin), intestines (production of vasoactive intestinal peptide and more) and spleen (production of splenins) . Endocrine cells are present throughout the human body.

Science knows more than 30 hormones that are released into the blood by cells or clusters of cells located in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells and their clusters synthesize gastrin, gastrin-binding peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, motilin, galanin, glucagon gene peptides (glycentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptide), neurotensin, neuromedin N, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide , neuropeptide Y, chromogranins (chromogranin A, related peptide GAWK and secretogranin II).

The hypothalamus-pituitary pair

One of the most important glands in the body is the pituitary gland. It controls the work of many endocrine glands. Its size is quite small, weighs less than a gram, but its importance for the normal functioning of the body is quite large. This gland is located at the base of the skull, is connected by a leg with the hypothalamic center of the brain and consists of three lobes - the anterior (adenohypophysis), intermediate (underdeveloped) and posterior (neurohypophysis). Hypothalamic hormones (oxytocin, neurotensin) flow through the pituitary stalk to the posterior pituitary gland, where they are deposited and from where they enter the bloodstream as needed.

The hypothalamus-pituitary pair: 1- Hormone-producing elements; 2- Anterior lobe; 3- Hypothalamic connection; 4- Nerves (movement of hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland); 5- Pituitary tissue (release of hormones from the hypothalamus); 6- Posterior lobe; 7- blood vessel(absorption of hormones and their transfer to the body); I- Hypothalamus; II- Pituitary.

The anterior pituitary gland is the most important organ regulating the main functions of the body. All the main hormones that control the excretory activity of the peripheral endocrine glands are produced here: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), somatotropic hormone (STH), lactotropic hormone (Prolactin) and two gonadotropic hormones: luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). ).

The posterior pituitary gland does not produce its own hormones. Its role in the body consists only in the accumulation and release of two important hormones that are produced by the neurosecretory cells of the nuclei of the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is involved in the regulation of the body's water balance, increasing the degree of reabsorption of fluid in the kidneys and oxytocin, which controls the contraction of smooth muscles. .

Thyroid

An endocrine gland that stores iodine and produces iodine-containing hormones (iodothyronines) that take part in the course of metabolic processes, as well as the growth of cells and the whole organism. These are its two main hormones - thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Another hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is calcitonin (a polypeptide). It monitors the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the body, and also prevents the formation of osteoclasts, which can lead to destruction. bone tissue. It also activates the reproduction of osteoblasts. Thus, calcitonin is involved in the regulation of the activity of these two formations. Exclusively thanks to this hormone, new bone tissue is formed faster. The action of this hormone is opposite to parathyroidin, which is produced parathyroid gland and increases the concentration of calcium in the blood, increasing its influx from the bones and intestines.

The structure of the thyroid gland: 1- Left lobe of the thyroid gland; 2- Thyroid cartilage; 3- Pyramidal lobe; 4- Right lobe thyroid gland; 5- Internal jugular vein; 6- General carotid artery; 7- Veins of the thyroid gland; 8- Trachea; 9- Aorta; 10, 11- Thyroid arteries; 12- Capillary; 13- Cavity filled with colloid, in which thyroxine is stored; 14- Cells that produce thyroxine.

Pancreas

Large secretory organ of dual action (produces pancreatic juice into the duodenal lumen and hormones directly into the bloodstream). Located at the top abdominal cavity, between the spleen and duodenum. The endocrine pancreas is represented by the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the tail of the pancreas. In humans, these islets are represented by a variety of cell types that produce several polypeptide hormones: alpha cells - produce glucagon (regulates carbon water exchange), beta cells - produce insulin (lowers blood glucose levels), delta cells - produce somatostatin (suppresses the secretion of many glands), PP cells - produce pancreatic polypeptide (stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, inhibits pancreatic secretion), epsilon cells - produce ghrelin (this hunger hormone increases appetite).

The structure of the pancreas: 1- Accessory duct of the pancreas; 2- Main pancreatic duct; 3- Tail of the pancreas; 4- Body of the pancreas; 5- Neck of the pancreas; 6- Uncinate process; 7- Vater papilla; 8- Small papilla; 9- Common bile duct.

adrenal glands

Small, pyramid-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. The hormonal activity of both parts of the adrenal glands is not the same. The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and glycocorticoids, which have a steroidal structure. The former (the main of which is aldosterone) are involved in ion exchange in cells and maintain their electrolyte balance. The latter (for example, cortisol) stimulate the breakdown of proteins and the synthesis of carbohydrates. The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline, a hormone that maintains the tone of the sympathetic nervous system. An increase in the concentration of adrenaline in the blood leads to such physiological changes like palpitations, constriction blood vessels, dilated pupils, activation contractile function muscles and more. The work of the adrenal cortex is activated by the central, and the medulla - by the peripheral nervous system.

The structure of the adrenal glands: 1- Adrenal cortex (responsible for the secretion of adrenosteroids); 2- Adrenal artery (supplies oxygenated blood to the tissues of the adrenal glands); 3- Adrenal medulla (produces adrenaline and norepinephrine); I- Adrenals; II - Kidneys.

thymus

The immune system, including the thymus, produces quite a large number of hormones, which are usually divided into cytokines or lymphokines and thymic (thymic) hormones - thymopoietins. The latter control the processes of growth, maturation and differentiation of T cells, as well as the functional activity of adult cells. immune system. Cytokines secreted by immunocompetent cells include: gamma-interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocytomacrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, leukemic inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, stem cell factor and others. Over time, the thymus degrades, gradually replacing its connective tissue.

The structure of the thymus: 1- Brachiocephalic vein; 2- Right and left lobes of the thymus; 3- Internal thoracic artery and vein; 4- Pericardium; 5- Left lung; 6- Thymus capsule; 7- Thymus cortex; 8- The medulla of the thymus; 9- Thymic bodies; 10- Interlobular septum.

Gonads

The human testicles are the site of the formation of germ cells and the production of steroid hormones, including testosterone. It plays an important role in reproduction, is important for the normal functioning of the sexual function, the maturation of germ cells and secondary genital organs. It affects the growth of muscle and bone tissue, hematopoietic processes, blood viscosity, lipid levels in its plasma, metabolic metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, as well as psychosexual and cognitive functions. Androgen production in the testes is driven primarily by luteinizing hormone (LH), while germ cell formation requires the coordinated action of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and increased intratesticular testosterone, which is produced by Leydig cells under the influence of LH.

Conclusion

The human endocrine system is designed to produce hormones, which in turn control and manage a variety of actions aimed at the normal course of the body's vital processes. It controls the work of almost all internal organs, is responsible for the adaptive reactions of the body to the effects of the external environment, and also maintains the constancy of the internal. Hormones produced by the endocrine system are responsible for the metabolism in the body, hematopoiesis, growth muscle tissue and not only. Its normal functioning depends on the general physiological and mental condition person.

The human endocrine system is an important department, with pathologies of which there is a change in speed and nature. metabolic processes, the sensitivity of tissues decreases, the secretion and transformation of hormones is disturbed. On the background hormonal disruptions suffering from sexual reproductive function, appearance changes, working capacity, well-being worsens.

Every year, endocrine pathologies are increasingly detected by physicians in young patients and children. The combination of environmental, industrial and other adverse factors with stress, overwork, hereditary predisposition increases the likelihood chronic pathologies. It is important to know how to avoid the development of metabolic disorders, hormonal disruptions.

general information

The main elements are located in different departments organism. - a special gland, in which not only the secretion of hormones occurs, but also the process of interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems for the optimal regulation of functions in all parts of the body.

The endocrine system ensures the transfer of information between cells and tissues, the regulation of the functioning of departments with the help of specific substances - hormones. Glands produce regulators with a certain frequency, in optimal concentration. The synthesis of hormones weakens or increases against the background of natural processes, for example, pregnancy, aging, ovulation, menstruation, lactation, or during pathological changes different nature.

Endocrine glands are formations and structures different size, producing a specific secret directly into the lymph, blood, cerebrospinal, intercellular fluid. The absence of external ducts, as in the salivary glands, is a specific feature, on the basis of which the hypothalamus, thyroid gland, and pineal gland are called endocrine glands.

Classification of the endocrine glands:

central and peripheral. The separation is carried out by the connection of the elements with the central nervous system. Peripheral parts: sex glands, thyroid gland, pancreas. Central glands: epiphysis, pituitary gland, hypothalamus - parts of the brain;
pituitary independent and hypophysis dependent. The classification is based on the influence of the tropic hormones of the pituitary gland on the work of the elements of the endocrine system.

The structure of the endocrine system

The complex structure provides a diverse effect on organs and tissues. The system consists of several elements that regulate the functioning of a particular department of the body or several physiological processes.

The main divisions of the endocrine system:

diffuse system- glandular cells that produce substances that act like hormones;
local system- classic glands that produce hormones;
specific substance capture system- amine precursors and subsequent decarboxylation. Components - glandular cells producing biogenic amines and peptides.

Organs of the endocrine system (endocrine glands):

adrenal glands;
pituitary;
hypothalamus;
epiphysis;

Organs containing endocrine tissue:

testes, ovaries;
pancreas.

Organs containing endocrine cells:

thymus;
kidneys;
organs of the gastrointestinal tract;
central nervous system (the main role belongs to the hypothalamus);
placenta;
lungs;
prostate.

The body regulates the functions of the endocrine glands in several ways:

first. Direct influence on gland tissues with the help of a specific component, for the level of which a certain hormone is responsible. For example, values decrease when increased secretion occurs in response to an increase in concentration. Another example is the suppression of secretion with an excess concentration of calcium acting on the cells of the parathyroid glands. If the concentration of Ca falls, then the production of parathyroid hormone, on the contrary, increases;
second. The hypothalamus and neurohormones carry out the nervous regulation of the functions of the endocrine system. In most cases, nerve fibers affect the blood supply, the tone of the blood vessels of the hypothalamus.

On a note! Influenced by external and internal factors possibly as decreased activity endocrine gland(hypofunction), and increased synthesis of hormones (hyperfunction).

Hormones: properties and functions

By chemical structure hormones are:

steroid. Lipid base, substances actively penetrate through cell membranes, prolonged exposure, provoke a change in the processes of translation and transcription during the synthesis of protein compounds. Sex hormones, corticosteroids, vitamin D sterols;
derivatives of amino acids. The main groups and types of regulators: thyroid hormones (and), catecholamines (norepinephrine and adrenaline, which are often called "stress hormones"), a tryptophan derivative - a histidine derivative - histamine;
protein-peptide. The composition of hormones is from 5 to 20 amino acid residues in peptides and more than 20 in protein compounds. Glycoproteins (and), polypeptides (vasopressin and glucagon), simple protein compounds (somatotropin, insulin). Protein and peptide hormones are a large group of regulators. It also includes ACTH, STH, LTH, (pituitary hormones), thyrocalcitonin (thyroid), (pineal gland hormone), parathyroid hormone (parathyroid glands).

Derivatives of amino acids and steroid hormones exhibit the same type of action, peptide and protein regulators have a pronounced species specificity. Among the regulators there are peptides of sleep, learning and memory, drinking and eating behavior, analgesics, neurotransmitters, regulators of muscle tone, mood, sexual behavior. This category includes immune, survival and growth stimulants,

Peptides-regulators often affect the organs not independently, but in combination with bioactive substances, hormones and mediators, they show a local effect. Feature- synthesis in various parts of the body: gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, heart, reproductive system.

The target organ has receptors for certain kind hormone. For example, the bones are susceptible to the action of the regulators of the parathyroid glands, small intestine, kidneys.

The main properties of hormones:

specificity;
high biological activity;
distance of influence;
secretion.

The lack of one of the hormones cannot be compensated with the help of another regulator. In the absence of a specific substance, excessive secretion or low concentration, a pathological process develops.

Diagnosis of diseases

To assess the functionality of glands that produce regulators, several types of studies of various levels of complexity are used. First, the doctor examines the patient and the problem area, for example, the thyroid gland, identifies external signs deviations and .

Be sure to take a personal/family history: many endocrine diseases have a hereditary predisposition. Next comes the complex diagnostic measures. Only a series of analyzes in combination with instrumental diagnostics allows you to understand what type of pathology develops.

The main methods for studying the endocrine system:

identification of symptoms characteristic of pathologies against the background of hormonal disruptions and abnormal metabolism;
radioimmunoassay;
holding a problem organ;
orchiometry;
densitometry;
immunoradiometric analysis;
test for ;
conducting and CT;
the introduction of concentrated extracts of certain glands;
Genetic Engineering;
radioisotope scanning, application of radioisotopes;
determination of the level of hormones, metabolic products of regulators in various types fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid);
study of receptor activity in target organs and tissues;
clarification of the size of the problematic gland, assessment of the growth dynamics of the affected organ;
accounting for circadian rhythms in the production of certain hormones in combination with the age and gender of the patient;
conducting tests with artificial suppression of the activity of the endocrine organ;
comparison of blood parameters entering and exiting the gland under study

On the page, read the instructions for using Mastodinon drops and tablets for the treatment of mastopathy of the mammary glands.

Endocrine pathologies, causes and symptoms

Diseases of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pancreas, and other elements:

endocrine hypertension;
pituitary dwarfism;
, endemic and ;

The endocrine system occupies an important place among the regulatory systems of the body. The endocrine system carries out its regulatory functions through the hormones it produces. Hormones through the intercellular substance penetrate into each organ and tissue or are carried throughout the body with blood. Part of the endocrine cells forms endocrine glands. But besides this, endocrine cells are found in almost all tissues of the body.

The functions of the endocrine system are:

coordination of the work of all organs, as well as body systems;
participation in chemical reactions that occur in the body;
ensuring the stability of the vital processes of the body;
together with the immune and nervous systems, regulation of human growth and development of the body;
participation in the regulation of the functions of the human reproductive system, its sexual differentiation;
participation in the formation of human emotions, his emotional behavior

The structure of the disease and the endocrine system, arising from the disruption of the functioning of its components.

I. Endocrine glands

Endocrine glands make up the glandular part of the endocrine system and produce hormones. These include:

Thyroid- the largest endocrine gland. Produces the hormones calcitonin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. They are involved in the regulation of the processes of development, growth and differentiation of tissues, increase the level of oxygen consumption by tissues and organs and the intensity of metabolism.
Diseases that are associated with dysfunction of the thyroid gland are: cretinism, hypothyroidism, Basedow's disease, thyroid cancer, Hashimoto's goiter.

parathyroid glands produce a hormone responsible for the concentration of calcium - parathyroid hormone. This hormone is the main one for regulating normal functioning nervous and motor systems.
Diseases associated with disruption of the parathyroid glands are hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid osteodystrophy, hypercalcemia.

Thymus (thymus) produces T-cells of the immune system and thymopoietins - hormones that are responsible for the maturation and performance of mature cells of the immune system. In other words, the thymus is involved in important process development and regulation of immunity. Thus, it can be argued that diseases of the immune system are associated with impaired functioning of the thymus gland.

Pancreas- organ digestive system. It produces two hormones - insulin and glucagon. Glucagon increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, and insulin - to reduce it. Two of these hormones are most importantly involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Therefore, diseases associated with dysfunction of the pancreas include problems with excess weight and diabetes.

adrenal glands- the main source of adrenaline and norepinephrine. Adrenal dysfunction leads to a wide range diseases - vascular diseases, myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart disease.

ovaries- a structural element of the female reproductive system. The endocrine function of the ovaries is the production of female sex hormones - progesterone and estrogen. Diseases associated with ovarian dysfunction - mastopathy, fibroids, ovarian cysts, infertility, endometriosis, ovarian cancer.

testicles- a structural element of the male reproductive system. Produce male sex cells and testosterone. Impaired testicular function leads to malfunction male body, male infertility.
The diffuse part of the endocrine system is formed by the following gland.

Every second, many reactions take place in the body, various processes occur that support the vital activity of a person.

To control them, there is an endocrine system that covers the entire body, all organs and systems.

Consider in detail endocrine organs and their functions in the human body.

The hypothalamus (a part of the brain) collects information from everywhere and transmits it to the pituitary gland, which, through its hormones, controls all other endocrine glands.

The pituitary gland consists of anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes.

The hypothalamus produces hormones that enter the adenohypophysis (liberins and statins) and the neurohypophysis (oxytocin and ADH).

Liberins accelerate the production of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, statins reduce. Somatoliberins "force" the pituitary gland to produce growth hormone somatotropin, prolactinstatin suppresses the production of prolactin.

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are closely related, therefore they speak of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

The adenohypophysis synthesizes:

growth hormone (somatotropin, growth hormone);
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH);
gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins);
adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropic hormone, corticotropin, ACTH);
lactotropin (prolactin);
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (melanotropin, MSH).

The neurohypophysis does not produce hormones.

They come from the hypothalamus, where they are synthesized:

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin);
oxytocin.

The structure of the human hypothalamic-pituitary system

STG provides cell growth due to protein and water, breakdown of glucose (formed fats replenish energy), reduces the concentration of fats.

ACTH increases the release of glucocorticoids, releases fats.

TSH intensifies the release of thyroid hormones.

FSH and LH. Gonadotropic hormones include follicle-stimulating (follitropin, FSH) and luteinizing (lutropin, LH) hormones. The first, in women, is responsible for the release of estrogen; in men, it forms spermatozoa and vas deferens. The second - affects the secretion of follicular fluid, the formation of follicle membranes and corpus luteum, maturation of germ cells, production of sex hormones; in men - for spermatogenesis. Both hormones stimulate ovulation.

Prolactin contributes to the development prostate with testicles, mammary gland and milk separation, long functioning of the corpus luteum and its production of progesterone; slows down the synthesis of FSH and LH.

MSG produces melanin in the skin and eyes. Thanks to the hormone, an excess of fat or carbohydrates is deposited in the body, excitability, palpitations increase, a person experiences fear.

ADG retains fluid and constricts blood vessels, which leads to increased pressure. Vasopressin enhances the secretion of tropic hormones, is responsible for memory.

Oxytocin- ADH antagonist: reduces the walls of the digestive organs, pregnant uterus, lactating mammary gland, promoting milk secretion; helps men to balance water-salt processes.

Pituitary produces β-lipotropin and enkephalins. The first activates the breakdown of fats, the second are responsible for the behavior and sensation of pain.

With a deficiency of growth hormone, short stature develops, its excess leads to gigantism.

The pineal gland (pineal gland) hangs over the midbrain. Its color changes depending on the blood supply to the vessels.

Partitions extend from the outer capsule into the organ, dividing it into lobules.

Melatonin retains melanin, inhibits the production of gametes and the formation of ACTH.
Serotonin regulates behavior, daily activity, motility of the digestive system, participates in thermoregulation, reduces the number of germ cells.
Adrenoglomerulotropin regulates the secretion of aldosterone.

For the normal functioning of the pineal gland, it is important to fall asleep at nightfall and wake up at dawn. Melanin is produced only in darkness. Its deficiency is fraught with cancer.

The thyroid gland produces a number of important hormones. is the topic of the next article.

How to take an analysis for prolactin and at what time, read.

At certain diseases or suspected of having them, the doctor may prescribe an analysis for FSH, LH and prolactin. Follow this link to find out in which cases these studies are carried out and how to properly prepare for donating blood for hormones.

Thyroid

The thyroid gland lies on both sides of the trachea and consists of 2 lobes and an isthmus. The separation of the organ by partitions is incomplete, therefore the gland is pseudolobular. Inside is the protein thyroglobulin, the iodination of which leads to the formation of hormones.

The hormones of this organ are divided into:

iodine-containing (triiodothyronine, T3, and thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4));
non-iodinated (calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)).

Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones

Iodized hormones intensify protein synthesis, breakdown of fats and carbohydrates, oxygen absorption, energy processes, the functioning of the nervous system, cardiac output and contractions, increase the sensitivity of cells to catecholamines, energy-consuming transport of substances, electrolyte metabolism, excitability, physical and intellectual development.

Thyrocalcitonin conserves calcium and phosphorus.

parathyroid glands

embedded in thyroid tissue parathyroid glands. Their number varies from 2 to 8: there are a pair of upper parathyroid, paired lower parathyroid gland and accessory parathyroid glands.

Parathormone (parathyrin, PTH) - an antagonist of calcitonin - with vitamin D maintains the constancy of calcium, enhances its absorption, which leads to an increase in the concentration of the ion in the blood.

To maintain the health of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, you need to eat foods rich in iodine: sea kale, beans, fish fat- and avoid the sun.

Thymus (thymus gland)

In front, the thymus is adjacent to the sternum, behind - to the heart, from the sides - to the lungs.

Thymus hormones (thymosin, thymalin, thymulin, thymopoietin, thymus factors) stimulate the specialization of lymphocytes, have the opposite effect of T4 and similar to growth hormone, suppress the formation of LH and adrenaline.

The thymus synthesizes prostaglandins that affect the metabolism of fats and reproductive system, contraction of the uterus and muscles, blood clotting.

Thymus is our main protector. To keep it in good condition, it is necessary to strengthen the immune system.

adrenal glands

The adrenal glands lie on the surface of each kidney, the right is located below the left. On the cut, the outer cortical substance and the inner medulla are distinguished.

Hormones are formed in the cortex of the body:

glucocorticoids;
mineralocorticoids.

It also produces a small amount of sex hormones.

The medulla is specialized for the secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

Adrenal glands and their functions

Mineralocorticoid aldosterone enhances the absorption of sodium from the urine in conjunction with the excretion of potassium. How the body adapts to high temperature and osmosis of the internal environment is maintained.

Representatives of glucocorticoids- hydrocortisone (cortisol), corticosterone, deoxycortisone, etc. - promote the formation of glucose in an atypical way (from protein), the deposition of glycogen in the liver, protein breakdown, affect mineral and water metabolism, fat conversion, have anti-inflammatory properties, improve the perception of signals, mobilize energy. Hormones act as immunosuppressants: they reduce phagocytosis, the release of lymphocytes and antibodies.

cortisol oppresses education hyaluronic acid and collagen, inhibits the division of fibroblasts, reduces vascular permeability.

Catecholamines break down glycogen and fat, increasing blood sugar, dilate bronchi and pupils, stimulate the heart, muscle performance, heat production, constrict blood vessels, deliver oxygen to tissues, and inhibit the functions of the digestive system.

Adrenalin stimulates the secretion of its hormones by the adenohypophysis, improves the perception of stimuli and performance in emergency situations, norepinephrine increases uterine contractions, vascular resistance, pressure.

If the adrenal glands produce few sex hormones, bronze disease develops, if there are many, secondary sexual characteristics appear that are not typical for the sex. Excess norepinephrine leads to hypertension.

Pancreas

The pancreas is located at the top of the abdominal cavity.

Its body is triangular in shape, the head is adjacent to the small intestine, and the tail is in the form of a pear.

It is an organ of mixed secretion. Its main part produces an external secret - pancreatic juice. The endocrine secretion is secreted by the islets of Langerhans.

Insulin stores sugar as glycogen, lowering its levels in the blood. The hormone helps the formation of protein and fats.

Glucagon breaks down fats and glycogen, increases myocardial contractions and the release of adrenaline.

Lack of pancreatic function leads to diabetes.

gonads

The female sex glands are the ovaries, the male sex glands are the testicles.

The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity, their surface is pink-white, they are covered with one row of epithelium.

The testicles are located in the scrotum; inside them there are Leiding cells that produce male sex hormones - androgens (testosterone, androsterone, androstenedione, steroids).

Female sex hormones - estrogens (estrone, estriol, estradiol, steroids).

Both types of hormones are produced in both sexes in different proportions.

Sex hormones are responsible for sexual functions, puberty, secondary sexual characteristics, gender of the embryo. Androgens provide aggressiveness, estrogens - the occurrence monthly cycle, preparation for feeding.

Progesterone ensures the introduction of the embryo into the inner layer of the uterus, neutralizes the influence of estrogen, maintaining pregnancy, blocks the formation of prolactin.

Insufficient production of androgens and estrogens before puberty leads to underdevelopment of the genital organs.

What is included in the endocrine system?

Thyroid and pancreas, pineal gland (pineal gland), thymus(thymus), ovaries, testicles, adrenal glands, parathyroid gland - they all produce and secrete hormones. These chemicals, necessary for all tissues of the body, are a kind of music for our body.

Pineal gland.

The pineal gland is part of the endocrine system, and is essentially a neuroendocrine body that converts nerve messages into the hormone melatonin. The production of this hormone reaches its peak around midnight. Babies are born with a limited amount of melatonin, which may explain their erratic sleep patterns. As we age, melatonin levels increase and then slowly decrease in old age.

The pineal gland and melatonin are believed to make our brains tick. The biological clock. External signals such as temperature and light, as well as various emotions, affect pineal gland. Sleep, mood, immunity, seasonal rhythms, menstruation and even the aging process depend on it.

Recently, synthetic versions of melatonin have been touted as the new panacea for age-related fatigue, insomnia, depression, jet lag, cancer, and aging.

This is not true.

Although supplemental melatonin has not been found to toxic action However, it cannot be applied indiscriminately. We still know too little about this hormone. It is impossible to predict its long-term effects, as well as side effects.

Melatonin can probably only be taken for insomnia an hour before bedtime and jet lag. During the day, its use is not desirable: it will only aggravate fatigue. Better yet, conserve your own melatonin stores, meaning sleep in a dark room, turn off the lights if you wake up in the middle of the night, and don't take ibuprofen late at night.

Thyroid.

It is located two fingers below the throat. Using two hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine, the thyroid gland regulates the levels of various enzymes that dominate energy metabolism. Calcitonin lowers the amount of calcium in the blood. Thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary gland regulates the production of thyroid hormones.

When the thyroid gland ceases to function normally, hypothyroidism occurs, in which energy decreases - you feel tired, cold, drowsy, concentrate poorly, lose your appetite, but at the same time gain weight.

The first way to deal with a drop in hormone levels is to exclude foods that do not give thyroid gland assimilate iodine - soybeans, peanuts, millet, turnips, cabbage and mustard.

Parathyroid gland.

Under the thyroid gland are four tiny parathyroid glands that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH acts on the intestines, bones and kidneys, controls calcium phosphate and metabolism. Without it, bones and nerves suffer. Too little PTH causes cramps and twitches. Too much release leads to an increase in calcium in the blood and, ultimately, softening of the bones - osteomyelitis.

thymus or thymus.

Stress, pollution, chronic diseases, radiation and AIDS have a bad effect on the thymus. Low thymus hormone levels increase susceptibility to infections.

in the perfect way to protect the thymus is to supply the body with antioxidants such as beta-carotene, zinc, selenium, vitamins E and C. Take vitamin and mineral supplements. More effective tool an extract obtained from calf thymus is considered, as well as an immunostimulating herb "Echinacea angustifolia". Japanese licorice has a direct effect on the thymus.

Adrenals.

They are located at the top of each kidney, which is why they have such a name. The adrenal glands can be divided into two parts, shaped like a peach. The outer layer is the adrenal cortex inner part- medulla.

The adrenal cortex produces and secretes three types of steroid hormones. The first type, called mineralocorticoids, includes aldosterone, which maintains normal blood pressure by maintaining a balance of sodium, potassium, and fluid levels.

Second, the adrenal cortex produces small amounts of the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen.

And the third type includes cortisol and corticosterone, which regulate blood pressure, maintain normal muscle function, help break down proteins, distribute fat in the body, and increase blood sugar as needed. Cortisol is best known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Its artificial substitute is often used as a medicine.

You may have heard of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). This steroid hormone was known to scientists for a long time, but what exactly it was needed for, they had a very vague idea. The scientists thought that DHEA acted as a reservoir to produce other hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. It has recently become apparent that DHEA plays a specific role in the body. According to Alan Gaby, MD, DHEA appears to affect heart, body weight, nervous system, immunity, bone and other systems.

Although physicians are still speculating about the role of DHEA, Dr. Patrick Donovan of North Dakota (USA) gives his patients additional DHEA when laboratory tests point to low level this hormone. After six weeks, Donovan's patients become more energetic and have less gut inflammation, a key symptom of Crohn's disease.

Age, stress, and even coffee can compromise the proper functioning of the adrenal glands. A few years ago, Dr. Bolton of St. John's University discovered that people who constantly coffee drinkers impaired adrenal function.

Nutrients necessary for the adrenal glands include vitamins C and B6, zinc and magnesium. Some symptoms of "exhaustion" of the adrenal glands, such as fatigue, headache, sleep disorders, treated pantothenic acid found in whole grains, salmon and legumes. Korean ginseng also reduces physical and mental fatigue.

Pancreas.

It is located in the upper abdomen and is a network of ducts that eject amylase, lipase for fats and protease. The islets of Langerhans release glucagon and its antagonist insulin, which regulate blood sugar levels. Glucagon works to increase glucose levels, while insulin, on the contrary, reduces high content sugar, increasing its absorption by the muscles.

The worst disease of the pancreas is diabetes mellitus, in which insulin is ineffective or absent altogether. The result is sugar in the urine, intense thirst, hunger, frequent urination, weight loss and fatigue.

Like all parts of the body, the pancreas needs its fair share of vitamins and minerals to function properly. In 1994, the American Diabetes Association stated that in all cases diabetes there is a lack of magnesium. In addition, patients have increased production of free radicals, molecules that damage healthy tissue. Antioxidants vitamin E, C and beta-carotene reduce the harmful effects of free radicals.

Central to the treatment of this serious illness is a diet with large quantity fiber and low fat. Many herbs also help. French researcher Oliver Biver reported that onions, garlic, blueberries and fenugreek lower blood sugar levels.

testicles in men.

They produce sperm and testosterone. Without this sex hormone, men would not have low voice, beard and strong muscles. Testosterone also increases libido in both sexes.

One of the most common problems in older men is benign prostatic hypertrophy, or BPH. Testosterone production begins to decline with age, while other hormones (prolactin, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) increase. The end result is an increase in dihydrotestosterone, a powerful male hormone which causes prostate enlargement.

An enlarged prostate puts pressure on the urinary tract, which causes frequent urination, sleep disturbance, and fatigue.

Fortunately, in the treatment of BPH are very effective natural remedies. First, you must completely eliminate the use of coffee and drink more water. Then increase the doses of zinc, vitamin B6 and fatty acids (sunflower, olive oil). Palmetto palmetto extract is a good remedy for the treatment of BPH. It can be easily found in online stores.

Ovaries.

A woman's two ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones give women large breasts and hips, soft skin and responsible for menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone, which is responsible for the normal state of the body and prepares female breast for feeding a child.

One of the most common endocrine problems, which is comparable in scale to the plague in the Middle Ages, is premenstrual syndrome(PMS). Half of the women complain of fatigue, sore breasts, depression, irritability, strong appetite and 150 other symptoms that they find in themselves about a week before their period.

Like most endocrine disorders, PMS is caused by more than just one hormone. In women with PMS, estrogen levels tend to be higher and progesterone levels are lower.

Due to the complexity and individuality of each PMS case, there is no one-size-fits-all treatment. Vitamin E helps someone, which helps relieve fatigue, insomnia and headaches. Someone - a complex of vitamins B (especially B6). Magnesium can be helpful, as a deficiency affects the adrenal glands and aldosterone levels, often leading to bloating.

Thus, when one endocrine gland is not sufficiently or too active, other glands immediately feel it. The harmonious "sound" of the body is disturbed, and the person becomes ill. Currently, polluted environment, constant stress and unhealthy foods are causing tremendous blows to our endocrine system.

If you constantly feel persistent fatigue, consult an endocrinologist. Then you will know for sure whether your loss of energy is due to disorders in the endocrine system or something else.

Under the guidance of a professional, you can try to apply not only pharmaceuticals but also many natural medicines.

Konstantin Mokanov