About two hundred such cases have been officially recorded, although it is believed that there are many more. It’s just that patients manage to lead a double life so cleverly that no one around them assumes that they are dealing with a psycho. But those cases that are known to medicine formed the basis of many books and films. Because split personality is strange, scary and, in a way, cool!
William Stanley Milligan
You will find his name in any psychiatry textbook. In Milligan, as in a St. Petersburg communal apartment, not two, not three, and not even ten, but as many as 24 coexisted different people. These people had different names, different ages, gender and nationality. They had different temperaments and pursued incompatible goals. The suicidal and psychopath Billy, the intellectual Arthur, the force major Ragen, the charming Allen, the three-year-old smart Christine, the crazy lesbian Adalana...
When Milligan was charged with theft and rape, it turned out that Billy himself was not guilty. The thefts were committed by Ragen, and the rapes by Adalana.
Doris Fisher
When doctors talked about Doris Fisher, they meant her five personalities. Real Doris, Lethargic Doris, Sickly Doris, Margarita and Sleeping Margarita. In general, a kind of kinder surprise or even a nesting doll. Margarita was considered the coolest “matryoshka”. She constantly did nasty things, but blamed it on the Real Doris. It was Margarita who tore pages out of books, stained her clothes with mud and could deliberately cut herself with a knife. But only the Real Doris felt guilt, resentment and pain.
Psychiatrists tried for a long time to cure the poor thing, but nothing worked. Medicines, therapy, hypnosis - all in vain. Then the doctors decided to take one last chance and invited... a medium. After his visit, all the “extra people” disappeared, and only Doris the Real remained alive. So, after this, believe in official medicine.
Shirley Mason
American Shirley Mason for a long time existed not on its own, but in as many as four forms. All of Shirley's personalities were independent and completely different from each other. They differed in intelligence, age and character. The most aggressive and harmful person was the one who called herself Sally. During hypnosis sessions, Sally was capricious, refused to obey, and acted out. Only flattery and persuasion managed to convince Sally to leave her mistress’s body and leave the others alone. Left without Sally, Shirley Mason's three personalities quickly calmed down and united into a single whole.
Chris Sizemore
Her case is known thanks to the book “The Three Faces of Eve” and the movie of the same name. It is believed that Chris Sizemore fell ill due to mental trauma received in early childhood.
When Chris, already in adulthood, became a patient of psychiatrists, it was discovered that three Eves lived in her - Eve White, Eve Black and Jane. All three personalities were completely independent, but they were persuaded to merge into one named Evelyn. Therapy is over. The patient seemed to be cured. But much later, in her autobiography, the woman admitted that in fact, not three, but as many as 22 subpersonalities lived in her. So it wasn’t just Evelyn who left the doctors, but a whole team of people who didn’t know each other.
In the same autobiography, the patient wrote that in the end this entire harem calmed down and formed a kind of united Chris Sizemore. But who knows... Maybe some Polikarp Evgenievich has lurked there, who will emerge later.
Kim Noble
The first symptoms of the disease appeared in an Englishwoman at the age of 11. Now Kim is about sixty - and there are more than 20 personalities living in her. Patricia, who writes the book “All About Me,” dominates everyone. “About Me” is about the Kim who practically no longer exists. as individuals. But there is young and love-hungry Abby, kind housewife Bonnie, chaste Salome, eight-year-old Diabalus, and twenty-year-old Ken. Kim does not have the strength to suppress the various characters within herself; both doctors and family have come to terms with this. And friends on social networks.
In 1840, the French physician Antoine Despin published a monograph that described the unique case of young Estelle. An eleven-year-old girl suffered from severe pain and seizures. One part of her body was paralyzed and the other was hypersensitive. Every day Estelle fell into a trance, during which an angel allegedly inhabited her. In this state, she could run and swim freely. The angel ate food that the girl refused, and asked those around him to comply with Estelle’s whims.
Monograph by Antoine Despina is considered the first professional description case of split personality.
Christine Beauchamp
Real name— Clara Norton Fowler.
The case was described by the American physician Morton Prince in his book Dissociation of Personality: A Biographical Study of Pathological Psychology (1905).
Christine Beauchamp was sullen, sickly, and was being treated by Prince for nervous disorder. During one of the hypnosis sessions, a cheerful and carefree Sally suddenly appeared. The subpersonality began to arise when Beauchamp was tired, and tried in every possible way to annoy her. She spoiled things, sent packages with spiders and snakes to her address, took them far from home and abandoned them in a deserted place without a penny in her pocket. At first, Prince thought that Sally was a childhood experience that was not integrated into adult personality. But upon further observation and the appearance of a third personality, he came to the conclusion that Christine Beauchamp herself is a subpersonality.
Morton Prince's materials are analyzed by psychologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapists. The diagnosis made by Prince - neurasthenia, hysteria and multiple personality - in general, does not raise objections among colleagues.
Eve
Real name— Chris Costner Sizemore (April 4, 1927 – July 24, 2016).
The case was described by psychiatrists Tipgen and Cleckley in the Journal of Pathological and social psychology"(1954) and the novel "The Three Faces of Eve" (1957). The book was a huge success and was made into a film.
Chris went to the doctors complaining of migraines and memory loss. After examining the patient, psychiatrists discovered two personalities in her: Eve White and Eve Black. The first was a soft and compliant woman, unhappy in her marriage. The second did not recognize her marriage and loved to party. Black spent money on dresses and restaurants, and White suffered from a hangover and listened to her husband’s reproaches.
Later, a third personality emerged - the mature and reasonable Jane. She divorced Gene Rogers, married Don Sizemore, and obtained custody of her daughter, Eva White. Even though her body gave birth to this child, she considered herself an adoptive mother.
Thigpen and Cleckley believed that fragmentation of the personality made it possible to cope with traumatic experiences. As a child, Chris witnessed a drowned man being pulled from a swampy ditch. And later she experienced the shock of seeing a sawmill cut to pieces in an accident.
Many experts doubted the authenticity of the Chris Sizemore case. However, psychiatrists have presented extensive evidence base, based on the results of psychometric tests, encephalograms and interviews with relatives. An independent expert, Dr. Leopold Winter, examined the patient and also confirmed her diagnosis.
In 1958, Sizemore, under the pseudonym Evelyn Lancaster, published the book Strangers in My Body: The Last Face of Eve, and in 1977, she revealed her name in her autobiography, I Am Eve. Chris noted that Thigpen and Cleckley's book was full of distortions, and claimed that there were not 3, but 21 individuals living in it. After her real name was revealed, she painted pictures and gave lectures about the disorder. multiple personality.
In her third autobiography (1989), Sizemore wrote that she was completely cured.
Chris Costner Sizemore died from heart attack at the age of 89 years.
Sibyl
Real name— Shirley Ardel Mason (January 25, 1923 – February 26, 1998).
Sibyl was a student at a teacher training college. Due to nervous instability, the college authorities expelled her, saying that she could only recover after visiting a psychiatrist.
Returning home, the girl became a teacher primary classes. Since there was a shortage of teaching staff during wartime, she was hired without a diploma. At the same time, she turned to psychiatrist Cornelia Wilbur with complaints of anxiety, memory loss and dystrophy. With a height of 162 cm, her weight was 36 kg.
The treatment lasted two months and was interrupted when Sibyl fell ill with pneumonia. However, this was enough to temporarily gain peace of mind and continue studying.
After graduating from college and her mother's death, she travels to New York City, planning to get a master's degree at Columbia University and pursue psychotherapy. This time the treatment lasted 11 years and led to a complete recovery.
Wilbur found that depersonalization began at the age of three. The first subpersonalities were Peggy and Vicky. From the Wicca line came Marcia, Mary, Vanessa and Sibyl Anne. Peggy gave birth to Peggy-N, Peggy-Lou, Sid and Mike. In total, there were 16 subpersonalities in the girl’s mind. They remembered the horrors of childhood, which Sibyl tried to forget, and did what she did not allow herself.
Sibyl's parents were 40 years old when she was born. My father, a builder-contractor, was often on the road. The girl was raised by a schizophrenic mother. According to subpersonalities, she locked Sibyl in a closet, gave painful enemas and organized lesbian orgies. Wilbur believed these stories, although it was impossible to verify them. The psychiatrist established contact with each subpersonality and integrated them into a single whole.
Unlike the story of Eve, the case of the Sibyl raises questions regarding reliability. Previously, the patient was treated by Herbert Spiegel, a famous American psychiatrist and hypnotherapist. He described his ward as easily suggestible and invited her to a demonstration of hypnosis at Columbia University. Spiegel did not rule out the possibility that Wilbur instilled in the patient a belief in additional personalities.
Wilbur did not find support from other members of the professional community. Colleagues condemned her for violating professional distance in relation to the patient: they were friends, lived and traveled together. Scientific journals refused to print about the Sibyl case. The American Academy of Psychoanalysis “forgot” to publish her speech at its annual meeting. Thus, the story of Shirley Mason was outside the scope scientific publications.
In 1973, journalist Flora Schreiber wrote a novel about the life of Sibyl, which was filmed in 1976 and 2007.
Billy Milligan
Full name— William Stanley Milligan (February 14, 1955 – December 12, 2014).
Billy Milligan is a patient with multiple personality disorder. He was accused of a series of thefts and rape and acquitted due to mental disorder. His diagnosis was confirmed by psychiatrist George Harding and psychologist Dorothy Turner.
Literature
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(multiple personality) – spontaneous transformation of people into another personality. Nowadays, such a person most often comes under the supervision of psychiatrists. But medicine is unable to treat this condition. It is also unknown about the true nature of alternate placement in one physical body two or more persons of different gender, age, temperament and cultural level.
Mysterious Brazilian
In the 1920s, the Brazilian resident Carmine Mirabeli, who could spontaneously turn into different people. Outwardly remaining the same Mirabeli, he became a person of a different nationality and culture. Moreover, simultaneously with receiving knowledge of foreign languages from nowhere, Mirabel also received corresponding erudition, which immediately disappeared when Mirabel returned to its original state.
Thus, having alternately been “in the shoes” of different people, Mirabeli wrote several dissertations and treatises in various languages, revealing amazing knowledge in the field of history, sociology, law, theology, astronomy, philosophy, logic, medicine, physics, chemistry and others sciences These abilities of his were tested more than once by various scientists, who were never able to understand how and where Mirabelli received and then lost his scholarship.
Uneducated saleswoman
Several years ago, a saleswoman from the city of Varna, Marina Daskalova (Bulgaria), fell into a stupor and suddenly began speaking in a pleasant baritone in the purest English with an Oxford accent. “My wife has gone crazy!” – her husband thought in horror. But ex nearby the nephew, although also frightened, but knowing a little English, tried to talk to her. As it turned out, coming from it male voice I convinced my relatives to call my daughter in Sofia and convince her not to fly on a plane that day. It later became clear that the plane crashed and all passengers died.
From that moment on, the trance states, in which Marina spoke in different voices in unfamiliar languages, began to repeat themselves. Relatives recorded Marina’s speech production on a tape recorder and showed it to specialists. As it turned out, this simple woman, who does not know any languages other than Bulgarian, in a state of detachment, easily speaks most modern European languages, as well as Latin. Moreover, the voice warned others about some kind of misfortune or catastrophe, which always came true.
Possession of the Devil or Possession
If in Muslim countries the phenomenon of split personality caused sacred awe, then among Christian peoples it was perceived as the possession of the devil. As is known, the massive nature of the introduction of evil spirits in the Middle Ages was greatly exaggerated thanks to the active work of the Inquisition, which, through torture, forced women to incriminate themselves. But nowadays obsession also sometimes occurs. It should be recognized that the possibility of occupying a person's body with a temporary replacement of his personality is allowed in almost all major faiths and in witchcraft.
So, for example, a certain Joan Smith from America suffered from demon possession for 30 years, after which she underwent an exorcism ritual in Catholic traditions. As soon as the priest had time to utter the first words of the spell, the possessed woman escaped from the hands of the stalwart men and, suddenly flying into the air, rushed through the church hall, sticking to the wall above the door, from where she was with difficulty torn off. After which wild screams, noises and voices emanating from the walls began to shake, and the woman’s body became terribly swollen... Despite everything, the ritual did not stop, and ended with the complete expulsion of the demon.
The human body is a “dormitory” for spirits
This is one of the most famous "classic" cases of split personality. The heroine's name is Sally Beauchamp. In it mysteriously four personalities united and took turns taking over her body. The most harmful of them was a person named Sally, who openly called herself a spirit and appeared more often than others. Because these individuals knew about each other’s existence, there was constant hostility between them for the possession of Mrs. Beauchamp’s body. Sally, for example, deliberately placed frogs or spiders among things, knowing that the other pseudo-personality was hysterically afraid of them. Sally was simply mocking, knowing that her place would soon be taken by another person, she deliberately left the city late in the evening so that her friend would feel fear, returning to her house on foot through dark and dangerous streets.
But the record for possessing “personalities” in our time was achieved by a certain Stanley Mulligen, who was found to have as many as 24 “persons” - a real community of spirits.
Mental epidemics
But not only several spiritual entities inhabited the body of one person. It also happened, on the contrary, that the same “demon” took possession of the bodies of several people at once. The reason for this was not infection, but widespread ignorance and fanatical religiosity. A typical example is the epidemic of possession in the Ursuline monastery in France in the 17th century, when the abbess of the monastery began to see the ghost of the devil at night, which gradually took possession of the nun’s consciousness with the help of erotic words and touches.
But when the abbess told this to the other sisters, they also began to experience the same thing. Gradually, sexual ecstasy took possession of the entire female community. At this time, the women’s bodies convulsively bent, touching the back of their heads with their heels. They screamed wildly, barked like dogs, climbed trees like cats. The nuns in this state had a particular hatred for the images of Christ and the saints, spitting on them and shouting blasphemies. Experienced exorcists were called in and spent a month and a half expelling the devil from the nuns.
Preacher from Greene
1887, March 14 - residents of one of the houses in the town of Morristown (USA) were awakened by the desperate cry of their neighbor, rushing around the yard, begging everyone to tell him where he was; swore that he had no idea of Morristown, and that he was not Mr. Brown, as he was called, but Mr. Burn, the preacher from Greene.
A month and a half before this incident, this man came to Morristown, introduced himself as Brown, bought a store, filled it with stationery goods and opened a trade.
The residents of Morristown soon became accustomed to this affable but taciturn man. It was known that he lived in the back rooms of his store, cooked his own food, regularly went to church and made several trips to Philadelphia to buy goods.
And now he began to claim that he knew neither Morristown, nor the Morristown people, nor even himself!
The police, and then his own wife, who arrived from Greene and rushed into his arms, confirmed that he was none other than Mr. Byrne, who suddenly disappeared from Greene on January 17th. What he did between January 17 and February 1, and how he turned into Brown, he could not explain. Until then, he had not shown the slightest inclination to trade...
Meet your double
1931, March - in Moscow, former Socialist-Revolutionary Ksenia Serebrovskaya met on the embankment with her former party comrade, writer Alexander Grinevsky. They started talking. When Ksenia said that she was going to Crimea in the summer, Green invited her to visit him and gave her his new address in Old Crimea. When Ksenia arrived there, she saw a seriously ill writer who had never left Crimea. Having heard his extremely perplexing story, Greene reacted in Byron’s style: “I hope I wasn’t too annoying in Moscow and didn’t try to borrow money from you?”
So, split personality is mental illness, which manifests itself in the appearance of a second personality in the patient. In science this definition has been used for quite some time. Many people know about this disorder, even those who do not have a medical education. This is all because the name speaks for itself.
A split personality can be revealed approximately in this way - one and the same subject can manifest itself differently in a certain life situation. Internal dialogue, and sometimes even an argument with several so-called people, is characteristic of each of us. However, in a healthy and mentally strong body there is always one dominant consciousness at the head. But with all this, a split personality cannot be avoided when the psyche suffers a certain malfunction - as a result of which each of the minor internal entities begins to live its own life.
IN medical practice There are cases when the disease begins to progress so much that the patient gets the impression that he is living in some kind of parallel worlds or Universes that are never allowed to intersect.
Split personality in mild form is expressed by the following features: a person recognizes himself as a single and integral organism, but from time to time he tends to commit rash acts and say terrible words that he would never do or say. Very often, a dangerous diagnosis can appear as a result of taking psychotropic medications, drugs, or alcohol.
More dangerous type The disease is called “split personality”. As stated in a popular Soviet textbook: “One of the forms of this disease is the systematic demand for something with some kind of aggressiveness and hysteria, while the opposite action is performed in the form of a rigid refusal.” Such a split personality requires more severe and effective measures towards the patient.
Perhaps some of us have heard about patients in psychiatric institutions who consider themselves famous dictators, kings, pharaohs, and other historical figures. These are the people who are considered to have this serious illness.
Symptoms and signs
Let's look at the signs of split personality. Like every disease, split personality has a number of characteristic features. Here are some of them:
- The patient's actions look rather stupid and ridiculous. His words are not substantiated, and the appearance itself demonstrates a capricious imagination. There are many fictions in the stories, the nature of which is based on a certain heroic image. More often, these are entities possessing wisdom, strength, genius and unshakable greatness;
- The patient does not prove anything to anyone; there is simply an active change in various personal characteristics, accompanied by a sharp change in worldview, as well as the occurrence of changes in events in memory. Each personality will remember the moment of its appearance, but one may remember more and another less. This manifestation depends on their connection with each other. The subject will claim that he is not a person who is at the moment he has to, and also will not recognize either the place where he was or the people around him. Typically, a split personality with this effect is observed in the case when one of the entities managed to suppress the other. In a certain state, the stability of communication with the outside world will be maintained.
- The patient has a lack of control over his body (trembling and squirming), while the person screams in a voice that is not his own, and a sharp transition from one consciousness to another is manifested. The patient takes all the actions and words of the subpersonality as his own, and does not understand what is actually happening to him at the moment.
A split personality with this form of illness begins with filling the mind with other people's ideas and thoughts. After which this process develops into a more severe stage and is accompanied by the desire to displace the completely dominant consciousness from one’s body.
As a conclusion, we have the following - a split personality, the symptoms of which are manifested in the emergence in the patient of one subpersonality or more of them. The patient is often unaware of this disorder and does not notice the deterioration of his mental state.
Causes of the disease
As a rule, split personality (dissociation) is determined by a clearly formed mechanism, thanks to which the human mind acquires the chance to divide a certain block of its memories, while a direct connection is observed with its consciousness. Divided by influence of this disorder subconscious images or memories are not deleted - they have the property of spontaneously and repeatedly appearing in a person’s consciousness.
It is assumed that the disease and its symptoms occur as a result of various factors, such as irresistible stress, susceptibility to a dissociative state (separation of individual memories or consciousness from perception), and, finally, defense mechanisms that develop individually for each organism with an ambiguous system belonging to it process of features.
In mild and quite complex manifestations, split personality is reinforced by such predisposing factors as experience associated with severe trauma, which was caused ill-treatment over certain person in childhood. Also, the acquisition of this form of the disease is typical for persons who survived plane crashes, robbery attacks or terrorist attacks.
The development of a split personality with defining symptoms is also typical for patients with clearly manifested effects in post-stress and post-traumatic syndrome or in case of a disorder caused by a somatic condition, in other words, the development of an illness that entailed the occurrence of painful and discomfort in the field of various internal organs under the influence of specific mental conflicts.
According to statistics from North American studies, 98% of adults with multiple personality disorder suffered from childhood abuse. In addition, in 85% of cases there are documented facts of such incidents. In this regard, it can be concluded that violent acts experienced in childhood, are the root cause of dissociative disorder.
But there is a percentage of patients who never encounter various manifestations violence, but there are other reasons:
- early loss loved one or relative;
- stressful event;
- serious illness or pathology.
A case worthy of attention
The most significant person in the history of psychiatry, who harbored the serious illness of split personality, is considered to be a person who combines the existence of more than two dozen subpersonalities. Most often in scientific and fiction this case appears under the title "The 24 Personalities of Billy Milligan."
William Stanley Milligan, born in 1955 in the seventies of the last century, was subject to prosecution. This process took place in the USA, Ohio. At that time, Bill was charged with several rapes and robberies. However, a psychiatric specialist proved the following fact - all crimes were committed by a person who was not responsible for his actions. The poor guy had twenty-four alter egos! Moreover, each of them acted independently. He was not aware of Milligan's split personality. Traveling from one image to another, he had no idea about the terrible acts committed by his “second selves.”
You can compare the mind of an American with a certain dormitory in which many different souls. Each of them had their own separate “room”, and, at the same time, they never met each other. Subpersonalities manifested themselves one by one. Tommy (a mechanic and an artist) could appear before people in a dialogue, and after a couple of moments he was already participating in the conversation little boy David.
To investigate and treat Billy's split personality, he was subjected to compulsory treatment in one of the state hospitals.
In the early 20th century, split personality was considered a symptom of hysteria. Gradually interest in him began to increase. identified diagnostic criteria. And in 1968, the American Psychotherapy Association singled him out as a separate disease – « hysterical neurosis dissociative type." This event became significant. Split personality has been discussed at conferences and symposiums. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Research, and other reputable publications devoted articles and special issues to him. The disorder was renamed "multiple personality disorder" in 1980 and "dissociative identity disorder" in the late 1990s. By this time, the disease had been diagnosed in 6 thousand Americans. The wave of bifurcation has acquired epidemic proportions.
Proponents and opponents of the diagnosis
The opinions of psychiatrists and psychotherapists differ on a number of key points.
What caused the disease epidemic?
There are two waves of the multiple personality epidemic: European (1880-1890) and American (1980-1990).
Doctors who accept the diagnosis find an explanation in the increased scientific interest in the phenomenon of multiplicity. New research was carried out, diagnostic methods were improved, which improved the recognition of the disease. Professor of Psychiatry Richard Kluft emphasizes that only 20% of patients have clear symptoms, 40% have minor signs, and in the remaining 40% the disorder is determined only after a thorough examination.
Skeptical doctors associate the first wave with the emergence of hypnosis, and the second with the popularization of the disorder. Forensic psychiatrist V.V. Motov notes that after the film adaptation of the books “The Three Faces of Eve” (1957) and “Sibyl” (1973), American newspapers began to circulate semi-fantastic stories about multiple personalities. The symptoms of the disorder, dressed in an artistic wrapper, acquired an aura of mystery and enigma. Eventually, many suggestible patients began to exhibit similar symptoms.
Psychiatrists Thigpen and Cleckley also mentioned that after the book “The Three Faces of Eve” was published, their clinic experienced a real boom. Doctors referred hundreds of patients to them whose diagnosis was not confirmed. They noted unhealthy competition among colleagues fighting for the right to find greatest number subpersonalities.
What is the cause of the disorder and what are the treatment methods?
American psychiatrist Frank Putnam suggests that dissociative identity disorder is formed in response to physical, emotional and/or sexual abuse in childhood. Since the child cannot prevent the traumatic influence, the unity of the personality is preserved by splitting the “I”. New personalities take on the burden of unbearable pain and try to adapt to reality. Children's personalities, as a rule, experience fear and cry, while adults express anger, defend or realize secret desires. They may not know about each other, be friends with each other or conflict. Individuals may differ in age, nationality and illness. For example, one may be nearsighted, while the other may have good eyesight, but suffer from psychopathy. Each individual is assigned a unique name, which most often recalls the trauma experienced.
Putnam cites statistics that support the relationship between childhood trauma and disorder. According to data National Institute mental health USA 97% of patients with multiple personality are victims of violence; 68% of them were sexually harassed by a relative. Memories of incest are repressed from memory because they are associated with shame, guilt, and other strong emotions. In addition, incest can be masked by “family myths” about care and love. Putnam emphasized that therapy should be aimed at uncovering the patient's secrets and then working through them.
Psychiatry professor Paul McHugh has a different view on the nature of multiple personality. He is confident that multiple personality is a manifestation of hysteria, aggravated by inadequate treatment. As confirmation, McHugh cites an excerpt from a psychotherapeutic conversation. So, the psychiatrist asks: “Have you ever felt like another part of you was doing something that was beyond your control?” If the patient answers positively or ambiguously, then the question follows: “Does this complex of sensations have a name?” Even if he doesn’t call it anything, the specialist asks to talk to that part of the personality. In this way, the personality is purposefully divided, and the psychiatrist interacts with the patient's fantasies rather than helping to solve the problem.
Opponents of the diagnosis note that there is no refutable evidence that incest or other psychological trauma causes multiple personality. They also urge caution regarding memories gained during therapy.
In order for repressed memories to awaken, “age regression and guided visualization”, hypnosis and sodium amytal (“truth serum”) are used. For most, such treatment turned into a real tragedy. “Remembering” the sexual harassment, patients began to sue their parents. Families were breaking up, torn family ties, reputation was tarnished. In response to the problem, in 1993 the American Psychiatric Association issued a warning that memories obtained through hypnosis and visualization are unreliable and may be false.
Humanity or personal interest?
Multiple personality therapy is an expensive procedure that can take many years. Entering the diagnosis into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual mental disorders» allowed insurance companies to pay for the treatment of poor patients. On the one hand, this approach is dictated by humane considerations, and on the other hand, it is regarded by critics as a financial interest of the attending physicians.
To summarize, it can be noted that the phenomenon of multiple personality is again in the spotlight. The story of Billy Milligan is gaining popularity in popular culture, based on which a book was written and a film is being filmed. The debate continues in scientific circles. Research is carried out, articles and monographs are written. Extensive experience has been accumulated diagnostic methods, but still some specialists are still in opposition and do not recognize this diagnosis. And who knows, maybe soon the disputing parties will come to a consensus, and we will get a clear answer to the question of what multiple personality is.
Literature
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