Spring is approaching and the desire for change appears. I really want to change my usual surroundings and go on a trip somewhere. There are many unique, interesting places that are worth seeing with your own eyes. We will present some of them - the most unusual, the most extraordinary.

1. The most high mountain in Canada

In Canada, Mount Logan is the highest at 5959m. it belongs to the St. Elias Range system located in the southwestern Yukon Territory. The name of the mountain was given in honor of William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist.

2. Most southern city in the world

Ushuaia (Argentina) is the southernmost city in the world. The population of this administrative center of the province Tierra del Fuego is 45 thousand people.

3. Lowest point in Africa

Lake Assal in Djibouti is located 155 meters below sea level - the lowest point in Africa.

4. The largest lake on the island in the lake

The system of these lakes resembles a nesting doll - in Canada on Lake Huron there is Manitoulin Island, on Manitoulin Island there is Lake Manitou. Manitou happens to be the largest lake in the lake with an area of ​​104 square kilometers.

5. The richest city in the world

Most the richest and most beautiful city in the world is Dubai. It is not at all difficult to buy a cheap tour to Dubai, and therefore this city is the most visited in the world. What's interesting– its population is 80% foreigners.

6. The longest lake in the world

Lake Tanganyika is located on the border of Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi and Democratic Republic Congo is the most longest in the world. It was discovered in 1858 by English explorers John Speke and Richard Burton. The lake is interesting not only for its length (673 km), but it is the second in the world in depth (1470 m) and volume of water. Tanganyika is also famous for its interesting and diverse fauna, colorful and unusual fish.

7. Tallest waterfall in Africa

Tugela Falls is located in the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Here water falls in five cascades from a height of 948 meters. The largest cascade has a height of 411 meters.

8. The deepest depression on Earth not filled with water

We have heard a lot about deep sea depressions, but there are also the deepest faults on the surface of the Earth. Most the deepest of them was discovered in Antarctica in 1961. The deepest point of the Bentley Deep is 2540 meters below sea level and is all filled with ice.

9. Highest peak of the Scandinavian mountains

In the Scandinavian mountains, the highest peak is Gallhöpiggen. This 2469-meter mountain in Norway was first climbed in 1850 by Arnesen, Flaatten and Solheim.

10. The longest river in Eurasia

The Yangtze is the deepest and longest river in Eurasia. It carries its waters from its sources in Tibet to the East China Sea across China for a distance of 6,300 km.

11. The longest braid in the world

The world's longest spit is located in Ukraine. The Arabat Spit, located on the Crimean Peninsula, 112 km long and 270 m to 8 km wide, separates the Sivash Bay from the Sea of ​​Azov.

12. Most small town in the world

Drawing is an image of an object (or a series of objects) made with pencil, pen, charcoal or watercolor.

Learning to draw a geographical pattern

In the first steps of mastering drawing for geographical purposes, we will talk only about drawing with pencil and pen. The drawings are very diverse in nature. There are three main types.

Finished drawing

First type- this is a drawing that accurately, sufficiently fully and clearly conveys the character of the depicted object. Most often, this is a finished drawing, that is, one that “says” everything that the author wanted to say.

Sketch

We consider sketches to be the second type of geographical drawings. Sketch- this is a quickly made and seemingly unfinished drawing, in which only the most important features of the depicted object are outlined. There is no necessary precision in a sketch; nevertheless, it still gives an idea of ​​the arrangement of objects and their general character. When traveling, a geographer often has to resort to sketches.

Schematic drawings

The third type includes the most diverse schematic drawings or just diagrams. By diagrams we mean a simplified image of an object (or a whole group of objects) without highlighting the details. Such diagrams can exist as an independent, simplified, but quite characteristic drawing, for example, a schematic profile of a mountain, a sea wave, or a geological section (Fig. 10 and 11).

We will use the same word “scheme” to refer to those first outlines of the drawings that we have to make. So, for example, if we need to draw a view of the mountains shown in the bottom figure, then we must first of all outline the location and size of large objects (mountains, rocks, trees) and give very simplified outlines of them ( bottom part). This will be the diagram of the drawing we are constructing. Having made sure that the constructed diagram is correct, we proceed to depicting the details. Consequently, in this case, the diagram is a simplified image, which should later turn into a drawing.

Drawing tools

The drawings, as already mentioned, are carried out in various ways: pencil, pen, charcoal etc. For our purposes, the most important thing is the drawings in pencil or pen, which we will focus on.

A geographer, especially during field work, most often has to use a pencil. Pencil glides easily across the paper and allows you to make lines of different tones (from the weakest, barely noticeable, to the brightest) and different thicknesses. You can rub the pencil line with your fingers or cotton wool, and you will get a more even, beautiful surface.

However, a beginner should avoid this rubbing. To begin with, you need clarity and definiteness in every line, every stroke. Only in in rare cases, for example, when depicting the sky, clouds, large surfaces of water, sometimes it is more convenient to use rubbing. But we will get to this much later. Finally, pencil lines, if they are not very greasy, can be erased with an eraser.

It is more difficult to draw with a pen. Pen for drawing gives lines the same tone. True, by thickening or thinning the line, we can get different character lines, but this matter is quite difficult. What is also difficult here is that the line drawn with a pen is not erased and cannot be corrected. Consequently, one can draw with a pen only if the hand and eye of the draftsman are sufficiently trained, that is, they have acquired a certain confidence and firmness. From what has been said, it is clear that at the beginning of drawing we will have to use a pencil.

GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERN OF SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY.

"Central axis" development - chief element of the territorial structure of the region.

Territorial structure of population and economy foreign Europe mainly developed back in the 19th century, when perhaps the main factor of location was natural resources, and when coal and metallurgical regions of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, and other countries arose. After the Second World War, the greatest influence on this structure was exerted by the factors of labor resources and benefits of the EGP, and in lately also - science-intensity and environmental.

In total, the region has approximately 400 urban agglomerations and about one hundred industrial areas. The most significant of them are located within the “central axis” of development, which extends across eight countries. Its core is the “main street of Europe” - the Rhine-Rhone line. 120 million people live within the borders of this “axis”, and about half of all economic potential region.

In foreign Europe, several more similar “axes” of smaller scale can be identified. This is an industrial-urban belt stretching along common borders Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, the Danube "axis", strips along the main oil pipelines, some coastal areas.

Highly developed areas: examples of London and Paris.

The most striking examples of highly developed areas that concentrate the latest industries, infrastructure, science, culture, and services are the metropolitan regions of Greater London and Greater Paris.

Both London and Paris grew up primarily as the administrative and political centers of their countries, which they have served for more than eight centuries. Both capitals are large industrial centers, in which high-tech, knowledge-intensive industries are widely represented, and in Paris there is also the production of so-called “Parisian products” (sewing, jewelry, etc.), thanks to which it has been acting as a trendsetter for the whole world for several centuries. But what is even more important is that this is where the largest banks and exchanges, headquarters of monopolies, leading scientific institutions, as well as residences of many international organizations. In accordance with regional programs, the central parts of both capital regions are being unloaded.

Eight satellite cities were built in the vicinity of London, and five satellite cities in the vicinity of Paris.

Examples of other highly developed regions of foreign Europe include: the southern region of Germany with centers in Stuttgart and Munich, the "industrial triangle" Milan - Turin - Genoa in Italy, the industrial-urban agglomeration of Randstad ("ring city") in the Netherlands. All of them are within the “central axis” of development.

Old industrial areas.

No other region of the world has such a number of old industrial areas with a predominance of basic industries as in foreign Europe. The largest of them arose on the basis of coal basins. But even among such areas, the Ruhr region especially stands out, which for many decades has been rightfully considered the industrial heart of Germany.

Within the Ruhr basin and adjacent areas, the Lower Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration has developed. Here, on an area of ​​9 thousand km2, 11 million people live and about a hundred cities are concentrated, including 20 large ones. Another such cluster big cities on one territory there is, perhaps, nowhere in the world. In some parts of the agglomeration, the population density reaches 5 thousand people per 1 km2. Its Ruhr part forms a complex urban area with almost no breaks, which is usually called "Rurstadt", i.e. "Ruhr city". In fact, this is truly a single city, the western gate of which is Duisburg, the eastern gate is Dortmund, the “capital” is Essen, and the main “safe” is Dusseldorf.

Recently, the industry of the Ruhr, numbering several thousand enterprises, has undergone significant reconstruction. In the 50s The Ruhr was considered almost a classic depressed area. But nowadays it would be wrong to put him in this category. A large environmental program has been implemented in the Ruhr region. The Rhine, which not so long ago was called the sewer of Europe, has become cleaner, and fish have appeared in it again.

Examples of other old industrial areas include Lancashire, Yorkshire, the west Midlands, South Wales in the UK, the Northern region, Alsace and Lorraine in France, the Saarland, which is often called the “Little Ruhr”, in Germany, the Upper Silesian region in Poland, Ostrava in the Czech Republic . But most of them fall into the category of depression.

Backward agricultural areas.

In foreign Europe there are still many rather backward, predominantly agricultural regions. A striking example This kind is the south of Italy, which occupies 40% of the country's territory, concentrates more than 35% of the population and only 18% of those employed in industry. Per capita income here is almost two times lower than in the North. After World War II, due to relative agrarian overpopulation, more than 5 million people emigrated from the South.

The state is pursuing a regional policy aimed at the rise of the South. It led to the construction of large metallurgical and petrochemical plants and other enterprises here. As a result, the South was no longer a purely agricultural region. However, the factories have almost no connection with the surrounding territory, since they operate on imported raw materials, and their products are exported to other regions of the country and to other countries.

Examples of other backward agrarian regions of foreign Europe include: the western part of France, the central and southwestern parts of Spain, Portugal and Greece. All of them are located outside the "central axis". The problem of uplifting backward areas is also relevant for many countries in Eastern Europe.

Areas of new development.

For the long-developed territory of foreign Europe, areas of new development are generally not typical. Usually they included only the northern part of Scandinavia. But the opening in the early 60s. of a large oil and gas basin in the North Sea changed the situation.

By the beginning of the 90s. More than 250 oil and natural gas fields were identified in this “golden mine.” In addition, in the Netherlands, near the coast, there is one of the largest gas fields. The North Sea region satisfies 1/3 of the needs of foreign Europe for oil and 2/3 of the needs for natural gas. Nowadays the sea is literally “stuffed” with drilling platforms; several thousand kilometers of pipelines are laid along its bottom. But in this regard, a considerable environmental threat arises, not to mention fisheries, which have suffered irreparable damage.

The influence of international economic integration on the territorial structure of the economy.

Favorable prerequisites for the development of international economic integration in the region include territorial proximity, high development of the territory, high level social economic development, good transport availability, long traditions economic ties. During the existence of the EU, all this has already led to the further merging of the territorial economic structures of individual countries, especially within the “central axis” of development. Border integration areas are being formed: between Germany and France, between France and Belgium, France and Italy, etc.

Table 2. What some countries of Foreign Europe produce and export.

Tasks and tests on the topic "Geographical pattern of settlement and economy."

• Age of Discovery

  Lessons: 8 Assignments: 10 Tests: 2

• Geographical knowledge in ancient Europe - Development of geographical knowledge about the Earth 5th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interconnection and interdependence of countries of the world; and also be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the patterns social development and the processes that are taking place in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, ship stations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of industrial structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the influence of EGP and GGP, the history of settlement and development, characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and forecast development prospects for the region and country; highlight specific, defining features of individual countries and explain them; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give an explanation for them, draw up and analyze maps and cartograms.