Types of people choleric sanguine phlegmatic melancholic test. Even in difficult and unforeseen circumstances, I do not lose my composure. Choleric

Many people know the most pronounced characteristics of each of the four types of temperament: calmness and leisureliness are associated with phlegmatic people, activity, cheerfulness and spontaneity are associated with sanguine people, harshness and energy are associated with choleric people, and anxiety and sensitivity are associated with melancholic people.

How to determine your temperament type

In the manifestation of temperamental properties, not everything is so simple. Depending on the circumstances, environment, your physical condition a person may exhibit qualities that are not characteristic of his type of temperament.

For example:

An insensitive choleric person may suffer like a typical melancholic person;
A patient phlegmatic person can explode so that it doesn’t seem like much;
A sociable sanguine person may limit contact with people;
A suspicious melancholic person can firmly make a decision and relentlessly stand his ground.

It would seem why such atypical manifestations? You should know that temperament is a type of nervous system that is formed on the basis of a person’s natural data. These are the properties with which a person is born.

But in the process of growing up, he develops a character, which, on the one hand, is based on natural features, but, on the other hand, is supplemented by qualities developed in the process of life. For example:

An impulsive choleric person learns to restrain himself;
A somewhat superficial sanguine person gets used to showing interest in those issues that do not arouse his natural interest;
A phlegmatic person often has to make decisions much faster than he would like, due to which he increases the speed of his activities;
The melancholic person has to overcome his own indecision and take active action.

The manifestation of character is already observed in early childhood, and those around them influence the child in such a way that the character is at least to some extent supplemented by the missing qualities and “tames” those that are given to a person by nature in abundance.

You need to understand that, for example, activity in actions is a feature of choleric temperament. But hot temper is a character trait that is most characteristic of choleric people. However, one choleric person may be hot-tempered, another may not.

Let's consider how character most often manifests itself in people of different temperaments.

Sanguine - characteristics

If a person is most often sociable, cheerful, active, easily and quickly responds to surrounding events, is practical and highly efficient, and is able to withstand heavy loads, then he is a sanguine person.

It is possible that he will tell you so much about himself, and even take an interest in your affairs, but, unfortunately, it is not so important for him to listen to you, and after listening, he will happily forget everything. Exceptions are business conversations, especially about those matters that are important to a sanguine person. In unfavorable situations, the superficiality of a sanguine person intensifies.

Choleric - characteristics

You can recognize a choleric person in an energetic, persistent, rather harsh and hot-tempered person, who also exhibits emotional instability and is only one step away from screaming and laughing.

These people are distinguished by their fast pace and swift movements, which is reflected even in their gait. They are purposeful, consistently move towards their achievements, but periods of very high performance are followed by recessions and depression.

The same cyclical nature can be traced in the quality of work: a choleric person can either do the job perfectly or do something carelessly. A choleric person can maintain long-term friendships, but even with a close friend they can quarrel and make offensive remarks, especially under unfavorable circumstances.

Phlegmatic - characteristics

The person who is distinguished by endurance, patience, emotional stability, low physical activity, inexpressive facial expressions, who loves calm and an established way of life, has a phlegmatic temperament.

A phlegmatic person does not like to quickly switch from one type of activity to another. And if you suggested a phlegmatic friend to go to the cinema, and in front of the ticket office offered another option for spending time, it will not be easy for him to agree, and even if he agrees, the phlegmatic person will feel annoyed.

In their work, representatives of this temperament are methodical, responsible, and strive to thoroughly understand everything; in relation to people they are constant, obligatory, but can be inattentive, which often offends the fair sex. When exposed unfavorable factors The phlegmatic person becomes passive and isolates himself even more from others.

Melancholic - characteristics

Modest, indecisive, vulnerable people with a quiet voice, as a rule, are melancholic. They tend to be creative and scientific activity and can achieve very high results in these areas.

Despite the fact that melancholic people are very sensitive, their emotionality very rarely manifests itself outwardly. They are distinguished by violent and prolonged internal experiences, pronounced touchiness and low resistance to stress.

Any new conditions cause stress in melancholic people, so it is more difficult for them than others to get used to new team. Melancholic people should not be punished, because punishment will unsettle them for a long time. They often have low self-esteem and are overly critical of their work. It is important to support and encourage a melancholic person, which will not only please him, but also increase the comfort of the conditions and increase his productivity.

Conclusion

There is no bad or good temperament. Each type of temperament is characterized by strong and weaknesses. Knowing the basic characteristics of temperament, it is possible to adjust your qualities and take into account the characteristics of the person with whom you are building an interaction.

Conclusion: you need to change what can be changed - character. To do this, you need to study yourself, work on yourself, strive for personal growth, self-development and self-improvement.

Every person is unique and original from birth. All people behave differently, have their own character, their own emotions, experiences and views.

But at the same time, sociology distinguishes pronounced traits of certain personalities, which make it possible to divide people into four types of temperament - choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. How are these types different? And what is meant by temperament?

What is temperament?

Translated from Latin temperamentum means "proportionality" or "a certain ratio individual parts» . Temperament is a stable combination various features and individual properties of a person, which largely depend on his innate qualities. In simple words, temperament is those qualities and character traits that were inherent in a person from her birth.

It is believed that temperament manifests itself in general level people’s activity, their mobility, motor skills, expression of emotions. One person may be agile, receptive, have a fast pace of speech and high speed thinking, the other is lethargic, passive, slow and silent.

Such differences in the 18th century allowed sociologists to divide people into types, which were based on the long-standing teachings of Hippocrates about psychological characteristics personality.

Who are choleric people?

Cholerics include people who have high mobility, impetuosity, and excessive emotionality. Such a person is passionate about any task and is able to overcome many difficulties. On the other hand, he is often unbalanced, subject to sudden mood swings, and sometimes quite aggressive.

Looking at a choleric person, it seems that he manages to be in several places at once and do many things at the same time. He can instantly make any decisions and immediately implement them, but often his excessive aspirations give the impression of frivolity and lack of concentration.

Who are called sanguine people?

Sanguine people are considered everyone's favorite. They are always cheerful, cheerful, and talkative. These people are distinguished by great charm and amazing ease of communication. Thanks to such qualities, they have many friends and often occupy leadership positions.

Among positive aspects sanguine people - sociability, openness, . They easily adapt to any life situations and have high performance. However, in unfavorable conditions, their high mobility and energy can result in hasty actions and lack of concentration.

Who is a phlegmatic person?

Phlegmatic people are calm, unhurried people who have stable aspirations and are stingy with emotions. Like sanguine people, they show increased persistence in work, but remain balanced and calm.

The phlegmatic temperament can be described as calm and slow with weak manifestation emotions. People with this character find it difficult to switch from one activity to another and adapt to existing conditions, however, even in emergency situations they show calm and restraint.

Melancholic - who is it?

Melancholic people are characterized by such traits as slight vulnerability, deep emotions, external lethargy and poor reactions to others. Such people are considered the most vulnerable and are distinguished by their gentleness and humility. Friendship with a melancholic person can be a real challenge, since he is extremely touchy and gets upset over every little thing.

He constantly feels like he is underestimated, unloved, or not given enough attention. At the same time, melancholic people have a significant amount of energy and are better able to listen and understand than others. Their timidity and shyness are combined with impeccable taste, romance and a sense of beauty.

Have you ever analyzed your character? Have you ever thought about the nature of your temper or goodwill, aloofness or sociability? After all, you probably noticed some prevailing character traits in yourself. If yes, then this interesting and informative article was written especially for you. Today we will raise the question of the types of human temperament and their characteristics.

The term “temperament” originates from the Mediterranean civilization. Even then, such famous doctors and philosophers of antiquity as Hippocrates and Galen noticed a certain pattern in people’s behavior and began to study it. A little later, they came to the conclusion that the type of character is influenced by the prevailing “life juice” that is inside the body. Philosophers have identified four main fluids and called these character types temperament.

The hypothesis about “vital juices” and their influence on character remained just an assumption, because no one, fortunately, checked a person for the presence of this or that liquid. At least we can hope so, because... history is silent about this. But, nevertheless, their discovery so shocked the world of philosophy at that time that psychology still finds this method relevant and actively uses it in practice. The truth explains it in its own way, from a scientific point of view.

How do psychologists determine the type of temperament?

The fact is that 4 types of temperament exist. Leading psychologists still agree with this, but they explain this not by the prevailing “life juice”, but by the dynamics of the nervous system. For example, sanguine and choleric people have lightning-fast reactions, they are sociable, and are able to quickly solve problems rather than accumulate them. While the phlegmatic and melancholic would rather wait for everything to resolve itself rather than take the situation into their own hands, they are less sociable and feel comfortable alone. The second type is inferior to the first in the dynamics of the nervous system, that is, it is a little “inhibited”. This creative people who are immersed in the inner world.

Herluf Bidstrup is a famous Danish cartoonist. His funny pictures of types of temperament still serve a clear example in many textbooks and manuals in different countries peace. The first one on top is a choleric person, then a phlegmatic person, a melancholic person and a sanguine person. It's very funny to watch how they behave different types temperament in the same situation.

It is interesting to know that there is no pure type of temperament. Each of the four types is present in every person, but everyone has dominant traits character, from which one can conclude which type of temperament predominates most.

Mental personality disorders with a pure type of temperament

As mentioned above, all people are characterized by several types of temperament and, as a rule, one of them is dominant. The pure appearance of temperament in psychology may indicate that a person is suffering psychiatric disorder, because this is considered pathological.

Choleric – impulsive personality disorder
Phlegmatic – schizophrenic personality disorder
Melancholic – anxiety disorder personalities
Sanguine - hypomania

Eric Berne wrote a great book called Games People Play. It explains the difference in our behavior in a given situation. Tells how common it is for people to use masks from “diligent schoolgirl” to “tyrant”. Try to independently analyze your behavior in different life situations, and you will understand that the type of temperament is a conditional indicator of the prevailing character traits.

Choleric is a type of temperament

If we briefly talk about the type of this temperament, then this is definitely a born leader. The main traits of his character are short temper, irritability and impulsiveness. Cholerics have the fastest dynamics of the nervous system, so they are able to set goals and achieve their goals.

These people have analytical thinking, which is why choleric people can often be found in leadership positions.
The type of activity of the owner of this temperament is often associated with exact technical sciences.
They are very demanding and executive bosses. They make decisions easily, direct and categorical in their choices.

Cholerics have an ideal union with phlegmatic people. They, like scales, balance ardor and complement each other.

Features of the behavior of a choleric child

This type the child's temperament causes biggest problems in education. These are very energetic children who are interested in everything. They try to cover literally everything. A choleric child will happily attend classes at the same time. ballroom dancing and karate, drawing and football.

Choleric children have serious problems with the organization, which should absolutely not be allowed.
Most likely, he will leave all sections after just a couple of classes. Their excessive energy does not allow them to sit for a long time in one activity.
This is very bad, because a choleric child has innate potential. These are successful and determined people in the future.
If parents direct their energy in the right direction, they will certainly get a very smart and purposeful child.
Another huge disadvantage of choleric children is that they are very emotional. If they are raised incorrectly, then very soon they will begin to pour out their excess energy on the children around them, which cannot be pleasant. Almost all hooligans have this type of temperament.
If your child shows aggression towards other children, do not rush to spank him on the bottom; they require a special approach to education.

How to raise a choleric child?

The concept of this type of temperament already implies his temper and instability. Don’t even try to shout at him or, God forbid, hit him. Don't expect him to remain silent in response; it is quite possible that he will respond in kind. With this example you only show that such behavior is normal.

They are like sponges, absorbing everything from you as an example. All attempts to suppress a choleric child will cause serious resistance on his part. Such children are very vindictive and, if they come across a wall of misunderstanding and aggression from their parents, they will repay in kind.

You need to learn to negotiate with a child. Be demanding of him, but not so much as to limit his expression of energy.
Set clear rules of behavior in the house and on the street.
Any disobedience must be punished. If you threaten your child that you will take away his device, then do not waste your words.
Choleric children are very cunning and will take advantage of your mercy.
This is the child who needs discipline the most.

Phlegmatic - a type of temperament

These are very friendly and nice people. This type of temperament has a slow dynamics of the nervous system, so they often seem sluggish and lacking initiative.

Characteristics of phlegmatic people:

This rare group people whose representatives feel comfortable in routine.
They often work in the same type of work, which most people find boring.
Phlegmatic people hate change.
They hate regularity and strive to live in an organized way.
Also, phlegmatic people hate conflicts; they do not know how to confront anyone and defend their interests. In order not to run into a quarrel, they are able to give everything you ask them.
These are very loyal friends who will always listen and help.

Features of the behavior of a phlegmatic child

These are very diligent and friendly children. They are born perfectionists. Phlegmatic people work very hard, and when they find something they like, they will most likely make it their life’s work. These are the most obedient and “comfortable” children who almost never create difficulties for their parents.

They have a not very practical trait; they are very introverted children.
Phlegmatic people value loneliness and comfort above all else. They cannot be called social in any way.
Parents must help their child adapt to society. Otherwise, they risk remaining as hermits, not contacting anyone unless absolutely necessary.
Another unpleasant feature of phlegmatic people is their slowness. They are unhurried and always debug everything for later, this can create many problems in the future.
From childhood they need to be taught to be organized and punctual.

How to raise a phlegmatic child?

Phlegmatic children, as mentioned above, are the most “convenient” children to raise. They are very obedient and will never contradict their parents.

But they also require a special approach:

A phlegmatic child has a hard time accepting what is said. There is a good chance that he will not remember your words or simply will not consider them important.
They are often immersed in their inner world, which prevents them from being attentive.
They often act distant during parenting. Therefore, it is best to educate them by good example.
Don't demand more from your child than you can do yourself.
At first, study lessons together with him, sitting next to him.
The problem of a phlegmatic child with adaptation in society is also very easy to solve. To do this, the main thing is to organize family “outings” to an amusement park or, when eating in a restaurant, take it to the game room.
They slowly adapt to the new way of life. Almost all changes are taken to heart. You should not do this too abruptly so that the child does not experience stress.

Sanguine - a type of temperament

Sanguine can be seen from afar. They are always very loud, fast and funny people, with an unrivaled sense of humor. Such people are often called the “life of the party.” They have a lot of friends, which is not surprising given their behavior pattern.

Sanguine people hate loneliness. They try to surround themselves with communication and people as much as possible. This is the only way they feel comfortable.
Sanguine people are capable of achieving high goals, but their main problem is that they are very changeable.
It often seems to them that they have found their life’s work, but quickly “burning out”, they begin to want something new.
Sanguine people want everything at once, but boredom is their main enemy.
Such people often find themselves in the humanities.
If we put aside their inconstancy, these are very purposeful people who are able to move mountains on the path to their dreams.

Peculiarities of behavior of a sanguine child

Such children are often called hyperactive. But, to tell the truth, many of the sanguine children suffer from this behavior disorder. This physiological feature this type of temperament.

In a sanguine child lightning-fast reaction to everything that happens
These kids can't sit still for a minute.
An angina child is very friendly and will never offend anyone. But his energy is sometimes destructive
Parents should make a lot of effort to come to an agreement with their child or keep him busy with something useful.

How to raise a sanguine child?

A sanguine child is not to blame for his excessive activity and parents should understand and respect this. The best solution will pass the child to several sections at once. They must be active. You can't imagine what could happen to a piano teacher if your child decides to take his class. Give preference to wrestling, modern dance or children's tourism.

Sanguine people often associate themselves with vigorous activity, so your choice can play a role decisive role in the fate of your child.
Their activity often makes it difficult for them to concentrate.
Your task is to convey to the child that he has certain obligations (for example: walk the dog, do his homework) and until he does this, he will not be able to do what he would like.
Introduce clear boundaries of discipline, but do not limit the child completely. If he is not allowed to scream in the house, then allow him to do it outside.

Melancholic - a type of temperament

Melancholic people are very creative people. They love to analyze their behavior and feelings. They never let go of grudges, and for a long time accumulate them.

Melancholic people love loneliness, but at the same time they quickly establish relationships with a new team.
They are punctual and organized, which is what they demand from others.
They can fully reveal themselves in creativity.
This is very deep people, With big heart and huge inner world, which undoubtedly helps them in their creativity. But by choosing another profession, they can easily achieve success.
Melancholic people are very consistent and conscientious in everything they do.

Features of the behavior of a melancholic child

Melancholic people are very reasonable and correct children. But, unfortunately, their excessive sensitivity often spoils their mood. A melancholic child often cries, but not only because you yelled at him or offended him in some way. Tears are a real tool in his hands. He is a born manipulator and often resorts to forbidden techniques.

Don't forget that these are creative children.
They get along quite well in society, but often require solitude. Parents need to respect such a decision and give the child the opportunity to be alone.
It is unlikely that he will surf the Internet or watch cartoons; this time will be devoted to global thoughts and plans.

How to raise a melancholic child?

Under no circumstances should you shout at a child. He is very sensitive and receptive. Your words can hurt him so much that it can develop into mental trauma. You need to negotiate with such a child; these are very smart children who understand words perfectly.

If a child cries, be sure to take pity on him, but stand your ground, explaining your categorical attitude. This way you will avoid manipulation by your child.
Be sure to take your child to creative classes so that he can reveal his innate potential.
Encourage all his achievements and unsuccessful attempts. It is very important to encourage a melancholic child.
Avoid the carrot and stick method. You have enough smart child to negotiate with him like an adult.

Let this article serve as a useful guide for you on the types of temperament and their properties. After all, it is very important to find an approach to a person in order to make your relationship strong and comfortable for both. Raise your child according to his temperament type, he will become obedient and collected. Your patience and consistency will lead him to success.

Video: “Test for the type of temperament using the DISK method”

Possible answers to the questions: “yes”, “no”. The first answer that comes to your mind is correct. Record your answers - "yes" - plus, "no" - minus - on a piece of paper.

1) Do you often crave new experiences in order to experience strong sensations?
2) Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage you, and express sympathy?
3) Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
4) Is it true that it is very difficult for you to answer “no”?
5) Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?
6) Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not profitable for you?
7) Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8) Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
9)Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?
10) Is it true that you can decide on anything in a dispute?
11) Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet a person of the opposite sex who you like?
12) Does it happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper?
13) Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
14)Are you often bothered by thoughts that you shouldn’t do or say something?
15) Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
16)Are you easily offended?
17) Do you often like to be in company?
18) Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from other people?
19) Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
20) Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?
21) Do you often dream?
22) When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?
23) Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?
24)Are all your habits good and desirable?
25)Are you able to give free rein to your own feelings and have a lot of fun in a noisy company?
26) Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
27) Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
28) After something is done, do you often return to it in your mind and think that you could have done it better?
29)Are you usually silent and reserved when you are among people?
30) Do you sometimes gossip?
31) Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?
32) Is it true that it is more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although it is faster and easier to learn about it from friends?
33) Do you have palpitations?
34) Do you like work that requires constant attention?
35) Does it ever happen that you “shiver”?
36) Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
37) Is it true that you don’t like being in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
38)Are you irritable?
39) Do you like work that requires quick action?
40) Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well?
41) Do you walk slowly and deliberately?
42) Have you ever been late for a date, work or school?
43) Do you often have nightmares?
44) Is it true that you are such a lover of conversation that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
45) Do you have any pain?
46) Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time?
47) Can you call yourself a nervous person?
48)Are there people you know that you clearly don’t like?
49) Can you say that you are a confident person?
50)Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
51)Is it difficult to really enjoy a party?
52) Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?
53) Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company?
54)Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all?
55)Are you worried about your health?
56) Do you like to make fun of others?
57) Do you suffer from insomnia?

DOUGH PROCESSING

If the “key” answer matches your answer, you add one point to yourself. If it does not match, zero points.

1. Confidence scale.

The answer is “yes” to questions: 6, 24, 36.

The answer is “no” to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

Count the amount. If the result is 5 or more points, this means that you answered not as it really is, but as you would like or as is accepted in society. In other words, your answers are not reliable.

2. Extraversion scale.

The answer is "yes" to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56.

The answer is “no” to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 41, 51.

Count the amount.

3. Emotional stability scale.

Answer "yes" to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.

Having received the sums for the “Extraversion Scale” and “Emotional Stability Scale” values, mark them, respectively, on the horizontal axis “Introversion-extroversion” and the vertical axis “Emotional stability”. The intersection point will show your temperament type.

Draw coordinate axes: the horizontal axis is the “extroversion scale”, the vertical axis is the “emotional stability scale”. Each scale from 1 to 24 intersects at point 12. Mark your indicators on the axes. Find the intersection point. A point can lie on an axis if one of the scales is 12.

The result you got is your predominant temperament type. On the extraversion scale, you can see the type of personality orientation: extrovert or introvert.

Four types of melancholic people
Pure, pronounced melancholic: introversion (int.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 16 to 24 points.

Melancholic phlegmatic: int. - from 1 to 9, um. mouth - 12 to 16 points.

Mild melancholic: int. - 9 to 12, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.

Melacholic choleric: int. - from 9 to 12, um. mouth - 16 to 24 b.

Four types of phlegmatic people
Pure, pronounced phlegmatic: introversion (int.) - from 1 to 9, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 1 to 9 points.

Phlegmatic sanguine: int. - from 9 to 12, um. mouth - 1 to 9 points.

Slightly phlegmatic: int. - 9 to 12, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.

Phlegmatic melancholic: int. - from 1 to 9, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.

Four types of choleric people
Pure, pronounced choleric: introversion (int.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 16 to 24 points.

Choleric melancholic: int. - from 12 to 16, um. mouth - 16 to 24 points.

Mild choleric: int. - 12 to 16, um. mouth - 12 to 16 b.

Choleric sanguine: int. - from 16 to 24, em. mouth - 12 to 16 b.

Four types of sanguine people
Pure, pronounced sanguine person: introversion (int.) - from 16 to 24, emotional. stability (em. mouth) - 1 to 9 points.

Sanguine choleric: int. - from 16 to 24, em. mouth - 9 to 12 points.

Slightly sanguine: int. - 12 to 16, um. mouth - 9 to 12 b.

Sanguine phlegmatic: int. - from 12 to 16, um. mouth - 1 to 9 b.

General concepts about temperament

Each person has his own characteristics of mental activity.
Temperament is a characteristic of a person, namely:

pace,

rapidity,

rhythm,

intensity

these mental processes and states.

Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, and manner of communication.
At the same time, temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities- here we are able to independently develop our inclinations, turn them into abilities or forget about them.
The ability to make choices and take responsibility for them are indicators of a developed personality, and not manifestations of temperamental characteristics. Knowing your own type of temperament greatly simplifies the process of knowing yourself, accepting your manifestations and, as a result, choosing your own lifestyle.

Temperament human - a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Only 25% of 100% of temperament can be corrected. And this correction is our adjustment to the requirements of society (the world around us, society...). For what? For the purpose of a more efficient and successful existence.
IN pure form temperaments are rare. Every person has something of choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, just like the question of what time of year is better. Each has its pros and cons. You need to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation. That is, do not follow the lead of natural qualities, but develop them.

Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character.

Kindness and cruelty

hard work and laziness,

neatness and sloppiness -

All these are character traits that are not inherent in nature, but are formed throughout life.

Smart or stupid

honest or deceitful

talented or untalented

Can be a person with any temperament. A person’s success does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the individual.

Basic components of temperament

Analysis of the internal structure of temperament leads to the identification of three main, leading components. Each of these components has a complex multidimensional structure and different shapes psychological manifestations.

The sphere of general mental activity of a person.

the individual’s desire for self-expression, effective mastery and transformation of external reality;
intellectual and characterological characteristics, a complex of relationships and motives

The degree of activity extends from lethargy, inertia and passive contemplation at one pole to the highest degree of energy, powerful swiftness of action and constant ascent at the other.

Motor skills.

rapidity,
strength,
sharpness,
rhythm,
amplitude and
a number of other signs of muscle movement.

Features of muscle and speech motor skills can be observed more easily than others in humans. Therefore, a person’s temperament is often judged only by this component.

Emotionality.

large complex

Impressionability- a person’s receptivity, his sensitivity to emotional influences, his ability to find the ground for an emotional reaction where for others such ground does not exist.
Impulsiveness- the speed with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions and actions without prior thought and a conscious decision to carry them out.
Emotional lability- the speed at which a given event ceases emotional state or one experience is replaced by another.

From the history of teachings about types of temperament

Hippocrates (5th century BC) first spoke about temperaments. He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main “juices” of life that make up it:

blood,

phlegm,

yellow bile and

black bile

Claudius Galen (2nd century BC) continued. He developed the first typology of temperaments (treatise “De temperamentum”) According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They identified temperaments that are widely known today:

choleric (from the Greek chole - “bile”),

sanguine (from Latin sanguis - “blood”),

phlegmatic (from Greek - phlegma - “phlegm”),

melancholic (from the Greek melas chole - “black bile”)

I.P. Pavlov hypothesized that differences in behavior were based on some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. These properties include:

excitation strength

reflects performance nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand long-term or short-term, but strong excitation, without passing into the opposite state of inhibition

braking force

is understood as the functional performance of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition. Manifests itself in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation

their poise

balance of excitation and inhibition processes. The ratio of the strength of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced, when the strength of one process exceeds the strength of the other

their mobility/inertia

manifests itself in the speed of transition from one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. A measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active one, and vice versa. The nervous system is more inert the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.

I.P. Pavlov distinguished between the strength of excitation and the strength of inhibition, considering them two independent properties of the nervous system.
The 4 types of nervous system identified by I.P. Pavlov correspond according to their main characteristics to the 4 classical types of temperament:

a strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitement - choleric;

strong, balanced, agile - sanguine;

strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic;

weak type - melancholic

Description of temperament types.
Types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov

I.P. Pavlov understood the type of nervous system as innate, relatively weakly susceptible to changes under the influence of environment and upbringing. According to Ivan Petrovich, the properties of the nervous system form physiological basis temperament, which is mental manifestation type of nervous system.
Two things to note:

Weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property.

A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks (for example, in work associated with large and unexpected loads).
A weak nervous system copes more successfully with others (for example, in monotonous work conditions). Weak nervous system - nervous system high sensitivity, and this is its advantage over the strong one.

The division of people into four types of temperament is very arbitrary. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types. Pure temperaments are relatively rare.

Hans Eysenck studied the works of C. Jung, R. Woodworth, I.P. Pavlov, E. Kretschmer and others famous psychologists, psychiatrists and physiologists. He proposed three basic dimensions of personality:

neuroticism

High performance

Low performance

stressful situations

extra/introversion

Extrovert- a person who is outward-looking, sociable, optimistic, with a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsive, acting under the influence of the moment. He needs contacts like air. He prefers to act, move forward, rather than reason.

Introvert- a person turned inward prefers to communicate only with close people, and distances himself from others. He is reserved, not sociable, shy, reserved, keeps his feelings under control, and is prone to introspection. An introvert likes to think about his actions.

Extroverts are much more tolerant of pain than introverts; they pause more during work to chat and drink coffee than introverts; excitement increases the effectiveness of their actions and actions, while for introverts it only interferes.

Introverts prefer theoretical and scientific jobs (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer jobs that involve people (eg, sales, social services).

Introverts are more likely to admit to masturbating than extroverts; but extroverts have sexual intercourse in more early age, more often and with a large number partners than introverts.

Introverts achieve greater academic success than extroverts. Also, students who leave college for psychiatric reasons are more likely to be introverts; while those students who leave for academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.

Introverts feel more alert in the mornings, while extroverts feel more alert in the evenings. Moreover, introverts work better in the morning, while extroverts work better in the afternoon. IN crisis situations extroverts prefer to seek help and support from people, in communication with relatives and friends, in companies. Introverts crawl into their closet and hide from people.

psychoticism

emotional reactions

high conflict

The result of a combination of high and low levels of introversion and extraversion with high or low levels of stability and neuroticism became the four categories of people described by Eysenck. High level neuroticism (emotional instability/instability) is characteristic of melancholic and choleric people. Low level - for sanguine and phlegmatic people. But introversion is characteristic of melancholic and phlegmatic people, while extroversion is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people.

Description of temperament types.
Types of temperament according to G. Eysenck

Characteristics of temperament types according to G. Eysenck

G. Eysenck gave characteristics of “pure” types of temperament (that is, in the extreme angular positions of the quadrant). And we already realized that such types are extremely rare. Make adjustments accordingly when you receive test results. Moreover, the closer one type of temperament is to another, the more characteristics overlap.
For example, if you got the result: neuroticism 13, extraversion 17, then you are a sanguine choleric. Then you have the characteristics of both choleric and sanguine people, but not as pronounced as pure Cholerics and Sanguines. In different conditions, in different situations you can exhibit both characteristics.
Remember that the literature often provides characteristics of “pure” types of temperaments.

Pure types of temperament

Phlegmatic person

Unhurried, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. Has logical judgments. He has a strong, balanced, efficient nervous system, a persistent, persistent worker, he gets things done to the end. Most often he is calm, restrained and constant in his feelings, his mood is even, he rarely loses his temper.
Capable of deep, stable and constant feelings. Phlegmatic is peaceful, attentive, caring. Moderately talkative, does not like to chat about trifles. Saves energy and does not waste it. Facial expressions, speech, gestures and actions are slow and calm, restrained, emotionally inexpressive. He is thorough, reliable, and distinguished by the depth and constancy of his thoughts.
But a phlegmatic person has difficulty switching from one job to another, “swings” for a long time, does not adapt well to a new environment, and is passive ( low level activity), it is difficult to develop new habits and behavior patterns, but they become persistent. He is characterized by lethargy, laziness, indifference to others, and lack of will. Tends to do familiar work in familiar, familiar surroundings.

Choleric

Fast, passionate, impetuous, open, with quick mood changes. Choleric is active, mobile, optimistic, impulsive, but at the same time easily excitable and restless. A choleric person also has a strong nervous system, but he is unbalanced, quick-tempered, irritable, impatient, touchy, and vulnerable.
He may have emotional breakdowns. Due to conflict, he does not get along well with other people. A choleric person easily switches from one task/topic of conversation to another task/topic; he is characterized by sudden mood swings. He is highly excitable, he has pronounced emotional experiences, he is unable to control his emotions.
The movements and speech of a choleric person are fast, intermittent, abrupt, impetuous, and impulsive. Prone to exhaustion, because when he is passionate about a task, he acts with all his might. In the interests of society, he is proactive, principled, active, and energetic.
In the absence of spiritual and personal growth, he is affective, irritable, hot-tempered, aggressive, unrestrained, and conflictual.

Sanguine

A lively, hot, active person, with frequent changes moods, impressions, with quick response to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Sanguine is cheerful, friendly, talkative, flexible, and responsive.
He has a strong, balanced nervous system, high performance, while he is active and mobile, easily experiencing failures. He easily communicates with people, quickly gets along with people, switches easily, easily and quickly reacts to what is happening around him. At the same time, he strives for novelty, a change of impressions, is restless, and does not sufficiently regulate his impulses. He has rich, agile facial expressions, fast, expressive speech.
A sanguine person cannot do things that require concentration, attention, perseverance, or patience. He has a rapid change of feelings, but the feelings are shallow, he is prone to inconstancy and superficiality.

Melancholic

A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. A melancholic person is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable, touchy, but at the same time sensitive and empathetic, easily gets along with different people, non-conflict.
He has a weak nervous system increased fatigue, low mental activity, slowness. He is highly emotional, but tends to experience problems within himself, which leads to self-destruction. His feelings are deep, constant, stable, but at the same time poorly expressed. He has difficulty concentrating on anything for long periods of time.
A melancholic person experiences failures hard and acutely (they often give up), he is timid, shy, anxious, indecisive, unstable to stress, his speech is quiet, slow. He is withdrawn, uncommunicative, quiet, pessimistic, his mood changes easily, but at the same time he is melancholic and reasonable.
In a healthy environment, he is efficient and can perform monotonous work that requires attention, perseverance, patience, and concentration. A deep, meaningful person. But under unfavorable circumstances, he becomes anxious, withdrawn, fearful, and vulnerable.

Methods for determining and characterizing temperaments.

Each person is an individual and is not like anyone else. But there are still people who have similar character traits. This is due to temperament and psychotype. It is the psychotype that allows us to communicate well with friends and not find a common language with people we don’t like.

Temperament is a stable combination of individual psychophysiological characteristics of a person associated with dynamic rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament has nothing to do with social development and the characteristics of an individual’s upbringing, but it significantly influences the development of an individual.

Simply put, this is the speed of mental processes that occur in nervous system. It is impossible to influence temperament, but it is possible to achieve its correction in order to eliminate negative qualities.

There are four main types of temperament. In life, it is difficult to identify a pure psychotype, since mixed variants most often predominate.

Temperament types:

Phlegmatic person. Among your acquaintances there are definitely individuals who are difficult to outrage with anything. They are very calm and patient. Sometimes there is slowness. But meticulousness and scrupulousness allows you to treat your work carefully. They are usually assigned difficult tasks that require patience. Sometimes such people are referred to as “Armor Man”.
Choleric. This psychotype is completely different from the phlegmatic person. It is characterized by increased nervous excitability. Choleric people usually get nervous over trifles, quickly waste their energy and cannot finish what they start. The mood changes very quickly. They tend to invent a lot and twist reality.
Sanguine. This psychotype is similar to a choleric person, but his mental reactions are more stable. Such people are very lively and active in communication. It is difficult not to notice such a person, since his facial expressions are very expressive. They respond quickly to everything that comes. Unlike choleric people, they are more persistent and can finish what they start.
Melancholic. Nervous excitability is high, very emotional temperament. Such people often live in their own experiences, not noticing reality. Quite whiny and pessimistic.

This is a fairly bright psychotype, which has both negative and positive sides.

Negative aspects of choleric:

Can't stand being defeated by others
Impatient, always in a hurry, which is why they end up in unpleasant situations
Emotional and truthful. People often get offended by them for this
Hysterical. The slightest unpleasant word can cause a storm of emotions and indignation
Superficial. They rarely delve into the essence of the problem; they are not interested in digging into something and delving into it
They quickly get to work, but just as quickly they quit what they started without finishing it

Positive qualities of a choleric person:

Fast and agile. Can instantly complete assigned tasks
Decisive. They always know how to act specific situation without hesitation
They are not afraid of change. Always go on adventures
They don't hold grudges. They move away quickly and don't get angry

Designer
Geologist
Artist
Photographer
Entrepreneur
Advertising agent

It is better to give preference to a flexible schedule rather than hourly work. Choleric people are better off working for results rather than spending hours in the office.

Choleric - positive and negative qualities, suitable professions and activities

This is one of the most pleasant psychotypes. Unlike choleric people, they are emotionally stable.

Negatives:

Superficiality
Haste
Reluctance to delve into the depth of the situation
Frivolous
They like to brag
No sense of proportion

Positives:

Leaders. They often take on the task of organizing some kind of community and succeed in this matter.
Stress-resistant and harmonious. They try not to react painfully even to the most unpleasant situations. They are difficult to piss off.
Rarely suffer mental illness. Due to their stable psyche, there are no patients among them in mental hospitals.
Optimistic. Even in the most difficult situations trying to find something positive.

Administrator
Teacher
HR Manager
Economist
Journalist
Lawyer

Sanguine person - positive and negative qualities, suitable professions and activities

Quite a complex psychotype with unstable reactions.

Positives:

Gullible
Creative personalities
Prone to compassion
Friendly
They know how to listen
Loyal to your soulmate
good friends

Negatives:

Prone to depression
Pessimistic
Prone to criticism
They don’t know how to communicate with people and don’t want to
Avoid noisy companies

System administrator
Programmer
Librarian
Editor

Melancholic - positive and negative qualities, suitable professions and activities

People with this psychotype are the golden mean between other temperaments. They are balanced, calm and positive.

Positives:

Workaholics. These are the worker bees of society, the best workers
Stress-resistant. It's very difficult to piss them off
Patient. They endure for a long time not because it is necessary, but because everything suits them
Purposeful. They methodically carry out their work and bring it to completion.

Negatives:

They don't like change. For them, moving is a natural disaster.
It is difficult to find a common language with people. They are generally not very sociable by nature.
Inhibited. They are often lazy and do not strive for anything. Complete absence initiatives

Engineer
Vet
System administrator
Dispatcher
Laboratory assistant
Jeweler

Phlegmatic - positive and negative qualities, suitable professions and activities

Pure psychotypes are very rare. Usually these are various variations of two or more temperaments.

Mixed temperaments:

Phlegmatic/sanguine. Active, but not in a hurry, have a lot of friends, like to be in company, but not attract much attention. Stress-resistant, efficient. They can speak beautifully, but also remain silent when necessary.
Melancholic/phlegmatic. Reserved, scrupulous and pessimistic. They are often depressed, but quickly get out of it. They love to do one thing and see it through to the end.
Sanguine/choleric/phlegmatic. Balanced and very active psychotype. They always attract attention and achieve success in business. They get along well with people, but dominate when necessary.
Choleric/sanguine. Strong, caring, able to communicate with people. These are always leaders and individuals prone to dominance. Active and purposeful.
Choleric / sanguine / melancholic. Active and purposeful, but at the same time ready to make concessions. They perform well in front of an audience and can lead.
Phlegmatic/choleric. They finish what they started. They love stability and always stand their ground. They try to dominate, although they don’t always succeed.
Sanguine/melancholic. Persuasive, critical and persistent. They are trying to turn the situation in their favor. True friends, picky, do not like speaking in public.
Melancholic / sanguine / phlegmatic. They do everything according to the rules, are not aggressive, caring and secretive. Kind to people and sensitive. Good friends and helpers.
Melancholic / phlegmatic / choleric. Stable, cautious and persistent. Caring and positive. Too critical and demanding.

There is a certain method for determining a psychotype. At the same time, you should not expect that you will get 100% belonging to any particular type. Usually this is the percentage of different psychotypes in one person.

To determine the types of temperament, the psychological methodology of the English psychologist G. Eysenck is used, who developed a two-factor model, the main characteristics of which are extroversion and neuroticism.