| Introduction…………………………………………………………... | |
| Chapter 1. Deviance……………………………………………………… | 4- 8 |
| 1.1 Definition of deviance…………………………………………… | |
| 1.2. Types of deviance……………………………………………….. | 5 - 7 |
| 1.3 Forms of deviations……………………………………………………… | 7 - 8 |
| Chapter 2. Features of certain forms of deviant behavior……. | 8-12 |
| Conclusion………………………………………………………………. | |
| List of sources used……………………………………. | |
| Appendix A. ………………………………………………………. | 14-18 |
| Appendix B. ……….................................. ................................... | 19-22 |
| Dictionary…………………………………………………………………… |
INTRODUCTION
Society is a multi-component and multi-level social system that includes many variables, but the main variable, without which it cannot exist, is the individual. What is personality?
To answer this question correctly, we must distinguish between three terms: man, individual, personality. When we say person, we mean a generic concept that embraces all people as representatives of a specific species (homo sapiens), embodying the highest stage of development of life on Earth and being the subject of socio-historical activity and culture. This concept indicates the qualitative difference between people and animals, but says nothing about the social differences between people themselves. The concept of an individual denotes a separate representative of the human race, possessing psychophysiological characteristics - temperament, character, specific abilities of memory, feelings, etc. The concept of personality refers to the social quality and characteristics of an individual, which are formed, developed, and realized in joint activities and communication with other people. With this in mind, we can give definitions of personality. Personality this is a relatively stable and holistic system of social qualities that characterize a given individual, acquired and developed by him in the process of interaction with other people and being a product social development.
Personality exists in a certain human body, and therefore has certain biological prerequisites, without which it cannot be formed (for example: it is impossible to imagine personality in the absence of a brain). The personality appears in public life as a unique bearer of consciousness and self-awareness, a subject of interpersonal relationships and social interactions.
The process of an individual’s assimilation of social experience, knowledge, beliefs, norms, values, patterns of behavior, and status-role standards is called socialization in science.
Socialization has its own forms, factors, stages, varieties, a complex mechanism of its manifestation, combining external influences on a person. External information and the internal process of selecting this information is a kind of psychological filter, thanks to the presence of which it is possible to explain why, under equal conditions of socialization in society, one has to deal with not only normal, but also deviant behavior, with inhumane, aggressive activities of individuals, and not only level of ordinary people, but also of major politicians who elevate crime to the rank of state activity, for example, fascism, Stalinism (see Dictionary), etc.
The concept of “behavior” came to sociology from psychology. Behavior is the reaction of a living being to external and internal changes. Such a reaction can be both conscious and unconscious. Thus, purely emotional reactions ˗ laughter, crying ˗ are also behavior
Relevance and necessity research on the topic of deviant behavior is determined by the fact that modern society needs physically and mentally healthy, harmoniously developed people who have a specific goal in life and are able to achieve it. The study becomes especially relevant at the present time, at a turning point in the development of our society. Various difficulties that arise in the process of adaptation of representatives of certain social groups to the modern economic situation give rise to deformation of interpersonal connections, separation of generations, and loss of traditions.
Purpose of the study: study of deviant behavior.
Research objectives:
1. Reveal the features of deviant behavior.
2. Study the types and causes of deviant behavior of the individual.
3. Consider measures for correction and prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents.
4. Features of a particular type of deviation (crime).
Object of study: deviant behavior.
Hypothesis is that adolescents aged 15-18 years have a tendency to deviant behavior.
Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the research problem, conversation, questioning, interviewing.
Chapter 1. Deviance
Definition of deviance
The starting point for understanding the essence of deviant behavior is the concept of “norm”. A social norm is a measure of acceptable behavior of an individual, social group or organization that has historically developed in a particular society. Social norms develop as a result of an adequate or distorted reflection in the consciousness and behavior of people of the objective laws of the functioning of society. Therefore, they either correspond to the laws of social development, being “natural”, or are not sufficiently adequate to them, or even come into conflict due to a distorted class-limited, religious, subjectivist, mythologized reflection of objective laws. In this case, the “norm” becomes abnormal, while deviations from it are “normal.”
This is why social deviations can have an impact on society different meanings. Positive ones serve as a means of progressive development of the system, increasing the level of its organization, overcoming outdated,
conservative or reactionary standards of behavior. This is social
creativity: scientific, technical, artistic, socio-political. Negative ones disorganize the system, sometimes undermining its foundations. This is a social pathology: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide.
The boundaries between positive and negative deviant behavior are fluid in the time and space of societies. In addition, various “normative subcultures” exist simultaneously (from scientific communities and artistic “bohemia” to communities of drug addicts and criminals). Social norms perform very important functions in society. They regulate the general course of socialization, integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society, control deviant behavior, and serve as standards of behavior. From all this it follows that if an individual complies with all the norms prescribed by society, then his behavior is not deviant, but if he does not comply with any rules, then the behavior of this individual will be deviant. But usually in society there are no people who comply with absolutely all norms.
In most cases, deviant behavior is subject to social sanctions. Weak and random forms of deviation associated with a violation of the order of interaction between people (lies, rudeness, etc.) are recorded by public opinion and corrected directly and situationally by the participants in the interaction. Methods and means of punishment in relation to persistent forms of deviations are determined by public consciousness or the interests of the ruling elite, depending on the degree of danger of deviations.
Social behavior is a set of human behavioral processes associated with the satisfaction of physical and social needs and arising as a reaction to the environment. social environment. Subject social behavior may be an individual or a group.
If we abstract from purely psychological factors and reason at the social level, then the behavior of an individual is determined primarily by socialization. That minimum of innate instincts that a person possesses as biological creature is the same for all people. Behavioral differences depend on qualities acquired during the process of socialization and, to some extent, on congenital and acquired psychological individual characteristics.
Under deviant behavior in a broad sense understand any actions or actions of people that do not correspond to written and unwritten norms, both positive and negative. These can be culturally approved deviations, for example, supergenius, heroism, self-sacrifice, altruism, workaholism, etc., as well as culturally disapproved deviations, ranging from ticketless travel to
murders and other serious crimes.
IN narrow understanding Deviant behavior refers to such deviations from the norm (from the law) that entail criminal punishment. The set of illegal actions is called delinquent behavior in sociology. (see Dictionary)
Deviant behavior is relative, since it relates to moral norms and values of a given group; delinquent behavior is absolute, since it violates absolute norm expressed in the legal laws of society.
Deviant behavior as a violation of social norms has become widespread in recent years, which has brought this problem into the spotlight of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officials.
1.2. Types of deviance
It is customary to distinguish between primary and secondary deviation. Primary they call such a deviation that generally corresponds to the norms accepted in society and is so insignificant that the individual’s environment does not qualify him as a deviant and he does not consider himself as such. Under secondary Deviation is understood as behavior that significantly deviates from the norms existing in the group and is therefore defined as deviant and the person is already identified as a deviant. Most people violate some kind of social norm. For example, traffic rules when crossing the street or talking on a cell phone during lectures, but they are not considered deviants. Sociologists call this behavior “primary deviation.” But being brought to the police station, criminal proceedings initiated, expulsion from an educational institution label a person as a deviant. This is already a “secondary deviation”, after which those around him begin to communicate with him as a deviant.
At all times, society has tried to suppress and eliminate undesirable forms of human activity and their carriers. Methods and means were determined by socio-economic relations, public consciousness, and the interests of the ruling elite. The problems of social “evil” embody the most dangerous destructive trends for the country today.
What are the causes of deviation?
More than a hundred years ago, biological and psychological interpretations of the causes of deviation were widespread. So,
Italian doctor Lombroso proposed the phrenological theory of deviation, trying to identify a direct connection between a person’s criminal behavior and his biological characteristics. In his opinion, the “criminal type” is the result of degradation in earlier stages of human evolution. In 1940, Lombroso's follower, American psychologist and physician W. H. Sheldon, emphasized the importance of body structure. In his typology, an endomorph (a person of moderate obesity with a soft and somewhat rounded body) is sociable and knows how to get along with people; The mesomorph (whose body is strong and slender) tends to be restless, he is active and not too sensitive: the ectomorph has a thin and fragile body, is prone to introspection, and is endowed with increased sensitivity and nervousness. Based on the research, Sheldon comes to the conclusion that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation. The psychological theory of deviation is developed by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. He explains it by an underdeveloped “Super-Ego” and substantiates it with “mental defects”, “dementia” and “psychopathy”, as if programmed deviations. The foundations of the sociological theory of deviation were laid by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. In his opinion, the main reason
Deviation is anomie, a state of disorganization of society when
values, norms, social ties are absent, weakened or contradict each other. All this disrupts the stability of society, disorganizes people, and as a result, various types deviations. The theory of anomie was further developed by the American sociologist Robert Merton. The main reason He considered deviation to be the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved means of achieving them. Based on the dilemma
“means-ends” R. Merton identified five types of behavior, four of which relate to deviation: conformity - a type of behavior that presupposes compliance with the goals and means of their implementation accepted in society; innovation an individual shares the socially approved goals of society, but chooses disapproved means of achieving them, and the means do not have to be criminal, they are simply unusual at a given time for a given society; Ritualism involves the denial of goals proclaimed by society, with conditional agreement with the approved means of achieving them, for example, a student who has not completed his homework goes to school and secretly dreams that the teacher will miraculously suddenly fall ill. But when he enters the class, he says: “Hello, Marya Ivanovna”; retreatism - rejection of the goals and means accepted by society as an “escape from reality”, a kind of social nihilism (vagrants, drug addicts, alcoholics living in society, but not belonging to it) rebellion, rebellion, denial of old socially accepted goals and means while simultaneously replacing them with new ones (revolutionaries, radicals
extremists).
When using this typology, it must be remembered that people living in society can never be completely conforming to the normative culture or be complete innovators. In each personality, all of the listed types are present to one degree or another, but one predominates.
Let us note another interesting phenomenon of the manifestation of deviant behavior of norm-justification. These are cultural patterns with the help of which people justify the implementation of any forbidden desires and actions without openly challenging existing moral norms.
Other theories explaining the origin of deviations include:
1)the theory of imitation of the French sociologist and criminologist Gabriel Tarde. In his opinion, people become criminals because they find themselves in a criminal environment from an early age.
2) the theory of differential association of the American sociologist and criminologist Edwin. Sutherland. Developing the thought of G. Tarde, he emphasized that much of an individual’s deviant behavior depends on his environment, i.e. from who exactly teaches him and what. Therefore, the longer an individual stays in a criminal environment, the greater the likelihood that he will become a deviant in the future. These two theories are combined under the general name “the theory of cultural transfer of deviance”;
3) the theory of stigmatization (from Grech, stigma - stigma), or labeling, the authors of which are American sociologists Edward Lemert, economist Gary Stanley Becker. According to this theory, deviance is determined not so much by behavior or the content of specific actions, but by group assessment, “labeling” a person as a “violator” of established norms and applying sanctions against him.
These are the main research approaches to studying the causes of the emergence and spread of deviant behavior.
Forms of deviations
The main forms of deviant behavior in a broad sense include:
drunkenness and alcoholism;
drug use;
crime;
suicide;
prostitution.
According to experts, the existence of deviant behavior among some people in modern society is inevitable. At the same time, they note that deviations naturally arise in societies experiencing
transformation, where, against the backdrop of intensifying crisis phenomena, people become increasingly dissatisfied with their situation, which causes a feeling of social dissatisfaction, lack of demand and alienation from society. This feeling of deprivation (Latin deprivatio loss, deprivation, reduction or complete deprivation of the opportunity to satisfy basic psychophysiological or social needs) in some cases can lead to the emergence of pessimistic sentiments among the population and its demoralization (depression, confusion).
Typical reactions include indifference to the means of achieving the goal, corruption, cynicism, and extremism. The mechanism of deviant behavior is revealed through interaction analysis regulatory regulation, personality characteristics, its relationship to the norm and real life conflict situations.
And so these forms of deviation are associated with the formation of asocial personality types and criminal actions directed against the individual, society and the state.
Chapter 2.
Crime as a form of deviation
A crime in its most general form means a violation of laws. (See Dictionary) Criminals are persons convicted by a court. In this case, judges perform the function of stigmatization, that is, they impose a kind of state “stamp” on a person, declaring him a criminal.
Crime, depending on the field of activity, has various interpretations and interpretations. From a legal point of view, a crime is a violation of the law. From a political point of view, a crime is an act perceived by the authorities as a direct or indirect threat to its interests. Sociology views crime as an antisocial act, which presupposes the need to protect the existing social system. And psychology says that crime is a form of social inability to adapt to the environment, the difficulty that an individual experiences in responding to the stimuli around him. When studying crime as a form of deviant behavior, researchers are finding more and more factors that influence its dynamics. These factors include: poverty, social status, social status, occupation, education of a person, level of his upbringing and development. Every society has the crime “that it deserves,” and more specifically, that corresponds to the culture of a given society. In modern countries Western Europe hardly any of the mentally normal people will use a method of causing harm to health, such as the “evil eye,” or a method of murder, such as witchcraft. Computer crimes are possible only in societies with an appropriate “information” culture.
The culture of society “tells” us all sorts of behavior patterns and various options conflict resolution: get drunk, steal, sort things out, stop dating, commit suicide, etc. Also, not only the nature and methods of committing crimes, but also the measures of social control and punishment used by society are culturally determined.
Crime reflects all the vices of humanity. And to this day, no society has yet managed to eliminate it. Currently, this is one of the most pressing social problems, and this phenomenon needs to be given great attention by the state and society. It must be taken into account that crime has a threshold of quantitative and qualitative saturation, beyond which it turns from a criminological, law enforcement problem into a socio-political problem. Reducing crime will lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the country as a whole and each of its people in particular.
According to studies of all age categories, the greatest concern is the scale of the spread of negative phenomena among young people and minors.
Voluntarily or unwittingly, a person adheres to a line of behavior approved by his immediate environment, in which attitudes and orientations that contradict the norms of a rational lifestyle may be present or even prevail. Most often it happens that only some element of the microenvironment, and not all of it as a whole, has an antisocial orientation. And here a lot depends on which group will be more authoritative and attractive for the individual. Many deviations originate in the family or are associated with it, caused by shortcomings family education. The employment of both parents, having few children, and removing children from household work and serious life problems often become factors that contribute to the development of unseemly inclinations and actions. The psyche and actions of children are negatively affected by contradictions between the words and deeds of parents, relatives, and adults. It is difficult to expect that a teenager will develop moral stability and healthy habits when the one who raises him, proclaiming certain “truths”, actually acts contrary to them.
According to official statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, there is an increase in crimes committed by minors. (Appendix B). The social danger of crimes largely depends on whether these acts are committed alone or in a group.
We need to stop at this important indicator like gang crime. The origins of group crime lie in street companies with an antisocial orientation. Violence and cruelty are becoming a characteristic feature of juvenile crimes. Teenagers, in the process of committing crimes, under unfortunate circumstances for them, commit crimes such as murder, grievous bodily harm, and robbery.
It is the group crimes of minors that are most cruel.
Due to the nature of juvenile delinquency, the problem of the identity of the offender comes first. The main thing when considering the identity of a juvenile offender is age. According to age characteristics, minors are divided into the following groups: 14-15 years old - teenagers, 16-17 years old - minors.
Of particular importance is the study of the family status of juvenile offenders. It is in the family that socially significant personality qualities and evaluation criteria are formed.
The problem of leisure is also special; according to the results of individual studies, as free time increases, the interests of adolescents become deformed and acquire a negative connotation. The more free time, the higher the likelihood of committing crimes. According to the same studies, of the number of teenagers who had 2-3 hours of free time, 18% were registered with the police, 5-7 hours - 53%.
Means mass media also entail an increase in juvenile crime. Television programs are oversaturated with scenes of violence. The European Society for the Protection of Children has calculated that at least twenty murders and bloody atrocities are shown every hour in films and programs on all European channels. Our television, unfortunately, is not inferior to European television in terms of demonstrating violence to young viewers. Since teenagers spend an average of three to four hours a day in front of a screen, one can imagine the impact of this entire avalanche of horrors on the fragile child’s psyche and its role in the process of personality development.
Many children's institutions and organizations have ceased to exist, and the premises belonging to them have been leased to commercial structures. A large number of sports sections and clubs switched to commercial basis, i.e. became paid, and therefore inaccessible.
In our country, the law allows young people who have reached the age of 16 to work, and those who have not reached that age face the problem of finding employment. Thus, teenagers are forced to earn extra money at various jobs illegally, contrary to the law. “Money any way!” is the motto for many young people. Minors are actively involved in racketeering, illegal businesses and other types of criminal activities. Employment of minors, their adaptation and preparation for professional work are some of the important tasks, the solution of which will ensure the realization of the rights of young people to work and use their potential in the development of the country's economy.
The formation of a person as a person occurs throughout his life, but the basis of behavior and character is laid precisely in adolescence. As practice shows, persons who received criminal punishment for crimes in adolescence continue to commit repeat crimes. This means that to reduce the number of offenses, education is of great importance, with the goal of preventing a person from committing the first crime in his life.
So, a juvenile criminal is a person with habits, inclinations, and stable stereotypes of antisocial behavior. They are characterized by: constant demonstration of disdain for the norms of generally accepted behavior (foul language, appearing drunk, pestering citizens, damaging public property, etc.); addiction to alcoholic beverages, drugs, participation in gambling; vagrancy, systematic escapes from home, educational and other institutions; early sexual intercourse; systematic manifestation of malice, vindictiveness, rudeness, acts of violent behavior: a guilty creature conflict situations, constant quarrels in the family, terrorizing parents and other family members; cultivation of hostility towards other groups of minors who are distinguished by academic success; the habit of appropriating everything that is bad, that can be taken away from the weak with impunity.
Juvenile crime is only the initial part of overall crime. The influence of adult crime on juvenile crime is most often carried out indirectly through youth crime. The relationship between juvenile delinquency and youth is two-way. Juvenile delinquency is, as it were, a reflection or shadow of youth delinquency, since the younger ones try to repeat the behavioral stereotypes of their elders, and the delinquency of the older ones is replenished due to the influx of yesterday's minors.
Of great importance is the preventive effect on the personality of a minor, that is, individual prevention. Individual prevention measures should affect both the personality of the juvenile offender and his environment. The goal of preventing crimes committed by minors is to correct and re-educate the teenager or change his criminogenic orientation. There are many actors involved in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. They represent a single system connected by common goals and objectives. A special place in this system is given to internal affairs bodies, which represent the subsystem for the prevention of deviant behavior. Internal affairs bodies carry out the bulk of work in the field of preventing juvenile crimes and are directly involved in the correction and re-education of minors who have committed crimes. In addition, the preventive activities of internal affairs bodies require the mandatory inclusion of other entities. An important role in the anti-criminogenic effect on
Schools should provide assistance to minors, since self-education, along with education, constitutes the content of the process of appropriate influence on a teenager, forming him as a person useful to society. In a conversation with the social teacher of our school, N.R. Shalyuta, I found out that in our school there are no students registered in cases of minors who have committed crimes. There is an explanation for this. Extracurricular activities in our school are organized at the proper level. We have various hobby groups, sections, and elective specialized education in high schools since elementary school. A wide variety of sports sections that take place after school and on the sixth day of school. Thus, the problems of employment after school do not arise for the children of our school.
We also have a prevention council at our school, which meets once a week. Students who have unsatisfactory grades, miss school without good reason, or violate discipline are invited to the council.
In conclusion, I would like to summarize some results.
Most minors are not engaged in any activity, they do not attend clubs, sections, do not read, but only hang out with their friends. A complete reluctance to study or work has been revealed.
Juvenile offenders prefer to go out in the evening or at night, although they should be at home at this time.
Most minors live in single-parent families or their parents are on long business trips. Parental neglect and permissiveness are the most important factors in the commission of crimes and offenses.
In general, the increase in juvenile crime creates the preconditions for an increase in overall crime. In order to prevent crimes and delinquency among minors, it is necessary to conduct explanatory and preventive conversations, to involve them in participating in various public events and sections. Access to education should be the same for all segments of the population with different financial situation, which is not the case at the moment.
CONCLUSION
So, we have determined that deviant (deviant) behavior is
behavior of an individual or group that does not conform to generally accepted
norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them, such
an individual easily falls into a state of “social disorganization” when
cultural norms, values and social relationships are absent,
weaken or contradict each other. This condition is called
anomie and is the main cause of deviant behavior. Also, during the study, the hypothesis that adolescents aged 15-18 years have a tendency to deviant behavior was confirmed.
Considering that deviant behavior can take the most different shapes(both negative and positive), it is necessary to study this phenomenon using a differentiated approach.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Lantsova L.A., Shurupova M.F. "Sociological theory of deviant
behavior", Socio-political magazine No. 4, 1993.
2.Ivanov V.N. “Deviant behavior: causes and extent”
Socio-political magazine No. 2, 1995.
3. Goffman A.B. “Seven lectures on the history of sociology”, M., 1995
4. Gilinsky Ya.I., Smolinsky L.G. “Sociodynamics of suicide”, Socis No. 5, 1988.
5. Golod S.I. “Prostitution in the context of changes in sexual morality”, Socis
No. 2. 1988
6. Petelin B.Ya. "Organized juvenile crime", Socis
No. 9, 1990
7. Deviant behavior and its types. [Electronic resource] /. – Access mode: http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-deviaciya.html - Access date: 02.20.2017.
8. Deviant behavior in adolescents. [Electronic resource] /. – Access mode: http://smolsoc.ru/index.php/home/2009-12-28-13-46-25/54-2010-09-07-19-09-09/1058-2011-02- 01-01-44-43 – Access date: 02/18/2017.
9.General statistics. [Electronic resource] /. – Access mode: http://mvd.gov.by/main.aspx?guid=256493 – Access date: 02/18/2017.
10.A.N. Elsukov “Sociology short course”, training manual 2009
11.E.M. Babosov “General Sociology”, textbook for university students, 2002.
Appendix A
1. How do you spend free time?
A) reading books D) hanging out with friends
B) I watch TV D) I go to discos
C) I attend clubs in section E)_________________________________
2. What time of day do you prefer to meet with friends?
A) during the day B) in the evening C) at night
3. How do you evaluate your academic performance?
A) excellent B) satisfactory
B) good D) not satisfactory
4. You are attending school because
A) parents force
B) like
IN)_________________________________
5. Who do you live with?
6. Which parent is raising you?
A) mother B) father C) grandparents D) both parents
7. Where do your parents work?
A) in the city of Mogilev B) in other cities C) do not work
8. Do you have any bad habits?
A) yes (to question 9) B) no (to question 10)
9.Your bad habit?
A) smoking
B) use of narcotic or toxic substances
B) drinking alcohol
10. Do your parents have bad habits? Which?
A) smoking B) using narcotic or toxic substances
B) drinking alcohol
G) ________________________________________________________
11. Your gender
A) female B) male
12. Your age __________________
Appendix B
GENERAL STATISTICS FOR 2015
According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2015, 96,982 crimes were registered in the republic, or 103.2% of the 2014 level.
Per 100,000 people in 2015, 1,024 crimes were registered in the republic (in 2014 - 992 crimes).
Number of registered crimes and crime rate by region and Minsk city in 2015 Number of registered crimes Crime rate growth (decrease) rate by 2014, in% Republic of Belarus region and Minsk: Brest Vitebsk Gomel Grodno Mogilevskaya
per 100,000 population
In 2015, 12,390 particularly serious and grave crimes were registered, the proportion of which in the total number of registered crimes was 12.8% (in 2014 - 10,842 crimes, or 11.5%).
Registered crimes by specific types
| growth (decrease) rate by 2014, in% |
||
| Crimes registered | ||
| especially serious | ||
| less severe | ||
| Of the total number of registered crimes: | ||
| murder and attempted murder | ||
| intentionally causing grievous bodily harm | ||
| rape and attempt | ||
| from apartments and private houses | ||
| extortion | ||
| hooliganism | ||
| corrupt practices | ||
| fraud | ||
| theft by abuse of power | ||
| theft by appropriation | ||
| abuse of power or | ||
| official forgery | ||
| crimes related | ||
| illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, | ||
| including for sales purposes | ||
In the republic in 2015, 2,894 crimes were registered against the procedure for carrying out economic activities, which is 14.8% more than in 2014, of which 15 were particularly serious crimes (3.8 times more).
In 2015 preliminary investigation 66.6 thousand crimes were completed, which is 5.5% more than in 2014.
Crimes for which the preliminary investigation has been completed
| growth (decrease) rate |
||
| Crimes, preliminary | ||
| of which were completed: | ||
| minors and with their participation | ||
| persons with a criminal record | ||
| not working, not studying | ||
| group of people | ||
| intoxicated | ||
| under the influence of drugs | ||
In criminal cases for which the investigation has been completed, 53.1 thousand persons who committed crimes were identified in 2015.
Persons who committed crimes
| growth (decrease) rate |
||
| Persons who committed crimes were identified | ||
| minors | ||
| did not work, did not study | ||
| persons with a criminal record | ||
| persons who were intoxicated | ||
| persons under the influence of drugs | ||
TO criminal liability more than 45 thousand people were involved, or 84.9% of the total number of identified persons who committed crimes (in 2014 - 41.6 thousand people, or 83.2%).
As of January 1, 2016, 33.3 thousand people were kept in places of deprivation of liberty, which is 11.9% more than on the corresponding date in 2015, including 25.7 thousand people in correctional colonies for adults (by 12.2% more), juvenile correctional colony - 231 people (35.9% more), pre-trial detention centers - 6.9 thousand people (11.8% more), prisons - 555 people (5.8% more) less).
In the republic in 2015, internal affairs bodies registered 3,758.8 thousand administrative offenses, for which decisions were made to impose an administrative penalty (94.7% of the 2014 level). 1,309.7 thousand administrative penalties were issued for speeding (in 2014 - 1,632 thousand), for drinking alcoholic beverages in a public place - 349.8 thousand (in 2014 - 326.5 thousand), for petty hooliganism – 108.7 thousand (in 2014 – 107.5 thousand). The amount of fines imposed for administrative offenses in 2015 amounted to 1,207.6 billion rubles compared to 1,022.3 billion rubles in 2014.
DICTIONARY
Fascism is a form of open dictatorship based on racism and chauvinism, aimed at eradicating democracy, establishing a regime of brutal reaction and preparing aggressive wars.
Stalinism political system V USSRin the late 1920s and early 1950s and the underlying ideology. Stalinism was characterized by the dominance of authoritarianism, the strengthening of the punitive functions of the state, the merging of state bodies and the ruling Communist Party, and strict ideological control over all aspects of social life.
Delinquent behavior is the antisocial illegal behavior of an individual, embodied in his misconduct (actions or inactions), causing harm to both individual citizens and society as a whole.
Crime an act that violates the law and is subject to criminal liability
The reasons for such a phenomenon as deviation some scientists tend to look more into human biology. Biological explanation . At the end of the last century, Italian physician Cesare Lombroso discovered a connection between criminal behavior and certain physical traits. People are disposed, in his opinion, to certain types of behavior according to their biological make-up.
He argued that the "criminal type" is the result of a degradation to earlier stages of human evolution. This type can be identified by the following characteristic features as a speaker lower jaw, sparse beard, and decreased sensitivity to pain, etc. At one time, Lombrazo's theory became widespread, and some scientists became his followers.
William Sheldon (1940), a famous American psychologist and physician, emphasized the importance of studying the structure of the body. He believed that certain breeds of dogs have an innate tendency to engage in certain types of behavior. Also in humans, a certain body structure means the presence of characteristic personality traits. He developed the following typology: endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs.
Endomorphs - people of moderate obesity with a soft, somewhat rounded body, are characterized by sociability, the ability to get along with people and indulge their desires.
Mesomorphs, whose body is strong and slim, tend to show anxiety and activity, but they do not show excessive sensitivity.
Ectomorphs are characterized by subtlety and fragility, a tendency to introspection, and increased sensitivity.
Based on his research at the Rehabilitation Center, W. Sheldon concluded that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation, although they are not always criminals.
Although such biological concepts were popular in the early 20th century, they were gradually replaced by other scientific views. There has been evidence that some mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, may be due to genetic predisposition. In addition, separate biological features can have an impact on the psyche of the individual.
For example, if a boy is teased for being short, his response may be directed against society and result in deviant behavior. But in this case, biological factors only indirectly contribute to deviation, combined with social or psychological ones. Therefore, any biological analysis of deviation must take into account a complex set of many factors.
Psychological explanation of deviance Psychoanalysts proposed a theory that linked deviant behavior to mental disorders. For example, Freud introduced the concept of "guilty criminals", these are people who unconsciously want to be caught and punished because they feel guilty because of their "destroying drive", they internally believe that imprisonment has helped They would like to overcome this attraction.
However, careful research has shown that the essence of deviation cannot be overcome only on the basis of an analysis of psychological factors.
In 1950, Schuesler and Cressy conducted a critical review of many scientific works, the authors of which tried to prove that criminals are characterized by certain psychological characteristics, unusual for law-abiding citizens. But there was not a single psychological trait that was observed in all criminals.
Currently, most psychologists and sociologists recognize that personality characteristics and the motives of its actions probably influence all types of deviant behavior. But still, with the help of any one trait or “complex” it is impossible to explain the essence of crime or another type of deviation.
Sociological explanation of deviation. Note that biological and psychological explanations did not provide a sufficiently clear and complete explanation of the phenomenon of deviation. Therefore, sociological science also made an attempt to analyze this problem using its own methods.
Anomie theory. The first sociological explanation of deviance was proposed in the theory of anomie, developed by Emile Durkheim, who used this theory in his classic study of the nature of suicide. He believed that one of the causes of suicide is deregulation - anomie, explaining this phenomenon, he emphasized that social rules play an important role in people's lives.
Norms guide their behavior, and they know what to expect from others and what is expected of them. However, during times of crisis or radical social change, life experiences no longer correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. As a result, people begin to experience a state of confusion and disorientation. The suicide rate during crisis years increases markedly.
Although E. Durkheim's theory has been repeatedly criticized, its main idea, that social disorganization is the cause of deviant behavior, is considered generally accepted today. Term "social disorganization" denotes a state of society when cultural values, norms and social relationships are absent, weakened or begin to contradict each other.
This may be, for example, the result of a mixture of religious ethnic and racial groups or observed with a high level of migration of members of settlement communities, which also leads to heterogeneity and instability of social ties.
Sociologists have found that the official level of delinquency among teenagers is especially high in areas where people of different backgrounds live and there is a high degree of population turnover. And, conversely, than more people They believe in socially significant values; the deeper their attachment to their parents, the more actively they strive to study and engage in socially approved activities.
There are also cultural explanation. Thus, a number of scientists believe that deviation arises as a result of conflicts between cultural norms.
They study behavior separate groups, whose norms differ from the norms of the rest of society. This is due to the fact that the interests of the group do not correspond to the norms of the majority, this is especially true for the subculture of the lower layer of society, one of the manifestations of which is group crime.
This subculture places great importance on qualities such as risk-taking, endurance, thrill-seeking, and “luck.” Since gang members are guided by these very values, other people - representatives of the middle strata - treat them as deviants. Thus, deviance occurs when an individual identifies himself with a subculture whose norms contradict the norms of the dominant culture.
In addition, not only social disorganization and the collapse of ideals give rise to crime, deviant behavior opens up favorable opportunities for some young people.
In some areas of activity, young people learn role models successful deviants. We are talking about people involved in organized or professional crime. Opportunities for prosperity tempt people who have limited access to legitimate means of achieving success.
Z. R. Merton's theory of anomie. Robert K. Merton (1938) made some changes to Durkheim's concept of anomie. He believed that the cause of deviation is the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved means of achieving them. An example is the contradictory attitude of Americans towards the problem of wealth. They admire financial success. Achieving wealth is a common goal in American culture. Socially approved or institutionalized means of achieving this goal involve such traditional methods, like getting a good education and getting a job in a trading or law firm.
But once we are confronted with the real state of affairs in American society, it becomes clear that these socially approved means are not available to the majority of the population.
Many people cannot pay for a good education, and the best firms hire only a limited number of specialists.
According to Merton, when people strive for financial success but become convinced that it cannot be achieved through socially approved means, they may resort to illegal means, such as racketeering, speculation, drug dealing, etc.
R. Merton proposed a classification of deviant actions, which is still considered the most successful.
In Merton's system, total conformism presupposes agreement with the goals of society and with the legal means of achieving them. A young man or girl who receives a good education finds prestigious job and successfully move up the career ladder - this is the personification of conformism; they set a goal (say, financial success) and achieve it through legal means. It should be borne in mind that conformity is the only type of non-deviant behavior.
The second possible reaction is called innovation; it presupposes agreement with the goals approved by a given culture, but denies socially approved ways of achieving them. The "innovator" will use new but illegal means of achieving wealth. He is involved in racketeering, blackmail, white collar crimes" (like embezzlement of other people's money)
The third reaction is called ritualism, implies denial of the goals of a given culture, agreement to use socially approved means. An example, a bureaucrat who is fanatically dedicated to his work.
The fourth reaction is called escapism (retriarism), when a person simultaneously rejects both goals and socially approved means and their achievements. Their most prominent representatives are the marginalized: tramps, drunkards, etc.
Finally, rebellion, like escapism, also simultaneously rejects And cultural goals, and socially approved means of achieving them. But they lead to the replacement of old goals And funds for new ones. A new ideology is developing. For example, a revolutionary considers the socialist property system more legitimate than the existing one.
Albert Cohen's theory. Albert Cohen developed the views of R. Merton, looking at them from the point of view of game theory. The main theses of his theory can be presented as follows.
Most deviations are not simply or so much an expression of individual pathology, but rather cases of borrowed behavior, acquired in large part in interaction with other individuals who serve as role models who transmit appropriate skills and reinforce beliefs and ideology.
Deviant behavior, like most types of human behavior, requires both material and moral support from accomplices and like-minded people. In general, the processes that generate and support deviant behavior are not much different from the processes that generate and support conformist behavior.
An industrial society creates a strong motivation to learn, work hard, and strive for responsibility. But it also creates dissatisfaction between hopes and real achievements.
When faith and hope are deceived, when legitimate paths to achieving one's goals are closed, or when there is not enough personal data to achieve this, dissatisfaction can turn into a bitter consciousness of failure. Most people adapt to their situation, but often people take all kinds of deviations, trying to achieve what they want through illegal means.
Human behavior in society can be considered as a set of games that are played according to certain rules. These rules establish appropriate methods of play and criteria for success.
The positions occupied by participants in these games create for them social status (identification, i.e., indicating to others who and what a given person is), as well as an image of themselves. If players value these identifications, then they have incentives to play and submit to success in these games.
In doing so, they create the basis for self-discipline and for a coherent and stable organization of life. When games are difficult to understand, the ability to successfully participate in them is low. It is common for people, if not to reject these games, then at least to lose interest in them, ceasing to respond to the rules by which the games are played, and to minimize in their life plans the significance of the identifications created by these games.
People tend to seek out games in which they can find or hope to find more rewarding identifications, even if the latter provide recognition in the narrow groups in which they move. If they fail to do this, they lead an unstable, extravagant life, surrendering to the will of circumstances and momentary impulses.
3
Deviant behavior of an individual is a complex form of social behavior determined by a system of interrelated factors - conditions and psychological reasons.
The identified factors of dependent behavior can be presented in the form of a working diagram for analysis. This scheme allows for timely recognition of the most vulnerable areas of the personality, which can act as both causes and stabilizers of problem behavior.
Based on the results of this analysis, it is possible to create an individual program for preventing or overcoming deviant behavior.
^ SCHEME FOR ANALYSIS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
1. Individual typological vulnerability:
Sensitivity (increased sensitivity to any external influence);
Emotionality (vividness of experiences) and emotional lability (sharp mood swings);
Low mood background;
Impulsivity (tendency to react quickly, rashly, uncontrollably);
Low adaptability (inability to quickly and effectively change one’s behavior in response to changes in the situation);
Tendency to quickly form persistent behavioral stereotypes (habits are either very persistent or form too quickly);
Rigidity is a tendency to get “stuck” on some activity (thoughts, feelings, actions);
Tendency to somatization (bodily reaction to unfavorable factors, for example, bodily tension, allergies, somatic diseases).
These features can be considered congenital. They persist throughout the life of the individual. If one person has several such characteristics, it is advisable to talk about a typological predisposition to addictive behavior. (This level is preceded by genetic and physiological. To analyze them, simple observation is not enough, but special diagnostic methods are required.)
^ 2. Personal self-regulation disorders:
The predominance of negative emotional states (anxiety, powerlessness, despair, pain, guilt, aggression, depression) and internal conflicts;
Alexithymia - weak speech regulation (lack of understanding of one’s experiences and inability to formulate them in words, a tendency to act out affects in actions, poor development of reflection);
Lack of formation of assertive behavior (inability to openly express one’s feelings; inability to defend one’s interests);
Unproductive ways of coping with stress (withdrawal, isolation, denial, projection);
Deficit of goal setting (inability to set goals, plan, persistently implement a plan);
False self-identity and low self-esteem;
Deviation of individual values from social norms and rules (deviant values);
Lack or loss of meaning in life.
The listed features of self-regulation are formed throughout life. The combination of several problems determines the psychological predisposition to deviant behavior.
^
3. Lack of personal resources (its vital qualities and
compensatory possibilities):
Spirituality;
Health and healthy lifestyle values;
External attractiveness;
Sociability, ability to cooperate;
Activity;
Intelligence, special abilities;
Purposefulness and ambition;
Higher feelings (conscience, responsibility, sense of duty, compassion, faith);
Creativity, hobbies;
professional qualifications, business (work, study);
achievements;
Love, friendship, meaningful personal relationships;
Life experience.
The presence of the listed resources in a particular person means a real possibility of compensation for personal or life problems. They provide tolerance (stability) of the individual to deviant behavior. They also determine the individual’s ability to fight his addiction. Their absence or weak expression means a lack of internal resources and a weak ability to fight addiction, vulnerability to it.
^
4. Deficiency of social support systems:
absence of a parental family;
Single-parent family (absence of father);
Dependent family;
Deviant family;
Low social status of the family;
A family experiencing a crisis (divorce, financial crisis, relocation, death of a family member, serious illness of a family member);
Social isolation;
Lack of a supportive peer group;
Low personal status in the reference social group (work group, study group);
Lack of close friends;
Lack of a sexual partner;
Public unemployment;
Troubled company;
Problematic friends (including those with deviant behavior).
^
5. Socio-psychological conditions that trigger and support
deviant behavior:
State of socio-psychological maladjustment;
State of frustration of vital needs; learning in a reference group (at a disco, at school); provocation or pressure from outside.
^
6. Features of deviant behavior(OP):
the situation in which the OP first occurred;
situations in which OP is currently manifested;
degree of manifestation of behavior (method, frequency, circumstances, individual rhythm);
State during the AP itself (for example, during intoxication or gambling);
What usually precedes OP (triggering mechanisms); subsequent events (state, thoughts, actions); reaction of others; which excludes this behavior (due to which it does not occur).
7. Conclusion:
Form and severity of AP; degree of social maladjustment; attitude towards the OP of the individual himself;
Supporting external conditions (reinforcing incentives); supportive internal conditions(individual-personal predisposition and psychological benefit); inhibitors (obstructive conditions); personality resources;
Possible ways to overcome (strategy of change); forms and methods of socio-psychological assistance.
4
The entire history of mankind convincingly proves that aggression is an integral part of the life of the individual and society. Moreover, aggression has a powerful attractive force and the property of contagion - most people verbally reject aggression, but at the same time widely demonstrate it in their daily lives.
Translated from Latin, “aggression” means “attack.” Currently, the term “aggression” is used extremely widely. This phenomenon has been associated with both negative emotions (for example, anger), and with negative motives (for example, the desire to harm), as well as with negative attitudes (for example, racial prejudice) and destructive actions.
In psychology, aggression is understood as a tendency (desire), manifested in real behavior or fantasy, with the goal of subjugating others or dominating them. This trend is universal, and the term “aggression” itself generally has a neutral meaning. In essence, aggression can be either positive, serving vital interests and survival, or negative, focused on satisfying the aggressive drive in itself.
Aggression as a mental reality has specific characteristics: direction, forms of manifestation, intensity. The purpose of aggression can be either the actual infliction of suffering (harm) on the victim (hostile aggression), or the use of aggression as a way to achieve another goal (instrumental aggression). Aggression can be directed towards external objects (people or objects) or towards oneself (body or personality). Aggression directed at other people poses a particular danger to society. A. Bandura and R. Walters call it antisocial aggression and associate it with actions of a socially destructive nature, which may result in damage to another person or property, and these acts do not necessarily have to be punishable by law.
In terms of content, the leading signs of aggressive behavior can be considered such manifestations as:
a pronounced desire to dominate people and use them for one’s own purposes;
tendency to destruction;
focus on causing harm to others;
tendency to violence (inflicting pain).
At the same time, those forms of aggressive behavior that “are aimed at insulting or causing harm to another living being who does not want such treatment” have a pronounced socially negative assessment. Such aggressive-asocial behavior certainly includes violence - verbal or physical actions, causing pain. It, as a rule, occurs against the background of negative emotions of the aggressor (anger, rage, sadistic pleasure, indifference) and, in turn, causes negative experiences of the victim (fear, humiliation). This behavior is directed by aggressive motives - to destroy, eliminate, use, harm. At the cognitive level, it is supported by attitudes that confirm the correctness of such behavior (prejudices, myths, beliefs).
To curb the demon of violence, any society is forced to take special measures. The most effective of them should be recognized national traditions and group rituals (games, holidays, rituals) that allow a particular individual to integrate his aggressive potential and express it in socially acceptable ways. Huge value also has the presence in society of a sufficient number of positive examples, for example national heroes or life-affirming idols.
Delinquent behavior. The concept comes from the Latin delinquens - “misdemeanor, fault”. By this term we will understand the unlawful behavior of an individual - the actions of a specific individual that deviate from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, that threaten the well-being of other people or social order and are criminally punishable V its extreme manifestations . A person who exhibits illegal behavior is classified as delinquent personality (delinquent), and the actions themselves - delic-tami.
Criminal behavior is an exaggerated form of delinquent behavior in general. In general, delinquent behavior is directly directed against existing standards state life, clearly expressed in the rules (laws) of society.
In the psychological literature, the concept of delinquency is rather associated with illegal behavior in general. This is any behavior that violates the norms of public order. This behavior may take the form of minor violations of moral and ethical standards that do not reach the level of a crime. Here it coincides with antisocial behavior. It may also involve criminal acts punishable under the Criminal Code. In this case, the behavior will be criminal, anti-social.
The above types of delinquent behavior can be considered both as stages in the formation of illegal behavior and as relatively independent manifestations of it.
The variety of social rules gives rise to a large number of subtypes of illegal behavior. The problem of classifying various forms of delinquent behavior is interdisciplinary in nature.
In the socio-legal approach, the division of illegal actions into violent and non-violent (or selfish) is widely used.
To solve such issues as determining the degree of severity of delinquency and measures of influence on the individual, systematization of the types of offenders is also important. In 1932 N. I. Ozeretsky proposed a typology of juvenile offenders that is still relevant today according to the degree of severity and nature of personal deformations: accidental, habitual, persistent and professional offenders .
Within clinical trials Of interest is the complex taxonomy of offenses by V.V. Kovalev, built along several axes. On the socio-psychological axis - anti-disciplinary, anti-social, illegal; on clinical-psychopathological - non-pathological and pathological forms; on the personal-dynamic - reactions, development, condition. A.G. Ambrumova and L.Ya. Zhezlova proposed a socio-psychological scale of offenses: anti-disciplinary, anti-social, delinquent - criminal and auto-aggressive behavior (it should be noted that these authors classify only criminal behavior as delinquent).
Among teenagers who committed offenses, A.I. Dolgova, E.G. Gorbatovskaya, V.A. Shumilkin and others, in turn, distinguish the following three types:
sequentially criminogenic - the criminogenic “contribution” of the individual to criminal behavior when interacting with the social environment is decisive, the crime follows from the
habitual style of behavior, it is determined by the specific views, attitudes and values of the subject;
situationally criminogenic - violation of moral standards, non-criminal offenses and the crime itself are largely due to an unfavorable situation;
criminal behavior may not correspond to the plans of the subject and may be an excess from his point of view; such teenagers often commit crimes in a group while intoxicated, without being the initiators of the crime;
situational type - insignificant severity of negative behavior; the decisive influence of a situation that arises through no fault of the individual; The lifestyle of such adolescents is characterized by a struggle between positive and negative influences.
According to R. Merton, some people cannot give up delinquent behavior because in today's consumer society the vast majority strives for income, consumption and success at any cost. It is difficult for people who are somehow “pushed aside” from public goods to achieve their desired goals through legal means.
The social cause of a particular individual’s antisocial behavior may also be society’s tendency to label . In a number of cases, stable antisocial behavior is formed according to the principle of a vicious circle: a primary, accidentally committed crime - punishment - experience of violent relationships (mostly represented in places of detention) - subsequent difficulties social adaptation due to the label of “criminal” - accumulation of socio-economic difficulties and secondary delinquency - a more serious crime - etc.
The following microsocial factors causing delinquency can be listed:
frustration of the child's need for tender care and affection from parents (for example, an extremely harsh father or an insufficiently caring mother), which in turn causes
evokes early traumatic experiences of the child;
physical or psychological cruelty or the cult of power in the family (for example, excessive or constant use of punishment);
insufficient influence of the father (for example, in his absence), complicating the normal development of moral consciousness;
acute injury(illness, death of a parent, violence, divorce) with fixation on traumatic circumstances;
indulging the child in fulfilling his desires; insufficient demands of parents, their inability to put forward consistently increasing demands or to achieve their fulfillment;
overstimulation of the child - too intense early loving relationships with parents, brothers and sisters;
inconsistency of requirements for the child on the part of the parents, as a result of which the child does not have a clear understanding of the norms of behavior;
change of parents (guardians);
chronically expressed conflicts between parents (the situation is especially dangerous when a cruel father beats his mother);
unwanted personal characteristics parents (for example, a combination of an undemanding father and an indulgent mother);
the child’s assimilation of delinquent values (explicit or hidden) through learning in the family or in a group.
Illegal actions in adolescence (12-17 years old) are even more conscious and voluntary. Along with the “usual” violations for this age, such as theft and hooliganism among boys, theft and prostitution among girls, new forms of them have become widespread - drug and weapons trafficking, racketeering, pimping , fraud, attacks on businessmen and foreigners. In 1998, about 190 thousand juvenile delinquents were registered (10% of the total number of lawbreakers). According to statistics, most of the crimes committed by teenagers are group crimes. In the group, the fear of punishment decreases, aggression and cruelty increase sharply, and criticism of what is happening and of oneself decreases. Most illustrative example group illegal behavior is the “revelry” of fans after a football match, among whom young people make up the majority.
V.N. Kudryavtsev believes that a criminal career, as a rule, begins with poor studies and alienation from school (negative-hostile attitude towards it). Then alienation from the family occurs against the background of family problems and “non-pedagogical” methods of education. The next step is joining a criminal group and committing a crime. It takes an average of 2 years to complete this path. According to available data, 60% of professional criminals (thieves and swindlers) began this path at the age of sixteen.
By determination, the following groups of adolescent offenders can be distinguished.
The first group consists of teenagers who, due to a number of reasons, have undeveloped higher senses (conscience, sense of duty, responsibility, attachment to loved ones) or ideas about good and evil, which distorts their emotional reaction to actions.
The second group includes adolescents with hypertrophied age-related reactions, which indicates the transient nature of their oppositional and antisocial behavior (under other favorable conditions).
The third group consists of those who consistently reproduce the delinquent behavior of their immediate environment and for whom such behavior is habitually normal (with a negative self-image, lack of self-control skills, poorly developed conscience, consumer attitude towards people).
The fourth group includes adolescents with mental and neurotic disorders(along with delinquent behavior, they have painful symptoms or signs of intellectual underdevelopment).
Finally, there is a fifth group of adolescents who consciously choose delinquent behavior (who do not suffer from mental disorders, have sufficient self-control and understand the consequences of their choice).
The most unfavorable prognostic signs (in terms of the further formation of antisocial behavior) can be considered: lack of conscience and feelings of guilt, pathological deceit, consumer attitude towards people, indifference, sloppiness, severe psychopathology.
Thus, according to the determination of behavior, several main groups of delinquent individuals can be distinguished:
Situational offender (the illegal actions of which are mainly provoked by the situation);
Subcultural delinquent (violator identified with group antisocial values);
Neurotic offender (whose antisocial actions are a consequence of intrapsychic conflict and anxiety);
“organic” offender (committing illegal actions due to brain damage with a predominance of impulsivity, intellectual disability and affectivity);
Psychotic offender (committing torts due to a severe mental disorder - psychosis, confusion);
Antisocial personality (whose antisocial actions are caused by a specific combination of personality traits: hostility, underdevelopment of higher feelings, inability to be close).
Within the extremely complex and diverse category of “deviant personality behavior,” a subgroup of so-called dependent behavior or dependencies is distinguished. Dependent behavior of an individual is a serious social problem, since in its expressed form it can have such negative consequences as loss of ability to work, conflicts with others, and the commission of crimes. In addition, this is the most common type of deviation, affecting any family in one way or another.
Since ancient times, various forms of addictive behavior have been called harmful or destructive habits, meaning drunkenness, overeating, gambling and other addictions. In modern medical literature, the term “pathological habits” is widely used. Concept addiction also borrowed from medicine, it is relatively new and popular at present.
In a broad sense, dependence is understood as “the desire to rely on someone or something in order to obtain satisfaction or adaptation.” Conventionally, we can talk about normal and excessive dependence. All people experience a “normal” dependence on such vital objects as air, water, food. Most people have healthy attachments to parents, friends, spouses... In some cases, there are violations of normal dependent relationships. For example, autistic, schizoid, and antisocial personality disorders arise as a result of catastrophically insufficient attachment to other people.
The tendency to be overly dependent, on the contrary, gives rise to problematic symbiotic relationships, or dependent behavior. Further, when using the term “dependence”, we will mean precisely excessive attachment to something. Dependent behavior, thus, turns out to be closely related both to the abuse of something or someone on the part of the individual, and to violations of his needs. In specialized literature, another name for the reality under consideration is used - addictive behavior. Translated from English addiction - inclination, addiction. If we turn to the historical roots of this concept, then lat. addictus - one who is debt-bound (sentenced to slavery for debts). In other words, this is a person who is in deep slavish dependence on some irresistible power. Some advantage of the term “addictive behavior” lies in its international transcription, as well as the ability to identify a person with similar habits as an “addict” or “addictive personality.”
Dependent (addictive) behavior, as a type of deviant behavior of a person, in turn has many subtypes, differentiated mainly by the object of addiction. Theoretically (under certain conditions) these can be any objects or forms of activity - chemical substance, money, work, games, exercise or sex.
IN real life More common dependency objects are: 1) psychoactive substances(legal and illegal drugs); 2) alcohol (in most classifications it belongs to the first subgroup); 3) food; 4) games; 5) sex; 6) religion and religious cults.
In accordance with the listed objects, the following forms of dependent behavior are distinguished:
chemical dependence (smoking, substance abuse, drug addiction, drug addiction, alcohol addiction);
violations eating behavior(overeating, starvation, refusal to eat);
gambling - gaming addiction (computer addiction,gambling);
sexual addictions (bestiality, fetishism, pygmalionism, transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, necrophilia, sadomasochism;
religious destructive behavior (religious fanaticism, involvement in a sect).
So, dependent (addictive) behavior is one of the forms of deviant behavior of an individual, which is associated with the abuse of something or someone for the purpose of self-regulation or adaptation.
Deviant behavior of an individual is regulated by various social institutions. Social impact may be in the nature of legal sanctions, medical intervention, pedagogical influence, social support and psychological assistance. Due to the complex nature of behavioral disorders, their prevention and overcoming requires a well-organized system of social influences .
Psychological assistance, as one of the levels of the system under consideration, plays a connecting role in it and is distinguished by a pronounced humanistic orientation. This fact is reflected in the following principles psychological work, such as confidentiality, voluntariness and personal interest, a person’s acceptance of responsibility for his life, mutual trust, support, respect for personality and individuality.
Psychological assistance has two leading directions. These are psychological prevention (warning, psychoprophylaxis) and psychological intervention (overcoming, correction, rehabilitation). Psychodiagnostics, as a rule, is not an independent area of work and should not be the goal of psychological assistance. This is an auxiliary activity, important, but not mandatory, as a rule, solving intermediate practical problems.
Prevention of deviant behavior involves a system of general and special measures at various levels of social organization: national, legal, social, economic, health, pedagogical, socio-psychological. The conditions for successful preventive work are its complexity, consistency, differentiation, and timeliness. The last condition is especially important when working with an actively developing personality, for example with teenagers. Therefore, further psychological prevention of deviant behavior will be considered more often using examples of adolescence.
WHO ( World organization healthcare) proposes to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention is aimed at eliminating unfavorable factors that cause a certain phenomenon, as well as increasing the individual’s resistance to the influence of these factors. Primary prevention can be widely carried out among adolescents. The task of secondary prevention is the early detection and rehabilitation of neuropsychic disorders and work with the “risk group”, for example, adolescents who have a pronounced tendency to develop deviant behavior without showing it at the present time. Tertiary prevention solves such special problems as the treatment of neuropsychic disorders accompanied by behavioral disorders. Tertiary prevention can also be aimed at preventing relapses in individuals with already formed deviant behavior.
Psychoprophylactic work can be included in a complex of measures at all three levels. It is believed that it is most effective in the form of influencing the conditions and causes that cause deviant behavior in the early stages of the emergence of problems.
There are various forms of psychoprophylactic work.
First form- organization of the social environment. It is based on ideas about the determining influence of the environment on the formation of deviations. By influencing social factors, it is possible to prevent unwanted behavior of an individual. The impact can be directed at society as a whole, for example through the creation of negative public opinion in relation to deviant behavior. The object of work can also be a family, a social group (school, class) or a specific individual.
Within the framework of this model, the prevention of addictive behavior in adolescents primarily includes social advertising on the formation of attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle and sobriety. Media policy is of particular importance. Special programs, performances by youth idols, specially selected films - all this should have a qualitatively different level than what is currently observed.
Working with youth subculture can be organized in the form of the “Youth Against Drugs” movement or an action of the same name with performances by popular rock bands. It is extremely important to work in places where young people spend their leisure time and socialize. For example, mysterious people in masks may appear at a disco. At the end of the evening, teenagers can learn from them about the tragic fates and experiences associated with the loss of a loved one from drugs.
Work with teenagers can also be organized on the street, for which in a number of countries there is training for teenage leaders who carry out relevant work.
This approach also attempts to create supportive “zones” and conditions that are incompatible with unwanted behavior. The main disadvantage of the model is the lack of a direct relationship between social factors and deviant behavior. In general, this approach seems quite effective.
The second form of psychoprophylactic work is
A negative trend in the life of society is the crisis of the institution of the family, the leveling of the concept of moral values and moral standards, which results in a steady increase in the number of social orphans, an increase in child neglect, and crime. The concept of deviant behavior has become widely used in pedagogy.
Deviant behavior in pedagogical practice is usually correlated with the concept of a difficult teenager.
Currently, difficult teenagers or teenagers with deviant behavior receive quite a lot of attention from specialists. Psychological portrait of a difficult teenager, submitted to modern literature, looks something like this: “A teenager with deviant behavior is aggressive, vain, stubborn, emotionally unbalanced, apathetic, and does not accept social norms. Behavior is impulsive, the value system is replaced by group norms, and is focused on leisure.” I would like to note that various categories of teenagers are classified as difficult. These include pedagogically neglected children and socially maladapted and difficult-to-educate children, which often include accentuated teenagers, conflict-prone teenagers, teenagers with a high level of negativity, demonstrating nonconformist tendencies in behavior. Also, teenagers with an antisocial orientation are also classified as deviants. All these categories of adolescents, in the ordinary consciousness that we, as a rule, have as specialists - practitioners, are usually combined into one group - adolescents with deviant behavior. The various components of the characteristics we have given are, to one degree or another, actually characteristic of different categories of difficult adolescents. At the same time, combining them into one group predetermines the expectation of deviant behavior and the manifestation of characteristics that correspond to negative expectations. This scheme is correlated with the theory of stigmatization (31, p. 76), which explains the emergence and consolidation of deviant behavior as a consequence of the fact that a social group sticks appropriate labels on a person by correlating the actions of a particular person with certain expectations (primary deviance), a reputation is created that forces the individual to adhere to a deviant role (secondary deviance).
Thus, by classifying a teenager as a difficult person, we give him the opportunity to aggravate his deviance.
At the same time, adolescents with deviant behavior who demonstrate a negative attitude towards certain social norms in terms of internal attitudes, aspirations and readiness to interact with others are significantly different from each other and, consequently, their psychological portraits are significantly different.
Characteristic signs of deation: a slight deviation from social norms, i.e. low and average degree deviant behavior is characterized by a significant decrease in overall self-esteem, an increase in general anxiety, and a desire to compensate for failures in educational activities relationships with peers, a tendency to dependent behavior. Adolescents in this group may have high levels of aggressiveness or hostility (Bass-Darkey Questionnaire). a combination of high scores on both indicators is, as a rule, not typical for them. Such adolescents are characterized by the predominantly use of non-constructive and non-adaptive coping mechanisms, which, of course, affects the consolidation of deviant behavior. This category of the Center's pupils includes teenagers with school disruption and accentuated teenagers. These students may have run-ins with the law and law enforcement agencies, but their offenses are usually accidental or childish in nature. This category of difficult teenagers, in our opinion, needs pedagogical support and psychological support. Psychological correction is aimed at the formation of adequate self-esteem and reflexive skills, normalization of anxiety, correction of self-regulation skills, formation of adaptive behavioral strategies and ways of responding to difficult situations. life situations. In addition, social support is important for this category of pupils.
Another group of teenagers can also be identified. They are characterized by normal or slightly increased general anxiety, normal or high self-esteem. Failures in educational activities noted by them do not affect the assessment of their intelligence, as in the group described above. They are also characterized by a partial loss of criticality in assessing their relationships with peers, which, in our opinion, is clearly compensatory in nature, however, these teenagers are not aware of their problems; they, as a rule, demonstrate powerful unconscious defenses. Depending on the type of personality, this can be either denial or projection, with mandatory defensive substitution. A study of the prevailing coping behavior showed that adolescents in this group are much closer to a certain average “norm” to which experts strive to lead difficult teenagers. However, there is one feature that allows you to look at this picture from a slightly different angle. These teens may have varying histories of interactions with law enforcement. They may be registered, have a suspended conviction, be “graduates” of a special school, or not “get noticed” anywhere, but they are all united by belonging to organized antisocial groups.
The teenager’s belonging to an antisocial group, and, consequently, the worsening of his deviant behavior, complete loss from moral and ethical standards society, opposing themselves not only to the legal, but also to the moral laws of society, allow teenagers with deviant behavior to illusorily compensate for their psychological state. Self-reference to significant group, the appropriation of its laws and norms through the identification mechanism helps to gain psychological and emotional stability, which allows one to feel psychologically comfortable in a group, and contributes to increasing alienation from a prosocial society. Psychological and pedagogical correction of this category of adolescents is difficult precisely because they lack motivation to change themselves. Such motivation arises only if the individual feels uncomfortable and a situation of conflict arises between desire and capabilities. In this situation, conflicts are in the past. The moral sphere is distorted or not formed, they act powerfully psychological defenses, displacing or transforming the fear of punishment, and the criminal group takes care of the teenager, without demanding either money or school success.
Correcting the behavior of adolescents must begin with establishing real contact. It is desirable that a specialist working with this category of adolescents be authentic and congruent, demonstrate a sincere interest in a particular teenager and, most importantly, have clear moral rules and ethical standards that, at the behavioral level, could contrast with the rules of the criminal subculture that perform given environment function moral law. With positive contact, the main emphasis in working with this category of adolescents should, in our opinion, be placed not on the ardent preaching of prosocial values (which is what teachers who are able to establish this contact are usually inclined to do), but on the formation of reflection skills and the ability to independently evaluate situations and making independent decisions, in a word - the formation of internality.
Thus, difficult teenagers are not a monolithic social group that requires a unified approach to psychocorrection and rehabilitation activities. Various groups adolescents with deviant behavior have not only a different “set of deviations,” but also different psychological characteristics, different worldviews and different subjective experiences that must be taken into account when trying to help them.
A positive result of rehabilitation work appears only if the teenager is interested in self-change, which is possible in a situation of respect for his opinion and experience, expressed in the real possibility of choice and taking responsibility for it.
We consider the method of developmental dialogue to be the most effective way of rehabilitation work with difficult teenagers. At the heart of the dialogue correction method lies unconditional acceptance of the other, respect for him. To be able to respect another without self-respect, to work on developing the ability to be independent without having the experience of making decisions is an illusion. The most productive psychocorrection and rehabilitation work with children with deviant behavior is if all participants in the pedagogical process (teachers, educators, doctors, managers) are involved in psychocorrection activities. Specialists united not only by a common goal, but also possessing practical knowledge in various psychological areas and information about the current psychological state of each teenager. Pedagogical correction of deviant behavior requires painstaking, serious and meaningful work designed for results.
Literature analysis on the research problem found that with socialized behavior disorder, the indicators of deviant behavior of adolescents are higher than similar indicators among their peers. In case of socialized behavior disorder, adolescents with deviant behavior showed a greater proportion of suicidal behavior, drug addiction, and alcoholism in comparison with the group of adolescents with adequate forms of behavior. In adolescents with mixed behavioral and emotional disorder, suicide is observed significantly more often than in the group of adolescents with positive social behavior.
For all types of behavior disorders (socialized, unsocialized, mixed disorder behavior and emotions) disturbances in the system of personal relationships among adolescents at risk appear with greater frequency, as well as in the system of interpersonal and family relationships. In adolescents with deviant behavior, violations of personal and family relationships predominate.
For all behavioral disorders leading to social maladaptation, high levels of reactive and personal anxiety, neuroticism and psychopathization were diagnosed.
Among adolescents with behavioral disorders, the following risk factors for social maladjustment have been identified:
- - combinations of addictive and delinquent behavior;
- - delinquent behavior and psychopathization;
- - suicidal behavior and negative attitude to family;
- - negative attitude towards parents and relatives;
- - addictive behavior and orientation of values towards entertainment.
In adolescents with conduct disorders, risk factors include:
- - combinations of an epileptoid personality type and a negative attitude towards the family;
- - unstable personality type and orientation of the value system towards entertainment;
- - psychopathization and school maladjustment;
- - psychopathization and redirection of personally significant problems to an asocial family;
- - psychopathization and negative attitude towards rules and laws;
- - redirects.
For implementation theoretical research For the prevention of deviant behavior, it is necessary to create centers for the purpose of developing and testing appropriate preventive programs in them. Based on the results of development and testing, attempts to introduce these programs into socialization institutions are possible.
1. Individual typological vulnerability: » sensitivity (increased sensitivity to any external influence); » emotionality (vividness of experiences) and emotional lability (sharp mood swings); » low mood; » impulsiveness (tendency to react quickly, rashly, uncontrollably); » low adaptability (inability to quickly and effectively change one’s behavior in response to changes in the situation); » tendency to quickly form persistent behavioral stereotypes (habits are either very persistent or form too quickly); » rigidity - a tendency to get “stuck” on any activity (thoughts, feelings, actions); » tendency to somatization (bodily reaction to unfavorable factors, for example, bodily tension, allergies, somatic diseases).
These features can be considered congenital. They persist throughout the life of the individual. If one person has several such characteristics, it is advisable to talk about a typological predisposition to deviant behavior. (This level is preceded by genetic and physiological. To analyze them, simple observation is not enough, but special diagnostic methods are required.)
2. Violations of personal self-regulation: » predominance of negative emotional states (anxiety, powerlessness, despair, pain, guilt, aggression, depression) and internal conflicts; » alexithymia - weak speech regulation (lack of understanding of one’s experiences and inability to formulate them in words, a tendency to act out affects in actions, poor development of reflection); » lack of formation of assertive behavior (inability to openly express one’s feelings; inability to defend one’s interests); » unproductive ways of coping with stress (withdrawal, isolation, denial, projection); » deficit of goal setting (inability to set goals, plan, persistently implement a plan); » false self-identity and low self-esteem; » deviation of individual values from social norms and rules (deviant values); » lack or loss of meaning in life.
The listed features of self-regulation are formed throughout life. The combination of several problems determines the psychological predisposition to deviant behavior.
3. Personal resources (its vital qualities and compensatory capabilities): » spirituality; » health and healthy lifestyle values; » external attractiveness; » sociability, ability to cooperate; » activity; » intelligence, special abilities; » purposefulness and ambition; » higher feelings (conscience, responsibility, sense of duty, compassion, faith); » creativity, hobbies; » professional qualifications, business (work, study); " achievements; » love, friendship, significant personal relationships; » life experience.
The presence of the listed resources in a particular person means a real possibility of compensation for personal or life problems. They provide tolerance (stability) of the individual to deviant behavior. They also determine the individual’s ability to fight his addiction. Their absence or weak expression means a lack of internal resources and a weak ability to deal with deviation, vulnerability to it.
4. Deficiency of social support systems: absence of a parental family; » single-parent family (absence of father); » dependent family; » deviant family; » low social status of the family; » a family experiencing a crisis (divorce, financial crisis, moving, death of a family member, serious illness of a family member); » social isolation; » lack of a supportive peer group; » low personal status in the reference social group (work team, study group); » lack of close friends; » lack of a sexual partner; » public unemployment; » troubled company; » problematic friends (including those with deviant behavior).
5. Socio-psychological conditions that trigger and support deviant behavior: » state of socio-psychological disadaptation; » state of frustration of vital needs; » learning in a reference group (at a disco, at school); » provocation or pressure from outside.
6. Features of deviant behavior (BD): » the situation in which BD first occurred; » situations in which OP is currently manifested; » degree of manifestation of behavior (method, frequency, circumstances, individual rhythm); » state during the AP itself (for example, during intoxication or gambling); » what usually precedes the OP (triggering mechanisms); » subsequent events (state, thoughts, actions); » reaction of others; which excludes this behavior (due to which it does not occur).
7. Conclusion.
» form and severity of AP; » degree of social maladjustment; attitude towards the OP of the individual himself; » supporting external conditions (reinforcing incentives); » supporting internal conditions (individual-personal predisposition and psychological benefit); » inhibitors (obstructive conditions); » personal resources; » possible ways to overcome (strategy of change); » forms and methods of socio-psychological assistance.
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