Registration data about the animal

Type of animal - ram

Paul is a ram

Age - 3 months

Breed - Romanovskaya

Who owns it - ____, d. _____ Korelichesky district, Grodno region

Fatness - average

Temperature - 38.50C

Pulse - 141 beats per minute. Number of breaths movements/min - 42 breathing movements

Date of operation - November 27, 2011

Complications - no

Outcome - recovery

Indications and contraindications for surgery

Indications for surgery can be absolute and relative, but all of them are aimed at preserving the biological qualities of the animal and without compromising health. It is better to carry out the operation in spring or autumn. Sheep can be castrated at any age. However, it should be taken into account that animals deprived in early age, in comparison with non-castrated ones, they develop somewhat weaker. Normal development is observed in animals castrated at 3-4 months of age and later. Rams castrated at 4-5 months of age and later retain their behavioral sexual response for a long time. The operation is performed before the onset of puberty. It is carried out with the aim of increasing the weight of animals and improving the quality of meat. Animals castrated percutaneously increase live weight by 10-15% compared to castration by open or closed methods. Castrated male animals are distinguished not only by a calmer disposition, but also their meat does not have a specific smell, it is less tough, which reduces the period of fattening. Castration is also carried out to prevent spontaneous insemination of sheep if they are kept in groups. The operation is also performed when varicose veins are detected in the testicular area, when a hernia forms, as well as cryptorchidism.

A castrated ram has a special name - valukh. The indication for this operation is to improve the quality and quantitative indicators meat productivity. There are no categorical contraindications to this operation, but before the operation it is necessary to examine the animal for pathological changes. Exclude chronic aseptic inflammation or edema of the common vaginal membrane. It is necessary to study the epizootic state of the area according to infectious diseases. If there are acute infectious diseases for this type of animal, surgery should be postponed. Pay attention to general condition animal. It is impossible to castrate emaciated animals, since a weakened body may not tolerate surgery; for the same reason, surgery cannot be performed on animals with an elevated temperature or fever. The operation is not performed if animals are diagnosed with architis and periarchitis infectious nature. It is also necessary to take into account the sanitary condition of the animal premises in which the operation is going to be carried out. If such a room does not meet sanitary standards, then it is better not to carry out the operation, since there is a high probability of infection due to high microbial contamination. Castration of adult rams (after 3 years) is undesirable. It is necessary to take into account the period of mass preventive vaccinations. Animals cannot be operated on no earlier than two weeks before and after the end of vaccinations. In this case, no contraindications to surgery were identified.

General preparation animal for surgery

For favorable outcome operations important has the animal's preparation for it. Castration is not considered an emergency operation, so the animal must be prepared for this operation, which includes complete clinical trial, in particular, measure body temperature, pulse rate, and respiration. After the study, it is necessary to give a conclusion on the exclusion of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases such as anthrax, botulism, pasteurellosis, colibacillosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, Aujeszky's disease, rabies, brucellosis and tuberculosis, anaerobic enterotoxemia, sheep brads, etc. Be sure to study the epizootic state of the farm or area. If the farm is unfavorable due to infectious diseases characteristic of MRS, incl. For rams, it is better to postpone the operation. Conduct a study of the reproductive system. Examines the contents of the seminal sac. Must be released before surgery thick section intestines, bladder from the content. The animal should be washed and contaminated areas should be cleaned. Prepare the room and place where the operation will be performed. The room in which castration is performed should be clean, bright, and good weather It is better to carry out castration outdoors.

Private preparation of an animal for surgery

Particular preparation of the animal concerns the preparation of a specific surgical site, in this case the preparation groin area, scrotum. This involves partial washing of the contaminated area of ​​the body and preparation surgical field. Preparation of the surgical field includes four main points:

Hair removal. This is done using scissors and a razor. The hair in the groin area is cut with scissors so that closely spaced hair does not fall into the operated area. Hair removal with a razor is carried out using a wet method - first soaping, then carefully shaving. The fur is removed to prevent hair from getting into the wound and causing further infection. The hair located on the outer surface of the animal’s body is mechanically contaminated and has considerable microbial contamination, which can serve as an infection of the body.

Disinfection of tanned surfaces. Disinfection is carried out to destroy the microorganism from the surface of the skin. There are several such ways

Table No. 3.1 Methods for processing the surgical field

Method nameComponentNoteAccording to Filinchikov5% alcoholic iodineTwice treatment with an interval of at least three minutesAccording to Borges0.5% alcohol solution of formaldehydeTwice application, better on skin with increased sweatingAccording to Mouse5% aqueous potassium solution permanganateTreatment three timesAccording to Baccal 1% alcohol solution brilliant green one time Also, to treat the surgical field, you can use 1% iodinol, 3% novosept, etc. Treatment with a solution of furatsilin 1: 5000 is also used. Whatever drug is used, it must meet the requirements:

be effective against permanent and superficial microflora

have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action

the use of the drug should not be associated with significant time and should provide an effect for the duration of the entire operation

should be suitable for all age groups

the drug should not reduce its activity in the presence of substances used in surgical practice (alcohol, other antiseptics). 4. Each treatment method ends with its isolation from surrounding areas of the body with sheets with a slit in the center. This method is aimed at preventing microorganisms from entering the surgical field from other parts of the body, as well as from the external environment. In this operation, the sheet is not covered. Potassium permanganate is used to treat the surgical field in this operation:

Rp.: Kalii permanganatis 5% - 100.0 ml D. S. External. For triple treatment and disinfection of the skin of the surgical field, the Mouse Method

You can also use furatsilin in a dilution of 1: 1500 or 1: 5000 with water.

Rp.: Furacilini 0.1 Aquae destillatae ad 150.0 M. f. solutio. S. External. For treatment and disinfection of the skin of the surgical field

Preparation of the surgeon's hands, instruments, suture and dressing materials

Preparing the surgeon's hands is one of the aseptic measures that ensures the prevention of contact infection of the surgical wound. Hand preparation is a must, since the skin of the hands contains grooves, crevices, etc., in which large number microbes It is noted that modern methods The preparation of the surgeon's hands is based on the use of the tanning properties of antiseptics, which compact the upper layers of the skin, thereby closing the skin openings of the gland ducts, blocking the exit of organisms and secretions from them for the duration of the operation skin glands. There are three main methods for preparing hands for surgery:

1.Mechanical cleaning and degreasing. Involves shortening nails, eliminating hangnails, washing hands with warm water and soap or a 0.5% solution of ammonia, which has bactericidal properties, better washes off exfoliating epithelium, and makes the skin elastic.

2.Chemical disinfection (aseptization). Involves the use of additional treatment with a swab soaked in 700 ethyl alcohol. Alcohol is used as an antiseptic to kill germs on the surface of the hands. The fingertips and subungual spaces are treated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine.

Rp.: Spirtus aethylici 700 - 50.0 ml D. S. External. For treating surgeon's hands

Rp.: Sol. Jodi spirituosae 5% - 20.0 ml D. S. External. For treating fingertips, the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method

Table No. 4.2. Methods for treating surgeon's hands

Name of method components Note According to Alfeld 900 or 700 ethyl alcohol 5% alcohol solution iodine 900 alcohol if hands are not wiped after mechanical cleaning, if wiped - 700. Iodine solution for treating the subungual spaceAccording to Spasokukotsky - Kochergina0.5% ammonia solution In two basins for 2.5 minutes or under a flowing stream of this solution. After washing your hands a second time, the water should be clear; if not, then repeat the washing. Afterwards, the hands are treated with 960 or 700 alcohol. Then the subungual spaces are treated with 5% sp. iodine solution According to Kiyashov 0.5% ammonia solution 3% zinc sulfate solution 5% iodine solution Within 5 minutes 3 minutes after ammonia Treat subungual spaces according to Olivekov Iodized alcohol 1: 3000 For double treatment

To treat the surgeon's hands, you can also use a 0.5% catapol solution; hand sterility is ensured for 3 hours. A solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate in 700 alcohol, diluted 1:40 with a concentration active substance 0.5% ensures hand sterility for 4 hours. 3. Leather tanning is carried out to block the gland ducts during the operation. At the present stage, such components are part of the antiseptic. To carry out this operation, the Alfeld method is used to treat the surgeon’s hands: after thorough mechanical cleaning in warm water with soap and a brush for 3 minutes, do not wipe your hands and treat them with 960 alcohol; if you dry your hands, treat them with 700 alcohol. When the skin is dry, the subungual spaces are lubricated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. Preparation of instruments involves compiling a list of instruments necessary for the operation. To carry out castration you need: syringes with needles, a scalpel, a surgical needle and a ligature. However, if possible, it is necessary to have other tools ready for use on hand. This is necessary in case unforeseen circumstances. Before work, instruments must be sterilized. For this purpose, simple or electric sterilizers are used. Sterilization is carried out in ordinary water with the addition of alkali. Place the water on the fire and boil for 3 minutes, then throw in the tools. During this time, atomic oxygen is released, due to which oxidation occurs and salts precipitate. The duration of boiling depends on the type of alkali: with sodium carbonate - 15 minutes, with borax - 20 minutes, with 0.1% caustic soda - 10 minutes. Alkalis prevent corrosion, enhance the effectiveness of sterilization and reduce sterilization time. Before boiling the scalpel, its cutting part is pre-wrapped in gauze. Surgical needles are strung on a piece of gauze so that they do not get “lost” in the sterilizer. After sterilization, the instruments are laid out on an instrument table covered in three rows with a sterile sheet or towel. If there are no conditions for sterilization by boiling, the instruments are sterilized chemically, lowering them to certain time into an antiseptic solution. You can dip the instruments in Koretnikov's liquid: 20 g of formalin, 15 g of sodium carbonate and 1000 ml of distilled water: Rp.: Formalini 20.0 Acidi carbolici 3.0 Natrii carbonates 15.0 Aquae destillatae 1000.0 ml M. D. S. For cold (chemical) sterilization

Table No. 4.3. Methods for preparing silk

Name of methodComponentEssenceAccording to Sadovsky1)0.5% solution of ammonia alcohol 2) 2% formalin solution in 70% alcohol The skeins are placed for 15 minutes for 15 minutes according to Tura 1% alcohol solution of iodine for 24 - 48 hours according to Ginkovsky A mixture of 5% tannin and 8% formalin for 3 hours

Synthetic threads are sterilized by boiling in distilled water for 20 minutes. Metal wires and staples, as well as bone joints, are sterilized by boiling, usually along with the instruments. Catgut is a biological suture material made from the submucosal and partially muscular layers of the small intestine cattle, therefore requiring special careful processing. Depending on the caliber, it is absorbed in the tissues of the animal body in 70 to 30 days. Catgut cannot be boiled. It is used more often for embedded seams. It is produced in skeins that require sterilization, or sterile - in sealed ampoules.

Table No. 4.4. Methods for preparing catgut

Name of methodComponentEssenceGubarev Ether Sterilization in sp. iodine solution (1 g iodine, 2 g KI, 100 g 950 ethyl alcohol) Loosely wound catgut on spools is degreased for 12 - 24 hours Sterilized for 14 days, which is replaced with fresh after 7 days Rolled 4% aqueous formalin Without preliminary degreasing for 3 days Sadovsky - Kotylev 0.5% ammonia 2% formaldehyde in 650 alcohol 30 min 30 min, where stored until use Chubar A liquid consisting of rectified alcohol 700-200.0, glycerin - 5.0, tincture of iodine - 8.0 and potassium iodide- 6.0 For 3 days, used for long-term storage

Sterilization of dressings (bandages, napkins, splints, compresses, tampons, etc.) and surgical linen (gowns, sheets, towels, caps) is sterilized: 1) In autoclaves under pressure. Before autoclaving, the material is loosely placed in bins; if there are no bins, then the material is placed in canvas bags or bags. A pressure of 0.5 atm corresponds to a temperature of 1150C; 1 atm - 120; 2 atm - 134. Sterilization control is carried out by placing substances whose melting point is above 1000C into the tank. 2) Sterilization with current steam is carried out in a special Koch sterilizer, and if it is not available, in a bucket or pan with a lid. Water is poured into them 1/3 full. The beginning of sterilization is considered from the moment the steam comes out, the temperature rises to 1000C. Duration: at least 30 minutes. 3) When sterilizing by ironing, the temperature is brought to 1000C, duration is at least 30 minutes. During sterilization, the temperature is brought to 1500C. Before sterilization, sheets, gauze, and napkins are moistened with water and ironed at a speed of no more than 50 cm per minute, passing over the same place 2-3 times on both sides. The ironed material is folded and placed in a sterile bag or wrapped in a sheet. Before the operation, all instruments and medications are placed on adapted tables, boxes, covered with cellophane and oilcloth.

Safety precautions and fixation of the animal during surgery

For fixation, physically strong workers are selected, able-bodied and familiar with the techniques of handling and fixing animals. Workers need to guard against head and horn strikes. In this case, the ends of the rams' horns should be filed down. Sturdy shoes must be worn. When performing an operation, the method of fixation must be chosen from the erudition of the doctor himself and his assistants. Usually, when castrating lambs from several weeks to 3 one month old fixed in supine position. In this case, the clamp sits, and the animal is placed on its knees with its hooves up. With one hand, pinch the front and hind limb one side, with the other hand the front and rear limbs of the other side. To put down an animal, rope loops with rings can be placed on the area of ​​the metacarpus and metatarsus; pass a long rope folded in half through them. The ram is brought down by bringing its legs together and bending its head with a second rope, the loop of which is tightened to upper jaw. An animal can be brought down by entangling its separate thoracic and pelvic limbs with long ropes. Then the ends of the ropes are crossed, the clamps are placed on the side of the fall and the ends of the ropes are pulled upward. When fixing in a supine position, the head is also fixed first. You cannot use a restraint method in which the animal is held “head down”. Only after the administration of anesthesia or painkiller can it be tilted at an angle of no more than 450. In this case, the ram was fixed in a supine dorsal position.

Anatomical and topographic data of the operated area

Castration is surgery to remove the testes, which deprives the animal of the ability to reproduce. Castration of males (orchidectomy) is distinguished between complete and partial. In case of complete removal, the testes with their appendages and part of the spermatic cords are removed; in case of partial, part of the testis is excised or its parenchyma is squeezed out. In veterinary practice, ch. arr. complete castration. Methods of castration are also divided into bloody and subcutaneous (bloodless). In the first case, the walls of the scrotum are cut and the testes are removed, in the second, the nutrition of the testes is disrupted by multiplying the spermatic cords with special forceps or the testes are destroyed, completely disrupting their function. Bloody castration is called open if, after dissecting the wall of the scrotum, the common tunica vaginalis and transitional ligament are cut, and then the testis with the epididymis and part of the spermatic cord are removed. With closed bloody castration, the testes (with their appendages and part of the spermatic cords) are removed along with the common vaginal membrane, without opening it. Closed castration is used for inguinoscrotal hernias and with enlarged inguinal canals (to avoid intestinal prolapse during castration). The testes are located in the testicular sac, in the groin area. In the caudal part of the abdominal wall (in the groin area), on the sides of the linea alba, between the external and internal oblique muscles, the inguinal canal is located. The inguinal ring has the appearance of an oblique slit. On one side, the gap opens under the skin and forms a superficial (subcutaneous) inguinal ring. This ring includes the spermatic cord. The external inguinal ring is formed by the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, at the transition of the abdominal plate to the pelvic plate, going to the anterior edge of the entrance to the pelvis, between its attachment to the macula and the pubic tubercle. This ring is formed at the site of a change in direction muscle fibers of this muscle. The external inguinal ring passes into the inguinal canal, which ends in the internal (abdominal) inguinal ring. The internal inguinal ring is the point of entry into the abdominal cavity. It is narrower and formed by the free caudal edge of the internal oblique muscle and the tendinous edge of the external oblique muscle, attached to the edge of the pelvis. This tendinous edge of the external oblique muscle is called the inguinal ligament. Between the two inguinal rings is the inguinal canal. The canal runs obliquely, subcutaneously, symmetrically to the rings and lies between the two oblique muscles. This canal contains the external levator testis, external pudendal artery and vein, branches of the external spermatic nerve, lymphatic vessels and spermatic cord. Through this canal, the testes of males descend into the scrotum. If used incorrectly, the innards fall out through the inguinal canal and an inguinal hernia is formed. The testicular sac is placed in the perineal area. In males it is very vulnerable spot. The testicular sac contains a neck, body and bottom. The testicular sac consists of:

external levator testis

common tunica vaginalis

The strong external levator extends along the common tunica vaginalis to the middle of the scrotum.

The scrotal wall consists of:

muscular-elastic membrane

scrotal fascia

The muscular-elastic membrane is firmly connected to the skin and forms the scrotal septum. The fascia of the scrotum is highly developed and closely connected with the muscular-elastic membrane and loosely with the common vaginal membrane. The common tunica vaginalis is formed parietal layer peritoneum and transverse fascia, lining each half of the scrotum, forming a cavity with a common tunica vaginalis. The latter communicates with the abdominal cavity through the vaginal canal. A special vaginal membrane of the testicle covers the testis with the epididymis and the spermatic cord. Its lower section, connecting the tail of the appendage with the common vaginal membrane, is flattened. It is called the inguinal ligament of the inguinal testis or transitional ligament. The epididymis in MRS is located on the dorsal side of the testis. It has a head, body and tail. The spermatic cord is covered on the outside by a fold of visceral peritoneum. It consists of two folds of the massive vascular serosa in front and a fold of the vas deferens behind. The testis is a paired parenchymal organ of males. The testis has a capitate end and a caudate end. The outside of the testis is covered serosa, which fits tightly to the tunica albuginea, forming the stroma of the organ. The parenchyma is represented by convoluted tubules in which germ cells (sperm) are formed. The testis is also an endocrine gland that produces and releases male sex hormones (testosterone and andosterone) into the blood. The testicular appendage, which is represented by highly convoluted tubules, is tightly attached to the testis. The appendage passes into the spermatic cord. During the operation open method All layers of the testicular sac are cut to the length of the testis: skin, muscular-elastic membrane, fascia of the scrotum and common vaginal membrane, removing the testis. The vascular fold contains the internal spermatic artery, internal spermatic vein, internal levator testis, spermatic plexus and lymphatic vessels. The fold of the vas deferens includes the vas deferens, the artery and the nerve of the vas deferens. The scrotum and external levator testis are supplied with blood from the branches of the external spermatic and pudendal arteries. From the deep femoral artery, a branch of the external pudendal artery, which follows into the inguinal canal, branches out into the scrotum. The innervation of the scrotum and common tunica vaginalis is carried out by the branches of the external spermatic nerve, the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric, and rear end The scrotum is supplied by branches of the perineal nerve. Lymphatic vessels pass through the lateral walls of the scrotum and empty into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. The paired testicular artery supplies blood to the gonads and, passing through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord, branches in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens. The umbilical artery gives branches to the vas deferens. The tunica vaginalis of the testis is supplied with blood from the outer iliac artery, which runs with the vein of the same name along the anterior edge of the ilium. Next to the named arteries there are veins of the same name, through which the outflow of blood from an organ or tissue occurs.

There is no anesthesia during this operation.

Castration is carried out on the testicular sac, located in the groin area. In this case, with Telyatnikov’s forceps, all layers are crushed simultaneously: the skin, the muscular-elastic membrane, the fascia of the scrotum and the common vaginal membrane, the spermatic cord.

castration operation animal tool

Operational reception

Percutaneous methods of castration involve squeezing or tearing the tissue of the cords through the skin, or crushing the parenchyma of the testes. This is done with fingers or using castration forceps of various designs (Burdizzo; Golensky-Glushko; Telyatnikov; Khanin and Tanybekov; Mochalovsky, etc.). Squashed spermatic cords and the parenchyma of the gland remain in the scrotum. Deprived of blood supply and innervation, the epididymis and testis resolve within 2-6 months, stimulating growth and development of castrates and giving greater weight gain compared to animals castrated with complete removal of the testes. However, if castration forceps are used ineptly and the age of the animals being castrated is not observed, the damaged testes and appendages (usually one of them) do not resolve and the castration effect does not occur. These methods of castration of males are best used for fattening in livestock complexes. For subcutaneous (bloodless, percutaneous) castration of rams with Telyatnikov forceps, forceps are applied to the neck of the scrotum, palpating the spermatic cord and pushing it to the outer wall of the scrotum. The spermatic cord is placed between the jaws of the castration forceps and it is crushed by bringing the handles together. In the slotted state, hold the tongs for 5 s and then remove them. A crunch felt at the moment of compression indicates a rupture of the vessels of the spermatic cord. If there is no crunch, the forceps are moved higher by 1-1.5 cm and compressed again. Do the same with the second spermatic cord. The developing swelling disappears after a week. The testes atrophy within 5-7 months. To prevent possible restoration of the parenchyma of the testes in some cases, it is advisable to apply Telyatnikov forceps twice to each spermatic cord (first at a distance of 2-2.5 cm above the upper, head end of the testis, and then directly at this end). For castration of rams no older than 2 months, you can use the so-called. elastration - placing an elastic rubber ring made of vacuum rubber on the neck of the scrotum with a special dilator. The testes, along with the scrotum, fall off after 10-15 days. In this case, castration was carried out using Telyatnikov forceps.

The final stage of the operation

After the spermatic cord breaks, the forceps are removed and powdered with streptocide or iodoform powder. The wounds are not stitched up. When castrating a given ram, stitches are not applied, but measures are taken to temporarily close the wound together or the wound is left gaping. The surface was treated with a 5% alcohol solution of brilliant green. After surgery, the surgical site is observed as a normal wound.

Postoperative treatment

After the operation, it is necessary to organize therapeutic measures to prevent postoperative complications. To prevent post-castration complications, it is necessary to follow the rules of asepsis and antiseptics and create normal sanitary and hygienic conditions for keeping castrated animals in the postoperative period. Complications during castration are more common in males. They are conventionally divided into early (occur on the first day, before the development inflammatory edema) and late (appear later). Early complications include bleeding, prolapse of the common vaginal membrane, the stump of the spermatic cord, omentum, intestinal loop, etc. They are observed infrequently, only in individual animals. When bleeding from the vessels of the scrotum, blood flows out in frequent drops and after 15-30 minutes, as a rule, stops spontaneously. If necessary, hemostatic tweezers are applied to bleeding vessels. Bleeding from the vessels of the spermatic cord stump occurs in the form of a stream. The complication arises as a result of insufficient crushing of the spermatic cord, crossing it with castration forceps due to sharp compression of the jaws, slipping of the ligature (weak tightening, short stump), castration by avulsion, as well as flabbiness of the cord, etc. In all cases, the stump is carefully removed and a piercing is applied to it ligature. Prolapse of the common vaginal membrane is most often detected some time after castration, when the skin of the scrotum shrinks. The fallen part of the membrane hangs down from the castration wound. The cause of this complication is the detachment of the membrane from the fascia. This often occurs as a result of layer-by-layer dissection of tissues, especially if they are strongly stretched when fixing the testis. To eliminate this complication the fallen part of the shell is slightly pulled up and cut off. Loss of the stump of the spermatic cord is a consequence of low application of the ligature (castration forceps) or tearing of the levator muscles of the testis at the time of pulling the cord. In such cases, the cord is carefully pulled up, a ligature is applied to it, and the fallen part of the stump is cut off with scissors. Omentum prolapse occurs in stallions and boars when castration is carried out using the open method. In this case, the omentum can be embedded in the vaginal canal or hang from the wound in the form of a loose cord. The cause of such a complication may be severe anxiety of the animal, wide rings of the inguinal canals, long-term starvation diet, castration immediately after feeding, etc. The omentum, embedded in the vaginal canal, is set into the abdominal cavity. If the omentum falls out of the wound, it is carefully pulled out (5-10 cm) from the vaginal canal, a ligature is applied and, moving 3-4 cm away from it, the fallen part is cut off. The stump is powdered with soluble streptocide mixed with antibiotics and inserted into the abdominal cavity. In such cases, castration is transferred to a closed method. Prolapse of the intestinal loop is observed mainly in stallions and boars during open castration. This complication occurs for the same reasons as omentum prolapse. To eliminate it, a suspension from a clean towel or sheet is immediately applied to the prolapsed intestine, the intestine is washed with a warm solution of furatsilin (1: 5000), irrigated with antibiotics and inserted into the abdominal cavity. Castration is transferred to a closed method. The stump is sutured with the ends of the ligature to the walls of the inguinal canal. From late complications possible inflammation of the common vaginal membrane, spermatic cord, phlegmon, scrotal gangrene, peritonitis, sepsis, etc. The main cause of such complications is the accumulation of coagulated blood in castration wounds, their infection during castration or in the subsequent period, non-compliance with the rules of surgical technique, etc. For To eliminate these complications, it is necessary to immediately carefully treat castration wounds and prescribe general antiseptic treatment. No complications were observed during this castration, since the operation was carried out bloodless method, a sterile instrument, so no therapeutic measures are required. This ram must be transferred to a room that meets sanitary and hygienic requirements, ensure rest and proper feeding.

Feeding, care and maintenance of the animal

Castration is planned and does not apply to complex operations. Does not cause complications and therefore does not require strict adherence feeding in the postoperative period. In the first days after surgery, the animal should be kept at rest. If possible, add vitamins or preparations that strengthen the immune system and increasing the body's resistance. Daily ration feeding is the same as before surgery. An important point is the preparation of the room in which the castrated animal will be located. Because, due to high bacterial contamination, the risk of pathogen penetration through an open castration wound increases. The method of keeping a castrated animal corresponds to the type of farm, and if the animal is home-grown, as in this case, then keep it as before castration. It does not require fixation, and exercise in sunny weather will only benefit the animal.

List of used literature

1.Veremey E.I., Eliseev A.N., Lukyanovsky V.A. Application Guide medicines in veterinary surgery.-Mn.: Urajai, 1989.

2.Veremey E.I., Vlasenko V.M., Eliseev A.N. etc. Operative surgery with the basics of topographic anatomy.-Mn.: Urajai, 2001.-536 p.

Veremey E.I., Kovalev M.I., Masyukova V.N. Workshop on operative surgery with the basics of topographic anatomy of animals.-Mn.: Urajai, 2000.-153 p.

Magda I.I., Itkin B.Z., Voronin I.I. Operative surgery with the basics of topographic anatomy.-M.: Kolos, 1979.

Magda I.I., Itkin B.Z., Voronin I.I. and others. Operative surgery. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990.

Sadovsky N.V. Fundamentals of topographic anatomy of farm animals and a short workshop on operative surgery.-M.: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1953.-454 p. Timofeev S.V., Lukyanovsky V.A., Chervanev V.A. Castration of animals. Prevention of post-castration complications. Study guide. - M.: MGAVMiB im. K.I. Scriabin, 2004. - 103 p. Chubar V.K. Operative surgery of domestic animals. - M.: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1951. - 424 p.

Indications. Sheep are castrated at any age. However, it should be taken into account that animals that are deprived at an early age develop somewhat weaker in comparison with those that are not castrated. Normal development is observed in animals castrated at 3-4 months of age and later. Rams castrated at 4-5 months of age and later retain their behavioral sexual response for a long time.

Fixation and anesthesia. Rams are fixed in a lying lateral or, more often, dorsal position. An assistant holds the animal on his lap, fixing all four limbs at the same time. Young rams are often castrated without anesthesia; for rams older than 5-6 months and adults, up to 10 ml of a 3% solution of novocaine is injected into the neck of the scrotum or into the thickness of the testis; additionally, a 0.5% solution of this drug is injected along the incision line.

Operation technique. When castrating young rams using the open method, the surgical field is first prepared. The hair on the scrotum along the incision line is cut off and the skin is treated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. Sheep are castrated both open and closed. The scrotum can be opened by cutting off its bottom. For this purpose, the bottom of the scrotum is grasped with the fingers, pulled back and cut off with a scalpel. The scrotum can also be cut along the testis along its anterior surface.

With the open method of castration, the common tunica vaginalis is opened, the testis is removed, the transitional ligament is dissected and a ligature is applied. The spermatic cord is cut off at a distance of 1-1.5 cm below the ligature.

With the closed method of castration, a ligature is applied to the spermatic cord with a common vaginal membrane. In large rams, a piercing ligature is sometimes applied, or the ligature is applied after preliminary compression of the spermatic cord with Sand forceps. The edges of the skin wound are treated with an alcohol solution of iodine, and the cavity of the castration wound is sprinkled with antiseptic powder.

It is recommended to castrate sheep culled for age or breeding qualities with amputation of the scrotum, since it is low and the skin is sclerotic and becomes heavily infected in the postoperative period. After the operation, blood clots accumulate in the scrotal cavity; its cavity does not decrease due to skin sclerosis and atony of the levator testis. As a result, up to 20% of rams castrated by conventional methods die.

Several methods for this operation have been proposed. The skin is cut circularly in the area of ​​the neck of the scrotum and the testes with the skin are pulled down slightly. Sand forceps are applied to the spermatic cords with a common tunica vaginalis and squeezed tightly. After they are removed, a ligature is applied to this place and the testes are cut off 1-1.5 cm below it. The stump is rejected on the 14-15th day.

After infiltration anesthesia of the scrotal neck, a purse string suture, located 2 cm below the rudimentary nipples. They step back 1.5 cm from the purse-string suture and cut the skin circularly. The skin is slightly shifted downwards and Sand forceps are applied to the spermatic cords with a common vaginal tunica with strong compression for 5 minutes. Then the testes are unscrewed and the stump is powdered with an antibiotic. The previously applied purse string suture is pulled together and tied. Thus, the surgical wound is tightly closed.

If adult sheep are castrated without amputation of the scrotum, then a gauze pad soaked in iodoform, antibiotics, turpentine or ointment is inserted into its cavity. The tampon is removed on the 3-4th day.

Along with the open method of castration of rams, the bloodless (percutaneous) method is also used. Burdizzo, Golensky, Glushko, Telyatnikov and Khanin forceps are used for the operation. The forceps are applied closer to the testis on the spermatic cord. In the slotted state, hold the tongs for 5 s and then remove them. A crunch felt at the moment of compression indicates a rupture of the vessels of the spermatic cord. If there is no crunch, the forceps are moved higher by 1-1.5 cm and compressed again. Proceed in the same way with the second seed sac. The developing swelling disappears after a week. The testes atrophy within 5-7 months.

Castration

The need to castrate rams is still a controversial issue. Uncastrated rams, tend to grow faster than ewes or ewes (castrated rams). Carcasses of uncastrated sheep are meatier and contain less fat than carcasses of sheep or lambs of the same weight. However, it is more difficult to remove the skin from such a ram, especially after the ram is more than 6 months old and takes on the appearance of a male. Due to the last two reasons, some buyers of rams for meat have set a discount on the live weight of uncastrated rams at $5.00 per Cwt (45.4 kg in the USA). Given the current prices for feed and prices for lamb on the market, this practically equalizes the situation.

However, it makes sense to castrate any male ram that is not slaughtered by 5 months.

The three methods of castration are:
- using elastrator constrictions,
- using clamping,
- using circumcision.

Castration of rams using elastrator bands is a popular method, as it is simple and does not cause bleeding. It is best used with young lambs (two weeks old or less) and tetanus protection is necessary.

Clamping involves the use of a special clamp that ruptures the sperm duct above each testicle. This method also does not cause bleeding, but is more complex. The sheep farmer must be sure that both channels are blocked, only then can we say that castration was successful. This method causes some swelling of the scrotum. Pinching is the method of choice when large lambs (60 pounds or more) need to be castrated. Surgical removal Lower 1/3 of the scrotum and pulling out the testicles through the incision is still a popular method of castrating rams. Although this method provides confidence that the ram is castrated, there is a risk of infection and ruptures.

Identification

Some form of identification is needed to match lambs to their ewes when they are brought together into larger groups and distributed among pens. Identification is the first step in preventing lambs from dying from malnutrition. There are two main ways to identify lambs: using paint and using ear tags. The use of paint is a very simple method of identification - one number is painted on the back of the ewe and the corresponding lambs. However, this method will provide identification for 30 days at best. Special devices for applying paint can be purchased in specialized stores along with paint for marking wool.

We recommend using ear tags to identify ewes. Then you can tag the lambs too and keep track of the numbers on the ewe and lamb tags. You can buy labels or make your own. They can be metal, plastic with a variety of combinations of numbers, letters or even your name. They come in different colors, and then you can classify the lambs by breed, sex, twins, triplets, or, for example, born in the same month. Some tags have a mounting device, others require a hole to be punched.

The big advantage of tags over paint is that they give you permanent identification. This gives you the ability to keep more detailed records of lambs and their parents, dates of birth, growth, and also allows you to more easily decide which ones to keep for reproduction and which ones not.

Vaccination

Simultaneously with castration, tail trimming and identification, lambs should also be vaccinated. Among the injections that you can make, you can choose, for example, antibiotics (penicillin) to protect against infection during trimming, etc. or Selenium and vitamins if they are lacking.

The most common vaccines used during this time are Tetanus (tetanus) and Soremouth (sick mouth). These vaccinations are not always given on every farm, so if you need to get one of them, then you need to do it then.

Usually, the state of stress does not change significantly depending on whether we perform one of the above operations or all 6 in a row. For this reason, we advise that all operations be carried out on one day, rather than spread out over several days.

Group paddock

Once the lamb has been born for 24-48 hours (you may have castrated it, trimmed its tail and identified it by then, although not necessarily then) and it has been vaccinated, it should be moved with the ewe and her other lambs to a group pen . Group pens are usually 16 feet square and can hold 10-12 ewes and lambs per pen.

Group pens are used primarily to allow lambs and ewes to get used to each other. They should be kept in such pens for 24 to 48 hours. This pen allows the lambs to become accustomed to the group before they are introduced into the flock. During this time, as a good owner, you should spend a lot of time watching the ewes and lambs to be sure that the ewe has not abandoned her lambs. If the lamb looks weak or hungry, identify the ewe by its tag. In this case, they should be put back in the box for a couple of days. If you notice such a problem early, it is much easier to fix it, and it will save you from many problems in the future. Usually, if the ewe and lambs move from the group section to a larger pen without problems, then they can already be kept in larger groups. Remember that if the lamb stretches when you pick it up, it is doing well. If not, then you need to determine what the problem is. Part of the job of watching is raising the lambs (making them rise). The same should be done in pens and larger groups of lambs.

Castration of rams and goats in its technique is not much different from castration of bulls. Castration of rams and goats is carried out at the age of 4-6 months. After the surgical field has been treated, the scrotum is opened. After opening the common tunica vaginalis and cutting the transitional ligament, the testes are amputated. In veterinary practice, the method of cutting off the spermatic cords is widely used in young rams and goats. Castration in this way gives the least amount of post-castration complications. This is explained by the fact that when the spermatic cords are torn off, there is no tissue left in the castration wound, which later becomes necrotic, as well as a ligature, which in open wounds The scrotum is always dirty.

Seed removal technique cord is as follows: with the fingers of the left hand, the spermatic cord is firmly fixed through the wall of the scrotum, and with the right hand, the testis is twisted along the longitudinal axis 2-4 times and with a short, sharp movement the spermatic cord is broken between the testis and the fingers of the left hand.

In addition, bloodless (percutaneous) and bloody methods of castration are used.

Fixation. The veterinarian sits astride a well-reinforced board, which is located at a height of 0.5 meters from the floor. An assistant (the owner of the animal) also sits opposite him, who holds the ram (kid) in the sacro-dorsal position, fixing all four limbs of the animal being castrated.

Bloodless (percutaneous) method of castration. Impact on the spermatic cords.

Castration using forceps. For castration, one of the following forceps is used: Burdizzo, Golensky and Glushko, Telyatnikov and Khanin.

When using the first two types of forceps, the spermatic cord is grasped through the skin of the scrotal neck with the fingers of the left hand and taken to the lateral (outer) side. Between fingers and abdominal wall apply forceps, which are squeezed with the right hand. The forceps are held for up to 30 seconds, and then they are moved 1 cm lower and compressed again, crushing the spermatic cord a second time. The same is done with the other spermatic cord. The next day, upon examination, we notice swelling of the scrotum, which gradually disappears after a week. The testes of rams and goats dissolve within 5-7 months. Castration using Telyatnikov and Khanin forceps is carried out in the same way as during the operation of bulls ().

In rams castrated percutaneously, weight gain increases by 10-15%, and carcasses weigh 8-12% more than in rams castrated with complete removal of the testes.

Elastration– castration by applying an elastic rubber ring to the neck of the scrotum. This method is used to castrate goats and rams no older than 4 months, preferably at 2 weeks of age. Using special forceps - an elastrator, they stretch the rubber ring (outer diameter 2 cm, inner diameter 1 cm) and put it on the extended neck of the scrotum. After 12-15 days, the scrotum with all its contents becomes necrotic and is torn away along with the rubber ring, and a connective tissue scar is formed in the area of ​​the scrotal neck.

In young rams and goats, the so-called method is used "Tartu". With the left hand, the testis is pushed to the bottom of the scrotum and thereby strains the spermatic cord. Then with your index and middle fingers right hand they grab the spermatic cord through the skin of the scrotum and tear it with a sharp movement. The 2nd spermatic cord is also broken.

Impact on the testes. Compression castration according to A.N. Mochalovsky.

Operation technique. Without cutting the scrotum, the testis is placed between the jaws of castration forceps and squeezed with a quick movement, causing the structure of the testis to be completely destroyed. The integrity of the appendage is usually preserved. To prevent the formation of a hematoma after crushing the testis, the parenchyma with the appendage and membranes is pushed towards the scrotum and onto bottom part The scrotum is covered with a braid ligature for 4-6 hours. Currently this method practically not used.

Bloody method Castration of rams and goats can be carried out in various ways using both complete and partial removal of the testes. In the first case, most often veterinary specialists They use a closed method of castration with amputation of the scrotum, especially in old rams. Since the strong drooping of the scrotum and, therefore, its close location to the soil, creates favorable conditions for contamination and infection of the surgical wound with the subsequent threat of the development of a septic process in the surgical wound and even the transition of inflammation to the abdominal cavity.

Technique The most common methods of castration of young rams and goats are as follows.

1. After cutting and smearing with iodine solution, the bottom of the scrotum is grabbed and pulled back and both halves are cut off with sharp straight scissors. The scrotum can also be straightened and cut perpendicular to its suture. Then, pressing on the remaining part of the scrotum, the testes, covered with a common vaginal membrane, are forced out of it. Clamping the spermatic cords, covered with a common vaginal tunica, one by one with arterial tweezers, bandage them above the tweezers with a catgut ligature, then cut them off at a distance of 1 cm below the tweezers. The wound is powdered with antiseptic powder.
2. A lamb or kid is fixed by its pelvic limbs with its head down. The veterinarian gently retracts the scrotum and, with a quick movement of scissors or a scalpel, cuts off its bottom, maintaining the integrity of the common vaginal membrane. Without touching the castration wound, it pushes the scrotal stump towards the groin area and pulls out the testes; Zand forceps are applied to the spermatic cords and the testes are separated near the jaws with scissors.

Castration of old rams (M.A. Khanin’s method).

Indications. Culling from breeding use due to age or when replacing with rams that are more valuable in breeding terms.

Anesthesia. Circular infiltration of the scrotal neck and intertesticular injection of a 3% solution of novocaine, 10 ml.

Operation technique. The ram is firmly fixed in the left lateral position with the right pelvic limb well tucked. The veterinarian uses his left hand to push the testes toward the groin while simultaneously pulling the bottom of the scrotum in the opposite direction. 2 cm below the rudimentary nipples, a circular incision cuts through all the membranes. After dissecting the layers of the scrotum, the skin of the scrotum is pulled from the common tunica vaginalis to the lower areas of the scrotum. On the thinnest section of the spermatic cords, pulled up from the inguinal canals and covered with a common vaginal membrane, Zand forceps are applied and slowly squeezed. After this, in close proximity to the forceps, the spermatic cords, covered with a common vaginal membrane, are crossed with a scalpel or scissors, and the testes are removed along with the scrotum. Remove the applied forceps after 2-3 minutes. Lubricate the stump with a 5% iodine solution. Powder the wound with white streptocide powder, penicillin, tricillin or another antibiotic. From the sides, the edges of the scrotal wound are brought together either by applying one stitch of a knotted suture, or two Michel staples. We leave the central part of the wound open to prevent the accumulation of discharge in it. Some veterinarians apply a purse string suture. Castrated animals are kept separately for 20 days; to avoid contamination of the wound, they are not grazed in wetlands. The suture is removed after 7-8 days.

Partial castration according to A.A. Bayburtsyan(expression castration). Most easily this type castration is performed on rams and goats at the age of 2-3 months.

Operation technique. Castrated animals are fixed in the sacro-dorsal position. On the side opposite the epididymis, the hair is removed (if it is well developed) and the skin of the scrotum is lubricated with a 5% iodine solution. Tighten the skin of the scrotum on one of the testes, grasping it between the thumb, index and middle fingers of the left hand. On the side opposite the appendage, with an abdominal scalpel they pierce the skin of the scrotum, all the membranes and the testis, plunging the blade into the parenchyma by 0.5-1 cm (depending on the size of the testis). After the puncture, the scalpel is rotated in the testis around its axis by 90% and removed. Through the resulting wound, the parenchyma of the testis is gradually squeezed out using the fingertips. The same is done with the second testis. The circumference of the wound is lubricated with iodine solution. The disadvantage of this operation is fatigue of the fingers, as a result this can lead to incomplete extrusion of the parenchyma of the testes and their subsequent regeneration.