Properly organized will help to successfully resolve many problems and crisis situations, arising in regions where water resources are limited. In our country there are many regions experiencing serious problems with water supply, since they do not have enough water sources to replenish with fresh water. Consequently, the use of water-saving technologies and waste water systems becomes very relevant.

Water saving options

To save natural water resources and make a significant contribution to solving the problem, the following methods can be used:

• encourage consumers to reduce water consumption;
• If possible, regenerate used water (purification);
• try to reuse rainwater and wastewater, but in this case it will require additional treatment.

For example, a system for the recycling and purification of waste and used water can reduce pollution of underground natural areas. Collecting rainwater in special tanks and its subsequent use reduces the load on the sewer network. But reuse of such water for household needs is associated with certain difficulties, since there are certain sanitary and hygienic requirements for its quality. Depending on the quality of water required, purification systems are selected, which can be different levels complexity.

In each specific case can be used various techniques And waste water treatment systems– this largely depends on the state of the initial product and the required parameters of the final product.

Processing options

• Preliminary cleaning consists of passing sand through to remove large mechanical impurities. This is also necessary to extract oil particles. Preliminary aeration, sifting and other actions are performed.
• Primary purification through sedimentation - in the baths, most of the settling solid contaminants are separated. The process can be accelerated if you use chemical additives - flocculants. In this case, the precipitation of solid particles accelerates.
• Secondary treatment – ​​carried out using aerobic bacteria that promote the biological destruction of organic pollutants. In such cleaning systems, processes occur when contaminants are constantly mixed and the effect of disinfecting bacteria increases.
• Third level purification - carried out only after the completion of primary and secondary and when it is necessary to remove all nutrients - phosphates and nitrates - from the used water.
• Final disinfection is carried out in cases where it is necessary to ensure maximum sanitary and hygienic safety of the used water. In this case, chlorine-based reagents and ultraviolet radiation systems are used.

Natural cleaning methods

In addition to the above options, there are several more ways to naturally purify used water; they can be used as the second and third levels. These are water treatment systems - phytopurification and lagooning (biological sedimentation) - these treatment options are used in small water treatment systems or in places where a large area can be used. The principle of phytopurification is that used water is slowly poured into channels or baths, the surface of which is in the open air, and the bottom, which is always under water, serves as the basis for the growth of the roots of plants of a special type. The task of such plants is to create a microenvironment suitable for the formation and growth of microbial flora, which carries out biological purification. After such purification, the water is suitable for reuse.

good used water purification system It works so effectively that purified water is suitable for use not only in the industrial sphere, but also for domestic needs. These could be heating and cooling systems, boiler rooms, etc.

At re-water supply water after any use technological process which has retained sufficient quality indicators, without intermediate processing, is submitted for reuse (Fig. 2, a) in water supply system. For example, after washing with repeated water, containers for branded products (containers, flasks, etc.) are also rinsed with drinking water. This water can be reused for the first rinse, washing floors, external washing of cars, watering the area, etc.

IN circulating water supply systems(Fig. 2, b) water is used repeatedly after appropriate treatment (cleaning, cooling, heating, etc.).

Fig.2. Schemes of repeated and circulating water supply systems

• a – reuse of water with the installation of a storage tank and pump:
• 1 – technological equipment for using tap water;
• 2 – technological equipment for using waste water;
• 3 – storage;
• 4 – pump;
• 5 – water supply; v
• 6 – pipeline supplying waste water to the storage tank;
• 7 – pipeline supplying waste water for reuse;
• 8 – pipeline for discharging excess waste water;
• 9 – pipeline for discharging used water into the sewer;
• b – scheme of circulating water supply for washing (rinsing) raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products:
• 1 – washer using non-recycled water;
• 2 – flow of the substance to be washed;
• 3 – washer using tap water;
• 4 – flow of washed substance;
• 5 – apparatus for purifying circulating water, for example a sump;
• 6 – pump;
• 7 – pipeline supplying purified water;
• 8 – pipeline supplying contaminated water;
• 9 – water supply;
• 10 – sewerage.

If the first time you use water in water supply system becomes contaminated, it is supplied to treatment facilities, after which the purified water is again sent using pumps to participate in technological cycle. A small portion of contaminated water goes down the drain. Losses are restored with fresh water. IN recycling water supply systems You can even use wastewater after its biological treatment.

Example circulating use water – cooling water in refrigeration units. The water heated in the condensers of the units is cooled in cooling towers or spray pools and again supplied to the condensers. Dairy plants reuse water in plate pasteurization and cooling lines.

Recycling water supply allows you to reduce fresh water consumption tens of times. Saving fresh water helps conserve water resources. When repeated and recycling water supply the number sharply decreases waste water, thereby polluting water bodies less.

Enterprises need to strive to reduce fresh water consumption and drainage. To do this, it is necessary to introduce waste-free technological processes and water supply systems with repeated and recycled use of water in a closed cycle with its complete regeneration.

Sales and installation in country house or cottage.

I recently found information about how a South Korean company developed a cabinet for growing greens in an apartment. This glass cabinet is the size of a double-door refrigerator and looks very stylish. Plants are grown using the hydroponics method, that is, without soil (due to nutrients and moisture). The system uses LED lighting and takes used water from the sink for irrigation, so there are savings in energy and water. For a long time now I have been looking with interest for materials about how “saving systems for the lazy” are designed. And today I will gladly share my findings. It’s not a fact that you should immediately try to implement these solutions in your own apartment - water is not that expensive in our country yet. But perhaps those who live in cottages with cesspools and regularly have to pay for pumping them out will find these thoughts quite interesting.

Idea 1. From the sink and shower to the flush tank

The partially contaminated water system used in some American homes takes water from the sink and shower to flush the toilet. One housewife shared that her system of use was partially dirty water from two 95 liter tanks, you can save at least 416 liters per day (four people live in a house). This water goes down the drain from the sink, shower and bathtub into special vertical tanks, and from there into the four toilets in the house. The system is “scalable”: when new family members appear and water consumption increases, you can simply install additional tanks. By reusing water, owners also save on wear and tear. autonomous system water disinfection.

Water from the bathtub and shower passes through a chlorine filter and ends up in a tank, where it can be pumped into the toilet. You can connect a kitchen sink and a washing machine to the system, but the water from them requires additional filtration, and according to experience, water from one bathroom is sufficient for toilets. The biggest headache is monitoring and controlling the chlorine level in the water storage tank. If there is not enough bleach, bacteria will start in the tank; if there is too much, it will kill bacteria that are vital for our immunity. The problem is solved by a carbon filter with control of the chlorine level: by passing water through itself, it prevents chlorine from getting into the tank and toilet, so that there is no pool smell in the bathroom. By the way, similar systems with storage tanks are actively used in office skyscrapers: flushing with the water that has already been used in sinks provides significant savings in operating costs for transporting water inside the building.

Idea 2. Eco-urinal

There are different water reuse schemes

Designer Yeongwoo Kim combined a toilet with a sink, creating an original and probably quite cheap to manufacture design made of even rectangles and squares of thick glass. More precisely, he combined a urinal with a sink: a man can urinate on an inclined glass surface, and then, after washing his hands, wash away traces of his life from this surface. It is unlikely that such a design will take root in ordinary homes, but it can be used in offices and shopping complexes, saving both space and water.

Idea 3. Sink - toilet lid

The company Sinkpositive produces a plastic attachment for the toilet tank lid, which is a sink with a tap. What is interesting is not so much the fact that used water flows into the tank, but the very principle of operation of the sink, which does not require a separate water supply. They washed it off - and while water is being filled into the tank, it flows from the tap. There is no need to turn off anything, the water will stop itself when the tank is full. Most big problem To promote the new product on the American market, the development company considers the ignorance of ordinary Americans about the operating principle of the toilet and, therefore, the inability to connect this nozzle without the help of professionals. Particularly economical Russians suggest not creating a new plastic nozzle, but using an existing tank lid (for example, turning it over and making an additional hole in it).

Idea 4. Bath water into the washing machine

Standard Japanese new buildings differ from our houses no less radically than modern Japanese cars differ from AvtoVAZ products. According to eyewitnesses, the desired water temperature in the mixers there can be adjusted to the nearest degree. Baths are usually “sitz” and are taken after a shower. The bath timer will call you in a pleasant female voice. Possible

heating the water in the bath while maintaining the ordered temperature for several hours (this is convenient when several family members take turns “warming the bones”), there are even special “bath covers” so that the water does not cool down. Like Americans, the Japanese often install sinks on toilet tank lids and reuse the water that flows from the sinks. But something else is more interesting: the standard connection of the washing machine allows you to fill it both from the water supply and with the water that flows from the bathtub.

Idea 5. From the washing machine to the toilet

Innovative washing machine WashUP works on the same principle as standard technology. The machine reveals its “water-saving essence” at the final stage of washing. The used water is drained into a special tank and later used to flush the toilet. The design feature allows you to hang the machine directly above the toilet, which, in addition to water, also significantly saves bathroom space.

Reused water is waste water that has been treated and returned to production. Depending on the degree of contamination and heating of water, as well as on the requirements for the quality of the process water used, its reuse can be represented by three options (Fig. 19) in comparison with a mixed water supply system, including direct-flow and recycling water use (Fig. 20). If in the production cycle the water is only heated, then the waste water is cooled (in a pond, splash pool or cooling tower) and again supplied to production (Fig. 19, a). If during the production process water not only heats up, but also becomes contaminated, then it can be purified and used hot (Fig. 19, b) or, along with purification, cooled and sent to production instead of fresh water (Fig. 19, c). An example is condensate from an evaporation station, which, after purification, can be used for production purposes, as well as water clarified by removing suspended solids.[...]

Reuse of water should be especially recommended when designing new and renovating existing oil refineries.[...]

In the use and protection of land, these are new techniques and methods for reproducing soil fertility, protecting them from erosion, desertification, and pollution; in the field of use and protection water bodies- fundamentally new water-saving technologies, methods of water purification and disinfection ( re-water supply, closed water cycle), in the protection of atmospheric air - new technologies and equipment for the purification of harmful industrial waste, gases, dust, soot, toxic substances, the introduction of new types of fuel; in the use and protection of forests and other flora and fauna - new technologies and means for preserving their genetic fund and diversity, fish stocks, conservation (in particular, biological methods and products instead of chemicals).[...]

Water consumption can be reduced through the repeated and consistent use of water both in individual technological installations and in complex installations and production (Fig. 2.1-2.6).[...]

The limit for water reuse in different industries, taking into account the existing technical level, is estimated at 92-98%. For individual industries this figure reaches 100%, i.e. water is used repeatedly without any release of contaminated wastewater into water bodies, and replenishment with fresh water is associated with natural loss (evaporation, chemical transformation, etc.).[...]

Water recycling system inside industrial complex is a highly effective direction in reducing water consumption and wastewater discharge. Such a typical system is the drainless water supply system of the Pervomaisky industrial complex. The main enterprise of this complex is a chemical plant, which includes a large-scale production of chlorine and caustic soda, plastics, chemicals plant protection, a number of products organic synthesis.[ ...]

In wastewater industrial enterprises may contain substances (oil, fats, chemical products, wood fiber, chromium, etc.) that are of great technical value, and they must be isolated and returned for use at the same (or other) enterprises. Chemical extraction and water reuse have been successfully used in the metallurgical, food and especially chemical industry.[ ...]

The introduction of water reuse requires only minor work to change the piping on the wash baths, but allows you to reduce water consumption along individual coating lines by 2-4 times, depending on the number and type of combined wash baths.[...]

The composition of wastewater, its quantity and conditions of discharge into water bodies are extremely diverse; Methods for purifying these waters are also varied. It should be noted that important such measures as changing production technology in order to reduce the amount of wastewater or improve its composition, introducing water circulation and reuse of water, as well as eliminating unnecessary losses of water and reagents. These activities should be carried out as a matter of priority wherever possible.[...]

In the first case, water is only a coolant and only heats up during use. Therefore, before reuse, it is pre-cooled in a pond, splash basin, cooling tower, etc. (Fig. 4.3, a). In the case of direct use of water in the technological process (reaction medium, solvent, etc.), wastewater is treated at treatment facilities before reuse (Fig. 4.3,6). When used in combination, they are cleaned and cooled before reuse.[...]

Water quality control is extremely important when indirectly reusing water, as well as when considering direct reuse. Based on long-term (50-year) regional planning and extensive research, an integrated water supply and sewerage system should be developed. The purpose of planning is to: create a water quality control system; determination of the origin of all wastewater; assessment of the operational properties and capabilities of all water supply and sewerage treatment facilities; conducting special studies to solve some problems specific to the area; checking compliance with modern water quality standards. The latter is fundamental for water quality control. In Fig. 14.1 shows the relationship between different standards and consumption and processing processes natural water and wastewater. Standards for surface water sources establish the quality that is acceptable for a particular use of water, such as public water supply. Standards for the quality of treated wastewater discharged into water bodies establish the quality indicators of wastewater from industrial enterprises and cities so that they provide quality criteria for water from surface sources. Industrial enterprises located in cities are required to comply with the rules for using the city sewer network. Drinking water standards have been established for the public water supply system.[...]

Particularly worth highlighting is the reuse of water, but this is associated with their deep purification. In the United States, more than 100 million residents consume water that has already been sewered once.[...]

Industrial wastewater is divided into contaminated water that has been in direct contact with chemicals, and conditionally pure, used mainly for cooling or heating purposes in heat exchange equipment. The main way to reduce the discharge of polluted and conditionally into water bodies clean waters- their reuse, that is, the organization of recycling water supply.[...]

In order to rationally use water and prevent pollution of water bodies, it is recommended: 1) to regenerate cation exchange filters with an optimal dose of salt, i.e., spend 1 equivalent per 1 equivalent of water hardness removed table salt; 2) purify wastewater from the regeneration of cation exchange filters and reuse them in closed loop(Fig. 89).[...]

A water supply scheme with water reuse is used in enterprises where the water, after passing through the workshops, is not at all polluted or slightly polluted. Such water can be used in this workshop after some purification or in other workshops where other requirements for the purity of water are imposed. [...]

Reducing water consumption and reducing water pollution is possible by creating technological systems, ensuring the repeated use of water without discharging contaminated wastewater into water bodies (the addition of source water is caused only by technological necessity and natural losses). Organization of production with minimal waste involves the development of new technological processes with reduced consumption of source water and the generation of wastewater or with the exclusion of water from technological operations; local wastewater treatment with recycling of valuable components and preparation of water for reuse; creation of a recycling water supply system, including the use of flood waters and precipitation discharged from the territory of the enterprise.[...]

The practice of discharging wastewater into rivers was based on the assumption that dilution and self-purification of moving water was sufficiently effective to ensure human health safety and maintain satisfactory conditions for fish breeding. Treatment facilities were built to remove biodegradable organic matter to maintain a certain minimum level of dissolved oxygen in natural bodies of water. Later, chlorination of treated wastewater was introduced to avoid contamination of natural water sources pathogenic microorganisms. As the ability to exploit the self-purifying properties of water sources was gradually exhausted and water consumption increased, the need arose to expand indirect water reuse, and this required improving the quality of wastewater treatment. In some cases, it has become necessary to introduce post-treatment of wastewater in addition to traditional biological treatment, for example to remove phosphates that stimulate algae growth. Nutrient salts, foam, colored substances and other stubborn stains can only be removed special methods cleaning.[...]

After settling in the wastewater of coke plants, gas generating stations, as well as in the wastewater of other workshops, for example thermal plants, a suspension (mainly resin) remains in an amount of up to 300 mg/l, which interferes with the reuse of water, as well as its further purification and should be separated from water.[...]

After washing machines and mechanisms, water contains 800 - 3000 g/m3 of suspended particles of dirt and 50 - 900 g/m3 of petroleum products. When using leaded gasoline, toxic tetraethyl lead may enter the water, the content of which in wastewater is unacceptable. According to sanitary standards, wastewater is allowed to contain no more than 0.25 - 0.75 g/m3 of suspended substances and 0.05 - 0.30 g/m3 of petroleum products; when reusing water for car washing, its purification must be even deeper. [...]

According to SNiP, in preliminary calculations of water for the station’s own needs when reusing water after washing the filters, coefficient a is taken equal to 3% of the amount of water supplied to the structures.[...]

As studies have shown, water consumption for washing oil from salts and the amount of wastewater generated at ELOU installations can be reduced by 2-3 times by recycling part of the salt water in stages. Experience in operating ELOU using water reuse shows that the presence of a certain amount of salts in the wash water entering this stage has virtually no effect on the efficiency of the installation. This is explained by the fact that the “salinity” gradient between the supplied wash water and the water contained in the oil is quite large. In Fig. Figure 26 shows the dependence of the residual salt content in oil on the amount of wash water and its “salinity”.[...]

The most dangerous for water bodies is wastewater from chemical and chemical plants. petrochemical industry, despite the fact that their volume is small compared to the volume of wastewater from other types of industry. Wastewater from chemical and petrochemical industry enterprises is characterized by a complex and variable composition, high current density, and a predominant content of dissolved rather than suspended contaminants, therefore biological methods do not always provide purification sufficient for the reuse of water in enterprises.[...]

In the chemical industry, even with water reuse, the consumption of fresh water is high and averages 50-130 m3 per 1 ton of product, and in the pulp and paper industry - 150-500 m3. Therefore, one of the main tasks of chemical technology is to further reduce the water intensity of production through the introduction of systems for recycling and subsequent use of water, the transition to water-saving (discharge-free) technologies.[...]

In rice irrigation systems, water and soil pollution is caused by the use of propanide and yalan for chemical weeding of rice. Rapidly decomposing herbicides 2,4-D and 2M-4X are not dangerous in this regard. The propanide metabolite, 3,4-dichloroanyl, is a more persistent pollutant compared to the parent substance. To accelerate the decomposition of propanide and its metabolites, the Research Institute of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Research Institute of Rice recommend maintaining the moisture content of the surface layer of soil at a level close to maximum saturation for several days after applying the herbicide, and avoiding drying out the soil or quickly adding water. It is necessary to reduce or completely stop the discharge of irrigation water after herbicide treatment for one to two weeks; maintain waste water in special collectors, reservoirs and create a network of spillway dams and drops along the path of its movement. Reuse of water is possible only under control.[...]

According to the project of the Gorky branch of the Giproneftez-voda Institute, for the technological needs of the plant, with its full development (almost the volume that is currently available), 41 thousand m3!h of recycled water and 600 m31h of fresh river water should be consumed, which is about 1. 5% circulating water in systems. In addition, 2200 m3/h, or 5.5% of fresh river water, was provided for replenishing losses and purging circulating water supply systems. These costs did not take into account the return of treated industrial wastewater to the recycling water supply system. Due to the improvements made in the I recycling water supply system, which consisted in the use of replenishment of the system with purified industrial wastewater (1000 m3/h), reuse of water in the ELOU, AVT and other technological installations and in the supply instead of fresh water (600 m3/h) water from the second circulation system, fresh water consumption has been significantly reduced. The above measures made it possible to increase water circulation in 1968 to 97.5% and reduce the amount of circulating water in circulating systems to 27-30 thousand m3/h.[...]

Degree of salt removal heavy metals 95-99.9 percent. The degree of water reuse is at least 95 percent[...]

An important measure that reduces the amount of wastewater discharged is the repeated use of the latter within the same installation. An example of this is the previously mentioned reuse of water from the second stage of the ELOU installation in the first stage, carried out at the Novo-Gorkovsky Refinery.[...]

The water supply of an industrial enterprise can be direct-flow, with water reuse and recycling. The most simple circuit water supply - direct flow. The pumping station takes water from the water intake and supplies it through the water supply network to various workshops of the enterprise. Waste water enters the reservoir. The direct-flow water supply system may include treatment facilities to purify water at the entrance to and exit from the enterprise.[...]

Do you consume during hydrolysis production? a large amount of water, which is then discharged into water bodies as wastewater. Medium capacity hydrolysis plant operating at wood waste, discharges 6-7 thousand m3 of wastewater per day with a total amount of organic substances with a BOD5 value of 18 tons. In the future, with the reconstruction of existing hydrolysis plants and the construction of new ones, their capacity will increase 5-10 times (V.S. Minina, - 1969 ). It must be assumed that the amount of wastewater at such plants will be 5-10 times greater than at present. At the same time, the reuse of water in factories is too small (10%), so it is now necessary to use water recycling at hydrolysis plants on a larger scale.[...]

In addition, ozonation does not lead to an increase in the salt composition of purified water and does not pollute the water with reaction products and other impurities. This is important when reusing water for technological needs.[...]

It is known, for example, that railway transport is a large consumer of water. She participates in such production processes, such as washing and flushing of rolling stock, cooling of compressors and other equipment, etc. The volume of recycled and reused water at enterprises railway transport is about 30%. The rest is discharged into surface water bodies - seas, rivers, lakes and streams.[...]

Diseases of viral origin are also observed among the population as a result of the use of water contaminated with domestic wastewater. The accumulation of enteric viruses in water is facilitated by repeated use of water, which may be the reason for the increase in waterborne viral diseases. Special attention is given to the virus infectious hepatitis; There is no possibility of immunization against it yet. It is believed that even single viruses can have pathogenic significance. Reviews of waterborne viruses include F. Taylor (1974). Factors of water pollution affect humans not only during drinking, but also during recreational use of water bodies, in which the same types of pollution - chemical, physical and biological - can have an adverse effect.[...]

Before addressing cleaning issues, it is necessary to consider the possibilities of maximizing the use of raw materials and reagents in the technological process, disposal and recycling by-products, reuse and recycling of water in production cycles. The implementation of these measures allows in some cases to significantly reduce wastewater pollution.[...]

Modern electroplating technology is based exclusively on the use of demineralized water for preparing basic solutions and for washing products subjected to galvanic treatment. For this reason, in the water reuse systems used, there are devices that allow achieving such a degree of water purity and which are batteries of ion exchangers loaded with cation exchangers and anion exchangers. [...]

Denver (Colorado). The source of Denver's water supply is the river. South Platte. In addition, water is supplied to Denver through two pipelines laid in the mountainous area. One of them (the Moffat tunnel) takes water from the upper reaches of the lake. This 9.7 km long tunnel was built in 1937. Since 1964, Denver began to receive water collected in the Dillon Reservoir from the drainage basin of the River. Blue. From the reservoir, water is supplied to the city through a 37 km long tunnel. Potential water supply resources include water currently consumed in agriculture (in the future it will be used for domestic and industrial purposes), water from the western slopes of the mountains, and treated wastewater that will be reused. Studies have shown that the additional volumes of water supplied by the two tunnels above will meet Denver's water needs through 2010. Water demand is predicted to increase over the next 40 years, which has led to significant interest in water reuse. . Therefore, a ten-year research program was developed, including a review of in various ways and water regeneration processes, determining the areas of application of reclaimed water, studying the requirements for the quality of reclaimed water in various areas of its consumption, studying the changes that must be made to the distribution system, identifying public opinion and analysis of legal and legal aspects problems. First, the issue of reusing water for cooling power plants and other technical purposes, as well as for watering parks, sports fields, etc. will be studied. When determining the areas of use of recovered water, potential consumers and their location within the service area must be identified. This information is very useful in locating water recovery facilities and laying distribution piping. Knowledge of the requirements that the quality of recovered water must satisfy in various areas of its use is necessary to determine the degree of treatment to which waste water should be subjected. Public opinion regarding the consumption of reclaimed wastewater is related to its intended uses. It is planned to conduct surveys every 3-4 years to determine the degree of public awareness of this problem, as well as to determine the attitude of the general public towards the reuse of wastewater for domestic purposes. This assessment of public opinion may be useful in developing an information and outreach program for wastewater reuse.[...]

The self-purification method in biological ponds, as post-treatment facilities for biologically treated wastewater, is essentially unequal to chemical or physical and chemical methods wastewater treatment. A complex set of biological self-purification processes ensures a qualitative change in the composition of wastewater, giving it the properties of “living” natural water. Subsequent reuse of water if necessary strict adherence requirements for the content of suspended solids and WPC after the ponds, appropriate filtering facilities should be provided. When using post-treated wastewater in technical water supply systems, chlorination is used to prevent biological fouling. In this case, liquid chlorine should be introduced behind biological ponds.[...]

One of the main conditions for the initial implementation of low-waste and non-waste technology is the presence of systems for reuse and recycling of water. Improvement of the main technological process, methods of wastewater treatment and stabilization of purified water, and the use of resulting sediments will make it possible to create closed (drainless) water supply systems in the future. When creating circulating and closed water supply systems, it is necessary to consider the main technological process and wastewater treatment as a single whole.[...]

This section provides data on the reduction in the volume of discharged contaminated water achieved during the year, compared to the previous year, indicating the factors due to which this was achieved (commissioning of a treatment facility, implementation of new technology, which reduces water consumption, more rational use of water through reuse). If the reduction has not been achieved, but there has been an increase in the volume of discharge, then the data is given with a minus sign (-) and an explanation of the reasons is given in the explanation of the report. [...]

With the help ion exchange resins Nickel, chromium, silver, gold are extracted (Baer method). Main feature schemes with ion exchange technology is the re-extraction of components and the use of water in the cycle. The USSR Ministry of Instrumentation produces ion-exchange installations of the PP-379 type for copper regeneration. Installation capacity 300 l/h. KU-2 cation exchanger and AM-7 anion exchanger are used.[...]

From an economic point of view, the disadvantage of sprinkler irrigation is the need for large land plots. For example, for a city with a population of 100,000 people. a plot of 520 hectares is required. In addition, it is necessary to have storage basins to store water during the winter months when climatic conditions sprinkling is not allowed. This method has the following advantages: it allows wastewater to be recycled for reuse; diverting water into the ground can be cheaper than other tertiary treatment methods; pastures irrigated with waste water help preserve open spaces and create green belts around cities; the possibility of using irrigated pastures is expanding; The use of wastewater for irrigation can compete with the use of water from deep wells and, therefore, provide significant cost savings.[...]

It is also typical for bottom sediments of irrigation systems high content OCP, which is associated both with the removal of the latter from surface runoff and with their deposition in bottom sediments. The consequence of this is the transfer of pesticides from bottom sediments into water, reaching, according to some estimates, 2-18% (441. High levels of OCP concentrations are found in those water bodies that are more exposed to pollution due to the reuse of water for irrigation. Note that in In the overall balance of OCPs, the proportion of metabolites is significantly higher than the proportion of pesticides themselves.[...]

One of the most important issues of protection environment is the protection of the water basin from pollution. In the “Basic directions of economic and social development USSR in 1981-1985 and for the period until 1990” the following tasks were set: “Increase the capacity of water recycling and reuse systems, develop and implement drainless water use systems at enterprises.” Important measures to protect drinking water sources include the post-treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater and their further use for industrial water supply to enterprises. The reuse of treated wastewater for technical water supply will allow in a number of regions of our country to completely eliminate the existing resource shortage fresh water.[ ...]

From the point of view under consideration, the streamlining of technological processes is understood as the implementation of a set of measures in order to reduce the amount of discharges at an industrial enterprise to the standards provided for by design developments. These activities may include design, installation, operational and other types of work. By streamlining the nature of water use in modern technological processes we mean the predominant (and, in the limit, complete) use of water in circulating systems and its reuse. Moreover, by recycling we mean the reuse of water in the same technological process (for example, cooling water), and by repetition - the use of water used in one technological process for another process.

The issue of the possibilities of wastewater reuse today is attracting increasing attention, primarily from the point of view of solving environmental problems. In addition, water-saving technologies are considered as a means of overcoming water shortages both in certain regions as a whole and on the scale of individual agricultural and industrial enterprises. Finally, ever-increasing payments for water supplied for domestic and industrial purposes greatly contribute to research and experiments in this direction.

First of all, recycling wastewater significantly reduces general level environmental pollution in areas where industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged. Reducing production costs is also important. It is obvious that in most cases of wastewater recycling, preliminary treatment is necessary. The level of quality indicators of such cleaning is determined by the requirements for mandatory compliance with established sanitary and hygienic safety parameters and indicators economic efficiency, primarily in terms of cost of preliminary costs and final results. Accordingly, depending on the planned quality characteristics The amount of wastewater attracted for recycling is determined by the degree of complexity of its treatment.

Modern technical capabilities make it possible to bring the level of purification to the quality of drinking water, but since the cost parameters of this kind of wastewater treatment systems make their use economically ineffective, then, basically, today we can talk about the reuse of wastewater for technical (non-drinking) purposes.

Traditional methods of treating discharged water are insufficient to ensure this quality. Today, new alternative cleaning and disinfection technologies are emerging that can reduce the level of microbes, nutrients, toxic substances and reach the required level of water quality at a relatively low cost.

A double system is when, in parallel with the usual drinking water supply, a parallel second network of pipelines is installed specifically for appropriately purified water. These systems are currently the most popular. At the same time, distribution networks for supplying treated wastewater for recycling must differ from drinking water supply networks, that is, they must be designated in a special way and have appropriate markings.

The qualitative characteristics of reclaimed water allow it to be used for the following main purposes: – irrigation systems: watering cultivated plants, landscaping areas, gardening areas and sports facilities; – civil purpose: washing pavements and sidewalks settlements, water supply to heating networks and air conditioning networks, water supply to secondary water distribution networks (separate from drinking water supply) without the right to directly use such water in civil buildings, with the exception of drainage systems for toilets and bathrooms; – industrial purpose: supply of fire extinguishing systems, production circuits, washing systems, in this case it is necessary to exclude such technological schemes, in which contact of recycled reclaimed water with food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products is possible.

The wastewater treatment technology for recycling for technical purposes includes the following sequential stages: clarification by flocculation, filtration and disinfection. At the same time, the main volumes of wastewater diverted for such treatment are ordinary household wastewater, which is usually called “gray” waste. Since fecal water contaminated with physiological waste is excluded from these household wastewaters, there is usually no need to construct overly cumbersome second networks.