If you try to look at the history of human development on a large time scale, you will notice how much the living conditions of our civilization have changed under the influence of scientific and technological progress (STP). Science and technology have penetrated deeply into all spheres of human life, influenced his relationship with nature, given him new techniques and methods of production, and affected the level and style of life of people. So, thanks to modern technology, people can move from one point in a few hours globe to another, communicate with each other at a distance of several thousand kilometers using telephone, radio and television communications, almost instantly learn about events taking place in other countries, or directly observe them using live broadcasts. A person can today dive into the deepest points of the World Ocean, where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than atmospheric pressure, and work on other planets under conditions of cosmic temperature changes in the complete absence of an atmosphere. Optical and electronic technology helps us study both the life of huge space objects and the structure of the smallest elements of a living cell, individual molecules and atoms. The creation of high-speed computers and developments in the field of cybernetics allowed people to abandon direct participation in many production processes and entrust their execution to machines.

It is important to note that most of these achievements of science and technology were obtained in recent decades, over a period of time that is negligibly short compared to the entire previous history of mankind. Back at the end of the 19th century. - early 20th century Many years passed before the scientist’s discovery was introduced into technology or industry. The main way to improve and create new technology there was an evolutionary path of search, accumulation and development of practical skills, which led to the creation of most of the machines and tools used today, especially in everyday life and traditional industries.

A significant impetus to the development of productive forces was given in the 19th century. thanks to the rapid development of natural science, which managed to combine disparate knowledge about the world around us in the form of a single harmonious scientific system, which allows not only to explain many discoveries, but also to determine priority areas of scientific research for the long term. Moreover, this created the preconditions for the rapid development of the natural sciences, the discoveries of which began to be actively introduced into technology and industry. At this stage, NTP began to acquire not an evolutionary, but a revolutionary character. Quantitative accumulation of both practical skills in the use and improvement of technical tools, and scientific knowledge about the world around us has grown into a qualitative leap, allowing for close, ever-accelerating interaction between science and technology. The peculiarity of this stage of development of scientific and technological progress is that all significant technical achievements began to rely primarily not on the direct practical experience of mankind, but on scientific discoveries made on the basis of this experience. This, of course, does not mean that in the past science did not have any influence on the progress of technology. The discoveries of B. Pascal, A. L. Lavoisier, M. V. Lomonosov, J. C. Maxwell, I. Newton and many other scientists certainly helped inventors choose the right directions for technical research. However, firstly, previously there was no such rapid direct introduction of scientific achievements into technology, and, secondly, the interaction between science and technology was very weak. After all, only with very high level technology, it was possible to create such advanced means of scientific research as electron microscopes, radio telescopes, synchrophasotrons, nuclear reactors, powerful high-speed computers and other devices. Scientific research carried out with their help leads to new discoveries, which are implemented in new machines and instruments, and thus provide the basis for new discoveries. Consequently, a kind of feedback arises: new technology contributes to an even deeper penetration of science into the secrets of nature, and this, in turn, gives rise to new, even deeper technical ideas, methods and processes. Of course, this does not mean that there is no place in science for purely theoretical research using “paper and pencil”, but the practical implementation of scientific developments today is unthinkable without an appropriate technical experimental base. Thus, modern development humanity is determined by the ever-accelerating interaction of science and technology, creating qualitative new stage in the development of productive forces. This process is called the scientific and technological revolution within the framework of scientific and technological progress.

From the point of view of a number of scientists, a qualitatively new stage of scientific and technical progress has recently begun, which will inevitably lead to new profound revolutionary changes in the development of productive forces and in the life of society. These changes are driven by a number of problems, in particular the possible significant depletion of natural resources Earth.

Already today, traditional energy sources - coal, gas and oil - have been replaced by alternative ones: nuclear, solar and water energy. Rare and noble metals are gradually being replaced by special glass fibers, which are significantly superior to their predecessors in a number of physical and chemical properties; cast iron and high grades steels used in mechanical engineering are giving way to ceramics and plastics; Advances in the development of medicine and biology have led to the emergence of a whole new branch of science called bioengineering, which will help people get rid of serious illnesses and diseases. The combination of advances in biology, computer technology and cybernetics has led to the creation of modern super-powerful computers with elements of artificial intelligence that can not only replace humans in production and in extreme conditions, but also help them penetrate the deep secrets of nature. Great influence on modern science and technology was helped by the invention of the laser, which is finding more and more wide application in a wide variety of branches of human activity. With its help, new horizons have opened up in communications technology, medicine, space research, and everyday life. It is still difficult to assess the impact on the development of mankind of a new branch of knowledge - computer science, but there is no doubt that it can have a huge impact on the existing stereotypes of scientific and industrial activity.

But scientific and technological progress, in addition to all the progressive significance that it has for modern civilization, also carries with it a number of problems. Here we can mention the use of scientific achievements in means of mass extermination of people, and the increasing frequency of psychological stress associated with a huge information flow, and environmental problems our planet (see "Green" movement), and much more. All this requires the intelligent use of major achievements in science and technology, which will make every person a truly happy inhabitant of the Universe.

State educational institution

higher vocational education

"Russian Customs Academy"

St. Petersburg named after V.B. Bobkova branch

Russian Customs Academy

Department of Economics of Customs Affairs

Coursework

in the discipline "Economic Theory"

on the topic “NTP: main directions and characteristic features”

Completed by: 1st year student

Full-time education at the Faculty of Customs Affairs A.Ya. Boil

St. Petersburg 2014

Introduction

1. Scientific and technological progress: characteristic features and types

1.1 Stages of scientific and technological progress and its characteristic features

1.2 Types of scientific and technological progress

1.3 Two forms of scientific and technological progress

2.1 Main directions of scientific and technical progress

2.2 Indicators of scientific and technical potential and scientific and technological progress

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The outlines of the whole world, trends and prospects for its development are inseparable from scientific and technological progress. In fact, he represents the face of the world economy, world trade, and relationships between countries and regions. Without NTP it is impossible to imagine the implementation of the so-called “free” market.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the most significant factor influencing all social and economic processes in any state is scientific and technological progress and the pace of its development. That is why issues of scientific and technical progress achievements occupy an important place both in research, publications, scientific conferences, and in the activities of companies, states and the world space as a whole.

So, according to the topic title course work and the above justification for its relevance, the author sets the goal of the work;

-identifying the main directions of scientific and technological progress

-identifying the characteristics of scientific and technological progress

To achieve this goal, during the research of the topic of the course work, the following tasks are expected to be solved:

-analysis of the stages and characteristic features of scientific and technological progress

-analysis of types of scientific and technological progress

-study of forms of scientific and technological progress

-analysis of the main directions of scientific and technological progress

-analysis of scientific and technical potential and scientific and technological progress

1. Scientific and technological progress: characteristic features and types

1 Stages of scientific and technological progress and its characteristic features

Scientific and technological progress is unified, interdependent progressive development science and technology, characteristic of large-scale machine production.

Under the influence of the growth and complexity of social needs, scientific and technological progress is accelerating, which makes it possible to transform production into a technological process of targeted application of the achievements of natural and other sciences. The continuity of scientific and technological progress depends primarily on the development of fundamental research, which discovers new properties of nature and society, as well as on applied research and experimental development, which makes it possible to translate scientific ideas into new equipment and technologies. STP is carried out in two interdependent forms: evolutionary, meaning the improvement of the traditional foundations of science and technology, and revolutionary, occurring in the form of a scientific and technological revolution, which generates fundamentally new equipment and technologies, causing a radical transformation of the productive forces of society.

The origins of scientific and technical progress are rooted in manufacturing production of the 16th-18th centuries, when scientific, theoretical and technical activities began to converge. Before this, material production slowly evolved due to the accumulation of empirical experience, the secrets of the craft, and the collection of recipes. Along with this, there was equally slow progress in scientific and theoretical knowledge about nature, which was influenced by theology and scholasticism and did not have a significant impact on production. Scientific and technological progress were two, albeit indirect, but relatively independent streams of human activity. In the 16th century, the needs of trade, navigation, and large manufactories required theoretical and experimental solutions to a number of well-defined problems. Science at this time, under the influence of the ideas of the Renaissance, gradually breaks with the scholastic tradition and turns to practice. The compass, gunpowder and printing were the three great discoveries that marked the beginning of the union of scientific and technical activities. Attempts to use water mills for the needs of expanding manufacturing production prompted the theoretical study of many mechanical processes. According to K. Marx, “the manufacturing period developed the first scientific and technical elements of large-scale industry.”

The emergence of machine production at the end of the 18th century was prepared by the results of scientific and technical creativity of mathematicians, mechanics, physicists and representatives of other branches of science. Machine production, in turn, opened up new, almost unlimited possibilities for the technological application of science. Its progress is increasingly determined by the progress of science, and it itself, in the words of K. Marx, for the first time appears as “objectively embodied science.”

All this meant a transition to the second stage of scientific and technical progress, which is characterized by the fact that science and technology mutually stimulate each other’s development at an ever-accelerating pace. Special units of scientific and technical activity emerge, designed to bring theoretical solutions to technical implementation: research and development (R&D) applied research etc. Scientific and technical activity is becoming one of the broad areas of application of human labor.

The third stage of scientific and technical progress is associated with the modern scientific and technological revolution. New branches of production arise following new scientific directions and discoveries: radio electronics, nuclear energy, chemistry of synthetic materials, production of computer equipment, etc. Science is becoming a force that continuously revolutionizes technology. In turn, technology also constantly stimulates the progress of science, putting forward new demands and tasks for it and providing it with increasingly accurate and complex experimental equipment.

A characteristic feature of modern scientific and technological progress is that it covers not only industry, but also many other aspects of society: agriculture, transport, communications, healthcare, education, household services and services. Planned start The development of long-term integrated scientific and technological progress programs and targeted comprehensive programs developed on their basis to solve the most important scientific and technical problems contributes to the deployment of scientific and technical progress.

Thus, the analysis of this paragraph showed that:

)NPT comes in two forms: evolution and revolution.

)There are three stages of scientific and technological progress: the emergence of machine production, the interaction of science and technology, scientific and technological progress

1.2 Types of scientific and technological progress

There are nine the most important species Scientific and technological progress: discovery, invention, innovation proposal, industrial design, utility model, trademark, know-how, engineering and design solution.

-Discovery is the discovery of something that objectively exists but was not previously known. That is, this is the establishment of previously unknown but existing patterns, properties, phenomena of the material world that make changes to our knowledge about the world. The discovery must be proven, theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed by the author.

-An invention is a newly created, previously unknown object. It should not repeat in its essence those inventions for which copyright certificates were previously issued. New designs can be recognized as inventions: machines, mechanisms, apparatus. An invention can also be recognized as a significantly new solution to a problem in any field. Any creative result achieved by a person can also be considered an invention.

-A rationalization proposal is a proposal for organizing any activity in the most appropriate way, for improving the equipment used, manufactured products and production technology. Using equipment and materials in a more efficient way is also an innovation proposal.

-An industrial design is a new artistic solution for a product suitable for industrial implementation, in which the unity of its technical and aesthetic qualities is achieved. The problem solved with the help of an industrial design is to determine the appearance of the product. Industrial designs can be a whole single product, its part, a set of products, product variants.

-A utility model is a technical solution that does not meet the requirements for inventions. A utility model can make changes and improvements to the design of machines. Utility models include the design of means of production and consumer goods, as well as their components. A mandatory feature is that the solution to the problem lies in the spatial arrangement of material objects. Projects and layout plans for structures and buildings are not recognized as utility models; suggestions regarding the appearance of products.

-A trademark is a designation intended to distinguish the goods and (or) services of some producers of goods and services from similar goods and services of other producers. First of all, a trademark is recognized as a symbol, a symbol that is placed on manufactured products. A trademark is a symbol to designate not one but all products of a given manufacturer. Functions trademark:

-Facilitate the perception of difference or create differences,

-Give names to products (80% of trademarks are verbal),

-Facilitate product identification,

-Make it easier to remember the product,

-Indicate the origin of the goods,

-Provide information about the product,

-Signal quality assurance.

-KNOW-HOW is a type of innovation and the object of a non-patent license. Literally KNOW-HOW (know how) translated from English: knowledge of the matter. KNOW-HOW is understood as various kinds of technical knowledge and experience, methods and skills of administrative, economic, financial and new order, which are not generally known and are practically used in production and economic activities. It is necessary for carrying out construction design for R&D.

-Engineering is the technical services necessary for the development of innovative activities and for the development of production. These are consultations, project examination, technical training and other scientific and technical services, i.e. engineering presents a wide variety scientific and technical works necessary for the development and delivery of new modernized products for production, as well as to ensure the most profitable implementation of other stages of the innovation process, not only related to the sale and operation of a new product, but also to the reengineering of the innovation process

-A design solution is the result of any design, expressed in a set of technical documentation necessary for preparing the production of any object (design, technological preparation, development with design and estimate documentation). The design solution allows you to achieve the following effect:

-Lightening the design.

-Simplification of manufacturing technology.

-Reduced raw material consumption.

-Cost reduction.

Thus, the analysis of this paragraph showed that: STP consists of 9 most important types, each of which has fundamental differences, but is united by the same goal.

1.3 Two forms of scientific and technological progress

Scientific and technological progress, in other words, the progress of science and technology, is accompanied by many factors that influence to one degree or another social development. The combination of these factors led to two forms of scientific and technological progress: evolutionary and revolutionary.

The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is a relatively slow improvement of the traditional scientific and technical foundations of production. It's about not about speed, but about the rate of growth of production: they can be low in a revolutionary form and high in an evolutionary one. For example, if we consider the growth rate of labor productivity, then, as history shows, rapid development can be observed during the evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress and slow at the beginning of the revolutionary stage.

Currently, the revolutionary form prevails, providing a higher effect, large scale and accelerated rates of reproduction. This form of scientific and technological progress is embodied in the scientific and technological revolution, or STR.

The term “scientific and technological revolution” was introduced by J. Bernal in his work “A World Without War.”

The scientific and technological revolution is a radical transformation in the system of scientific knowledge and technology, a set of interrelated revolutions in various industries material production, based on the transition to new scientific and technical principles.

The scientific and technological revolution goes through three stages in accordance with the changes taking place in material production. Such changes concern not only production efficiency, including labor productivity, but also the factors determining its growth. It is customary to define the following stages of development of the scientific and technological revolution:

-scientific, preparatory;

-modern (restructuring of the technical and sectoral structure of the national economy);

-large automated machine production.

The first stage can be attributed to the early 30s of the 20th century, when the development of new scientific theories of machine technology and new principles of production development preceded the creation of fundamentally new types of machines, equipment, and technology, which were subsequently used in the period of preparation for the Second World War.

During this pre-war period in science there was a radical revolution in many fundamental ideas about the foundations of the surrounding nature; in production there was a rapid process of further development of equipment and technology.

The era of the Second World War coincided with the beginning of the second stage of scientific and technological revolution. The most scientifically and technologically advanced country at that time was the United States of America. The United States did not conduct military operations on its own territory, did not have outdated equipment in industry, had the richest and extremely favorably located natural resources and an abundance of qualified labor force.

By the 40s of the 20th century, our country, in terms of its technical level, could not claim a serious role in the field scientific and technical progress. Therefore, we have the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution because of the Great Patriotic War and huge losses began later - after the restoration of the economy destroyed by the war. The main countries of Western Europe - England, France, Germany, Italy - entered the second stage of scientific and technological revolution much earlier.

The essence of the second stage was technical and sectoral restructuring, when in material production the material prerequisites were created for the subsequent radical revolution in the system of machines, production technology, in the structure of leading industries and the entire national economy.

At the third stage of scientific and technological revolution, large-scale automated machine production arose. Recent decades have been marked by the production of a wide variety of automatic machines and automatic machine lines, the creation of sections, workshops and even individual factories.

Speaking about the third stage of development of scientific and technological revolution, it should be noted that the prerequisites are being created for the subsequent transition to large-scale automated production in the field of objects of labor and technology: new technological methods bring to life new objects of labor and vice versa. New technological methods (together with automatic tools of production) seem to have opened up new use values ​​(from the point of view of the needs of material production) for the “old” objects of labor.

Scientific and technological progress cannot be represented as a simple sum of its constituent elements or the forms of their manifestation. They are in close organic unity, mutually determining and complementing each other. This is a continuous process of the emergence of scientific and technical ideas and discoveries, their implementation in production, the obsolescence of equipment and its replacement with a new, more productive one.

The concept of “scientific and technological progress” is quite broad. It is not limited to the forms of development of science and technology, but includes all progressive changes both in the production sphere and in the non-production sphere. There is no sphere of the economy, production or social aspect of society, the development of which would not be associated with scientific and technological progress.

Thus, the analysis of this paragraph showed that NTP consists of evolutionary and revolutionary forms, each of which has its own features, but both of them are inextricably linked. Evolutionary is the improvement of traditional crafts, and revolution is a radical change. One follows from the other.

1 Main directions of scientific and technological progress

The main directions of scientific and technological progress are comprehensive mechanization and automation, chemicalization, and electrification of production.

One of the most important areas of scientific and technological progress at the present stage is comprehensive mechanization and automation of production. This is the widespread introduction of interconnected and complementary systems of machines, apparatus, devices, equipment in all areas of production, operations and types of work. It helps to intensify production, increase labor productivity, reduce the share of manual labor in production, facilitate and improve working conditions, and reduce the labor intensity of products.

The term mechanization refers mainly to the displacement of manual labor and its replacement by machine labor in those links where it still remains (both in the main technological operations and in auxiliary, auxiliary, transportation, shifting and other labor operations). The prerequisites for mechanization were created during the period of manufacture, and its beginning is associated with industrial revolution, which meant the transition to a factory system of capitalist production based on machine technology. In the process of development, mechanization went through several stages: from the mechanization of the main technological processes, which are characterized by the greatest labor intensity, to the mechanization of almost all main technological processes and partially auxiliary work. At the same time, a certain disproportion has arisen, which has led to the fact that in mechanical engineering and metalworking alone, more than half of the workers are now employed in auxiliary and auxiliary work.

The next stage of development is comprehensive mechanization, in which manual labor is replaced by machine labor in a comprehensive manner in all operations of the technological process, not only the main ones, but also auxiliary ones. The introduction of complexity sharply increases the efficiency of mechanization, since even with a high level of mechanization of most operations, their high productivity can be practically neutralized by the presence of several non-mechanized operations at the enterprise. auxiliary operations. Therefore, integrated mechanization, to a greater extent than non-integrated mechanization, promotes the intensification of technological processes and the improvement of production. But even with complex mechanization, manual labor remains.

The level of production mechanization is assessed by various indicators:

.The production mechanization coefficient is a value measured by the ratio of the volume of products produced using machines to the total volume of production.

.The mechanization coefficient of work is a value measured by the ratio of the amount of labor (in man-hours or standard hours) performed in a mechanized manner to total amount labor costs to produce a given volume of output.

.Labor mechanization coefficient is a value measured by the ratio of the number of workers engaged in mechanized work to the total number of workers in a given area or enterprise. When conducting a more in-depth analysis, it is possible to determine the level of mechanization of individual jobs and various types work both for the entire enterprise as a whole and for a separate structural unit.

In modern conditions, the task is to complete comprehensive mechanization in all sectors of the production and non-production spheres, to take a major step in the automation of production with the transition to workshops and automatic enterprises, to automated control and design systems.

Automation of production means the use of technical means to completely or partially replace human participation in the processes of obtaining, converting, transferring and using energy, materials or information. There is a distinction between partial automation, which covers individual operations and processes, and complex automation, which automates the entire cycle of work. In the case when automated process is implemented without direct human participation, they talk about complete automation of this process.

The organizational and technical prerequisites for production automation are:

-the need to improve production and its organization, the need to transition from discrete to continuous technology;

-the need to improve the nature and working conditions of the worker;

-the emergence of technological systems, the control of which is impossible without the use of automation tools due to the high speed, processes implemented in them or their complexity;

-the need to combine automation with other areas of scientific and technological progress;

-optimization of complex production processes only when introducing automation tools.

The level of automation is characterized by the same indicators as the level of mechanization: production automation coefficient, work automation coefficient and labor automation coefficient. Their calculation is similar, but is carried out using automated work. Integrated production automation involves the automation of all main and auxiliary operations. In mechanical engineering, the creation of complex automated sections of machine tools and their control using a computer will increase the productivity of machine operators by 13 times and reduce the number of machine tools by seven times. Among the areas of complex automation is the introduction of rotary and rotary-conveyor lines, automatic lines for mass products and the creation of automated enterprises.

Increasing the efficiency of production automation involves:

-improvement of methods for technical and economic analysis of automation options for a specific facility, informed selection of the most effective project and specific automation equipment;

-creating conditions for intensive use of automation equipment, improving their maintenance;

-improving the technical and economic characteristics of manufactured equipment used for production automation, especially computer technology.

Computer technology is increasingly being used not only to automate production, but also in a wide variety of areas. Such involvement of computing and microelectronic technology in the activities of various production systems called computerization of production.

Computerization is the basis for the technical re-equipment of production, necessary condition increasing its efficiency. On the basis of computers and microprocessors, technological complexes, machines and equipment, measuring, regulating and information systems are created, design work and scientific research are carried out, information services, training and much more are carried out, which ensures an increase in social and individual labor productivity, the creation of conditions for comprehensive and harmonious development of personality.

For normal development and the functioning of a complex national economic mechanism requires constant exchange of information between its links, timely processing of a large volume of data at various levels of management, which is also impossible without a computer. Therefore, economic development largely depends on the level of computerization. In the process of their development, computers have gone from bulky machines on vacuum tubes, communication with which was possible only in machine language, to modern computers.

It should also be noted that important element computerization of production, such as the widespread use of microprocessors themselves, each of which is focused on performing one or more special tasks. Integrating such microprocessors into components of industrial equipment makes it possible to solve assigned problems with minimal costs and in optimal form. The use of microprocessor technology for information collection, data recording or local control significantly expands the functionality of industrial equipment.

In the future, the development of computerization includes the creation of national and international communication and computing networks, databases, a new generation of satellite space communication systems, which will facilitate access to information resources. A clear example serves the Internet.

Chemicalization of production is another important area of ​​scientific and technological progress, which provides for the improvement of production as a result of the introduction of chemical technologies, raw materials, materials, products for the purpose of intensification, obtaining new types of products and improving their quality, increasing the efficiency and content of labor, and facilitating its conditions. Among the main directions for the development of chemicalization of production, one can note such as the introduction of new structural and electrical insulating materials, the expansion of consumption of synthetic resins and plastics, the implementation of progressive chemical technological processes, the expansion of production and widespread use of various chemical materials with special properties (varnishes, corrosion inhibitors, chemical additives for modifying the properties of industrial materials and improving technological processes). Each of these areas is effective on its own, but greatest effect provides their comprehensive implementation. Chemicalization of production provides great opportunities for identifying internal reserves for increasing the efficiency of social production. The raw material base of the national economy is significantly expanding as a result of a more complete and integrated use of raw materials, as well as as a result of the artificial production of many types of raw materials, materials, and fuel, which play an increasingly important role in the economy and provide a significant increase in production efficiency. For example, 1 ton of plastics replaces on average 5-6 tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 2-2.5 tons of aluminum and rubber - from 1 to 12 tons of natural fibers. The use of 1 ton of plastics and synthetic resins in mechanical engineering and instrument making can reduce the cost of production by 1.3-1.8 million rubles. and save 1.1-1.7 thousand man-hours of labor costs.

The most important advantage of chemicalization of production is the possibility of significant acceleration and intensification of technological processes, the implementation of a continuous flow of the technological process, which in itself is an essential prerequisite for comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, and therefore increasing efficiency. Chemical technological processes are increasingly being implemented in practice. These include electrochemical and thermochemical processes, application of protective and decorative coatings, chemical drying and washing of materials and much more. Chemicalization is also carried out in traditional technological processes. For example, the introduction of polymers (an aqueous solution of polyacrylamide) into the cooling medium when hardening steel makes it possible to provide practically complete absence corrosion of parts.

Indicators of the level of chemicalization are: the share of chemical methods in the production technology of this type of product; the share of consumed polymer materials in the total cost of manufactured finished products, etc.

The most important direction of scientific and technological progress, the basis for all other directions, is electrification. Electrification of industry is a process of widespread introduction of electricity as a power source for production power apparatus in technological processes, means of management and control of production progress. Based on the electrification of production, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production are carried out, and progressive technology is being introduced. Electrification ensures the replacement of manual labor with machine labor in industry and expands the impact of electricity on objects of labor. The efficiency of using electrical energy in technological processes is especially high, technical means automation of production and management, engineering calculations, information processing, computational work, etc.

A number of important advantages over traditional by mechanical means processing of metals and other materials has electrophysical and electrochemical methods. They make it possible to obtain products of complex geometric shapes, precise in size, with appropriate surface roughness parameters and strengthened in the processing areas. The use of laser technology in technological processes is effective. Lasers are widely used for cutting and welding materials, drilling holes and heat treating. Laser processing is used not only in industry, but also in many other sectors of the national economy.

Indicators of the level of electrification in industry are:

-production electrification coefficient, defined as the ratio of the amount of electrical energy consumed to the total energy consumed per year;

-the share of electrical energy consumed in technological processes in the total amount of electrical energy consumed;

-electrical power of labor - the ratio of the power of all installed electric motors to the number of workers (it can be defined as the ratio of consumed electrical energy to the time actually worked by workers).

The basis for electrification in industry is the further development of the electric power industry and the search for new sources of electrical energy. In terms of electrical energy production, the Russian Federation ranks first in Europe and second in the world. Despite a slight decrease in the volume of electricity production, in 2013, 827.2 billion kWh were generated. The main production of electrical energy is carried out at thermal power plants, then at hydroelectric power plants. The production of electrical energy at nuclear power plants accounts for only 12.8% (2013). Currently, the growth rate of electricity production in nuclear power plants decreased. The main reasons for this are the reduction in the growth of electricity demand in industrialized countries, a significant decrease in prices for fossil fuels, the creation of more efficient and environmentally acceptable fossil fuel systems and, finally, accidents, especially at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which negatively affected public opinion.

At the same time, according to experts, in the next 20 years the problems associated with the further development of energy (due to energy sources using fossil fuels) will sharply worsen, both in terms of ecology and economic indicators. A further significant increase in the price of organic fuel is expected due to the fact that its relatively easily accessible reserves will be largely exhausted. Therefore, as a guideline for the further development of nuclear energy complex The country can be served by increasing the share of electrical energy generation from nuclear energy sources to 30% by 2030 in the country as a whole and to 40-50% in its European part.

In addition to identifying the main directions of scientific and technological progress, a grouping of directions of scientific and technological progress by priority has also been adopted.

The priority areas of scientific and technological progress are:

-electronization of the national economy - ensuring all spheres of production and public life highly efficient means of computer technology (both mass - personal computers, and a supercomputer with a speed of more than 10 billion operations per second using the principles artificial intelligence), introduction of a new generation of satellite communication systems, etc.;

-comprehensive automation of all sectors of the national economy based on its electronization - the introduction of flexible production systems (consisting of a CNC machine, or the so-called processing center, computers, microprocessor circuits, robotic systems and radically new technology); rotary conveyor lines, computer-aided design systems, industrial robots, automation equipment for loading and unloading operations;

-accelerated development of nuclear energy, aimed not only at the construction of new nuclear power plants with fast neutron reactors, but also at the construction of high-temperature nuclear energy technology plants for multi-purpose purposes;

-creation and implementation of new materials with qualitatively new effective properties (corrosion and radiation resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance, superconductivity, etc.);

-mastering fundamentally new technologies - membrane, laser (for dimensional and heat treatment; welding, cutting and cutting), plasma, vacuum, detonation, etc.;

-accelerating the development of biotechnology, which opens up ways to radically increase food and raw materials resources, contributing to the creation of waste-free technological processes.

The distinction between the listed areas is relative, since they are all characterized by a high degree of interchangeability and interconnectivity: the process in one area is based on achievements in others.

Thus, the modern level of automation of production and management is unthinkable without information and computing devices, which are the main part automated systems management; the creation of new materials is impossible without the use of fundamentally new technologies for their production and processing; in turn, one of the conditions ensuring high quality new technology is the use of new materials with special properties. The impact of computer technology, new materials and biotechnology is felt not only by individual industries, but by the entire national economy.

The study of the issues in paragraph 2.1 showed that the main directions of scientific and technological progress are comprehensive mechanization and automation, chemicalization, electrification of production, but the most important of them are mechanization and automation of production, since this is the widespread introduction of interconnected and complementary systems of machines, devices, instruments, equipment in all areas of production, operations and types of work. All this contributes to productivity growth and the displacement of manual labor.

2.2 Indicators of scientific and technical potential and scientific and technological progress

The contribution of significant funds to the development of science requires an assessment of the performance of scientific organizations and the effectiveness of their scientific and technological progress. In this case, one should take into account: the novelty and prospects of developments; number of scientific and technical proposals put forward and implemented; the economic effect obtained in the national economy as a result of the use of completed developments and completed work; practical contribution to improving the technical level and technical and economic indicators of industry enterprises in comparison with the costs of scientific organizations; technical and economic indicators of the developments proposed and put into production in comparison with the best foreign models; number, significance of discoveries and inventions and licenses sold; economic effect obtained from the implementation of discoveries and inventions; terms of work with high quality; saving money and material resources and training scientific personnel.

Scientific and technological potential is characterized by the following groups of indicators:

-Personnel, which includes the number and qualifications of scientific and technical specialists (distributed by type of organization, branches of science and technology, academic degrees and titles, etc.); quantity and quality of training of persons with higher and secondary specialized education, employed in the national economy and annually graduating from relevant educational institutions (distributed by industry and type of training).

-Material and technical: annual state expenditures on scientific, technical and development work and training of scientific and technical specialists; level of equipment of science and engineering activities with experimental equipment, materials, instruments, office equipment, computers, etc.

-Indicators of the level of development and capabilities of the scientific and technical information system. They reflect the quantity and quality of accumulated information funds (libraries, application packages, algorithms and mathematical models, information retrieval and expert systems, data banks and knowledge bases, etc.); capabilities and quality of work of bodies for the dissemination of scientific and technical information; the degree of provision of scientific and technical specialists with the information necessary for their work, etc.

-Organizational and managerial, reflecting the state of planning and management in science and technology; the degree of optimal interaction between research institutes, design bureaus, universities and production in the interests of accelerating scientific and technological progress; the degree of compliance of the organizational and staffing structure of the scientific and technical sphere with the tasks it solves, with the objective needs of scientific and technological progress; economic and social factors stimulating scientific and technological progress.

-Generalizing, characterizing the functioning and development of scientific and technological potential. This is an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the efficiency of social production, and national income as a result of the introduction of advances in science and technology; the number of new machines, devices, equipment mastered per year; savings from reducing production costs due to scientific and technical activities; parameters of the flow of discoveries, inventions, innovation proposals, licenses, patents, know-how, etc.

-Quantitative - can have both absolute and specific (per capita of the country's population, thousand scientific and technical workers, etc.) expression.

The main factor in increasing efficiency is the intensification of production, which is decisively influenced by science. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the economic effect received by society as a result of the implementation of scientific achievements. To determine it, it is necessary first of all to evaluate the overall economic effect of the development of social production.

The increase in the physical volume of national income due to intensive growth of production represents part of the total economic effect of scientific and technological development; In addition, society receives an effect associated with qualitative changes in production. This part of the total economic effect of scientific and technological development of production can only be assessed by comparing the levels overall efficiency production, since it acts as a qualitative measure of its condition.

An indicator of the qualitative development of production is the amount of savings or overexpenditure of labor costs obtained with intensive growth of production. This means that, along with the increase in the physical volume of gross domestic product, this value will act as part of the total economic effect of scientific and technological development of production. Thus, the economic effect of science consists of the amount of increase in the physical volume of gross domestic product obtained as a result of intensive growth of production, and the amount of savings or overexpenditure of labor costs. In this case, the first value will consist of that part of the total GDP growth that was obtained as a result of increased labor productivity, and part of the additional growth associated with changes in the sectoral structure of living labor costs:

?ND n =?(y+t) n ± ?T n , (1.1)

Where ?ND n - the total increase in the physical volume of GDP obtained due to the scientific and technological development of production in nth year; ?(y + t) n - increase in the physical volume of GDP with intensive development of production in the nth year; ?T n - the amount of additional growth obtained as a result of changes in the sectoral structure of living labor costs in the ith year.

The amount of savings or overexpenditure of labor costs 3 0b .tr can be calculated using the formula:

Z about .tr =(E n -E n-1 )(?n +MZ n + OPFn ), (1.2)

where E n - the general effect of scientific and technical development of production in the second year; M3 n - material costs in the nth year; OPF n - fixed production assets in the nth year.

The total economic effect of scientific and technological development of production is equal to:

3n =[?(?+m) n ± ?m n ]±3 o6. Tp , (1.3)

"+" sign before ?T n indicates that changes in the sectoral structure of living labor costs may not always be progressive, and the “+” sign before 3 0b .tr means that the amount of savings in public costs can be positive or negative, that is, GDP growth [ ?(?+ t) n ] in the nth year may be accompanied by both relative savings and cost overruns on its production.

After a certain cumulative economic effect of scientific and technological development, it is necessary to establish how the economic effect of science, which represents part of the cumulative effect, is expressed. Since the latter consists of two parts, it can be assumed that the economic effect of science appears either as part of the increase in the physical volume of GDP, or as savings in labor costs.

At the present stage of economic development, an objective assessment of the state of scientific and technological progress is becoming increasingly important. This is due to the problem of increasing production efficiency and accelerating the economic and social development of the country. When choosing indicators for assessing the level of scientific and technological progress, one should proceed from the fact that they must reflect the technical and organizational level of production and products, and the effectiveness of scientific and technical progress.

The effectiveness of scientific and technical progress is the ratio of the effect and the costs that caused it. This relative value, measured in fractions of a unit or percentage and characterizing the effectiveness of costs. The efficiency criterion is maximizing the effect at given costs or minimizing costs to achieve a given effect.

The effect of scientific and technical progress is the result of scientific and technical activity, which in the theory of efficiency is identified with the physical volume of the pure product. At the level of industries and enterprises, the effect is considered to be either net output or part of net output - profit. The effect is also a reduction in the cost of living labor, production costs, material resources, capital investments and working capital, leading to an increase in the net product (savings, national income, profit).

Recently, a reduction in economic damage, for example, from environmental pollution, if this leads to an increase in national income, has also been considered a unique element of the effect. Growth in physical output cannot be considered as an effect, since this growth may not lead to GDP growth.

The costs of scientific and technical progress are understood as the entire totality of resources (or individual types of resources) spent to achieve the effect. On the scale of the national economy, costs are the totality of capital investments, revolving funds and living labor (wages). For an industry, association, or enterprise, costs appear in the form of production costs or production assets.

Depending on the level of assessment, the volume of effects and costs taken into account, as well as the purpose of the assessment, several types of efficiency are distinguished.

-The national economic efficiency of scientific and technical progress characterizes the ratio of the effect to the costs on the scale of the national economy and the indicators adopted to characterize its functioning. This type of efficiency determines the effectiveness not of a specific object within its economic boundaries, but of the entire national economic system experiencing the impact of this object: the effect reflects the growth of gross domestic product in all industries and productions associated with the object being assessed, and costs - the total volume of resources (living labor and material costs of other industries and productions) necessary for the functioning of the assessed object.

-The self-financing efficiency of scientific and technological progress characterizes the effectiveness of costs on the scale of an industry, association, enterprise and is calculated on the basis of indicators adopted to assess the activities of these parts of the national economic system; the effect is understood as profit or net production, and the cost is the cost of production assets or cost. The most common indicator of self-financing efficiency is production profitability.

-The full effectiveness of scientific and technical progress (both national economic and self-financing) reflects the ratio of the total effect of economic and social activities, for example, the full volume of GDP to all costs that caused this effect (both in the past and in the calculation period).

-The incremental effectiveness of scientific and technical progress characterizes the ratio of the increase in effect over the billing period to the increase in the costs that caused it.

-Comparative effectiveness of scientific and technical progress represents a special case of incremental efficiency, when the basis for calculating the effect and costs is not the indicators of past activities, but one of the options being compared. The effect here is most often an increase in profit due to a reduction in cost when implementing one option compared to another (or simply a difference in cost), and the cost is additional capital investments that ensure a reduction in cost for the best option.

Comparative effectiveness reflects only the effectiveness of improvement (reconstruction, development, improvement, etc.) of the option, but not the effectiveness of the functioning of the improved option. In addition, comparative effectiveness is always determined in conditions of complete comparability of options, that is, it represents a purely calculated, conditional value. Comparative effectiveness allows us to judge the advantages of individual options for improving production and select the best of them, without predetermining the final decision on the feasibility of its implementation. This decision can be made only on the basis of calculating absolute efficiency and comparing it with standard efficiency.

-The absolute effectiveness of scientific and technological progress characterizes the ratio of the final national economic or self-financing effect to the costs of implementing the option selected according to the criteria for maximum comparative effectiveness or minimum reduced costs. The calculation of absolute efficiency completes the entire cycle of choosing the most effective option economic development.

Absolute efficiency, in contrast to comparative efficiency, is always calculated based on the actual or expected indicators of the implementation of an option without bringing them into a conditionally comparable form. Thus, the essence of scientific and technical progress, the main directions of scientific and technological progress, indicators of scientific and technical potential and scientific and technological progress are considered.

Thus, the analysis of this paragraph showed that scientific and technological potential is characterized by six groups of indicators: personnel, material and technical, indicators of the level of development and capabilities of the scientific and technical information system, organizational and managerial, generalizing, quantitative. And the main factor in increasing efficiency is the intensification of production, which is decisively influenced by science.

Conclusion

Thus, in accordance with the purpose of the work, tasks and research carried out in the introduction, the author came to the following conclusions:

1)A characteristic feature of NTP is that it covers all spheres of society.

2)NTP consists of 9 most important types, each of which has fundamental differences, but is united by the same goal

3)NTP includes two forms: evolutionary and revolutionary, each of which has its own features, but both of them are inextricably linked.

)The main directions of scientific and technological progress are comprehensive mechanization and automation, chemicalization, and electrification of production. They are all interconnected and interdependent.

5)The main factor in increasing the efficiency of scientific and technical progress is the intensification of production, which is decisively influenced by science.

Scientific and technological progress is a process of continuous development of science, technology, technology, improvement of objects of labor, forms and methods of organizing production and labor. NTP is a process of constant updating of all elements of reproduction, the main place in which belongs to the updating of equipment and technology. This process is as eternal and constant as the work of human thought, designed to facilitate and reduce the costs of physical and mental labor to achieve the final result in labor activity.

science progress evolutionary revolutionary

List of sources used

1.Volkov O.I. Enterprise economics. - M.: Infra-M., 2008, - 122 p.

2.Gorfinkel V.Ya. Enterprise economics. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, 2012, - 63 p.

Gruzinov V.P. Economics of enterprise and entrepreneurship. - M.: SOFIT, 2011, 57 p.

Karlik A.B. Enterprise economics. - Textbook allowance. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house St. Petersburg GUEF, 2012, - 32 p.

Raitsky K.A. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. for universities. - M.: Inform. Implementation Center "Marketing", 2010, - 87 p.

Khripach V.Ya. and others. Enterprise Economics. - M.: Econompress, 2009, - 43 p.

Yaroshenko V.V. Planning. Technical progress. Efficiency; Economics - M., 2012, - 240 p.

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Scientific and technological progress (NTP) is a process of continuous improvement of means and objects of labor, technology, organization and management of production, professional and educational level of those employed in production.

This process is carried out in order to improve the well-being and comprehensive development of all members of society based on the implementation of scientific knowledge.

From this definition it follows that the initial driving force of STP is scientific knowledge. The main content is the development and improvement of all factors of production. At the same time, NTP is characterized by planfulness, consistency, continuity and globality. The ultimate goal of implementing the achievements of scientific and technical progress is to reduce the socially necessary costs of production and improve its quality, improve working conditions and increase the standard of living of the people.

At the present stage, the role of scientific and technical progress is increasing. Solving more important problems - the transition to an intensive path of economic development and a steady increase in production efficiency - requires not so much quantitative, but qualitative changes based on comprehensive and effective use the latest achievements of science and technology. The use of science in production is a powerful factor in increasing its efficiency. It has been established that from 60 to 80% of the increase in labor productivity and up to 50% of the increase in gross domestic growth in various countries is achieved through the introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology.

Scientific and technological progress makes it possible to radically improve the use of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel and energy at all stages, i.e. from production and complex processing of raw materials to the release and use of final products. Due to this it will be achieved sharp decline container material, metal consumption and energy intensity of production. Resource conservation will become the main source of meeting the increasing needs of society for fuel, energy and raw materials.

Qualitative improvement of production technology and improved use of fixed assets makes it possible to overcome the trend of declining capital productivity and achieve its increase, which will lead to the creation of preconditions for a significant increase in product quality and its competitiveness in the world market.

The social significance of HTP is enormous. As a result, heavy physical labor is displaced and its character changes. NTP presents very high demands to the professional and educational level of employees. Under its influence, the differences between mental and physical labor are smoothed out.

Progress in science and technology includes evolutionary and revolutionary changes.

Evolutionary changes are expressed in the gradual (quantitative) accumulation of scientific knowledge and the improvement of traditional elements of technology. But at a certain stage, STP takes the form of a scientific and technological revolution (STR).

Scientific and technological revolution is an explosive process of deep qualitative transformations of technology based on the latest scientific discoveries and inventions. They fundamentally change material elements productive forces, methods of organization, management, nature of labor.

Consequently, scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological revolution are not identical concepts, although they are organically interconnected.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following features:

Making science direct productive force. This manifests itself in the following. Modern production is a direct continuation and technological application of scientific achievements. At the same time, science becomes an integral element of production. And finally, in its development, science relies on industrial methods;

A radical change in the role of modern technology is its invasion into the environment of human mental activity (the creation of cybernetic machines).

The role of scientific and technological progress in the development of agro-industrial production is determined by the following:

On its basis, a radical solution to the food problem is possible (by intensifying agriculture, ensuring food independence of the Republic of Belarus);

Ensuring the sustainability of the agricultural sector of the economy;

Improving production efficiency;

Ensuring environmental protection of the environment;

Successful solution social problems work and life.

In various sectors of the national economy, scientific and technical progress is implemented in various forms and develops in various directions.

Thus, the main directions of scientific and technical progress in agriculture are as follows:

Creation and use of high-performance machines,

Integrated mechanization and automation of production;

Electrification, chemicalization and land reclamation;

Introduction of industrial production technologies, resource and energy saving technologies, transfer of agriculture to industrial basis, introduction of biotechnology and bioengineering;

Specialization and concentration of production on the basis of inter-farm cooperation and agro-industrial integration;

Improving forms of organization and production management;

Development of agro-industrial associations;

Further improvement of personnel training, etc.

In industry and construction they may be different. However, despite the variety of directions of scientific and technological progress, it is possible to identify from them the main ones inherent in all sectors of the national economy.

These include:

Electrification;

Integrated mechanization and automation;

Chemicalization;

Development and implementation of advanced technologies;

New technology and computerization of production.

All directions are closely interconnected and mutually dependent. Together they provide a unified process of technical development of production.

All areas of scientific and technological progress are associated with the use of three groups of factors:

Material and technical factors (creation and implementation of a zonal system of machines, production lines for livestock breeding forms, improving the quality of fertilizers and herbicides, the use of progressive methods of their application, the use of new methods of drainage, irrigation and watering of areas;

Biological factors (breeding and bioengineering, genetic potential of plants and animals);

Socio-economic factors (organizational opportunities to use the first two factors to increase their effectiveness).

The essence and main directions of scientific and technological progress (NTP)

STP is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements of scientific knowledge.

It is characterized by the following symptoms:

• development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and machine systems,
• working in automatic mode;
• creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;
• discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;
• creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;
• widespread development of automation of production processes based on the use of machine tools
• numerical control, automatic lines, industrial robots,
• flexible production systems;
• introduction of new forms of labor and production organization.

At the present stage, the following features of scientific and technological progress are observed:

1. There is an increase in the technological focus of scientific and technological progress, its technological component. Progressive technologies now it is the main link of scientific and technical progress both in terms of the scale of implementation and in terms of results.
2. STP is intensifying: the volume of scientific knowledge is growing, the quality of scientific personnel is improving, the cost efficiency of its implementation is increasing and the effectiveness of STP activities is increasing.
3. At the present stage, scientific and technical progress is becoming more and more complex and systemic. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that scientific and technical progress now covers all sectors of the economy, including the service sector, and penetrates all elements of social production: the material and technical base, the process of organizing production, the process of personnel training and the organization of management. In quantitative terms, complexity is also manifested in the mass introduction of scientific and technical achievements.
4. An important pattern of scientific and technological progress is the strengthening of its resource-saving orientation. As a result of the introduction of scientific and technical achievements, material, technical and labor resources are saved, and this is an important criterion for the effectiveness of scientific and technical progress.
5. There is an increase in the social orientation of scientific and technological progress, which is manifested in the increasing impact of scientific and technological progress on the social factors of human life: the conditions of work, study, and life.
6. There is an increasing focus on the development of science and technology towards preserving the environment - the greening of scientific and technological progress. This is the development and application of low-waste and non-waste technologies, implementation effective ways integrated use and processing of natural resources, more complete involvement of production and consumption waste into economic circulation.

To ensure the effective functioning of the economy, it is necessary to pursue a unified state scientific and technical policy. To do this, it is necessary to choose priority directions for the development of science and technology at each stage of planning.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress are electrification, comprehensive mechanization, production automation and chemicalization of production.

Electrification is the process of widespread introduction of electricity into public production and everyday life. It is the basis for mechanization and automation, as well as chemicalization of production.

Integrated mechanization and automation of production is the process of replacing manual labor with a system of machines, apparatus, and instruments in all areas of production. This process is accompanied by a transition from low to higher forms, that is, from manual labor to partial, small and complex mechanization and further to highest form mechanization - automation.

Chemicalization of production is the process of production and use of chemical materials, as well as the introduction of chemical methods and processes into technology.

The priority areas of scientific and technological progress at the present stage are: biotechnology, electronization of the national economy, complex automation, accelerated development of nuclear energy, the creation and introduction of new materials, and the development of fundamentally new technologies.

NTP allows you to solve the following problems: firstly, it is NTP that is the main means of increasing labor productivity, reducing production costs, increasing product output and improving its quality. Secondly, as a result of scientific and technical progress, new efficient machines, materials, and technological processes are created that improve working conditions and reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing products. Thirdly, scientific and technical progress has a strong impact on the organization of production, stimulates the growth of production concentration, and accelerates the development of its specialization and cooperation. Fourthly, the progress of science and technology ensures the solution of socio-economic problems (employment of the population, ease of labor, etc.), serves to more fully satisfy the needs of both society as a whole and each person.

Efficiency of scientific and technical progress

The result of the implementation of scientific and technical progress achievements is an increase in the efficiency of the national economy.

The effectiveness of scientific and technical progress is understood as the ratio of the effect and the costs that caused this effect. The effect is understood as a positive result that is obtained as a result of the implementation of scientific and technical progress achievements.

The effect may be:

• economic (reducing production costs, increasing profits, increasing labor productivity, and so on);
• political (ensuring economic independence, strengthening defense capability);
• social (improving working conditions, increasing the material and cultural level of citizens, and so on);
• environmental (reducing environmental pollution).

When determining economic efficiency When implementing the achievements of scientific and technical progress, a distinction is made between one-time and current costs. One-time costs are capital investments for the creation of new equipment. Current costs are costs that are incurred during the entire service life of the new equipment.

There are absolute and comparative economic efficiency. Absolute economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the economic effect to the entire amount of capital investments that caused this effect. For the national economy as a whole, absolute economic efficiency (Ee.ef.n/x) is determined as follows:

Ee.ef.n/x = DD/K

where DD is the annual increase in national income, rub.; K - capital investments that caused this increase, rub.

Comparative cost effectiveness

Calculations of comparative economic efficiency are used when choosing options for capital construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises, technological processes, design, and so on.

Comparison of various options for solving economic and technical problems is carried out using a system of basic and additional indicators.

Key indicators:

1. Labor productivity.
2. Capital investments.
3. Cost of production.
4. Conditional annual savings.
5. Profit.
6. Costs shown.
7. Annual economic effect.
8. Payback period for capital investments.

Additional indicators: 1.Improving working conditions. 2.Reducing environmental pollution and so on.

Labor productivity is determined by the number of products produced by an employee per unit of time or the amount of working time spent on producing a unit of product.

Total capital investments consist of the following costs:

Kob = Kos + Kob.s. + Ph.D. + Kpr

where Kob is the total amount of capital investments, rubles. Kos is capital investments in fixed assets, rubles;
Kob.s. - capital investments in working capital, rub.;
Kpn - capital investments associated with the commissioning and commissioning of equipment, rub.;
Kpr - capital investments associated with design and research work, rub.

Specific capital investments (Kud) are also determined by the formula:

Where = Cob/N,

where N is the production program in physical terms.

The cost of a product is the cost of its production and sale. In this case, technological, workshop, production or full cost can be used for calculation.

Conditional annual savings (Eu.g.e.) are determined as follows:

Eu.g.e = (C1 - C2) N2

where C1, C2 - unit cost of production for the basic and implemented options, rub.;
N2 is the annual output of the implemented option in physical terms.

Profit is the difference between price and cost of production. The increase in profit (D P) when introducing new technology is determined by the formula:

DP = (C2-C2) N2 - (C1 - C1) N1

where Ts1, Ts2 are the price of a unit of production before and after the introduction of new equipment, rubles;
C1, C2 - cost per unit of production before and after the introduction of new equipment, rub.;
N1, N2 - release program before and after the introduction of new technology, in physical terms.

Presented costs (LR) are determined as follows:

Zpr = C + En K,

where C is the cost of annual production volume, rub.; En - standard efficiency coefficient; K - capital investments.

The given costs can also be determined per unit of production:

Zpr.ed = Sed + En Kud,

where C is the cost per unit of production, rub.;
Where - specific capital investments, rub.

The annual economic effect (E.e.eff.) shows the total annual cost savings for the compared options. It is defined like this:

Eg.e.ef. = [(C1 + En Kud1) - (C2 + En Kud2)] N2,

where C1, C2 - cost per unit of production before and after the introduction of new equipment, rub.; Kud.1, Kud.2 - specific capital investments before and after the introduction of new equipment, rub.; N2 - release program for the implemented option, in physical terms.

The payback period for capital investments is determined by the formula:

It should be noted that the obviousness of the advantages of one or another option compared to others may not always be obvious, therefore the most economical option is chosen based on the given costs. Economic efficiency indicators are influenced by inflation, so it is necessary to take it into account when calculating indicators. The accuracy of economic efficiency calculations increases with the increase in the number of resources for which the rate of price inflation for them is taken into account. The forecast price of a product or resource is determined by the formula:

C (t) = C (b) I (t),

where C (t) is the forecast price of a product or resource, rub;
C (b) - base price products or resources, rub;
I (t) - index of changes in product or resource prices at the t-th step relative to the initial moment of calculation.

Technical progress is the emergence of new, technically more effective types production that must be taken into account in the production function, and at the same time technically inefficient types of production must be excluded from it.

Technical progress, stimulating an increase in output, can be graphically represented by a downward shift of the isoquant describing a specific volume of production (Fig. 23.1).

Rice. 23.1. Isoquant shift as a result of technological progress

In Fig. 23.1, the isoquant Q1*Q1* shows the same amount of production as the isoquant Q0*Q0*. However, this quantity can now be produced using fewer factors (K and L). And a shift in the isoquant may be accompanied by a modification of its configuration, meaning a modification in the proportions of the factors of production used. In this regard, three types of technical progress are distinguished: capital-intensive (labor-saving), labor-intensive (capital-saving) and neutral, each of which has its own isoquant configuration.

The capital-intensive type of technical progress is the type when, when moving along a line with a constant ratio K / L limit rate technical substitution (MRTSLK) decreases (Fig. 23.2). This means that technical progress is accompanied by faster growth of the marginal product of capital compared to the marginal product of labor. In Fig. 23.2 it can be seen that the slope of the isoquant as it moves towards the origin of coordinates becomes flatter with respect to the L axis.

Rice. 23.2. Capital-intensive type of technical progress

The labor-intensive type of technical progress is the type when, when moving along the same line, MRTSL K increases (Fig. 23.3). This means that technical progress is accompanied by an increase in the marginal product of labor in comparison with the marginal product of capital. The slope of the isoquant as it moves towards the origin of coordinates becomes flatter relative to the K axis.

Figure 23.3. Labor-intensive type of technical progress

The neutral type of technical progress is the type when technical progress is accompanied by a proportional growth of products K and L, so that the marginal rate of their technical substitution when moving to the origin of coordinates remains constant. At the same time, the slope of the isoquant does not change; it only shifts parallel to itself under the influence of technical progress (Fig. 23.4).

Rice. 23.4. Neutral type of technical progress

G.S. Bechkanov, G.P. Bechkanova