Diagnostic methods make it possible to detect all forms of helminthiases, but often cases of infection remain undisclosed. Usually a person does not even have the thought that he was attacked by worms. After all, the symptoms of this disease are weakness, loss of appetite, depression, headaches, allergic reactions confuses even doctors.

There are typical cases when the symptoms are so blurred that a person cannot articulate them clearly, especially if a child has become a victim of worms. As a result, the necessary laboratory examination, And real reason disease remains unrecognized.

In addition to these ailments, some worms cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs. For example, pinworms living in lower sections intestines, get out at night to lay eggs in the folds of the skin.

This process is especially painful for girls - worms can crawl into the external genitalia and cause irritation. Often there is an infection of the delicate mucous membrane with bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Pinworms can cause the development of cystitis, vulvitis, urethritis and other inflammatory processes.

The child's sleep becomes restless, he feels cramps, pain and tingling in the perineum.

Some symptoms - teeth grinding and salivation during sleep - may also indicate the presence of worms in a child. Although the connection of these phenomena has not been scientifically proven, doctors often face similar manifestations helminthiasis.

Most often, infection can be guessed by indirect signs. If you notice any changes in the behavior and well-being of the child, it is necessary to undergo a complete laboratory examination to detect worms.

Prevention

Preventive anthelmintic courses are best done in the spring, 1-2 months after the snow melts (April-May), and in the fall, when frosts begin (October-November). The prophylactic course is exactly the same as the curative one ( complex therapy of two anthelmintics).

You can reduce the likelihood of infection with helminths by observing basic hygiene:

• the need to wash hands before eating and after using the toilet;
• washing with running water and boiling water treatment of greens and vegetables served raw;
• refusal to use thermally unprocessed meat (pork), fish, salted fish, caviar, cooked in an artisanal way;
• refusal to use raw water especially from open water.

The prognosis of the incidence of helminthiases is unfavorable. The development of individual farms (private pig breeding, growing vegetables, herbs, berry crops using untreated sewage for fertilizer) leads to contamination of the soil, vegetables, berries, invasion of meat and meat products by helminths.

Early detection and how quick holding anthelmintic therapy will reduce the number of cases severe course helminthic invasions and their complications. If helminths are detected in someone in the family (or they are suspected by indirect signs), it is not necessary to treat all family members. Treat only those who have indirect signs possible helminthiasis because most worms are not transmitted from person to person. With enterobiasis, if the child has anal itching and escort (violation of the integrity surface layers skin with mechanical damage, for example, as a result of scratching during skin itching. It has a linear or rounded shape, often covered with a bloody crust).

Treatment

The likelihood of infection with worms is very high. Their ability to disrupt various bodily functions and the difficulty of diagnosis is also widely known. Therefore, it is recommended, regardless of the test results, to conduct prophylactic and therapeutic antihelminthic courses, taking into account indirect signs of infection. WHO recommends prophylactic anthelmintic courses for children preschool age twice a year - in spring and autumn. If necessary, unscheduled deworming is possible.

Name of the drug:

Release form: tab 600mg

Invasions: liver trematodes (,), schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, cestodosis (teniarinhoz, teniasis, diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis).

Dosage and administration:

inside, whole, without chewing, with a small amount of liquid before or during a meal. If a single dose of the drug per day is recommended, then the tablet should be taken in the evening. With repeated use of the drug during the day, an interval between doses of at least 4 and no more than 6 hours is recommended.

Adults and children over 4 years old. Doses of Biltricid® are selected strictly individually and depend on the type of pathogen.

Schistosomiasis - 40 mg/kg of body weight once. Duration of treatment - 1 day. Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum - 40 mg / kg 1 time per day or 20 mg / kg 2 times a day. Duration of treatment - 1 day. Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi - 60 mg/kg 1 time per day or 30 mg/kg 2 times a day. Duration of treatment - 1 day.

Clonorchis sinensis (clonorchiasis), Opisthorchis viverrini (opisthorchiasis) - 25 mg / kg 3 times a day for 1-3 days.

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) and other species - 25 mg / kg 3 times a day for 2-3 days.

Use during pregnancy and lactation:

contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy. Breastfeeding mothers should stop breastfeeding.

Name of the drug: Vormil

Release form: tab 400mg №1, suspension 100mg/5ml 20ml

Invasions: neurocysticercosis caused by the larval form of the tapeworm (Taenia solium); echinococcosis of the liver, lungs, peritoneum, caused by the larval form of the canine tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus), strongyloidiasis.

Action: selectively inhibits the polymerization of beta-tubulin, disrupts the activity of the cytoplasmic microtubular system of cells of the intestinal canal of helminths; changes the course of biochemical processes, blocks the movement of secretory granules and other organelles into muscle cells roundworms causing their death.

Dosage and administration: inside, during meals. The dose is set individually, depending on the type of helminth and the patient's body weight; neurocysticercosis and echinococcosis: patients weighing 60 kg or more - 400 mg 2 times a day, less than 60 kg - 15 mg / kg / day in 2 divided doses; maximum daily dose- 800 mg; course of treatment: with neurocysticercosis - 8-30 days, with echinococcosis - 3 cycles of 28 days with a 14-day break between cycles.

At breastfeeding use with caution, it is strictly contraindicated during pregnancy - women of childbearing age should undergo a pregnancy test before starting treatment, reliable contraception is required during therapy.

3. Active substance: levamisole

Name of the drug: Decaris

Release form: tab. 50mg tab. 150mg

Invasions: toxoplasmosis; ascariasis, necatoriasis, strongyloidiasis.

Action: anthelmintic, immunostimulating. It has a complex effect on immune system: increases the production of antibodies to various antigens, enhances the T-cell response by activating T-lymphocytes and stimulating their proliferation, increases the functions of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. The anthelmintic effect is due to the blockade of succinate dehydrogenase, the suppression of the fumarate reduction process and the disruption of energy metabolism in helminths. Not compatible with alcohol.

Dosage and administration: adults once - 150 mg; children 1-6 years old - 25-50 mg, 7-14 years old - 50-100 mg (at the rate of 2.5 mg / kg of body weight).

Strictly contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation

Vermox (Vermakar, Vero-Medendazole, Wormin, Mebex, Mebendazole)

Active ingredient: mebendazole

Release form: tab. 100mg, suspension 20mg/ml

Invasions: enterobiasis, ascariasis, ankylostomidosis, strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, multiple nematodosis, echinococcosis, teniasis, alveococcosis, capillariasis, gnathostomiasis, trichinosis, mixed helminthiases.

Action: anthelmintic agent a wide range action, prevents the synthesis of cellular tubulin, disrupts the utilization of glucose and inhibits the formation of ATP in helminths (disruption of the feeding process of helminths).

Dosage and administration:

With enterobiasis: adults and children over 1 year old - 100 mg once and again once after 2 and 4 weeks.

With ascariasis, trichuriasis, ankylostomiasis and combined helminth infestations: adults and children over 1 year old - 100 mg 2 times a day: in the morning and in the evening - for 3 consecutive days.

With teniasis and strongyloidiasis: adults - 200 mg 2 times a day for 3 consecutive days until complete cure; children - 100 mg 2 times a day for 3 consecutive days.

During pregnancy and lactation is contraindicated.

4. Active ingredient: pyrantel

Name of the drug: Nemocide (Pirantel, Helmintox, Kombantrin)

Release form: tab. 250mg, suspension 50mg/ml 10ml

Invasions: ascariasis, enterobiasis, oxyurosis, ankylostomidosis, necatoriasis, trichuriasis.

Action: in sensitive helminths, it blocks neuromuscular transmission and causes muscle paralysis.

Dosage and administration:

The drug is administered orally during or after meals and the dosage is set individually, taking into account the age and body weight of the patient. The tablet should be chewed thoroughly.

Ascariasis and enterobiasis, as well as mixed infections- once at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight.

(1 scoop = 5 ml.)

Children 6 months - 2 years 125 mg (1/2 tablet) or 1/2 scoop = 2.5 ml

Children 2 years - 6 years 250 mg (1 tablet) or 1 scoop = 5 ml

Children 6 years - 12 years 500 mg (2 tablets) or 2 scoops = 10 ml

Children over 12 and adults overweight< 75 кг -- 750 мг (3 таблетки) или 3 ложки = 15 мл

Adults > 75 kg 1000 mg (4 tablets) or 4 scoops = 20 ml

Ankylostomiasis: the drug is prescribed at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day for 3 days.

Necatoriasis: with severe forms the drug is prescribed at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight for 2 days.

Contraindicated in pregnancy

5. Active ingredient: piperazine adipate

Drug Name: Piperazine

Release form: 500 mg tablets

Invasions: roundworms (ascariasis) and astrids (enterobiasis).

Action: It has a paralyzing effect on nematodes: disrupting the function of their neuromuscular system, causes muscle paralysis. The severity of deworming with the drug is at the level of 90-95%, and with repeated use it can be about 100%. Due to the fact that piperazine does not destroy ascaris, there is no danger of absorption of biological toxic products of their decay. Low toxicity.

Dosage and administration:

inside. With ascariasis, adults are prescribed 1.5-2 g each, the daily dose is 3-4 g. Children. Single and daily dose, respectively: up to 1 year - 0.2 and 0.4 g; 2-3 years - 0.3 and 0.6 g; 4-5 years - 0.5 and 1 g; 6-8 years - 0.75 and 1.5 g; 9-12 years old - 1 and 2 g; 13-15 years - 1.5 and 3 g. In the treatment of ascariasis, it is prescribed 2 times a day for 1 hour or 0.5-1 hour after meals for 2 days in a row. According to another scheme - once (0.4-4 g depending on age) or 2 times 0.2-2 g. For the treatment of enterobiasis, it is prescribed in the same doses as for ascariasis, for 5 consecutive days with 7-day intervals between courses. Spend 1-3 courses of therapy. To remove pinworms from the rectum between courses of treatment, an enema of 1-3 glasses of water is put at night, with the addition of 1/2 teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to 1 glass.

During pregnancy and lactation is not contraindicated.

Can also be used for deworming herbal preparations- based on pumpkin seeds or tansy flowers.

The use of antihelminthic drugs during pregnancy and lactation

All are contraindicated during pregnancy antihelminthic drugs except piperazine. It is necessary to start taking Albendazole preparations only after you have made sure that you are not pregnant. When taking albendazole, reliable contraception is required.

During lactation, all drugs are contraindicated except pyrantel and piperazine.

Thus, during the period of preparation for pregnancy, it is necessary to without fail undergo a course of deworming, since it will be impossible to do this later during pregnancy.

Complementary Therapy

Enterosorbent can be prescribed both before the treatment of helminthiases (prophylactically) and after treatment

Patients who, before using anthelmintic drugs it is recommended to prescribe a sorbent:

You may also need an appointment antiallergic drugs, to remove the body's response to helminth toxins.

Introduction

Diseases caused by helminths and protozoa

Diagnosis of diseases caused by protozoa and helminths

Principles of microbiological diagnosis of helminthiases

Prevention and treatment of helminths

Helminth pathogenesis

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Signs of helminthic diseases depend on the type and number of worms, as well as on the individual reaction of the body to worms. The first symptoms of infection with worms: appetite worsens, vomiting, nausea or salivation appear, paroxysmal pain in the abdomen. Constipation alternates with diarrhea, fatigue and weakness develop, sleep is disturbed. When infected with pinworms, patients are concerned about itching in the anus and perineum. It intensifies at night and at rest. Sometimes it is so strong that the patient wakes up.

Diseases caused by helminths and protozoa

Human infection with helminths can occur when using infested drinking water /ascariasis, trichuriasis, enterobiasis, teniosis/ and when helminth larvae in the water penetrate through the outer covers /dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis/. In addition, water is a medium in which eggs or larvae of some biohelminths live for a certain time, infection of people with which occurs when infested aquatic organisms are eaten / opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis /. Helminth eggs enter water bodies from sewage. Gradually, the eggs settle to the bottom and sink into the silt, from where, under the influence of various hydrodynamic processes, they can again fall into the water.

Diagnosis of diseases caused by protozoa and helminths

In the blood serum of lamblia-infested people, antibodies to lamblia antigens belonging to various classes of immunoglobulins are detected. It has been shown that the penetration of Giardia antigens into the peripheral blood increases with the resorption of the intestinal mucosa.

For laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, a complex determination of specific IgM and IgG is used. The presence of IgM antibodies to toxoplasmosis is an indicator of acute toxoplasmosis. Negative test results do not rule out the possibility early stage diseases with low concentrations of specific IgM.

Opisthorchiasis - helminthoses caused by various trematodes, characterized by a chronic course with a predominant lesion of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Opisthorchiasis causes significant changes in the hepatobiliary system, which in turn leads to the emergence of various forms of pancreatitis, liver and pancreatic cancer.

The mechanism of the pathological effect of opisthorchis on the human body consists mainly of three points:

Principles of microbiological diagnosis of helminthiases

The final diagnosis of helminthiases can only be established on the basis of positive laboratory data. The main method of laboratory diagnosis of these invasions is the detection of eggs or larvae of helminths. The material for the study is feces, the contents of the duodenum, blood, sputum, tissue biopsy specimens and other materials. The collection of material for research is carried out in clean glass or plastic dishes, on which a label is stuck indicating the necessary information.

Feces for analysis should be delivered to the laboratory no later than one day after their release, and if strongyloidiasis is suspected, immediately. If it is impossible to deliver feces within the specified time, they should be mixed with 2-5 times the amount of preservative liquids and stored chilled until examination.

Object exploration environment for helminth infestation.

Analysis of water, soil, vegetables, various items is carried out to determine their role in the transmission of helminth eggs and human infection, the degree of environmental pollution and the selection of necessary preventive measures.

In the environment, helminth eggs gradually die, and only viable invasive eggs and larvae pose a danger to humans. Therefore, it is necessary in each case of finding eggs to determine the degree and percentage of their viability. This will make it possible to correctly assess the role of one or another transmission factor, find out the conditions and terms for the preservation of eggs in the environment, and justify certain measures for the neutralization (deinvasion) of environmental factors.

Determining the viability of helminth larvae found in meat or fish is necessary in cases where it is necessary to decide on the degree of their danger to human infection or the effectiveness of neutralizing a contaminated product.

Prevention and treatment of helminths

Preventive anthelmintic courses are best done in the spring, 1-2 months after the snow melts (April-May), and in the fall, when frosts begin (October-November). The prophylactic course is exactly the same as the treatment course (complex therapy of two anthelmintics).

You can reduce the likelihood of infection with helminths by observing basic hygiene:

refusal to use thermally unprocessed meat (pork), fish, salted fish, caviar, cooked in an artisanal way;

refusal to use raw water, especially from open reservoirs.

the need to wash hands before eating and after using the toilet;

washing with running water and boiling water treatment of greens and vegetables served raw;

Timely detection and prompt implementation of anthelmintic therapy will reduce the number of cases of severe helminthic invasions and their complications. If helminths are detected in someone in the family (or they are suspected by indirect signs), it is not necessary to treat all family members. Only those who have indirect signs of possible helminthiasis are treated, since most worms are not transmitted from person to person.

Drug prophylaxis is required for the whole family 2 times a year (for example, in spring and autumn). Most often, Albendazole is used for this purpose, which is prescribed according to the scheme: children over 2 years old and adults 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml of suspension) of the drug 1 time per day after meals for 3 days.

The likelihood of infection with worms is very high. Their ability to disrupt various bodily functions and the difficulty of diagnosis is also widely known. Therefore, it is recommended, regardless of the test results, to conduct prophylactic and therapeutic antihelminthic courses, taking into account indirect signs of infection. WHO recommends preventive anthelmintic courses for preschool children twice a year - in spring and autumn.

Treatment of the acute phase of helminthiases is based on desensitizing and detoxification therapy:

infusions of hemodez, isotonic glucose solution, saline;

vitamin C;

vitamin B6;

bicarbonate of soda;

calcium chloride or gluconate;

with hyperthermia - analgin, diphenhydramine;

at high blood pressure- Cordiamin.

In severe cases (with the development of hepatitis, allergic myocarditis), the appointment is indicated hormonal drugs especially prednisolone. In parallel with it, the patient should receive potassium supplements. In the case of heart failure, Korglikon and Cocarboxylase are used, with edema - Furosemide or Torasemide.

Helminth pathogenesis

It should be noted that infectious diseases, reducing the resistance of animals, violate their host specificity and contribute to a more severe course of helminthiases. For example, in some poultry farms in Ukraine, unfavorable for paratyphoid, pasteurellosis, ducks were easily infected and seriously ill with drepanidoteniosis and amidostomiasis (helminthiases not specific to them), and were also difficult to cure.

All helminthiases are characterized by a multi-stage development, and each stage is characterized by its own clinical pathological processes.

Stages of development of invasions:

Acute stage (the causative agent is a larva):

penetration phase;

migration phase.

Subacute stage (causative agents - young helminths).

Chronic stage (causative agents - adult helminths):

early phase (maximum reproductive activity);

late phase (decrease in reproductive activity).

Outcome (elimination of helminths or development of irreversible changes in the host). The most severe is the initial acute stage, caused by larvae that cause sensitization of the body and damage to those organs through which they migrate.

Conclusion

Literature

Skryabin K. I., Petrov A. M., Fundamentals of veterinary nematodology, M., 1964

Multi-volume guide to microbiology, clinic and epidemiology of infectious diseases 1968

Leikina E. S., The most important human helminthiases, M., 1967

Mozgovoy A. A., Helminthiases of domestic and wild pigs and the diseases they cause 1967

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The biological feature of the development of helminths is the cyclical nature of their development, i.e. each helminth goes through the stages of larva, sexually mature form and egg. Features of the life cycles of helminths form the basis of their epidemiological classification (Table 12). There are three main types of worms:

Geohelminths- these are worms in which the maturation of eggs to an invasive (infectious) state occurs in the soil, i.e. outside the host body.

Biohelminths- worms, the development cycle of which occurs with the change of hosts, i.e. in their life cycle There are main and intermediate hosts. In the body of the intermediate host (human or animal), the stages of eggs and larvae pass, in the final host (human or animal), the helminth reaches puberty. The larvae of some biohelminths sequentially develop in the body of the hosts of two various kinds, of which the first is called intermediate, and the second - additional.

contact helminths- these are worms whose eggs mature quickly (within a few hours) and infection by them occurs most often by contact healthy person with the sick. Possible autoinvasion(autoinfection).

A person becomes infected with helminths in two ways: through the external environment, infested with helminth eggs, or by consuming the intermediate hosts of helminths - large meat cattle, pigs, fish that contain helminth larvae.

The spread of helminths is influenced by natural geographical conditions(climate, soil character, presence of necessary hosts and vectors, etc.) and social factors(lifestyle, customs, communal comfort, sanitary improvement, sanitary culture, etc.).

A person becomes infected with ascariasis by swallowing invasive eggs (containing a mature larva) that are on dirty hands, unwashed or poorly washed vegetables, fruits, berries grown on soil contaminated or fertilized with feces. Food products can be contaminated with ascaris eggs when washing dishes, vegetables, fruits with contaminated water.

The disease is characterized by a decrease in appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, unstable stool, and decreased performance. Ascaris can cause intestinal obstruction, biliary tract. There may be a pulmonary form of ascariasis.

Prevention of the disease includes the improvement of populated areas, sanitary protection of soil and water from contamination with fecal water, deworming of the population, personal hygiene (wash hands before eating, after going to the toilet, working in the garden, etc.), medical examination workers of food facilities for helminths. For food purposes, only drinking water. Vegetables and fruits must be thoroughly washed in running water before eating raw. The contents of the cesspools of the toilets can be used for fertilizer only after they have been composted for 5-12 months or kept in a closed cesspool within 2 years.

It is important to instill hygiene skills in children as early as possible (wash hands, do not put fingers in your mouth, do not bite your nails, etc.). Systematically, examinations for roundworms of preschoolers should be carried out, junior schoolchildren and persons of certain professions (workers of subsidiary farms, greenhouses and greenhouses).

When a disease is detected, deworming is carried out. The effectiveness of treatment is determined by 3-fold negative result at the examination in 2-3 weeks.

The sanitary assessment of Finnos meat is reduced to counting the number of Finns on an area of ​​40 cm 2. If more than three Finns are found, the meat is sent for disposal, less than three Finns are used for the manufacture of minced sausages, canned food and meat loaves after disinfection by boiling according to the conditionally suitable meat processing mode.

Finns are not resistant to high and low temperatures. Finnose meat is reliably neutralized at a temperature inside the piece of 80 °C. Finns die relatively quickly when meat is frozen (at a temperature of - 9 ° C during the day). When salting pieces weighing 1.5-2.0 kg in a 10% solution table salt meat is rendered harmless within 20 days. Finnose corned beef must contain at least 7% salt.

teniasis- a disease similar to teniarynchosis. Pathogen - pork tapeworm. Outwardly similar to a bull tapeworm, but its length is not more than 3 m, segments - up to 1000. On the head, in addition to four suckers, there is a corolla of 22-23 hooks, so the pork tapeworm is also called "armed tapeworm". The final host and source of invasion is a person from whose body helminth segments with eggs are excreted through the intestines. Intermediate host - domestic pigs and wild boars. Pigs become infected by eating feed contaminated with human feces containing oncospheres, from which Finns develop in the muscles of pigs, resembling Finns in structure. bull tapeworm. In pigs, Finns are most often localized in the chewing, lumbar, intercostal muscles, sometimes in the muscles of the tongue and heart. Pork meat is more contaminated with Finns compared to cattle meat.

Trichinosis- this serious disease caused in humans by the larval form roundworm - trichinella. In the sexually mature form, the pathogen lives in the intestines of pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, and many wild animals (boars, bears). Pigs become infected by eating the corpses of rats and mice.

A person becomes infected with trichinosis by eating undercooked or fried pork, lard, wild boar meat, bear meat containing Trichinella larvae. Trichinella is not affected by cooling, salting and smoking. Especially dangerous is salted fat with streaks of meat.

A person becomes infected with diphyllobothriasis by eating fish or caviar infested with tapeworm larvae. Infection can occur when eating raw, undercooked, undercooked, dried or unsalted fish, pike caviar and burbot, infested with tapeworm larvae.

Infested fish is safely neutralized by all cooking methods, as well as by hot and cold smoking. For the prevention of diphyllobothriasis, it is necessary to eat only well-cooked, fried, smoked, salted fish.

Helminth eggs get into the water with the feces of a person, dog or cat, are swallowed by molluscs, which, in turn, are absorbed by fish. In fish, the larvae of the cat fluke (metacircaria) penetrate into muscle tissue and subcutaneous fat cells, where they are covered with a dense membrane. The number of cat fluke larvae can reach more than 1500.

Infection of humans, cats, dogs occurs only when eating raw (frozen, lightly salted) or undercooked (fried) fish.

When infested fish are eaten, the larvae through bile ducts and pancreatic ducts penetrate into the organs, where they turn into adult helminths and can live for many years. Opisthorchiasis usually proceeds as a chronic disease, with periodic exacerbations. Patients with opisthorchiasis experience pain in the liver, epigastric region, sometimes in muscles and joints, fever, dizziness, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, heartburn. Complications in opisthorchiasis are serious - liver abscess, peritonitis, primary liver cancer.

Cat fluke larvae die when high temperature. To prevent opisthorchiasis, the fish is boiled well for 20-25 minutes at a temperature inside the piece of 75-80 ° C. fish cakes weighing 90-100 g is fried for 20 minutes, and meatballs and fish, cut into pieces weighing 30-50 g, are cooked for at least 10 minutes from the moment of boiling. Freezing at -18 °C leads to the death of larvae on the 4-5th day. When salted, the fish is rendered harmless in 10-25 days. Prevention of opisthorchiasis is similar to the prevention of diphyllobothriasis.

A person becomes infected by drinking contaminated water, food products, raw vegetables and berries, as well as in contact with an animal. IN small intestine larvae are released from the eggs. With the bloodstream, they enter the liver, spleen, lungs, brain and other organs. In these organs, the larva slowly grows and after 3-10 years turns into a bubble with liquid (cyst), reaching a diameter of 5-15 cm. The symptoms of the disease are very diverse and their features are associated with the affected organ. Often there are allergic reactions, pain in the liver, chest pain, cough with sputum and streaks of blood, jaundice. Blisters can suppurate and break into the pleural and abdominal cavity. These complications are very dangerous and the prognosis of the disease is always serious.

Echinococcosis often affects pigs, cows and other domestic animals. In the sanitary assessment of meat and offal, they proceed from the size of their defeat with echinococcus. With a continuous lesion of organs, the meat is sent for technical utilization, with partial damage (only the liver and lungs), the meat is considered conditionally suitable and, after the removal of the affected organs, can be eaten.

Prevention of echinococcosis is proper care for pets, regular veterinary supervision of them, in compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.

Measures to prevent helminthic diseases in catering establishments include:

§ checking cooks, confectioners and other workers for helminthic at least once a year

§ observance of personal hygiene rules by cooks, confectioners, waiters (it is especially important to keep hands clean)

§ maintaining cleanliness at the workplace, in the workshop, extermination of flies

§ thorough washing of vegetables, fruits, berries, especially those eaten raw

Boiling water from open reservoirs when using it for food and drink

§ checking the presence of a brand on meat carcasses

§ thorough cooking and frying of meat and fish

Based on world statistics, it is known that infection with helminths is one of the most widespread pathologies. Prevention of intestinal helminthiases will help to avoid this problem. Experts believe that the preventive measures It is necessary for everyone - both adults and children.

If there is an infection, other symptoms can be observed:

• increased salivation in the morning and evening;
• a strong feeling of hunger;
• grinding teeth in sleep;
• weight loss with good appetite;
• constant fatigue, drowsiness;
• change in blood composition.

Worm infestation is not always expressed by its characteristic features, such as, for example, frequent sore throats. Therefore, an infected person can treat a completely different disease, not knowing about its prerequisites.

To recognize the infection, it is not enough to pass only a stool test; other types of studies must also be carried out. For a more accurate examination of the stomach for the presence of worms, the following methods are used: linked immunosorbent assay, bioresonance method, PCR method.

Worms feel most comfortable in the human intestine. These include roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms. living in various departments intestines (duodenal, thin and thick), they are quite a long period time may not show itself in any way. Over time, the worms begin to multiply, disrupting the natural functions of the body.

In addition to worms, lamblia often settle in the human intestine. These are single-celled organisms that can cause protozoan infections. It is possible to become infected with them through carriers or sick people. Such invasion occurs by the fecal-oral route. IN childhood- most often through toys and unwashed hands.

• elimination toxic substances from human body that arose as a result of the activity of worms;
• treatment medicines Tiberal, Macmirol, Trichopolum, Furazolidone;
• renewal normal microflora intestines with probiotics.

Ways to prevent the disease

Despite the severity of the infection, the prevention of helminthiasis is quite clear and simple. To reduce the risk of infection with worms, you must follow some rules. One of essential conditions is the observance of personal hygiene, which includes not only the timely washing of hands, but also the use of a personal comb, washcloth, towel, bed linen, items of clothing, etc. If a person knows about his infection, then in order to protect his family members, he must eat from personal utensils.

Intestinal helminths can result from non-compliance healthy lifestyle life, low social status person, his financial condition and level of culture. This is due to the fact that in prosperous families they pay more attention to health, nutrition, and appearance.

An intestinal infection can result from eating unwashed fruits and vegetables. Even soil and water can be contaminated, so it is advisable to wash food with boiled or high-quality purified water. In no case should any meat and fish products be consumed raw, they should be processed at high temperatures.

Pets are carriers of various intestinal infections, therefore, if you have pets, you should take care of special care for them, as well as timely vaccination and deworming.

An intestinal infection can also occur due to some bad habits. These include the habit of biting your nails and chewing on the ends of your hair.

Drug prevention

In addition to these precautions, the prevention of intestinal infections and helminth infections is also carried out using medicines. The reason for this may be, for example, constant communication with pets, passion for fishing or hunting, children's stay at school, kindergarten, repeated trips to hot countries, etc.

Prevention medical means is necessary for all family members every six months, for example, in spring and autumn (April-May and October-November).

A common drug is Albendazole, which can be used by adults and children from 2 years of age. The course of taking this remedy is 3 days.

Intestinal infections can be prevented through community prevention through proper organization water supply and sewerage systems. In rural areas, it is necessary to exclude the ingress of runoff into water intake reservoirs.

How to treat worms in a child?

Worms, or helminths, are called worms that can live in the human body and animals - in the intestines, liver and other internal organs.

• The infection process and its causes
• The main symptoms and methods for detecting worms
• Treatment with antihelminthic drugs
• Prevention and Precautions

They often affect young children, which is explained by their anatomical features, hygiene habits and lifestyle. For parents, the treatment of worms in children and the prevention of their occurrence - not an easy task, especially if the child is constantly in the team.

The infection process and its causes

Some mistakenly believe that helminths affect only children whose parents did not pay due attention to hygiene. This is not true, such a nuisance can happen to a child from quite prosperous family. At the same time, Komarovsky notes that worms are a disease of dirty hands, it occurs after contact with an infected person or animal, when eating dirty or insufficiently processed food.

The symptoms of worm damage depend primarily on the type of worm, and there are at least 300 of them, all of which can live in the human body. Most of them are quite rare, most often about 30 species are found, while in 99% of cases pinworms, roundworms and whipworm are found.

On the chronic stage, about 2-3 weeks after infection, the symptoms are highly dependent on the type of pathogen. For example, due to the presence of roundworms, a child often develops pain in the intestines, flatulence is observed. When ascaris is affected, the liver suffers, headaches, weakness occur, the intestinal microflora is disturbed, and appetite decreases.

Treatment with antihelminthic drugs

Experts believe that treatment should be carried out in complex courses, in other words, it is better to take several drugs intermittently. Modern anthelmintic drugs are used even for the treatment of young children. However, it should be borne in mind that the dose prescribed by the doctor may differ from the recommended dosage in the annotation.

Infectionists have developed a scheme for taking antihelminthic drugs, which includes 5 stages:

• first accept anthelmintic drug(Pyrantel, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Vermox and others)
• prescribe enterosorbents (Smecta, Entegnin) for 5 days
• enzymatic agents are used for two weeks
• biologics should be taken for three weeks
• at the final stage, vitamin-mineral complexes are used

Prevention and Precautions

Modern medicine is extremely negative about the use of antihelminthic drugs "just in case." As Komarovsky notes, preventive treatment child only makes sense if he lives in a country with extremely low level culture, in which almost all children have one or another type of worms.

Many of the drugs used are toxic, and the body of each child reacts to them in its own way. What is completely harmless to one may be toxic to another. If symptoms of worms are observed, Komarovsky and practicing pediatricians are advised to immediately conduct a fecal analysis, and at least three times.

The best prevention is the exact observance of all doctor's recommendations and basic hygiene rules. Komarovsky stresses the need to wash hands with soap and water after contact with an animal or returning from the street, as well as before each meal. Bathing in polluted reservoirs should be abandoned, raw untreated water should not be drunk, meat and fish should be subjected to mandatory heat treatment.

Drug prevention of worms in adults

Worm infestation reduces human immunity, which contributes to easier infection with viruses and bacteria, affects tissues internal organs, can cause inflammation of the damaged area of ​​the body and even exacerbate chronic diseases. At the first detection of symptoms of helminths in adults or children, you should immediately consult a doctor and take tests to detect worms.

Symptoms of helminths

As mentioned earlier, when the first signs of infection appear in adults or children, you should consult a doctor. According to the Ministry of Health, every third person is infected with helminths. Many infected do not pay attention to the appearance of symptoms of helminthiasis or confuse them with another disease.

Worms symptoms:

Prevention of helminthic diseases

As you know, any disease is easier to prevent than to treat. Therefore, think about your health and take preventive measures. helminthic invasion everyone should. Most simple rules hygiene will reduce the likelihood of infection with worms:

• wash hands in a timely manner with soap (before eating, after going to the toilet, after going outside);
• take daily water procedures and change linen;
• wash thoroughly raw vegetables and fruits and pour boiling water over them;
• refuse to drink raw unboiled water, as well as to eat thermally unprocessed raw foods- fish, meat, caviar.

It should be remembered that constant contact with the soil and domestic animals, hobbies related to fishing or hunting, as well as swimming in enclosed waters and trips to exotic countries several times increase the chances of infection with worms.

Medicines for the prevention of worms in adults and children

Decades ago, doctors treated patients with drugs based on herbal ingredients. Over the years, there have been a lot of drugs to prevent infection. How to understand all the diversity and what drugs are optimal for the prevention of worms? Which pills can only be taken by adults, and which ones are allowed for children?

Pyrantel, mebendazole, decaris, wormil, pervinium embonate and nemosol are the most famous and effective medicines for the prevention of worms:

Don't wait until the disease progresses to a more severe stage. Timely prevention of worms is necessary for both children and adults. Every person health to you and your children.

The biological feature of the development of helminths is the cyclical nature of their development, i.e. each helminth goes through the stages of larva, sexually mature form and egg. Features of the life cycles of helminths form the basis of their epidemiological classification (Table 12). There are three main types of worms:

Geohelminths- these are worms in which the maturation of eggs to an invasive (infectious) state occurs in the soil, i.e. outside the host body.

Biohelminths- worms, the development cycle of which occurs with the change of hosts, i.e. in their life cycle there are main and intermediate hosts. In the body of the intermediate host (human or animal), the stages of eggs and larvae pass, in the final host (human or animal), the helminth reaches puberty. The larvae of some biohelminths sequentially develop in the body of hosts of two different species, of which the first is called intermediate, and the second - additional.

contact helminths- These are worms whose eggs mature quickly (within a few hours) and infection occurs most often when a healthy person comes into contact with a sick person. Possible autoinvasion(autoinfection).

A person becomes infected with helminths in two ways: through the external environment, infested with helminth eggs, or by eating intermediate hosts of helminths - meat of cattle, pigs, fish, which contain helminth larvae.

The distribution of helminths is influenced by natural geographical conditions (climate, soil nature, the presence of the necessary hosts and carriers, etc.) and social factors (lifestyle, customs, communal comfort, sanitary improvement, sanitary culture, etc.).

Table 12

Epidemiological characteristics of helminthiases