Due to the longevity of goat's rue and the long period of economic use of its crops, areas for it should be selected outside of crop rotations.
The best predecessors for goat's rue are row crops, to which organic and mineral fertilizers were applied. It can also be cultivated after grain crops, as well as various mixtures grown for green fodder and silage.
The tillage system depends on the predecessor and the structural features of the soil profile. On soddy-podzolic soils, plowing is carried out to the depth of the arable layer, and the subsoil layers are loosened with subsoilers. On chernozems and other types of soil, moldboard plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm is advisable.
If goat's rue is sown after grain or row crops, then the plowed land is plowed after the harvesting of these predecessors. If the predecessors are annual forage crops harvested early for green fodder, then plowing is carried out after harvesting and the field is maintained in a fallow state until goat's rue is sowed.
For plowing on soddy-podzolic soils, 50-70 t/ha of manure and 80-150 t/ha are applied. A mandatory step should be liming the soil to ensure full hydrolytic acidity.
In spring, cultivation is carried out with harrowing.
On heavy soils After this, shallow plowing is carried out; on medium loamy soils, deep cultivation is carried out. N 60 is added for pre-sowing cultivation. When sowing on a smooth surface, roll the soil to level it. To effectively control weeds, sowing is carried out on ridges with row spacing of 70 cm.
The best sowing time is spring when the soil warms up to 6...7°C. On soils that are free from weeds, sowing is carried out in a row method, which ensures the highest yield of green mass. Most often, sowing is carried out in a wide-row manner with row spacings of 45-60 cm, and to increase the yield of crops, improve the palatability and silageability of green mass, cereal components are sown in the row spacings.
Before sowing, scarification is carried out, and on the day of sowing, inoculation is carried out.
The seed sowing rate for the wide-row sowing method is 20-25 kg/ha, for the row sowing method it is 25-30. Cereal components are sown between goat's rue rows at the rate of 50-60% of the full norm. Sowing depth is 1.5-2 cm.
After sowing, rolling is carried out.
After sowing, seedlings appear quickly, but at first they grow slowly and are easily drowned out by weeds. Therefore, 10-15 days after their appearance, when the plants reach a height of 3-4 cm, the first cultivation is carried out, the second cultivation is carried out 20-25 days later. Subsequent cultivations are carried out as the weeds grow.
At the end of summer, fertilizing (RF) is carried out with 45-60.
The cereal component is sown in different times, but not earlier than after two cultivations.
In the second and subsequent years, in the spring and after mowing, the row spacing of pure crops is treated with a cultivator, and joint crops are harrowed. Fertilizers are used mainly phosphorus-potassium, and in case of poor plant development, nitrogen fertilizers are used. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied only in the spring and after the first mowing.
The maximum yield of green mass is formed in the full flowering phase, but the greatest protein collection is obtained when harvesting at the beginning of flowering. If mowed too early, the goat's rue is thinned out, so it is advisable to make the first cut for green fodder no earlier than the budding phase. When mowing for the first time, the cutting height of the plants should be 8-10 cm, which ensures rapid regrowth and has a positive effect on the size of the regrowth crop. The aftertaste is mowed at a height of 6-8 cm. Under good conditions, its yield reaches 40% of total value. The waste must be removed no later than 3-4 weeks before the end of the growing season.
Seeds are obtained starting from the second or third year of plant life. For seed purposes, special seed plots are laid with a wide-row sowing method and a seed sowing rate of 15-20 kg/ha.
The application of organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to seed plots is an indispensable condition for increasing yields and improving the sowing qualities of seeds. During the years of seed use, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in moderate doses, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in slightly higher doses. At the same time, plant development and seed ripening occur 3-5 days faster compared to forage crops. The seeds are harvested when 75-80% of the beans are brown. The beans begin to crack 15-20 days after ripening. Remove separately. Standard seed moisture is 13-14%.
Seed germination in good conditions lasts 5-8 years. But for sowing it is better to use freshly harvested seeds or those that have been stored for a short time.
In Russia, the Galega variety, bred by the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, is more often used.
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Classmates
Growing oriental goat's rue
Eastern goat's rue has a very high rate of spring development and produces green food before winter rye.
The first mowing of eastern goat's rue can be carried out in the phase of stemming, budding or the beginning of flowering. The second cutting must be done two weeks before the end of the growing season.
In the conditions of the region, until the completion of the study of mowing regimes in the Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, for the purpose of long-term use of goat's rue grass stands and a more uniform supply of forage over the years, a double-cut regime of its use should be practiced.
Place of goat's rue in crop rotation
Due to the long-term use of eastern goat's rue, it is advisable to place it only in forage crop rotations and in cleared areas.
When choosing a site for goat's rue, preference should be given to fertile, loose, permeable soils with a humus content of at least 3%, with a slightly acidic or better neutral reaction of the soil solution, which will contribute to the intensive formation of nodules.
The best predecessors of eastern goat's rue are winter grains and row crops.
You should not cultivate goat's rue after sunflower, corn for grain, sugar and fodder beets, perennial and annual legumes, Sudanese and Columbus grass.
Soil preparation
The basic preparation of the soil for eastern goat's rue should ensure maximum destruction of weeds, accumulation of moisture, nutrients, good incorporation of crushed crop residues, manure, fine-lumpy soil structure and leveling of its surface.
The first traditional tillage operation is to peel the field to a depth of 6-8 cm after harvesting the predecessor in order to preserve “shadow moisture”, destroy vegetative weeds, preventing them from being seeded, and provoke the germination of carrion and weed seeds.
After peeling, when rosettes of root shoot weeds appear, treat with plowshare plows to a depth of 12-14 cm or with anti-erosion cultivators KPE-3.6, or, in extreme cases, with heavy disc harrows.
In fields heavily infested with root shoot weeds, it is advisable to treat the field with the herbicide 2.4 D (amine salt 2-2.5 kg a.i. per ha) or Roundup (4 kg a.i. per ha) when weed rosettes reappear, and then , after two to three weeks, if fertilizers are available, apply them and plow to a depth of 25-27 cm or to the depth of the arable layer. It is more advisable to plow with a flat cutter, which allows you to avoid dumps and collapses, reduce the cost of their elimination, reduce feed losses during harvesting and ensure high productivity of agricultural machines and implements.
In fields relatively free from root weeds, plowing is carried out at an earlier date. Erosion-free areas are leveled in the fall after plowing with one or two cultivations using steam or anti-erosion cultivators.
In early spring, the soil is leveled with VIP-5.6 or trains with medium toothed and seed harrows, and in clean fields it remains in this condition until sowing. This helps to provoke the germination of weeds and their destruction by pre-sowing cultivation.
In fields where leveling was not carried out in the fall and they were overgrown with carrion and weeds, early in the spring after leveling they carry out cultivation and, without allowing a gap in time, rolling with heavy rollers.
Pre-sowing cultivation when sowing without cover to the minimum possible depth, and when sowing under cover - to the depth of planting the seeds of the cover crop, is carried out using USMK-5.4 cultivators with razor paws in a unit with trains or leveling bars.
On weed-free, leveled fields, VNIISR harrows can be used for pre-sowing cultivation.
If pre-sowing cultivation with simultaneous rolling was carried out on the field and for some reason sowing was not carried out in a timely manner and weeds appeared, in hot, dry, windy weather it is advisable to replace pre-sowing cultivation with harrowing with seed harrows with simultaneous rolling with heavy rollers.
Fertilizers
Oriental goat's rue, as a high-yielding forage crop, removes a large amount of nutrients from the soil with 1 ton of dry matter: nitrogen - 30 kg, phosphorus - 5 and potassium - 21 kg. Therefore, it is demanding on soil fertility.
Organic fertilizers (20-30 t/ha) are applied during autumn plowing of the previous crop or directly before sowing goat's rue.
When applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, they proceed from the planned yield of the eastern goat's rue and the availability of soil nutrients or take average rate(90 kg/ha). To obtain high yields, it is advisable to apply P90K120-180 annually. Acidic soils are limed. Lime standards are set based on total hydrolytic acidity. The nitrogen requirement of oriental goat's rue is met by 40-80% due to symbiotic nitrogen fixation with soil acidity close to neutral, good aeration and moisture supply, the presence of a sufficient number of nodules on the roots and sufficient supply of nutrients.
Apply 30-60 kg a.i. nitrogen per hectare should be provided if at the beginning of growth in spring the plants are “chlorotic”, that is, they have a light green color, grow slowly due to the fact that there is not enough mobile nitrogen in the soil, and the nodules begin to “work” only at the end of July - early August.
Old-growth crops need fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers if, 8-10 days after the start of the growing season, nodules are still not on the roots or they do not “work” (they have a light green or gray color instead of pink or red).
Preparing seeds for sowing
It should be borne in mind that some of the goat's rue seeds have a shell that is difficult to permeate to water and air and does not sprout in the year of sowing.
In some years, such seeds can be over 60%. Therefore, if a batch of seeds contains more than 10% solid, they are scarified using scarifiers SKS-1, SKS-2, SKS-30, K-0.5 or passed 2-3 times through a clover grinder, having previously adjusted it so that it does not crush seeds.
In the absence of these machines, scarify by rubbing the seeds with 3-5 circular movements between two sanding sheets.
After scarification, you need to check the seeds for germination.
It must be remembered that scarified seeds quickly lose their viability, and therefore it is better to scarify them no earlier than 20-30 days before sowing.
Mandatory agrotechnical methods for preparing Oriental goat's rue seeds for sowing should be dressing and inoculation. To prevent infection of plants with diseases during the growing season, its seeds are treated a month before sowing using a dry method or with moistening (5-10 liters of water per 1 ton of seeds) in PSSh-5, PS-10 "Mobitox" machines, and in their absence - manually .
TMTD, 80% wetting powder with a consumption rate per ton of seeds of 2.4-3.2 kg a.i. is used as disinfectants. or tigam, 70% pp. 2.1-2.8 kg a.i. Treatment with preparations less toxic to root nodule bacteria - Fundazol, BMK and others made on the basis of benomyl - can be combined with treatment with rhizotorphin on the day of sowing.
Seed inoculation is a mandatory agricultural practice that promotes the development of a large number of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria and, as a result, normal growth and development of plants and the production of a high yield of seeds and green mass of goat's rue with an increase in protein content.
Goat's rue seeds are processed only with goat's rue-specific rhizotorphin in a semi-dry method, for which it is best to moisten each hectare portion of seeds with water, skim milk or whey (at the rate of 2-3% by weight of the seeds) and mix well, then spread the seeds into a layer of 20-30 cm and evenly add rhizotorphin and mix thoroughly again. The treated seeds must be slightly dried until they flow and sown.
Rizotorfin is stored in a dark, dry room (or in a dry basement) separately from pesticides at a temperature of 3-15 C.
To increase the symbiotic activity of nodule bacteria, it is advisable, simultaneously with inoculation, to treat seeds with molybdenum at the rate of 150 g of molybdenum acid ammonium per hectare seeding rate.
At the same time, molybdenum fertilizer is dissolved in 0.5 liters of water, and the required amount of rhizotorphin is added to this solution; ready suspension process the seeds.
Doses of rhizotorphin vary depending on the rate of seed sowing. When sowing 10 kg of seeds, 100 grams of rhizotorphin from the All-Russian Research Institute of Agriculture of Microbiology is sufficient, and at higher rates - about 20-30 kg - from 200 to 300 grams.
Treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin is carried out under a canopy or indoors in order to prevent sunlight from reaching the treated seeds. They should not be exposed to sunlight even during sowing. If absolutely necessary, the seeder box can be opened from the side on which the open cover of the seeder protects the seeds from sunlight.
Do not process the seeds required for sowing for the day in one go. If the crops are converted (due to weather conditions or technical malfunctions of the sowing unit), they will have to be treated with rhizotorphin again the next day, since the bacteria live no more than a day, and according to some data - only 9 hours.
It should be borne in mind that when sowing goat's rue, herbicides can be added to the soil no later than 7 days before sowing so as not to destroy nitrogen-fixing bacteria. When sowing under cover, it is advisable to treat the seeds of the cover crop (not goat's rue) due to the fact that they are sown deeper than goat's rue seeds, and therefore the conditions for the life of bacteria will be more favorable. The norm of rhizotorphin is 600 g per hectare.
Dates, methods of sowing and seeding rates
The timing of sowing of eastern goat's rue largely determines field germination, growth rates, development and overwintering of plants.
It is believed that 120 days of growing season are required for the formation of root shoots and overwintering buds, on which the overwintering and regrowth of eastern goat's rue plants next spring depends.
Despite almost the same yield and fodder productivity (sowing dates from May 10 to June 19), it is necessary to sow eastern goat's rue mainly in the first ten days of May, which annually guarantees the timely receipt of full, friendly shoots and, as a result, good yield and productivity.
Summer sowing of goat's rue, if necessary, should be carried out in the first ten days or, in extreme cases, in the second ten days of June.
Later sowing dates are unacceptable.
The main method of sowing eastern goat's rue should be coverless.
Oriental goat's rue can also be sown under cover. At the same time, although the economic efficiency of using arable land due to the cover crop increases, as a rule, the productivity of goat's rue decreases. This is due to the fact that any cover crop suppresses its plants to one degree or another, which leads to their thinning. To form a good grass stand equal to coverless sowing, it takes from one to four years of use.
It takes several years for a full-fledged grass stand to form. Often such crops are plowed.
The sowing of goat's rue in lightened rows of spring wheat for grain, spring rape, white mustard, and conventional row sowing of white sweet clover deserves production testing in small areas. The two-year-old white sweet clover weakly shades the goat's rue and falls out by the end of the second year of life.
Sowing methods - ordinary row (15 cm) and wide-row (45 cm) - depending on sowing under cover or without cover, have different effects on the yield and productivity of eastern goat's rue.
When under cover sowing, no significant difference was found between sowing methods in terms of green mass yield and feed productivity. The difference in favor of conventional row sowing, taking into account the performance of the cover crop, was only 0.1%; 2.9 and 2.4%, and without taking it into account -0.2%; 3% and 2.4% respectively.
It should be noted that wide-row sowing with both methods of planting eastern goat's rue crops for food can be used for 2-4 years for seed production.
The yield of green mass and the productivity of eastern goat's rue depends not only on sowing methods, but also on seeding rates. At the same time, the highest rates are provided by seeding rates of four and three million viable seeds per hectare.
Conventional seedless sowing with a sowing rate of 1 million seeds was inferior in terms of green mass yield by 1.8 -4.4%, and in terms of the collection of feed units and digestible protein it was on the same level as sowing rates of 3 and 4 million seeds per hectare.
When undercover sowing of 1 million viable seeds per hectare, increases in the collection of feed units from 4.1 to 7.7%, digestible protein - from 3.2 to 5.6% were obtained compared to other seeding rates.
To obtain higher yields of green mass and productivity, it is necessary to sow 3 million in the first two to three years of use.
seeds per hectare.
It is irrational to sow four million viable seeds per hectare due to the fact that the additional consumption of seeds does not justify the slight increase in green mass yield and productivity compared to three million.
Oriental goat's rue provides the highest yield and productivity in single-species crops. However, it can also be sown in a mixture with other crops, in particular with alfalfa or awnless rump. The highest dry mass yield (34.08 t/ha) was provided by a mixture of eastern goat's rue and alfalfa.
Such crops should be practiced to create long-term legume-bluegrass agrophytocenoses in order to obtain feed with a more favorable sugar-protein ratio.
Sowing eastern goat's rue in single-species crops with a wide-row sowing method is best done with vegetable seeders SO-4.2, CH-4.2, and with conventional row sowing - SZT-3.6.
The optimal seeding depth is 2 cm. It is important that the seeds are sown on a dense, moist bed. Therefore, it is imperative to roll the soil before and after sowing, avoiding a large gap in time between cultivation, sowing and rolling.
Crop care
Oriental goat's rue seeds need a lot of moisture to germinate. Considering their shallow embedding and the rapid drying of the seed layer of soil, for better contact with moist soil, the crops are rolled with heavy, preferably ribbed rollers.
After precipitation, a soil crust often forms, preventing the emergence of seedlings, which is destroyed with ring-spur rollers at a tractor speed of 4 - 8 km per hour.
After germination, eastern goat's rue grows slowly for 40-50 days and, when sown without cover, is strongly inhibited by weeds.
Cover crops, while suppressing the growth of weeds, also suppress goat's rue plants, so they should be harvested as early as possible.
Weed control is carried out mechanically and by chemical means. On wide-row crops, as soon as the rows are clearly defined, inter-row cultivation is carried out, and then it is repeated as weeds appear or a soil crust forms.
In the absence of herbicides on conventional row and even wide-row coverless crops, after the goat's rue emerges from the cover, the weeds are mowed with KSK-100, E-280 and other machines without damaging the goat's rue plants. The cut mass must be immediately removed from the field.
If herbicides are present, weed control is carried out chemicals. The use of a soil herbicide with chemical weeding on goat's rue seedlings in the 3-5 leaf phase ensures the destruction of 80-90% of the weeds.
Herbicides are applied before sowing with boom sprayers and immediately incorporated into the soil by cultivation or harrowing with simultaneous rolling with rollers.
You should pay attention to the organization of spraying work.
It is carried out on a windless hike or at a wind speed of no more than 4 m/s.
The sprayer boom should be in a horizontal position, 50 cm from the soil surface, and the spray tips should be clean and have normal holes.
The application rate of eradican is 4 kg/ha of active substance, treflan is 1 kg/ha of active substance, eptam is 2 kg/ha of active substance, working solution consumption is 400 l/ha.
The effect of the above herbicides decreases after 40-45 days. Therefore, in the phase of the beginning of stemming of the eastern goat's rue in the first year of life, chemical weeding is carried out: a mixture of 2.4 DM and basagran at a dose of 1 + 0.5 kg/ha a.i. in this case, 94% of the weeds die.
To destroy creeping wheatgrass, goat's rue crops are selectively treated with fusilate (0.5 - 1.0 kg/ha a.i.). Chernobyl and wormwood must be promptly mowed near the forest belts where they grow, and goat's rue crops infested with these weeds should be used only for the production of feed.
In wide-row crops, early in the spring the row spacing is loosened and, if necessary, fed with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.
When the soil matures in the spring, to enhance its aeration and preserve moisture, harrowing is carried out with heavy toothed harrows, and then scoring with BIG-3. After mowing, in order to loosen the loss of green mass, harrowing with heavy toothed harrows should be carried out no later than 2-3 days.
Great damage to goat's rue crops is caused by moles and mice, which gnaw at the root system, as a result of which some of the plants die.
In addition, moles form heaps of soil, which leads to contamination of the forage mass during harvesting, increases yield losses due to higher cutting of goat's rue, and also reduces the productivity of forage harvesting machines.
Mice must be destroyed by placing grain treated or treated with zoocoumarin into burrows; moles are destroyed manually or mole traps are used.
Using oriental goat's rue for food
The herbage of the eastern goat's rue significantly affects the subsequent growth and development of plants, their safety and level of productivity over the years of use.
Frequent mowing depletes the root system, as it shortens the period of accumulation of nutrients in underground organs, as a result of which new underground shoots do not form and wintering buds do not form.
The first mowing of oriental goat's rue can be carried out in the phase of stemming, budding or the beginning of flowering.
When harvested in the stemming or budding phase, the green mass is used for feeding or preparing high-quality grass meal, grass cuttings, and granules.
Harvesting at the beginning of flowering allows you to prepare high-quality hay, haylage or silage with the addition of plants containing the amount of sugar or preservatives necessary for silage.
The mowing height of goat's rue plants in the first mowing should be 10 cm from the soil surface. At the last mowing in the fall -12-15 cm, which contributes to a large accumulation of snow in winter.
It is unacceptable to mow eastern goat's rue below 10 cm, as this leads to loss of plants.
It should be remembered that frequent mowing of goat's rue during the stalking phase leads to a significant thinning of the grass stands the following year, and such crops were often plowed over on farms in the region.
Severely thinned goat's rue grass stands due to their irrational use (frequent mowing during the stemming phase or for other reasons) should not be plowed, and in order to restore them, it is better to leave them for 1-2 years for seed purposes or, in extreme cases, the first mowing should be carried out for food in the full flowering phase, and remove the aftergrowth no earlier than October 15-20 after the end of the growing season so that the plants accumulate enough nutrients for regrowth next year.
You should not mow the remnant in August, when goat's rue growth is often depressed, as well as in the period from September 15 to October 15-20.
In the conditions of the Region, until the completion of the study of mowing regimes in the Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, in order to ensure the long-term use of goat's rue grass stands and a more uniform supply of feed mass over the years, a double-cut regime of its use should be practiced.
Oriental goat's rue is a good and nutritious green fodder, makes good hay, and is also a good component for making silage.
Oriental goat's rue is an extremely valuable legume crop. At the Grodno Zonal Institute of Agriculture for 12 years, its yield was at the level of 500-700 c/ha of green mass. Productive longevity of goat's rue, high quality feed, the possibility of versatile use (green feed, haylage, silage, hay, grass meal), not complicated seed production are attractive to producers. However, goat's rue spreads very slowly. The first failure to grow it reduces interest in it, and failures most often occur due to ignorance of the goat's rue biology and non-compliance with scientific recommendations. Any deviations from recommended agricultural practices, such as placement on poor, highly acidic soils, sowing with unscarified or uninoculated seeds, or suppression of crops by weeds in the first year of life, may be the reason for the low productivity of eastern goat's rue.
Oriental goat's rue (oriental galega) is a perennial plant of the legume family. The proportion of leaves in the green mass is 60-75%. 100 kg of green mass contains 20-28 feed. units, 3-3.5 kg of digestible protein, in the same amount of silage and hay - 20-22 and 56-60 feed, respectively. units Due to the lack of sugar in plants, this crop in its pure form does not ensile well, so 20-25% of the green mass of cereal grasses should be added to the silage.
The highest digestibility of nutrients is in the phase of stemming and the beginning of flowering. In addition to silage, the green mass of goat's rue is a good raw material for the preparation of silage, hay, grass meal, protein and vitamin concentrate for all types of farm animals and poultry.
Unlike clover, the leaves of the oriental goat's rue do not fall off when dried, which makes it possible to prepare high-quality hay. But to obtain high-quality silage, it is necessary to use preservatives.
The yield of green mass of eastern goat's rue is 300-750, hay - 70-170 c/ha.
The root system is taproot, well developed, penetrates the soil to a depth of 60-70 cm. The plants grow in the form of a bush, consisting of a large number of stems 100-140 cm high. The inflorescence is a raceme, the fruit is a bean 2-4 cm long. Weight is 1000 seeds - 5-9 g. Seed yield - 150-200 kg/ha, and when favorable conditions are created it reaches 5-6 c/ha. Spring frosts do little damage to plants; in the fall they vegetate until the temperature reaches +4-5°C.
At the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, studies were carried out (A. S. Kurak, M. V. Baranovsky, I. K. Slesarev) on the influence of the eastern goat's rue on physiological state and cow productivity. In the experiment there were three groups of lactating cows of 10 heads each. The duration of the experiment was 88 days. The control group was kept on the basic diet adopted on the farm. In the 1st experimental group, in the structure of the main diet, 8.9% in terms of nutritional value was made up of herbal meal from oriental goat's rue; in the 2nd group, its share accounted for 13.3%. The introduction of eastern goat's rue into the diet of cows had positive influence on the metabolic processes of the body. Leaked better protein metabolism. The content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in cows increased. The introduction of grass meal from oriental goat's rue into the diet instead of part of the feed had a positive effect on the milk productivity of cows. The fat content in milk in the 1st experimental group was higher than in the control group by 0.20%, and in the 2nd experimental group by 0.32%. It was concluded that the introduction of grass meal from the oriental goat's rue into the diet of experimental cows in an amount of 2-3 kg per head per day not only allows replacing part of the grain feed in compound feed, but also has a positive effect on the physiological state, chemical and vitamin composition milk, milk productivity.
The same institute studied (T.N. Skoblya, I.K. Slesarev) the feed value of grass meal from. goat's rue in experiments with bulls. The experiment used young cattle aged 1-2 months. The duration of fattening is 153 days. The control and two experimental groups consisted of 10 animals each. It has been established that replacing 15 and 30% of the feed in terms of nutritional value with grass meal from oriental goat's rue also gives encouraging results. At the same time, the indicators of rumen digestion and digestibility of dietary nutrients improve. The increase in live weight of bull calves increases by 14-21 /about.
High advantages of the feed have been established when using goat's rue for hay and haylage.
Agricultural technology. Oriental goat's rue is demanding on soil fertility. When plowing this crop, 50-70 tons of manure and 90-150 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied. The soil must be well-calmed. Immediately before sowing, 60-90 kg/ha are applied. nitrogen. The soil is rolled before and after sowing.
Goat's rue has up to 45-50% hard seeds, which do not sprout in the year of sowing. If the testes are harvested manually, then the number of such seeds can be up to 95%. Therefore, a mandatory method of pre-sowing seed treatment is their scarification, which is carried out using scarifiers SKS-1, SKS-2, SKS-30. For these. For this purpose, you can also use a clover grater. Scarification is carried out 2 months before sowing. About a month before sowing, the seeds are treated with one of the following preparations: TMTD p. n. - 2.4-3.2 kg a.v., TMTD + heptachlor - 1.8-2.4 kg, fentiuram-mobdat - 1.9-2.5 kg. tigam - 2.1-2.8 kg l. V. per 1 ton of seeds. In addition, inoculation of seeds with rhizotorphin is a very effective and mandatory technique. Without infecting them with nodule bacteria, which ensure the supply of nitrogen to plants from the air, the yield of goat's rue can be 2-2.5 times lower than with seed inoculation. Goat's rue plants that lack nodules are stunted in growth and development and have a light green color.
When inoculating, you need to use rhizotorphin, designed specifically for goat's rue. Bacteria intended for other legumes do not work on goat's rue and their use is useless. On the day of sowing, rhizotorfin is poured onto the seeds, previously moistened with water, and mixed thoroughly. For better flowability, the seeds are slightly dried before sowing. If they are not sown on the day of treatment with rizotorphin, then it is repeated on the day when sowing is carried out. In the case where rizotorphin is absent, it is recommended to inoculate as follows: 1) from old-growth sowing of goat's rue, take small roots with nodules at the rate of 150-200 g per hectare seed sowing rate, grind in a mortar, dilute with water and the seeds are moistened with this solution before sowing, 2) 4 kg of soil with small roots to nodules are taken from the same plantations and thoroughly mixed with the seeds.
Seeds are sown in the spring at the same time as early spring grains. When sown later, the plants do not have time to form wintering buds and overwinter poorly. In the experiments of the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, plants sown in May overwintered by 95-100%, when sown at the end of July - by 52.5%, in August - 12.8%. Therefore, it is recommended to sow goat's rue at the end of April - the first ten days of May. The best way sowing - coverless. When overseeded under spring grains and other crops, the goat's rue is suppressed, as a result of which the overwintering of plants sharply worsens.
The yield of coverless crops in the first year of life is low - 100-130 c/ha of green mass, but thanks to good development They overwinter plants normally and provide consistently high yields in subsequent years. It should be borne in mind that early mowing of plants in their first year of life can cause their death in winter period. Therefore, it should be carried out no earlier than October.
The row spacing when sowing is 15-30 cm, the seed sowing rate in pure form is 30-40 kg per hectare, when mixed with perennial cereal grasses it is 14-16 kg/ha. It is recommended to sow the cereal component in mixtures at the rate of: timothy and canary grass - 5-6 kg/ha, meadow fescue - 8-10 kg/ha, awnless brome - 6 kg/ha. However, pure crops of goat's rue are more productive in terms of dry matter and protein collection. Seed placement depth is 1-2 cm on cohesive soils and up to 3 cm on light soils.
Among the measures for caring for crops in the first year of life, the main one is to protect them from weeds that choke out the goat's rue in the first 2-3 months of the growing season. To destroy weeds, it is recommended to use eradican 6E, 72% e.e. before sowing at a dose of 5 kg/ha, alirox, 80% ae. — 5 kg or niptan 80% e.e. - 5 kg per hectare. with immediate sealing with a cultivator. Considering that the effect of eradican is 1-1.5 months. after application, it falls and new weeds appear, the goat's rue is re-treated with a mixture of herbicides 2,4-DM and bazagran (1.0+0.5 kg/ha a.i.). This set of herbicides in combination with inter-row treatments makes it possible to keep eastern goat's rue crops in a pure form. In the absence of herbicides. It is necessary to carry out work to clear the field of weeds before sowing, semi-steam processing of plowed land, and spring cultivation. In addition, mowing of weeds that have outgrown the goat's rue plants is used. In wide-row crops, row spacing is treated.
At normal development plants and their sufficient density, oriental goat's rue itself suppresses weeds well. In the second and subsequent years, in the spring and after the first mowing, fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is carried out at the rate of 60 kg/ha a.i.
Oriental goat's rue reacts negatively to frequent mowing. Even with three mowings in one growing season, the grass stand thins out and its durability decreases. In experiments with three-time mowing in the first two years, the yield was slightly higher than with two-time mowing, but in the third year the dry matter collection decreased by 27.6% and amounted to 76 c/ha versus 105 n/ha with two mowings. Cutting height during the first mowing about 10 cm, with the second - 10-12 cm. The last mowing is best done at the end of the growing season.
Growing for seeds. When growing for seeds, it is better to apply organic fertilizers under the previous crop to avoid excessive accumulation of green mass. The seeding rate is set at the rate of 7-10 kg of seeds per hectare, the sowing method is wide-row (45-60 cm). If necessary, forage crops can also be used for seeds. Care of crops is reduced to inter-row loosening to destroy weeds. The length of the growing season from spring regrowth to seed ripening ranges from 85 to 110 days. The first cutting is usually used for seeds and removed when 90-100% of the beans have browned, although the vegetative mass may be green at this time. When seeds ripen quickly and in dry weather, harvesting with combines is carried out at a high cut (40-60 cm), which reduces the load on the combine thresher. If the weather is unfavorable, it is advisable to desiccate the crops at a rate of 3-4 l/ha. Already a week after spraying with Reglon, the humidity of the vegetative mass is reduced to 45-47%.
Areas with unfriendly seed ripening can also be harvested separately. During the first pass of the combine, the ripest seeds are threshed and the mass is placed in windrows. After it dries and the seeds ripen, they are threshed by the second pass of the combine with a pick-up. During the first pass of the combine, the drum of the threshing apparatus should operate at reduced speed - 700-800 minutes, during the second - 1300 minutes. The threshed seeds are immediately pre-cleaned, then dried by active ventilation to a moisture content of 13-14%.
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Legumes are the most reliable source cheap plant protein and raw materials for preparing winter feed, as well as a means for maintaining and restoring soil fertility in conditions of limited resource supply. Therefore, scientists recommend increasing the area under perennial legumes to 40%, and their mixtures with cereal grasses to 40-45%. One of the most interesting and promising plants in forage production is the eastern goat's rue (Galega L).
Marina Lavrentievna Puzyreva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat, consultant of the Agricultural Center of the Tomsk Region for crop production, told Agrovestnik about the agrotechnical methods of its cultivation:
-How many years have you been raising goats and what results have you achieved?
- We started working on this culture 15 years ago. During this time, a technology has been developed for growing this crop for feed and seeds in our climatic conditions. Its role in maintaining soil fertility and as a precursor for other crops in crop rotation, in particular wheat, oats, barley, and fodder millet, has been studied. Today, three experimental plots have been sown with eastern goat's rue, and research is underway on the use of biological products and growth regulators. The goat's rue grows beautifully and does not freeze. Last year's yield was in the range of 450-500 centners per hectare per cutting. (For comparison, the yield of clover under the same conditions is 1.5 - 2 times less).
This year, by June 15, the goat's rue had reached a height of 60 centimeters and entered the budding phase, that is, it was quite ready for harvesting.
- What is the feed value of goat’s rue, what are its advantages over other herbs?
Goat's rue is highly nutritious. A kilogram of green mass contains up to 0.23 feed units. 1 feed unit accounts for 163.213 g of digestible protein (in clover, respectively, up to 0.18 feed units and 126,166 g of digestible protein). The concentration of metabolic energy is 10-11 MJ/kg of dry matter. Protein contains all the necessary essential amino acids; it is a universal culture - used for preparing all types of winter feed.
The first cutting is consistently high, due to the use of accumulated moisture in the autumn-winter period. The plant is resistant to technological stress and has its own raw material niche - it reaches ripeness by mid-June, that is, before clover, sainfoin and alfalfa by 2 or even 3 weeks. Goat's rue quickly forms the after-growth of mowing ripeness; with good rainfall, the harvest is not lower than the first mowing.
In addition, goat's rue has a high specific gravity of leaves (54-65%) and they do not fall off when dried . A after harvesting the seeds, goat's rue can be used as additional source roughage because the leaves and stems remain green.
-In terms of economic impact, how profitable is this crop?
The costs of cultivating goat's rue for 4-5 years (compared to clover for the same period) are 2.5-3 times lower due to the fact that there is no need to annually expend effort on basic, pre-sowing tillage and sowing. According to our colleagues from the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, 100 feed units of goat's rue hay are 37% cheaper than those made from other perennial grasses. At the same time, a ton of digestible protein is 56% cheaper. Goat's rue is widely used in Bashkiria, Penza and Samara regions. There it is a strategic crop; the food supply is largely based on it. As a result, in these regions, the milk productivity of cows whose diet included goat's rue increased by 6-13%, and feed costs for milk production decreased: by feed units by 7-13%; in terms of metabolic energy - by 3-14%. In fattening bulls, the average daily weight gain increased by a quarter, while feed consumption decreased by 11-16%.
- These are data from other regions, but in our farms goat’s rue is used as a fodder crop?
- At one time, about 10 farms purchased seeds from us. We tried to grow them at ZAO Dubrovskoye, SPK Nelyubino, ZAO Agroholding Tomskoe Moloko and others. But, apparently, not everyone was able to master this culture. Unfortunately, research papers goat's rue is not carried out on farms, so we do not have objective data for the Tomsk region. The most annoying thing is that at all meetings and seminars we call on farm managers to respond and talk about the results of introducing culture, whatever they may be - good or bad.
- Why do you think goat’s rue is poorly introduced on farms?
In our opinion, the reason is that farm managers and agronomists do not know the biological characteristics of the crop and many agrotechnical requirements for sowing, growing and harvesting are not met. And when faced with difficulties, business executives are in no hurry to turn to specialists for help and, without hesitation, make a verdict - plow up! As a result, the culture is labeled “worthless”, “bad”.
How does he relate to growing conditions?
Goat's rue is a very light-loving crop and reacts negatively to shading, especially in the first 40-50 days after emergence. Therefore, it is not recommended to sow it under cover - this leads to sharp decline productivity. For the same reason, in the year of sowing it weakly competes with weeds and this must be taken into account when choosing a field and predecessor, and also, if possible, provide for the use of soil or emerging herbicides for coverless sowing.
Goat's rue is a moisture-loving crop, but at the same time it is quite drought-resistant; in relation to moisture it occupies an intermediate position between clover and alfalfa. Tolerates short-term spring flooding, but does not tolerate close standing groundwater and heavy, floating soils. Grows well on fairly loose, permeable soils with a slightly acidic and neutral reaction (pH 5.2-7): on chernozems, gray forest soils, soddy-podzolic soils, on reclaimed peatlands.
- Are there any specifics in the preparation of seeds and in the sowing itself?
Like other legumes, goat's rue has a certain percentage of hard seeds, so scarification is considered a mandatory technique. In experiments at the Tomsk State Agricultural Plant, scarification increased the laboratory germination of seeds by 40-45%. But without a scarifier, this operation is difficult to carry out for a large volume of seeds. Our seeds are already adapted to local conditions and show good germination even without such treatment.
Leguminous plants satisfy the main need for nitrogen due to legume-rhizobia symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, therefore inoculation of seeds with specific strains of nodule bacteria increases the adaptive potential of plants, their viability and competitiveness. In our experiments, the increase in green mass from seed inoculation with rhizotorphin was 8.4 t/ha in the first year of use, and 5-6 t/ha in subsequent years.
Scarification can be carried out no earlier than 15-20 days before sowing, and inoculation is carried out immediately before sowing or in the evening before sowing. Inoculated seeds should be protected from direct sunlight to prevent bacteria from dying.
The seeds of goat's rue are small, the weight of 1 thousand seeds is only 6-7 g, so sowing should be carried out on well-prepared, leveled soil. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out using KPS-4 cultivators in combination with harrows to a depth of 6-7 cm, combining it with the incorporation of soil herbicides. A mandatory agricultural practice is rolling the soil with ring rollers before and after sowing. The seeding depth is 1.5-2, but not more than 3 cm. It is advisable to sow with special seeders with anchor coulters, adapted for sowing small grass seeds. These are NWT-3.6, SO-4.2., SLT-3.6, SPU-4.
- If goat’s rue can grow in one place for many years, then how does it fit into crop rotations?
Because Goat's rue is distinguished by its longevity, then it is placed on the hatching fields of field and forage crop rotations for 4-5 years, like alfalfa, as well as on field plots with use for 8 or more years.
- Is it necessary to apply fertilizer for sowing?
As for fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of up to 60 kg a.m./ha are applied only to uninoculated goat's rue as a starting dose or 10-12 days after the start of regrowth in the spring on the grass of the second and subsequent years of life. The introduction of mineral nitrogen under the inoculated goat's rue is not advisable, because Nitrogen-fixing bacteria react poorly to it. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are usually added to the reserve for 3-4 years at the rate of 30-35 and 25-30 kg a.i./ha annually. After this period annual rate applied randomly for spring harrowing. This is, of course, ideal. Usually, on farms, they are not applied at all to perennial grasses due to the shortage of simple fertilizers and their high cost. Yes, in fact, leguminous grasses themselves are nitrogen accumulators and soil improvers.
- Are there differences in sowing technology when growing for feed or for seeds?
For fodder purposes, goat's rue is sown with row spacing of 15 or 30 cm, with a seeding rate of 2 million viable seeds, which is approximately 15-20 kg/ha, taking into account germination. Considering that the goat's rue subsequently thickens, the second method is preferable. Wide-row crops with row spacing of 60-75 cm are 23-26% less productive and uneconomical, because require additional costs for inter-row processing.
For seeds, wide-row crops (60-75 cm) with a seeding rate of 0.4-0.6 million/ha (3-6 kg/ha) are preferable - in this case, energy consumption for each kg of seeds is 44% less than in ordinary seeds crops. The average seed yield with wide-row sowing is 4.0-4.5 c/ha, which is 43% higher than with row sowing and 25% higher with row spacing of 30 cm.
- And yet: if goat’s rue usually does not produce a large harvest in the year of sowing, what if you make up for this with a cover crop harvest - green mass or grain?
Studies have shown the inappropriateness of undercover crops. Grain crops, especially barley, have an extremely negative effect on the growth, development and safety of plants in sowing. The cover crop yield does not compensate for losses in subsequent years, because Even in the 3rd and 4th year of life, goat's rue grown under the cover of wheat, oats and barley was inferior in yield to coverless crops by an average of 38, 49, and 62%. When sown under cover, seeds are obtained only in the 3rd year of life of the goat's rue, and the energy cost of the seeds increases by 32-97%. Therefore, if your goal is to create a highly productive grass stand, then it is better to sow without cover, in any case, not to use grains for this, especially for grain. Although many scientific institutions recommend sowing barley with a reduced seeding rate, but with the condition of early harvesting of barley for feed. But even in this case, crop productivity is significantly reduced.
For our conditions empirically It has been established that, as a last resort, it is permissible to sow goat's rue under the cover of fodder millet with a seeding rate reduced by 50% and with an indispensable condition harvesting it for green fodder. Why? Because millet, like goat's rue, grows slowly in the first 30-40 days, so there is no strong competitive relationship for the main life-support factors. But then it quickly develops, taking away moisture and nutrition and greatly shading the goat's rue. Early release from the cover and lightening allows the goat's rue to fully strengthen and develop by the end of the growing season.
In general, it is better to sow goat's rue for food and seeds without cover using herbicides. In our experiments, the use of the soil herbicide treflan at a dose of 1.5 kg a.i./ha reduced the infestation of crops by 77%, due to which the yield in the year of sowing increased by more than 2 times, and in three years the green mass obtained was 25% higher. more.
- What care is required for sowing?
In the first year of life, seed care consists of mowing the weeds once or twice, excluding damage to the goat's rue, if it is not possible to use soil or emergence herbicides, for example Fusilad, Bazagran, etc. against annual mono- and dicotyledonous weeds; on wide-row crops, it is necessary to treat the row spacing 2-3 times. During the years of use, this is, if possible, fertilizing with RA fertilizers, harrowing with needle or tooth harrows, and loosening row spacing.
A well-developed grass stand of the first year of life - at a height of 45-65 cm - can be mowed late in the fall at the end of the growing season at the end of September - beginning of October. Earlier mowing, for example in August, is not allowed, because... leads to a decrease in winter hardiness, thinning and a decrease in the productivity of goat's rue, because it is at this time that root suckers are formed and reserve nutrients accumulate. It is not recommended to mow or grazing the goat's rue that has emerged from under the cover of the first year of life.
- When is the goat's rue removed?
During the years of use, at least 2 mowings are carried out: the first, depending on the purpose of use, from the end of May to June 15-20, the second, usually from mid-August and during September. For the preparation of winter feed, cutting ripeness is considered to be the phase of beginning or full flowering. For green feeding, you can mow earlier, when the grass stand reaches a height of at least 45-55 cm. It is necessary to observe the interval between mowings - at least 1.5-2 months, the last mowing should be carried out no later than 1-1.5 months before the end of the growing season or immediately before going into winter, so that the accumulated reserve substances are not spent on regrowth. The cutting height during the years of use is also important - at least 10-15 cm, especially during the first mowing of forage crops. There will be no large losses of feed mass, because This layer contains the coarsest, most nutrient-poor part of the grass stand. But in this tier there are living axillary buds of the lower leaves, due to which (in addition to root shoots) rapid regrowth occurs. Mowing too low in the second mowing impairs overwintering.
Compliance with all agricultural techniques aimed at realizing the biological potential of the plant guarantees the formation of highly productive grass stand and will allow you to obtain from 1 hectare annually, in addition to traditional feed, at least 5 tons of feed units and 1000 kg of digestible protein, even without inoculation and without the cost of fertilizers.
- Are there any problems with harvesting seeds?
Goat's ripe seeds ripen early, reaching full ripeness approximately from the last five days of July to the first ten days of August. Harvesting is somewhat complicated by the fact that the plant continues to grow and does not dry out, and a lot of moisture is released during threshing. You can harvest either by direct combining or separately. In the first case, threshing is carried out when 85-90% of the beans are fully ripe or browned at the highest possible cut (40-60 cm), so that as little “green stuff” as possible gets into the drum. Crop residues are harvested for fodder. You can treat the grass stand with Reglon before harvesting, about a week before, but then the “straw” cannot be used for feed. Yes, and it is expensive, although it is effective. When harvesting separately, the windrows are laid on high stubble - 25-35 cm, and after drying they are threshed.
Goat's rue officinalis is a perennial herb. Healing plant found its application not only in agriculture, but also in medicine. Other names for goat's rue: galega, goat's rue and chokabuk, rutovka, Galega officinalis.
Description of culture
Belongs to the legume family. Galega is widespread in Ukraine, mainly growing in the Crimea, the Carpathians, and the Dnieper region. Goat's rue is a forage grass, found in the Black Sea and Lower Volga regions of Russia, the Caucasus and Moldova. Chokabuk grows next to rivers and streams, near oxbow lakes, in meadows among shrubs, in mountain steppes and along ravines, along roads.
What does the plant look like:
- galega - a grass with a straight stem stem, lush branches that are covered with elongated leaves;
- the flower consists of 4 sepals, 5 petals, one pistil and 10 stamens.
The legume family also includes clover, alfalfa, lentils, acacia, mimosa, inga, wisteria, etc. Galega, unlike other plants in the family, is tall. The grass is a honey plant; thanks to its shallow nectaries, it is easily pollinated by bees and other insects. The weed matures earlier than clover and alfalfa. In addition, goat's rue is cold-resistant and frost-resistant.
Goat's rue grass
Pay attention! The plant is similar to fragrant rue. You should be careful not to get confused.
Legumes are the most reliable source of cheap vegetable protein and raw materials for preparing winter feed. The feeding value of the galega plant is significantly higher than that of other herbs from this family.
Varieties and propagation
The species diversity of goat's rue is presented in two variants. The plants are significantly different and cannot be confused.
And in order for goat grass to be nutritious and give a good harvest, you need to know how it reproduces and on what soils it grows best.
Names of varieties, differences and characteristics of growth
There are two types of chokabuk - oriental and medicinal. Eastern goat's rue is a forage plant, honey plant and nitrogen fixer.
Additional information. Scientists have found that this type of plant can withstand 15 days of flooding.
Medicinal galega is used exclusively in medicine. The plant is used to prepare folk remedies against diabetes.
Description of similarities, differences and characteristics of growth:
- medicinal grass galega and fodder have a taproot and powerful root system, penetrating to a depth of 50-80 cm;
- the medicinal species reaches 1 m in height, usually does not grow more than 20 cm. The forage species is 80–140 cm. Sometimes the stem reaches 2 m;
- The medicinal plant has purple-blue flowers. The wings are white, and the length reaches 25 cm. Feeding - bright lilac flowers in the amount of 25-70 pieces, a long raceme. The flowering period of both varieties is in July;
- beans. Shape - pointed, quantity - 3–7 pieces, 2–4 cm long. Do not crack on their own;
- leaves medicinal type- odd-pinnate with 6–8 pairs, in the stern one - odd-pinnate oval;
- growing area. Medicinal herb- Ukraine, Russia, Moldova. They are also grown in China. Fodder - forest and forest-steppe belt of the Caucasus.
Features of growth.
Goat's rue is a light-loving crop. Requires a lot of light. In the first 40–50 days after germination, it especially needs sunlight. It is not advisable to sow the plant under cover. This will lead to decreased productivity. Chokabuk - suppresses the growth of other weeds. However, in the first year after sowing, it weakly competes with them; this is important to take into account if you want to get fruitful grass. Seeds germinate 8–15 days after sowing, sowing is recommended no later than June 20 to ensure the plant survives the harsh winter.
In the Altai Territory, two more forms of eastern goat's rue are found - North Caucasian and Oriya. The growth characteristics are the same, other characteristics are similar.
Medicinal galega
How does a plant reproduce?
Goat's rue reproduces by seeds. They are found in beans. The shell rarely opens on its own, so seed propagation is difficult.
Additional information. The main reason for poor yields is violation of agricultural technology requirements. It is necessary that the seeds undergo inoculation and scarification before sowing. In this process, it is disrupted hard shell, sprouts appear faster and their number becomes larger.
Also, galega reproduces by division. The root system is capable of forming new shoots. New shoots are carefully transplanted, trying not to damage the main root.
On what soils does it grow?
Goat's rue calmly tolerates spring or autumn flooding. The grass can stand for up to 2 weeks in water and produce a good harvest.
The crop should not be planted near groundwater or in heavy, floating soils. Goat's rue is a moisture-loving plant, however, the constant presence of moisture is harmful to it.
The soil for grass should be loose, permeable and slightly acidic or neutral. Rutovka grows on chernozems, gray forest soils, soddy-podzolic soils and on reclaimed peatlands.
Properties of culture
The use of goat's rue in medicine is unofficial. The plant is not included in the pharmacopoeia. However, the substances contained in the herb are quite well studied.
Eastern Goat's Rue
Where, in what industry is it used?
Eastern goat's rue is used in livestock farming. It is used to make hay and silage. The food is given to rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs and cows. The benefits for animals are obvious - many useful substances, increased lactation and weight gain.
The use of medicinal galega is practiced traditional healers. Cooking herbal infusions and infusions.
What are the benefits of the plant and how does it affect humans?
The inflorescences and seeds contain tannins, alkaloids, fats and sugar, organic acids. Most often, the herb is used to prepare mixtures from several plants.
The use of rutovka is practiced for diabetes mellitus. It has been experimentally revealed that this alkaloid is capable of having a hypoglycemic effect. Goat rue helps lower blood sugar levels. Removes fluid from the body.
Chokabuk increases vascular tone, improves their elasticity, and strengthens smooth internal muscles. Thanks to this action, the concentration of bad cholesterol decreases.
Dried goat rue
Other properties of Galega officinalis: diuretic and diaphoretic. The motor function of the intestines is stimulated, the pupils narrow.
Healers prescribe decoctions as an anthelmintic.
Contraindications:
- children under 16 years of age;
- pregnant women;
- individual intolerance to the plant;
- anemia.
Among side effects distinguish disturbances in the functioning of the intestines, allergic reactions in the form of rashes and arterial hypertension.
Features and Specifications
When sowing in spring, without observing the conditions of agricultural technology, there are practically no shoots. Also, the plant occasionally blooms in the southern regions when the seeds are first planted.
In the first year, the plant reaches a height of 40–60 cm. It takes 2–3 months from spring shoots to seed ripening. The grass tolerates frost well.
2–18 shoots appear on the rhizome; at first they grow horizontally up to 30 cm, and then come out to form a stem.
The seeds are yellow-green or olive in color when harvested. And during storage they darken, become dark brown.
About diseases and pests: what they are and how to deal with them
Galega should not be planted next to related crops (alfalfa, peas or clover) in order to avoid migration of pests. Aphids and caterpillars may appear on leaves and stems.
Diseases can be avoided. Before planting, it is necessary to inoculate and treat the bud to protect it from caterpillars and aphids. Etch with Fundazol. After sowing, the soil is fertilized and treated with macroelements.
Galega is also affected by gray rot, powdery mildew, ramularia, and ascochyta blight. Mass spread of these diseases is not observed, and pre-etching helps to avoid them.
When can you collect grass and prepare it? Drying and storage
Flowers and inflorescences are collected at the beginning of the flowering phase. Only the blossoming buds need to be harvested.
It is necessary to sort out the inflorescences, spread a soft cloth in the shade and spread the raw materials in a thin layer. You can dry them on gauze hammocks by hanging them in the attic. A plant is considered dried when the flowers become dry to the touch and do not stick together into a lump when squeezed.
Store in paper bags or bags. Dried flowers are placed in glass jars. Store in a dark place, shelf life - 2 years.
Goat's rue is listed in the Red Book of the Rostov and Lvov regions, because its medicinal effect is invaluable.
Galega is an excellent honey plant and a valuable forage crop. Easy to grow and further harvest.
Antonov Vitaly Alexandrovich
EASTERN GALEGA (goat's rue) Galega orientalis Lam
based on a synthesis of scientific research, publications
and production experience.
Stabilization and strengthening of the food supply,taking into account the needs of animals,becomes a priority task for agriculture. Its solution should be reduced not only to meeting the needs of livestock farming for high-quality feed, but also to preserving soil fertility and protecting the environment. Currently,the biological potential of animals is used only by 30-40%, which is caused by the imbalance of feed rations and low level feeding animals. The state of the food supply does not meet the needs of livestock farming. IN recent years There is an acute shortage of high-protein feed for both dairy and beef cattle breeding. The lack of protein in animal diets requires constant search for ways to increase its production from plant sources. Introduction of perennial highly productive,rich in vegetable protein crops, allows you to solve this problem. One of such crops of the legume family is the oriental goat's rue, which has a long productive life and a complex of valuable economic, ecological and biological features. This is a perennial plant up to 2 m tall. The root system is powerful with a large number of nodules (from 140 to 1500 nodules per plant). The stem is branched, matte green, erect, hollow. The leaves are imparipinnate, dark green, 14-26 cm.long, consist of 9-15 ovate leaves. Inflorescence - raceme 20-30 cm.long with 25-75 large blue flowers, saber-shaped beans with 3-7 seeds, seeds large, kidney-shaped, yellowish-greenish or olive. Winter-hardy, quite drought-resistant, light-loving, most often confined to degraded chernozems, less common on poor loamy chernozems.A good hay and pasture plant, produces 2 cuttings per year, the average hay yield is 30-60 c/ha, the maximum is 128 c/ha, the seed yield is up to 5.2 c/ha. It grows quickly in the spring, is used as an early green supplement and as an excellent high-protein raw material for early silage, contains protein up to 41.9%, protein up to 27.3%, fat up to 2.3%, fiber up to 30.6%.The content of galega alkaloid, which is harmful to animals, is low: 0.12-0.17% in seeds, only traces in hay. The uniqueness of goat's rue is also that it can grow in one place for up to 20 years and does not need nitrogen fertilizers, which saves money on its cultivation, and the feed does not contain nitrates. Goat's rue is of great value as an early honey plant and produces about 50-100 kg of nectar per hectare. Therefore, it is successfully used in beekeeping. Due to root suckers, Goat's rue grass stands renew themselves every year. Eastern goat's rue has a number of advantages over clover and alfalfa. It has high winter hardiness: in harsh and snowless winters it tolerates frosts down to -25 degrees C, and in winters with heavy snow cover it can withstand temperatures down to -40 degrees C. The early start of the spring growing season allows it to be harvested for feed earlier, than clover and alfalfa by 16-24 days and 10-12 days earlier than winter rye. At the same time, goat's rue is the latest plant. It continues to vegetate and increase the yield of forage until the onset of autumn frosts down to -3 - -5 degrees C. Green mass goat's rue is used to prepare various types of high-quality feed. In the budding phase, it is a raw material for the preparation of grass meal, briquettes; in the flowering phase, it is hay, haylage, and silage. The high feeding value of eastern goat's rue plants is due to good foliage, which is 60-75%. Moreover,When drying and making hay, the leaves do not fall off, which is very important for obtaining high quality hay. Hay is readily eatencattle,horses, sheep and goats. It is well eaten minced and brewed by pigs. The digestibility of feed dry matter is 50-80%, organic matter 60-80%, protein 60-90%, fiber 40-70%, fat 30-60%, BEB - 60-80%. The high nutritional value of goat's rue remains almost unchanged and remains quite high throughout the growing season. 100 kg of green mass contains 20-24 K.e., silage and hay contain 21 and 57-58 K.e., respectively. Depending on the time of mowing and mowing,The provision of 1 feed unit with digestible protein ranges from 140 to 200 g. Proteins have a completecomposition and contain all the amino acids necessary for the normal functioning of animals. According to research conducted at MarNIISH in 1998-2001, it was found that the use of diets that include green massoriental goat's rue, contributed better growth and the development of pregnant sows up to two years of age, suckling piglets and weaned piglets. The average daily gain of sows consuming goat's rue increases by 12% compared to a purely concentrated type of feeding. Introduction of goat green mass (20%) into their dietcontributed to an increase in multiple and large-fruited nests by 19.5 and 7.2%, respectively. The seed productivity of goat's rue, unlike clover and alfalfa, is high and stable over the years. The plants have completely open flowers with shallowlocated nectaries. Therefore, they are easily pollinated not only by bumblebees, but also by ordinary bees. In addition, the beans do not crack or fall off when ripe. The seeds ripen in any conditions and 1-2 weeks earlier than those of clover and alfalfa. Seed crops of goat's rue annually produce a seed yield of up to 2-4 c/ha. The increase in the acreage of this crop is hampered by high prices for seeds and their shortage, as well as the lack of knowledge of this crop for each individual soil-climatic zone. Requirements To warmth. The goat's rue plant is cold-resistant and frost-resistant. The optimal germination temperature is 10-12 degrees C. Eastern goat's rue is responding to the return of late spring frosts. During strong morning storms, the leaves are damaged. In autumn, plants vegetate until the onset of frosts down to 3-5 degrees C, which makes it possible to obtain green food until late autumn. Attitude to light. Oriental goat's rue is a light-loving plant.Young plants are especially depressed when there is a lack of light, i.e. the first 40-50 days after emergence.In subsequent years, well-developed plants are highly competitive in crops than weeds and other cultivated plants in mixed crops. Soil requirements. It grows well in all types of soil, but prefers loose, high content organic matter, neutral and slightly acidic reaction of the soil environment, with good air permeability, light mechanical composition, moistened, but not waterlogged.The best soils for it are sandy loam and light loamy, free from weeds. Attitude to moisture. In terms of moisture requirements, eastern goat's rue occupies a middle position between alfalfa and clover. The highest yields can be obtained only with sufficient soil moisture. Most of all, goat's rue needs moisture during the period of germination of seeds, which have a dense shell that is difficult to permeate water. Plants of the first year of life are very sensitive to lack of moisture, especially during the period of seedling formation, when the root system is in the formative stage. In subsequent years, goat's rue crops during the formation of the first mowing suffer less from the spring lack of moisture, since they use autumn-winter precipitation better than other legumes. The yield of subsequent mowings is determined by the moisture supply in the second half of summer and can be quite low if there is a lack of moisture. INsouthern regions, indry years,Before flowering, the grass stand of the eastern goat's rue turns yellow, becomes coarse, and only individual plants enter the flowering phase, and, as a rule, the flowers fall off. Agricultural technology for cultivating goat's rue for feed purposes. Agricultural technology for its cultivation must take into account the biological characteristics of the crop, the natural and climatic conditions of the area and the purposes of using the grass. Place in crop rotation. It is better to place goat's rue grass stands on out-of-crop rotation or outflow fields of forage crop rotations on period 5-7 or more, years. The site should be flat in relief, without significant saucer-shaped depressions, where the possibility of stagnation of melt and rainwater is excluded, because goat's rue does not tolerate (more than 25-30 days) excessive moisture. Predecessors. The best predecessors are row crops and winter crops, to which organic and mineral fertilizers were applied. Annual crops grown for green fodder and silage can also be used. It is not recommended to sow eastern goat's rue after annual and perennial leguminous grasses to avoid the spread of diseases and pests. Preparing seeds for sowing. Oriental goat's rue seeds have a high seed density, in some cases up to 50-90%, therefore,when containing hard seeds more 30-35% of the total number of viable seeds, a mandatory method when preparing seeds for sowing is scarification, which must be carried out no earlier than 3-4 weeks before sowing, because Scarified seeds quickly lose their viability. Scarification is carried out on machines CKC-I, SKS-20, SKS-Z0. In production conditions, we recommend the method of scarifying goat's rue seeds using a concrete mixer. At the same time, goat seeds and dried coarse river sand are loaded into a concrete mixer in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, the unit is turned on and the mixture is mixed until the seeds acquire scratches and abrasions of the seed coat. Then, if necessary, the seeds are sorted from the sand or a mixture of seeds and sand is used to set up the seeder and directly for sowing. If scarification is carried out on the day of sowing, it is possible to combine scarification with seed treatment with rhizotrfin. To enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation,On the day of sowing, goat's rue seeds must be treated with rhizotorphin at the rate of 200 g - 1000 (in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations) per hectare seed rate. When keeping hard seeds in amounts up to 20-25 percent, we consider scarification not advisable . A brief reminder on seed treatment with rhizotorphin. Rizotorfin is a highly effective preparation of nodule bacteria, intended for pre-sowing treatment of legume seeds, increases yield and increases protein content by 1-3%. Provides savings of 50-60 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen fertilizers when growing subsequent crops. Helps improve soil fertility. Environmentally friendly. Growing eastern goat's rue on new lands without inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria is unacceptable Each type of legume has its own strain. Instructions for use: Seed treatment with a biological product is carried out on the day of sowing. For 1 ton of seeds, take 5-6 liters of water or adhesive and mix with the required amount of biological product prepared on a peat basis,and seeds. As an adhesive, you can use a 2-2.5% solution of sodium CMC, 7-12% solution of liquid concentrate of sulfite-alcohol stillage, 1-1.5% solution of technical casein, 2-3% solution of molasses, milk (skim) which is used without dilution. Currently, some liquid formulations of risotorphin containThey contain adhesives and stabilizers, which simplifies their use. Seed processing is carried out manually or mechanized. For the latter, pickling machines PSSh - 3, PS - 10, as well as a screw loader in combination with a belt conveyor are suitable. Seeds treated with biological preparations should be sown in moist soil.Cover crop seeds are sown in moister soil, at a greater depth, closer to the root development zone. Therefore, seed treatment of cover crops is more effective than treatment of small seeded crops sown in surface layer soil. Attention: When working with a biological product, it is necessary to avoid exposure to direct sunlight for the drug and treated seeds. If sowing is delayed for more than three days, seed treatment with rhizotorphin must be repeated with half the dose. Seeds treated with rhizotorphin should not come into contact with pesticides (pesticides), lime and acidic fertilizers. If rhizotorphin is not available, soil with nodules from old-growth goat's rue crops can be used to treat seeds. Small goat's rue roots are dug out along with nodules and soil. The taken sample is ground or ground, diluted with ordinary water, and just before sowing, the seeds are moistened with the resulting “mash”, mixing them. Then the seeds are dried to a free-flowing state and sown. To process a hectare norm, take 100-200 grams of small roots with nodules. Soil preparation: The main task of the main tillage of the soil for goat's rue is to clean it as much as possible from weeds and level the surface of the field. Field cultivation after grain predecessors includes stubble peeling or disking with heavy harrows and fall plowing. After row crops, one autumn plowing to the depth of the arable layer with a plow with a skimmer is sufficient. In the spring of next year, at the first opportunity to till the soil, it is necessary to carry out moisture closure or early spring harrowing. Then pre-sowing cultivation, leveling and rolling of the soil are carried out. To obtain uniform shoots, sowing must be carried out in settled soil on a dense bed, and on top there should be a loose layer of 2-3 cm. This quality of soil cultivation can be achieved by using combined units such as RVK-3.6, VIP-5.6. To control weeds, soil herbicides can be used before pre-sowing tillage, for example, eradican (4 kg/ha), eptam (2 kg/ha), treflan (1.5 kg/ha). The same herbicides can be used after sowing. After sowing goat's rue seeds, a mandatory technique is rolling. Fertilizer. Oriental goat's rue can be successfully cultivated on all types of soils with low groundwater levels. For normal height and the development of goat's rue, soils with a pH below 5 require liming. The dose of lime is determined by the total hydrolytic acidity. It is better to liming under the previous crop, if necessary - directly under the goat's rue, under autumn plowing. However, if the soils are well cultivated, with a high content of available phosphorus (up to 30 mg/l00g of soil) and exchangeable potassium (up to 20 mg/l00g) at a pH of 4.9-5.0, then according to studies conducted in the Volgo-Vyatka region , mixtures of oriental goat's rue and awnless brome provide high yields for 5 years without liming these soils and applying mineral fertilizers. On average, over five years of use (1997-2001), the yield of green mass of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome was 198 c/ha. According to the data of Sh.A. Yartieva et al. (1989), the eastern goat's rue with a yield of 10 t/ha of dry matter carries 300 kg of nitrogen, 50 kg of phosphorus, 210 kg of potassium. But at the same time, the study of the productivity of eastern goat's rue in pure form and in a mixture with awnless brome on sod-podzolic soils in experiments at MarNIISKh (1997-2000) showed thatthat the application of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers does not ensure the planned yield. Thus, in favorable years, the yield of grass when applying mineral fertilizers based on a dry matter yield of 10 t/ha was 61-67% of the planned one, and in dry years only 40-46%.It is better to apply phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the fall, and nitrogen fertilizers in the spring before sowing. During the period of grass regrowth, if the oriental goat's rue plants are pale green in color and the nodules on the roots are grayish in color, nitrogen fertilizing is desirable.The dose of nitrogen fertilizers should be no more than 30 kg A.V. per 1 ha, phosphorus-potassium - P 60, K 90. Sowing. P sowing of eastern goat's rue can be carried out with seeders designed for sowing small-seeded crops (SZT-Z.6, SZL-3.6, SO-4.2, SPU-4) and others. Due to the fact that the above-ground part of the goat's rue grows and develops very slowly in the first 30-40 days after germination, cultivating it under the cover of other crops leads to severe suppression and thinning of the grass stand. Thus, in the experiments of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture (1994-1996), when cultivating oriental goat's rue under the cover of annual ryegrass, the density of stems in the first year of life on coverless crops was 150 pcs/m2, under cover 70 pcs/m2, in the second and third year of life respectively 423 and 10 pcs/m2 AND 458 and 7 pcs/m2. Therefore, it is preferable to sow eastern goat's rue coverless, because these crops guarantee higher yields and suffer less under extreme weather conditions (drought, long spring frosts down to -5-70C) than cover crops. Goat's rue in its pure form is recommended to be sown in a row, with a row spacing of 15 cm with a seeding rate of 3-4 million viable seeds (20-28 kg/ha), in grass mixtures 2-3 million viable seeds (Table 1). Sowing depth is 2-2.5 cm, on light soils - 3 cm.Influence of sowing methods and seeding rates
for the yield of dry weight of eastern goat's rue, c/ha, 1993.
(first year of use).
| Row spacing - seeding rate | Dry mass yield per season |
| Row (15 cm) - 28 kg/ha Row (15 cm) - 20 kg/ha Broad-row (45 cm) - 14 kg/ha Broad-row (60 cm) - 10 kg/ha Broad-row (60 cm) - 20 kg/ha | 130,12 131,67 103,77 86,75 107,87 |
Introduction
1. Characteristics of the farm and analysis of feed production
2. Technology for cultivating oriental goat's rue
2.1 Place of goat's rue in crop rotation
2.2 Soil preparation
2.3 Fertilizers
2.4 Preparing seeds for sowing
2.5 Dates, methods of sowing and seeding rates
2.6 Crop care
3. Use of oriental goat's rue for food
4. Economic efficiency cultivation of oriental goat's rue
Conclusions and suggestions
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
Feed production is usually called a complex of organizational, economic and agrotechnical measures used to create a strong feed base for livestock production based on the cultivation of fodder plants on arable land and pasture and hayfields. Feed production as scientific discipline studies the peculiarities of the biology of development and formation of yields of forage crops on field lands and grasses on natural hayfields and pastures. Based on this, scientists are developing technologies for cultivating forage crops, methods for improving natural forage lands and using them to increase the production of high-quality feed.
Feed production is closely related to crop and livestock production. As a scientific discipline, feed production widely uses the achievements of other sciences.
The main task facing feed production is the intensification of feed production. 70% of feed is produced on arable land, and 30% on natural hayfields and pastures. The productivity of natural forage lands is extremely low. The use of surface improvement makes it possible to increase feed collection by 2 - 3 times. Radical improvement increases the productivity of these lands by 4 - 6 times, the creation of cultivated irrigated pastures in the arid conditions of the southeast - by 8 - 10 times. (2)
The possibilities for further expansion of the area of forage crops on arable land are very limited, therefore the main task of the course work on forage production is to increase the yield of feed from each hectare of arable land. A special role in the course work is given to the technology of cultivating oriental goat's rue, its feed value and conditions for preparing feed.
Oriental goat's rue is a perennial plant from the legume family. This crop is highly flexible, with great potential for lump and varietal productivity. The value of this crop is that with strict adherence to cultivation technology, it can provide a good harvest of green mass for 8 - 15 or more years without reseeding. Its green mass is highly nutritious: 100 kg contains from 22 to 25, and in the second cutting - up to 32 feed units. (6)
The introduction of this crop will make it possible to more successfully solve the problem of protein deficiency for livestock farming and, on this basis, increase the production of cheap, high-quality livestock products.
The creation of a strong forage base in each farm largely depends on agronomists and animal engineers, who need to know all the techniques for increasing the productivity of forage crops on field lands and grass stands on natural forage lands.
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM AND ANALYSIS OF FEED PRODUCTION
1.1 Location and specialization of the farm
The Krasnoyaruzhsky state breeding plant is located in the western part of the Rakityansky district, which is part of the western natural and agricultural zone of the region. The central estate of the Krasnaya Yaruga farm is located 15 km from the regional center of the village of Rakitnoye, and 75 km from the regional center. Gotnya railway station is located at a distance of 10 km.
The farm territory is located in the northwestern agroclimatic region of the region and is characterized by a temperate continental climate. According to the Gotnyany weather station: the average annual air temperature is +7.9°C, the absolute minimum (January) is -37°C, the absolute maximum (July) is +40°C. The average temperature of the warmest month (July) is +19.7°, and the coldest month (January) is -8.5°. The duration of the frost-free period is 160 days. The total growing season is 180 days. Northwestern dry winds and southeastern winds predominate.
The amount of annual precipitation is 540 mm, and the amount of precipitation during the period with a temperature of +10 °C is 291 mm. The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) is 1.16. The sum of the average annual values of air humidity deficit is 1307 millibars.
Having studied the climatic characteristics of the farm, we can say that favorable conditions have developed for growing crops such as winter wheat, spring barley, corn, and root crops.
The land use of the economy is largely dissected by valleys, gullies and ravines. Over 53% of the arable land area is located on slopes with a slope of over 3°. This impairs the production of row crops on these lands.
The soil cover of the state farm lands is represented mainly by typical and leached chernozems of predominantly heavy soil. composition. In the floodplain of the Ilek River, floodplain meadow-swamp soils were formed, along the banks of the gullies - soils of gulley slopes of varying degrees of erosion, and along the bottoms of the gullies, sod-washed soils are common. Erosion processes are intensively developed on farm lands.
The farm specializes in raising young cattle.
1. Composition of land (ha).
| Land | Household, ha |
| Arable land | 7240 |
| pastures | 750 |
| Haymaking | 450 |
| Under the gardens and orchards | 100 |
| Total: | 8540 |
The total area of the farm was 8540 hectares, a significant part of the land belongs to arable land of 7240 hectares.
1.2 Crop area and feed production, characteristics and structure of livestock production
2. Structure of sown areas.
| S.-kh. culture | Housekeeping | Average yield for three years, c/ha | |
| ha | % | ||
| Arable land, total | 7240 | 100 | |
| Cereals and legumes | 3950 | 55 | 30,0 |
| Incl. winter wheat | 1600 | 22 | 37,6 |
| barley | 1300 | 18 | 27,1 |
| oats | 150 | 2 | 24,1 |
| buckwheat | 200 | 3 | 25,3 |
| peas | 400 | 6 | 26,6 |
| corn for grain | 300 | 4 | 39,4 |
| Technical, total | 1100 | 15 | |
| Incl. sugar beet | 1000 | 14 | 357 |
| sunflower | 100 | 1 | 19,4 |
| Feed, total | 2190 | 30 | |
| Incl. green corn feed | 410 | 6 | 252,3 |
| roots | 500 | 9 | 350 |
| Annual grasses for green feed | 440 | 6 | 124 |
| Perennial grasses for hay | 370 | 5 | 54,7 |
| Perennial grasses for green feed | 470 | 6 | 193 |
The table shows that the first place in cultivation is occupied by legumes and grain crops, they occupy 3950 hectares, that is, 55%. Since the farm specializes in raising young cattle, the second place in cultivation is occupied by fodder crops, their cultivation area is 2190 hectares or 30%. The crop yield of this farm is at a fairly high level.
3. Livestock of the State Breeding Plant "Krasnoyaruzhsky".
Table 3 shows the number of livestock over the past 5 years.
Judging by the data in the table, the number of livestock decreased: if in 2002 it was 4114 heads, then in 2006 it was only 2625 heads, which is 1489 heads less. Accordingly, the food supply also decreased, as shown in Table 4.
4. Procurement of feed of own production, i.e.
Using the data in Table 2, I calculate the productivity and feed value of forage crops and natural forage lands.
The yield of feed protein units (FPU) per 1 ha of forage crop area, t is calculated using the formula:
KPI = Y x (K + 10 x P) / 2, t/ha,
Y - yield, t/ha,
Yield of winter wheat CPI = 37.6 x (0.20 + 10 x 0.025) / 2 = 8.5 t/ha.
5. Productivity and feed value of forage crops and natural forage lands, i.e.
| No. | Culture, land | Area, ha | Productivity t/ha | Contents of 1 ton of feed (collection from 1 ha) | Gross harvest, t | ||||||||
| K.unit | PP | KPI | K.unit | PP | KPI | ||||||||
| 1 | Oz. wheat | 1600 | 37,6 | 0,20 | 0,025 | 8,5 | 320 | 40 | 136000 | ||||
| 2 | Barley | 1300 | 27,1 | 0,18 | 0,03 | 6,5 | 234 | 39 | 8450 | ||||
| 3 | Oats | 150 | 24,1 | 0,17 | 0,022 | 4,7 | 25,5 | 3,3 | 705 | ||||
| 4 | Sah. beet | 1000 | 357 | 0,25 | 0,012 | 66 | 250 | 12 | 66000 | ||||
| 5 | Sunflower for silage | 100 | 19,4 | 0,16 | 0,015 | 3 | 16 | 1,5 | 300 | ||||
| 6 | Green corn feed | 410 | 252,3 | 0,20 | 0,015 | 44 | 82 | 6,15 | 18040 | ||||
| 7 | Feed. beet | 500 | 350 | 0,15 | 0,009 | 42 | 75 | 4,5 | 21000 | ||||
| 8 | One green herbs feed | 440 | 124 | 0,17 | 0,029 | 28,5 | 74,8 | 12,8 | 12540 | ||||
| 9 | Mn. grass for hay | 370 | 54,7 | 0,51 | 0,06 | 30,4 | 188,7 | 23,2 | 11248 | ||||
| 10 | Many green herbs feed | 470 | 193 | 0,17 | 0,036 | 51 | 79,9 | 16,9 | 23970 | ||||
| 11 | Peas | 400 | 26,6 | 0,16 | 0,028 | 5,9 | 64 | 11,2 | 2360 | ||||
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