Pustular diseases skin (pyoderma) - a group of common skin diseases caused by pyogenic microbes - staphylococci and streptococci. Pyogenic microbes are widespread in nature. On the surface of the skin healthy people it is almost always possible to detect staphylococci and streptococci, which have the ability (if a person finds themselves in unfavorable conditions) to pass from non-pathogenic (harmless) forms to pathogenic forms, causing disease. The development of pustular skin diseases is predisposed by constant skin contamination, which may be associated with working conditions (dust, lubricating oils, kerosene, gasoline, etc.), cuts, injections, insect bites, scratching, hypothermia and overheating of the body, sweating, overwork, lack of food vitamins A, C, metabolic disorders, especially carbohydrate metabolism (for example, in diabetes mellitus), debilitating chronic diseases, poor personal hygiene.

Pustular skin diseases manifest themselves in a variety of ways: either small suppurating nodules pierced by hair or large painful cone-shaped nodules with purulent melting of tissue and the so-called core appear on the skin; blisters with purulent contents may appear, shrinking into purulent crusts - the so-called ipetigo, which is most often children get sick. Pustular skin diseases can occur in the form of long-term non-healing ulcers with undermined edges and an uneven bottom covered with purulent compartment, etc.

Skin damage can be limited, without disturbing the general condition of the patient, but it can also be widespread, accompanied by an increase in body temperature, an increase in nearby lymph nodes, changes in the blood. In severe cases, a general infection of the body - sepsis - can occur.

Pustular skin diseases are especially dangerous for children infancy, whose skin and body as a whole are very sensitive to staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Pustular skin diseases in children can give severe complications kidney disease (nephritis), pneumonia, inflammation meninges(meningitis), etc.

Pustular skin diseases can go away in a few days or weeks, or last for months and even years, subsiding and renewing (chronic relapsing course of the disease.). The chronic course of pyoderma is often a consequence of weakening protective forces the body with metabolic disorders, the function of the endocrine glands, and alcohol abuse.

To prevent pyoderma, compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is of particular importance, proper care skin care, eliminating sweating. When working in conditions of increased pollution, you should protect the skin from injury by using special clothing, work gloves, etc. Even with minor injuries, you need to treat the damaged area with some antiseptic - a green solution, an alcohol solution of iodine, or apply a bactericidal adhesive plaster. Scratching from insect bites, household injuries (for example, a knife cut, a fish bone prick, etc.) also need to be treated with the indicated product.

In the chronic course of pyoderma, it is recommended to limit sweet, salty, spicy foods, exclude honey, canned food, fruits should be included in the diet, raw vegetables and other foods rich in vitamins. To prevent pustular skin diseases, public events are carried out, which include sanitary and technical measures to eliminate harmful factors on industrial enterprises, agriculture. Important has strengthening of physical condition, hardening of the body, walks on fresh air, air and sunbathing, bathing, good nutrition. In residential premises it is necessary to maintain an air temperature that prevents overheating of the body, especially in children, to frequently ventilate the room, etc.

It is very important to prevent close contact between adults suffering from pustular skin diseases and children, especially infants. For the prevention of pustular skin diseases in newborns great importance has proper care for the skin of a newborn, keeping children clean, protection from overheating and prickly heat. A child with pyoderma should be isolated from adult children and have separate underwear and a towel. At the first signs of pustular skin diseases in a child, you should consult a doctor - a pediatrician or dermatologist.

Prevention of pustular skin diseases is important in preventing the occurrence and development of skin problems on various parts bodies. Attention is paid to compliance with hygiene rules, the availability of individual bed linen and towels, which are boiled after use. In addition to the rules of personal hygiene, it is necessary to observe collective preventive measures, conduct educational work and sanitary measures.

Remember that the child’s skin is sensitive to microbes that cause suppuration. The result is the rapid occurrence and spread of the disease. Have a conversation with your children about the prevention of pustular skin diseases.

• Explain to your child the principles of skin hygiene, make sure to wash with soap and dry only with a personal towel;
• ventilate constantly (at least once a day for half an hour) and wet clean the room in which the child sleeps twice a week;
• carry out hardening procedures with children, while avoiding overheating or hypothermia, start with daily ten-minute morning rubdowns with cold water, as the baby grows up, add snow rubdowns in the morning or jogging;
• If your child receives cuts, bites or abrasions, lubricate them with iodine or brilliant green as quickly as possible - this will prevent the development of suppuration on the skin;
• Provide adequate nutrition for your child.

The presence of sufficient vitamins and beneficial microelements in food also helps to improve the condition of the skin and prevent the likelihood of developing purulent diseases. The following products are recommended:

• fresh fruits (apples, pears, plums, apricots);
• dairy products (cottage cheese, sour cream, fresh milk);
• seafood and fish (due to high content they contain vitamin D, which is good for the skin).

Reasons for development purulent-septic diseases The skin of newborn children becomes impaired in the immune system and abnormalities in physiology. The inability of the child’s body to resist the effects of infection causes the growth and development of skin problems. The disease manifests itself in the baby in the mother's womb and develops in the first months of life.

Treatment methods for purulent skin diseases in children:

• local impact;
• surgical intervention.

Topically used:

• sodium sulfacyl drops;
• tetracycline hydrochloride.

The norms of use depend on the form of the disease and are determined by the attending physician. In any case, the initial dose does not exceed five drops. A contraindication is the patient’s individual intolerance to a particular drug.

Preventive measures to prevent such situations begin with maintaining order and cleanliness in the maternity hospital. The baby should be put to the breast as soon as possible after giving birth. It is also recommended that a young mother stop smoking and drinking alcohol long before giving birth.

Purulent-septic diseases of the skin and navel - prevention

Common purulent-septic diseases of the skin and navel:

• purulent mastitis;
• pemphigus;
• phlegmon of newborns;
• vesiculopustulosis.

Manifestations of vesiculopustulosis are quickly removed, the skin surface is treated with a solution of aniline dyes with a concentration of 1%. Other diseases are treated with local remedies. This is a local opening of the infected area and treatment with antiseptic solutions. Necessity of application antibacterial therapy depends on the course of treatment in each specific case.

Principles of prevention of purulent-septic diseases of the skin and navel:

• prevention of possible foci of infection before pregnancy;
• regular examinations during pregnancy to identify violations and correct them;
• caring for a child during the postpartum period;
• preventing infection from entering the maternity ward;
• avoid taking antibiotics without proper supervision.

Prevention of pustular skin diseases is important for women during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The state of the female body changes at this time and this becomes the basis for the emergence of similar problems. Among the preventive measures during pregnancy are:

1. Strict compliance with personal hygiene requirements. Wash with soap every day, use only personal hygiene items.
2. Eliminating from the diet foods that can cause purulent skin diseases (more than three eggs per day, expired dairy products, etc.).
3. Regular walks in the fresh air, preferably in the sun, but not for long. It is not recommended for pregnant women to be in direct sunlight for more than half an hour every day.
4. Consume in sufficient quantities necessary for the body vitamins of groups A, B, C and E. They are found in fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as dairy products and fish of all varieties.

When preventing skin problems in women, it is important to regularly perform basic physical exercise. Such activity increases the amount of oxygen in the blood several times, which in itself is a good prevention of skin problems. Pregnant women are recommended to perform them under the supervision of an experienced doctor so as not to harm the unborn baby.

Prevention of pustular skin diseases in military personnel must be observed in all military units without exception. Depending on risk factors preventive actions are divided into three groups:

1. The military uniform is selected strictly according to size. The sets should not contain rough seams or abrasions that could damage the skin when moving. Shoes are also selected by size. Such measures are designed to prevent microtrauma and chafing during physical activity.
2. Hygiene products are updated regularly and on time. New soap is provided in the bathhouse each time. The foreman makes sure that the bristles of the toothbrushes are soft and the razor blades are constantly changed. When shaving with a blunt blade, the skin is injured and the upper, protective layer of the epidermis is removed. This causes a disruption in the composition of the microflora of the skin layer.
3. All abrasions and scratches that appear are treated with antiseptic solutions.

Products for treating the skin against ulcerative diseases:

• brilliant green solution;
• Fukortsin;
• Povinone iodine.

All products are available for purchase in pharmacies. Treat deep damage along the edges. The pharmacological action of all antiseptics without exception is to disinfect the injury by destroying harmful microorganisms that have penetrated the wound. The dosage is individual, depending on the degree of damage, but, as a rule, does not exceed 10 milligrams per application.

Hygienic training for hairdressing salon workers involves making them aware of the rules of sanitation for working in these establishments. Information is given about the structure of hair, nails, signs of contagious skin diseases and measures to prevent their occurrence.

There is a list of common skin diseases, which the master can become infected with from the client. These diseases can occur with or without the release of pus from the site of infection. These include:

• rubrophytia;
• scab;
• athlete's foot;
• trichophytosis;
• microsporia.

In all cases, infection occurs when hair and pieces of nails infected by carriers of the infection enter the body of the master or client. To prevent this from happening, bodies should be kept clean. All tools used in work must be subject to strict disinfection, and the client’s linen must be individual.

Before work begins and immediately after completion, wet cleaning of the premises is carried out. Routine cleaning is carried out as work progresses. Once a month, the hairdresser has a sanitary day. All windows and doors are washed, floors and panels are swept. Cleaning of premises is carried out using special disinfectant solutions. They are prepared using bleach and a certain amount of water.

Purulent diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue account for approximately a third of all diseases that require urgent attention. surgical care. Increased penetration of infection into wounds is caused by:

• an increase in the number of elderly patients;
• frequent manifestation of microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics;
• an increase in the number of carriers of pathogenic microbes;
• decreased level of antibacterial immunity.

There are two main types of pustular diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue:

1. Furuncle is an acute form of necrotic inflammatory process of the hair follicle with the involvement of the corresponding sebaceous gland and subcutaneous fat. In the majority of cases general state the patient is not disturbed. The disease mainly occurs in adolescents and older people.
2. Carbuncle - inflammatory process groups of hair follicles with the involvement of the sebaceous glands in the process and the production of a large area of ​​necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is necrosis of the skin layer that is the hallmark of this disease.

To prevent such problems, proper hygiene of the affected area is required. Regularly washing the skin with soap will help prevent the appearance of pustular diseases.

Treatment is applied locally. It involves the following sequence of actions:

• autopsy of the source of the disease;
• complete elimination of pus from the site of infection;
• antiseptic treatment;
• immobilization.

An alcohol solution of iodine or ordinary brilliant green is used as an antiseptic. The application rate does not exceed 10 milligrams per application. High-quality treatment of the affected area does not require repeating the procedure.

Parents should not forget that the skin of a child, especially a newborn and infant, is very sensitive to pyogenic microbes; the resulting disease spreads quickly, often has a severe course, and gives complications.

At this time, the child has passive immunity, which he receives from the mother. Therefore, in order to prevent pustular diseases in newborns and infants, prevention should be aimed primarily at increasing nonspecific immunity women - the expectant mother, when she is still pregnant.

All pregnant women usually undergo examination by various specialists to identify and treat acute or chronic inflammatory diseases (pustular skin diseases, diseases of the teeth, gums, throat, ears, etc.). Women should not neglect such examinations.

Due to the fact that some diseases occur in the first days of a child’s life (for example, neonatal pemphigus), health authorities require maternity hospitals to strictly observe specially designed sanitary and hygienic measures.

Maternity hospital staff are regularly examined. If they are diagnosed with pustular diseases or foci of chronic infection, they are prohibited from working in the maternity ward. In the maternity hospital, they strictly monitor the correct treatment of staff’s hands and household items (underwear, masks).

Children and mothers suffering from pustular diseases are immediately isolated from healthy newborns.

To prevent pustular diseases, it is necessary when caring for children of all ages in and in child care institutions (nurseries, orphanages, kindergartens, schools, pioneer camps) first of all, observe the rules of hygiene: bathe the child in a timely manner with a change of linen, often ventilate the room intended for him, clean him wet method, harden the child, prevent hypothermia and overheating, and provide him with adequate nutrition.

Dear parents!

If abrasions, cracks, or bites appear on your child’s skin, immediately lubricate them with iodine or a solution of brilliant green. In this case, you will prevent the development of suppuration.

The diagnosis in this case can only be established using a fluorescent lamp, which is supplied to all mycological institutions and veterinary hospitals. Under the rays of this lamp, hair affected by the microsporum fungus glows brightly green.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that cats are very difficult to undergo such examination. Therefore, if a kitten is removed from an apartment where a child with microsporia lives, it should in all cases be left in a veterinary hospital.

How and why children become infected with microsporia. Stray, stray cats, breeding in basements, in search of new housing and food, move from house to house, neighboring or nearby, and in big houses from one building to another. The migration routes of cats, unlike dogs, are short.

PUTENTAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN. SCABIES

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN

PUTENTAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN. SCABIES

The name “pyodermitis” comes from a combination of two words: pyon - pus, derma - skin. They represent a group of diverse clinical manifestations skin lesions. Pyodermatitis ranks 1st in frequency among dermatoses and 3rd to 4th in the overall morbidity structure after influenza, acute respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, chronic recurrent forms of pyodermitis with short-term remissions, requiring persistent complex therapy, are more often recorded.

Etiology. The causative agents of pyodermatitis are staphylococci and streptococci. But other microorganisms can also cause suppurative processes in the skin: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, meningococcus, gonococcus.

Staphylococci are divided into aureus, or pyogenic (the most pathogenic), epidermal (under certain conditions can acquire pathogenic properties and cause pustular diseases) and saprophytic (causing purulent infection in immunodeficiency states, AIDS).

There are pathogenic and non-pathogenic phagotypes. Pathogenic phagotypes have the following properties: hemolytic, plasma coagulating, fibrinolytic, lecithinase activity, produce hyaluronidase - a permeability factor. Staphylococci usually live in the mouths of hair follicles and the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands. A person becomes infected as a result of an autoinfection or from a person suffering from a staphylococcal infection.

Streptococci are divided into hemolytic - the most pathogenic, greening, also pathogenic and non-hemolytic - the least pathogenic. Streptococci are more contagious than staphylococci. Streptococci produce exotoxins with different effects: hemolysin, leukocidin, necrotoxin, lethal toxin and erythrogenic toxin.

Pyodermatitis is cutaneous form staphylococcal or streptococcal infection of the body.

Pathogenesis. The development mechanism, clinical picture and course of pyodermitis depend on: 1) the type of microbe, 2) the protective forces of the macroorganism, 3) the specifics of its interaction with the pathogen.

Among the factors contributing to the occurrence of the disease, external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) are distinguished.

Exogenous include: mechanical microtrauma, damage to the epidermis by solutions of acids and alkalis, maceration of the skin, dusty air, high or low temperature.

Endogenous include: impaired water metabolism, impaired carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus), hypovitaminosis (usually A, C), psychoemotional stress, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, hyperhidrosis, suppression of the immune system during long-term steroid therapy, foci of chronic infection, intoxication, AIDS and etc.

Toxic and enzymatic substances produced by staphylococci and streptococci also play a role in pathogenesis.

Staphylococci penetrate the skin through hair follicles and glands, and streptococci through the stratum corneum. More common in men staphylococcal lesions skin, and in women and children – streptococcal. Pyodermatitis can be an independent disease or complications of other diseases (scabies, lice, etc.), which are accompanied by itching and then damage to the skin, forming an entrance gate for microbial infection.

Classification. Pyodermatitis is divided into 3 groups depending on the pathogen, the depth of skin damage, and the duration of the process. There are: staphyloderma, streptoderma and streptostaphyloderma.

Staphyloderma. A – Superficial: ostiofolliculitis, folliculitis, perifolliculitis, sycosis, neonatal pemphigus.

B – Deep: furuncle, carbuncle, hidradenitis, pseudofurunculosis (multiple abscesses in children).

Streptoderma. A – Superficial: bullous impetigo, streptococcal seizure, streptococcal paronychia, papular syphiloid impetigo, dry streptoderma (lichen simplex).

B – Deep: ecthyma vulgar, ecthyma penetrating, ecthyma gangrenous.

Strepto-staphyloderma. A – Superficial: vulgar impetigo.

B – Deep: Chronic ulcerative pyoderma, chronic ulcerative-vegetative pyoderma, chancriform pyoderma, botryomycomoma (pyogenic granuloma).

Development of one or another clinical form due to: 1) the quantity, virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen; 2) the ways of its penetration into the skin and distribution in it (according to lymphatic vessels, along the length); 3) predisposing factors (exogenous and endogenous); 4) localization pathological process; 5) immuno-biological reactivity of the body, its age and local characteristics.

The clinic of pyodermatitis is described in detail in the textbook.

Treatment. It can be general and local (external). For superficial forms of pyodermatitis, you can limit yourself to external therapy. The covering of the cavity element is opened and removed (with sterile tweezers, scissors or a needle). The resulting erosion is treated antiseptic solution(Castellani Liquid, Brilliant Green) or antibiotic ointment.

In case of protracted course of pyoderma (sycosis, furunculosis), it is necessary thorough examination patient in order to identify predisposing factors (diabetes mellitus, anemia, dysbacteriosis, etc.) and their elimination.

For pyodermatitis, a diet with limited carbohydrates is advisable. It is recommended to take carrot juice. If you have pustular skin diseases, washing in a bath or bath is contraindicated.

General treatment should be etiotropic and pathogenetic. The criteria for prescribing general treatment are: 1) the patient’s condition; 2) temperature reaction; 3) localization, extent and depth of the lesion; 4) involvement of the lymphatic system (lymphadenitis, lymphangitis); 5) the occurrence of complications and chronic course.

Main etiotropic agent are antibiotics. Currently widely used various shapes penicillins. In acute processes, benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt is more often prescribed. In chronic forms - various antibiotics, taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen. Sulfonamide drugs are currently used only in combination with antibiotics for resistant forms of pyodermatitis. Use sulfadimethoxine or sulfamonomethoxine, biseptol.

In case of a chronic course of the process (to prevent relapses and stimulate the body’s defense mechanisms), the following is carried out:

1) Specific immunotherapy (staphylococcal antifagin, toxoid, antistaphylococcal gammaglobulin, etc.);

2) Nonspecific immunotherapy: autohemotherapy, autoinfusion of UV-modified blood, pyrotherapy, which stimulate the body's defense reactions.

Pathogenetic treatment includes the use of: a) vitamins C, A, F, group B, purified sulfur, which stimulate compensatory and protective reactions, normalize redox and metabolic processes in the body; b) enzyme preparations obtained from the pancreas of cattle (trypsin, chymotrypsin, chymopsin, etc.). They have anti-inflammatory, proteolytic, anticoagulase effects, liquefy viscous purulent secretions.

The clinic widely uses physiotherapeutic methods: ultraviolet irradiation, UHF, ultrasound, electrophoresis. Surgery It is used only for abscess formation of hidradenitis, boils, carbuncles and multiple abscesses in children.

Prevention of pustular skin diseases includes therapeutic and preventive measures and compliance with personal hygiene rules.

Therapeutic and preventive measures include: 1) preliminary and periodic medical examinations in order to early detection and treatment of sick people; 2) identification of industrial unfavorable factors of a sanitary-technical and sanitary-hygienic nature with their subsequent elimination; 3) removal from work of persons who have contact with substances with sensitizing and irritating effects if they have seborrhea, acne vulgaris, or hyperhidrosis; 4) clinical observation of workers with recurrent forms of pyodermitis in order to carry out anti-relapse treatment; 5) systematic medical and sanitary instruction on occupational hygiene, production standards and the prevention of skin diseases; 6) training each worker in the use of detergents, protective pastes, skin care products, treatment of microtraumas, first aid and mutual aid.

Personal hygiene rules include: 1) bathing at least once a week, and more often if the body is heavily soiled; 2) washing hands with soap for any contamination; 3) cleanliness and timely cutting of nails; 4) timely treatment of microtraumas with iodine solution, aniline dyes, “Lifuzol” aerosol, etc.

Scabies mites have an oval, turtle-shaped shape; their head, chest and abdomen are fused into one whole. Females are larger than males. During her life, lasting 45–60 days, the female lays up to 50 eggs, from which sexually mature ticks are formed after 4 weeks. The scabies mite is not very stable outside human skin and, as a rule, dies after 3 to 4 days. Tick ​​eggs outside humans retain the ability to develop for 7–10 days.

Over the past 5 years, the incidence of scabies in Russia has increased significantly. This is facilitated by a number of reasons: 1) a decrease in the level of immunity in those who have recovered during the inter-epidemic period; 2) the absence of hexachlorphene additives in different types of soap; 3) population migration due to commercial economic activity and interethnic conflicts; 4) concentration of a large number of people in recreation areas; 5) shortcomings in work medical service(errors in diagnosis, poor quality treatment, etc.); 6) decline in the standard of living of the population. The largest number of patients is registered in autumn and winter, the smallest – in summer.

The source of infection is a sick person. There are direct and indirect routes of infection. With the direct route of infection, the pathogen passes directly from a sick person to a healthy person at the moment of physical contact (sharing in bed, including sexual contact, less often - when caring for a patient, during a massage, or shaking hands).

The indirect route is the transmission of the pathogen through household items, primarily for personal use (bed and underwear, sleeping bags, gloves, etc.)

Clinic. Main clinical symptoms Scabies are: 1) itching, intensifying in the evening and at night; 2) the presence of scabies; 3) polymorphism of rashes; 4) characteristic localization of clinical manifestations.

The incubation period averages 8 – 12 days. Complications most often occur in the form of pyodermatitis and dermatitis, less often - eczema and urticaria.

Diagnosis of scabies is based on the patient’s complaints and clinical picture diseases. In doubtful cases, they resort to searching for scabies mites. Differential diagnosis includes dyshidrosis, itchy skin, and prurigo.

For the treatment of scabies, 20% benzyl benzoate emulsion, sodium hyposulfite with hydrochloric acid(Demyanovich method) or sulfur ointment. The modern and fastest-acting drug is Spregal aerosol. Along with treatment, underwear and bed linen must be disinfected.

Prevention of scabies includes:

1. Clinical observation of patients with scabies and persons who were in contact with them.

2. Daily examinations of children in preschool institutions.

3. Preventive examinations of children's groups (schools, kindergartens, nurseries, etc.).

4. Conducting preventive examinations of personnel in child care institutions and hairdressing salons.

5. Routine disinfection in the offices of medical institutions.

6. Monitoring the sanitary condition of baths, hairdressing salons, laundries, showers.

Scabies

Etiology	Scabies mite
Routes of infection	Direct contact		Indirect contact
Incubation period	7-30 days
Favorite location for adults	Interdigital folds of hands	Wrist joint area	Skin of the abdomen, buttocks, thighs,	Skin of the scrotum, glans penis
Clinical symptoms	Papulo-vesicular rashes arranged in pairs	Scabies	Gorchakov-Meshchersky-Ardi symptom
Complications	Pyoderma	Eczematization	Microbial eczema
Diseases with which scabies can be differentiated	Scratchiness	Neurodermatitis	Syphilis
Treatment	20% benzyl benzoate emulsion	Professor Demyanovich's method	33% sulfur ointment	Ointment
Prevention	Isolation of patients	San-clearance work	Complete treatment	Identification of sources of infection and contacts. Medical examinations

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN. MYCOSIS MAINLY OF THE SCALP

Skin diseases resulting from infection with fungal flora have a common name - mycoses (from Greek word mykes - mushroom). Fungi are lower plants; they do not synthesize chlorophyll and do not absorb carbon dioxide. Fungi consist of septate mycelium and reproduce by producing spores. They are called imperfect fungi.

Based on their feeding characteristics and habitat, several groups of fungi are distinguished: 1) anthropophilic (pathogenic to humans); 2) zoophilic (pathogenic for animals); 3) geophilic (living in the soil, they can affect both humans and animals); 4) phytopathogenic (damaging plants); 5) entomophiles (attack insects).

Etiology. Infection occurs in different ways. More often there is a direct route, in which infection occurs from animals and humans, less often - an indirect route, in which infection occurs through infection through objects that were used by patients, or through contact with animal care items. Fungi persist for a long time in clothes, towels, sheets, socks, shoes, and gloves.

Pathogenesis. The leading factors in infection with dermatomycosis are age, gender, the state of the epidermis, water-lipid mantle, sweat chemistry, sebaceous gland secretions, the presence of endocrine dysfunctions, metabolic disorders and the state of immunity. The strength of mycoses lies in the weakness of the immune system.

Classification. According to the classification adopted in Russia by prof. N.D. Sheklakov (1976), all human fungal diseases are divided into 4 groups:

I. Keratomycosis, in which fungi affect only the stratum corneum and vellus hair. They are characterized by low contagiousness and minimal inflammatory phenomena. The most common disease in this group is pityriasis versicolor (lichen versicolor).

II. Dermatophytosis, in which the lesion spreads to all layers of the skin and its appendages. Here two subgroups should be distinguished. The first subgroup is Mycoses predominantly of the scalp (trichomycosis), which include: 1) anthroponotic and zoonotic microsporia, 2) anthroponotic and zoonotic trichophytosis, 3) favus. The second subgroup is Mycoses, mainly of the feet. It includes athlete's foot, infection caused by trichophyton interdigitalis, and rubrophytosis.

III. Candidiasis, in which opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida affect the mucous membrane, skin, nails and internal organs.

IV. Deep mycoses are diseases that affect various internal organs and systems. These include chromomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

Dermatophytosis.

MICROSPORIA is a highly contagious disease that affects the skin and hair. The nail plates are not affected. In adults it is only affected smooth skin. This is apparently due to the increased fungicidal effect of free fatty acids in sebum and a qualitative change in hair keratin.

Epidemiology. The main distributors of zoonotic microsporia in 70–80% of patients are cats, less often dogs, and much less often rabbits and foxes. Zoonotic microsporia is characterized by seasonality of the disease. The rise in incidence begins in June, reaching a maximum in October – November. This is facilitated by animal behavior. The first litter of cats usually appears in April - May. In 1998 the incidence of zoonotic microsporia was 25.2 per 100 thousand population (547 cases in total).

The source of anthroponotic microsporia infection is sick people. IN last years no cases of anthroponotic microsporia have been registered.

The incubation period for zoonotic microsporia is 5–7 days, for anthroponotic microsporia it is 4–6 weeks.

Microsporia of the scalp is characterized by the presence of large, “stamped” lesions with clear boundaries. The hair in the lesion breaks off at a level of 6 - 8 mm, as if trimmed, there are scales gray. At the root of the hair there is a coupling - an Adamson sheath, consisting of fungal spores and surrounding the hair.

Microsporia of smooth skin. It is characterized by the appearance of red round spots up to 3 cm in diameter. In the peripheral zone of the spots there are bubbles that quickly dry out into crusts. The central part of the spots is covered with scales. Due to the centrifugal growth of foci, individual elements take on a ring shape.

Anti-epidemic measures include the fight against stray cats, dogs and veterinary supervision of domestic animals.

TRICHOPHYTIA (Trichophytia) is a disease of humans and animals that affects the skin and its appendages. It is caused by fungi of the genus Trichophyton. In terms of frequency of lesions, this mycosis ranks 2nd after microsporia.

The incubation period for zooanthroponotic trichophytosis averages 7–12 days. In 1998, the incidence of trichophytosis was 4.1 per 100 thousand population (90 cases in total), while the incidence in the region was 3.9, and in the city - 0.6 per 100 thousand population.

According to clinical manifestations, trichophytosis is usually divided into 3 forms: superficial, chronic and infiltrative-suppurative. The superficial form of trichophytosis is not observed in adults.

Chronic trichophytosis is caused by anthropophilic fungi – Trichophytonviolaceum, Trichophyton tonsurans. Chronic trichophytosis is observed mainly in women. Autonomic disorders play a significant role in its pathogenesis. nervous system and endocrinopathies. With chronic trichophytosis, the scalp, smooth skin and nails are affected. This disease lasts for years or tens of years, sometimes it has an erased nature of manifestations that do not bother the patients themselves.

Clinic of chronic trichophytosis of the scalp. It is characterized by the presence of: 1) single hair broken off at the very surface of the skin in the form of black dots (black dot trichophytosis), often in occipital region; 2) small atrophic bald spots; 3) fine-plate peeling.

On smooth skin, lesions are usually located in areas exposed to friction - on the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knee joints, on the buttocks, legs, less often – the torso. In the lesions, delimited, as if “blurred”, reddish flaky spots are determined. With chronic trichophytosis, the nail plates of the hands are affected, and less often the feet - onychomycosis is observed.

Infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis. Its causative agents are zoophilic trichophytons, pathogenic for both humans and animals. Most often, infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis is caused by Trichophytonverrucosum (warty trichophyton - in 88% of patients) and less often by Trichophytongypseum (gypsum trichophyton in 9% of patients). Carriers of trichophyton warty are cows, horses, and sheep. Trichophyton gypsum affects mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis occurs mainly in people caring for livestock; livestock farmers are most often affected. The greatest increase in the incidence of zoonotic trichophytosis is observed in winter and spring, i.e. time of livestock stabling and epizoties ringworm in animals.

There are infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis of the scalp and smooth skin.

Infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis of the scalp is characterized by the presence of large lesions. They present a dense, painful inflammatory infiltrate of a hemispherical shape. On the surface of the infiltrate there are pustules and purulent crusts. The hair does not break off, but is washed away with pus. This condition is sometimes called “follicular abscess.” The pus released from the hair follicle resembles honey released from a honeycomb. Hence the third name - Celsius kerion. With infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis, an increase in body temperature, malaise, and painful regional lymphadenitis are observed.

Zoophilic trichophytons cause the development of immunity. Without treatment, the disease resolves after 2 to 3 months, leaving behind scars or cicatricial atrophy.

Infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis of smooth skin is characterized by the formation of hyperemic plaques, with clear boundaries, rounded outlines, rising above the skin level. On the surface of the plaques there are pityriasis scales, follicular pustules, and purulent crusts. Without treatment, after a few weeks the peripheral growth of plaques stops and spontaneous resolution occurs. Pigmentation, sometimes pinpoint scars, remains at the site of the former lesion.

FAVUS is a chronic fungal disease that affects the scalp, smooth skin, nails and rarely internal organs. The disease was first described by Schönlein in 1839. The old name for favus, “scab,” is not currently used. In the Omsk region, favus has not been registered for many years.

Etiology. The causative agent of the disease is an anthropophilic fungus (Trichophyton Sсhonleinii) located inside the hair.

Epidemiology. Favus is less contagious. The infectivity of favus is many times weaker than microsporia and trichophytosis.

The incubation period lasts from several days to 1 year, with an average of 14 days. The course of the disease is chronic. Infection occurs through direct contact with sick people or through contaminated objects (linen, clothing, toys, etc.). Favus disease usually begins in childhood. This disease is not self-healing.

Clinic. There are favus of the scalp, nails, smooth skin and visceral favus.

The favus of the scalp occurs in the form of a scutular (typical) form and atypical forms– impetiginous and pithirioid.

Scuticular shape. It is characterized by the appearance of a red spot around the hair, accompanied by itching. Subsequently, the scutula (shield) is formed - the main clinical sign favusa. The scutula is a round dry formation of bright yellow color with a depression in the center, shaped like a saucer. The scutula consists of mushroom elements. The size of the scutes is from a pinhead to 3 cm in diameter.

The second symptom of favus is hair change. Affected hair loses its shine, becomes dull, acquires an ash-gray color, and is easily pulled out, but does not break off. As a result of the ensuing scarring, the hair becomes twisted and falls out, but not completely, but in clearings. The result is a picture of moth-eaten fur.

The third sign of favus is cicatricial atrophy of the skin, initially nested and then diffuse.

To the listed signs should be added a specific “barn”, “mouse” smell coming from the patient’s head.

Impetiginous and pithyrioid forms are rare. Damage to smooth skin and internal organs is extremely rare.

The diagnosis of trichomycosis is based on clinical data, microscopic, cultural (inoculation on Sabouraud's medium) and luminescent research methods.

Treatment of trichomycosis. Used in the treatment of trichomycosis antifungal drugs general action: griseofulvin, nizoral, pimafucin. Griseofulvin. When taken orally, it accumulates in keratin and prevents further growth of fungi in it. Available in 125 mg tablets. Griseofulvin is prescribed depending on the type of mycosis, the patient’s age, body weight and drug tolerance.

The clinic also uses Nizoral, which is characterized by pronounced antifungal activity and a wide spectrum of action, available in tablets of 200 mg. The remaining methods - 4% epilin patch and x-ray epilation - are used extremely rarely.

Prevention of trichomycosis. For the purpose of prevention, the following measures are taken:

1) active identification of patients through special medical examinations carried out in the team;

2) identifying sources of infection;

3) isolation of patients and their hospitalization;

4) disinfection of things previously used by the patient;

5) clinical observation of patients with trichomycosis;

6) control over the sanitary condition of baths, laundries, hairdressing salons. passages, showers, swimming pools;

7) veterinary supervision of animals;

8) preventive examinations children entering child care institutions and returning from vacation;

9) sanitary educational work.

Fungal skin diseases

Classification of mycoses	Keratomycosis	Dermatophytosis	Candidiasis	Deep mycoses
Clinical forms	Versicolor or pityriasis versicolor Erythrasma (relatively: pseudomycosis)	Athlete's inguinal Mycoses of the feet Rubromycosis Microsporia Tryphophytosis	Thrush Zaeda, hielite Intertriginous candidiasis Paronychia Chronic generalized (granulomatous) candidiasis in children Visceral (systemic) candidiasis	Deep blastolysis of Gil-Christ Chronomycosis Actinomycosis (pseudomycosis)
Types of pathogenic fungi	At lichen versicolor piterosporum, with erythrasma - corynebacterium	For inguinal epidermophyton - inguinal epidermophyton; For mycoses of the feet - Trichophyton red and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (interdigital); For rubromycosis - trichophyton red; With microsporia - fluffy and rusty microsporum; For trichophytosis! Trichophyton endocrix and ectotrix; With favus - achorion	Yeast-like fungi of the genus Candiden
Basic preventive measures	Eliminating Risk Factors	Inspection of contacts, sanitary and hygienic measures, sanitary educational work, veterinary supervision (infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis, zooanthropophilic microsporia)	Eliminating Risk Factors

Literature:

1. Sergeev A.Yu. Fungal diseases nails Moscow, “Medicine for all”. National Academy of Mycology, 2001.

2. Kubanova A.A., Potekaev N.S., Potekaev N.N. Guide to practical mycology. –Moscow, Financial Publishing House “Business Express”, 2001.

3. Leshchenko V.M. Morphology, physiology, ecology of fungi (fundamental provisions). Materia medica, 1997, No. 2, p. 5–9.

4. Rukavishnikova V.M. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, treatment and prevention of mycoses of the feet. Materia medica, 1997, No. 2, p. 11–40.

5. Burova S.A., Buslaeva G.N., Shakhmeister I.Ya. Fungal diseases. Supplement to the magazine “Health”, 1999, No. 6.

6. Stepanova Zh.V. Fungal diseases. Moscow, Kron-press, 1966.

7. Sergeev A.Yu., Ivanov O.L., Sergeev A.Yu., et al. Study of modern epidemiology of onychomycosis. Bulletin of Dermatology and Venereology, 2002, No. 3, pp. 31–35.

8. Rodionov A.N. Fungal skin diseases. St. Petersburg: Peter, 1998.

9. Sergeev A.Yu. Systemic therapy of onychomycosis. Moscow. National Academy of Mycology. 2000.

10. Sergeev Yu.V., Sergeev A.Yu. Project "Hotline": results and results. Advances in medical mycology, 2003, volume No. 2, pp. 153–154. Moscow, National Academy of Mycology.

11. Sergeev A.Yu., Sergeev Yu.V. What does research into the epidemiology of dermatomycosis teach the clinician? Advances in medical mycology, 2003, volume No. 2, pp. 154–155. Moscow, National Academy of Mycology.

12. Batkaev E.A., Korsunskaya I.M. Treatment of mycoses with ecodax in adults and children. Bulletin of Postgraduate Education, 2000, No. 3, pp. 12–13.

13. Zaias N. Onychomycosis. //Ach. Dermatol. – 1972.Vol. 105 (No. 2) – P.263–274.

14. Baran R., Onychomycosis: the current approach to diagnosis and therapy. London: Malden MA:1999.

15. Gill D., Marks R. A review of the epidemiology of tinea unguinum in the community/ Austral. J Dermatol 1999; 40:1:6–13.

Pustular skin diseases (pyoderma) are a group of infectious diseases caused by streptococci and staphylococci. On healthy body these microorganisms exist in limited quantities, without showing themselves in any way. But for any “entry gate” - skin damage caused by microtraumas, dermatoses with itchy skin, contaminated skin, decreased immunity, chronic ailments, changes in the composition of sweat and increased sweating– begin to actively develop.

Sometimes pyoderma can be triggered by other infections - Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, pneumococci. Pustular skin problems are quite common diseases.

Causes and conditions of skin diseases

Pustular skin diseases are caused by streptococci and staphylococci

Among the causative agents of pyoderma, staphylococci and streptococci are in first place. Staphylococci often colonize the upper layers of the skin: the mouth of the follicle, sweat and sebaceous glands.

Streptococci colonize the epidermis: the face, areas of natural folds.

With normal homeostasis and moderate sweat production, microorganisms living on the skin serve as a kind of “brake” that displaces pathogenic microflora. Endocrine and immune disorders change chemical composition sweat and sebum, provoking the activity of foreign microflora.

Mechanism of development of skin diseases

There are external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) causes that influence the activity of pyococci and the occurrence of pyodermatitis. The first group includes:

• Skin injuries of various types (cuts, irritations, mosquito bites, scratching).
• Maceration (overmoistening) of the skin due to increased sweating or the constant presence of moisture on the stratum corneum.
• Skin contamination: at the domestic level (ignoring hygiene standards) or professional (constant irritation of the skin with fuels and lubricants, coal dust particles, etc.).
• General or local overheating or cooling.

Internal factors:

• Chronic infections (pathologies of the genitourinary system, consequences of untreated caries, ENT diseases).
• Endocrine problems associated with diabetes mellitus, hyperandrogenism, hypercortisolism.
• Chronic alcohol or drug poisoning.
• Unbalanced diet (protein deficiency, vitamin deficiency).
• Immune disorders provoked by the use of glucocorticoid drugs and immunosuppressants in HIV and after radiation.

Both of these reasons reduce all types of immunity and skin capabilities. Gradually the composition of the microflora deteriorates.

Classification of pyoderma

The types of diseases depend on the cause that causes them, therefore they are divided into staphylococcal, streptococcal and mixed pathologies. Each type of disease can be superficial and deep, acute and chronic. In the superficial form, the infection affects the epidermis and dermis, in the deep form – the dermis and hypodermis.

Staphylococcal species

Among pyodermas with acute course diseases are distinguished:

• Superficial form: ostiofolliculitis, folliculitis, bullous impetigo (in children), pemphigoid in infants.
• A deep variety, found with boils, folliculitis, carbuncles, hidradenitis.

The chronic stage of staphylococcal skin diseases is:

• Superficial, as in vulgar sycosis.
• Deep – with furunculosis, folliculitis decalvans.

Pyoderma is a fairly common disease.

Streptococcal infections

The acute form is characteristic:

• For superficial types of impetigo and diaper rash.
• For deep erysipelas and ecthyma.

The chronic stage occurs with diffuse streptoderma.

Mixed type

Streptostaphylococcal pyoderma in acute form is:

• Superficial, like impetigo vulgaris.
• Deep – vulgar ecthyma.

Chronic forms of mixed pyoderma are distinguished:

• Ulcerative pustular disease.
• Ulcerative-vegetative pyoderma.
• Abscessing pyoderma.

Pustular skin diseases occur on completely clean skin or on the basis of previous skin problems - scabies, eczema, lice, dermatitis.

Clinical features

The rash with pustular infections is polymorphic. The type of primary rash will depend on the degree of tissue damage.

Staphylococcal pathogens multiply on hair follicles and sweat glands and provoke inflammation.

Rashes with pyoderma polyphora

Different types of skin lesions can look the same, for example, follicular pustules occur with ostiofolliculitis, folliculitis and sycosis, and an inflammatory nodule can be a sign of folliculitis or just a boil. Streptococcal infections prefer smooth skin.

Main external symptom superficial streptoderma is a bubble. With a thin stratum corneum, it has a flabby appearance (phlytena); with hyperkeratosis (on the palms, soles), the surface blisters are harder, filled with serous fluid.

If the infection is deep, the rash will be in the form of ecthyma - an epidermal pustule with local necrosis, edematous erythema with a growing focus of inflammation (for example, erysipelas).

Staphylococcal skin infections

1. Ostiofolliculitis is inflammation of the follicle. It looks like a small (2-3 cm) abscess in the shape of a hemisphere or cone with cream-colored pus, surrounded by a halo of hyperemia. An infection develops on an open part of the body (on the face, neck, head, bends of the arms and legs). These areas are often exposed to mechanical and chemical irritants (friction, shaving, household and industrial chemicals). After 2-3 days, the redness disappears, the brown crust dries out. After its rejection, the skin color changes slightly. With friction or maceration, the disease can progress and become more severe.
2. Folliculitis is a purulent inflammation that affects the hair follicle. The superficial process begins, like the previous pyoderma, with a small abscess deepening into the mouth. The surrounding skin turns red and thickens, the abscess increases to 5-7 mm in diameter. If the infection is primary, the papule is in the shape of a cone or hemisphere up to 5 mm in diameter. After 2-3 days, a dense pustule appears, disappearing after a week. After peeling off the dried crust, stagnant redness is observed. In the deep form, the entire hair follicle is affected. The painful process is accompanied by redness, swelling, infiltration
3. Impetigo develops in a child already in the maternity hospital (if hygienic standards of care are violated). Staphylococci that have penetrated into the dermis produce exfoliatin, which destroys the epidermis. Yellow purulent blisters form. The pathology is called infantile pemphigus. In children, the disease develops in the first week or month of life. Upon examination, you can see blisters the size of a hazelnut with a purulent filler. They appear on clean skin surrounded by an inflamed halo. When the bubble opens, wet erosion remains with the remains of the top layer without a crust. The rash can be seen on the chest, back, and in the folds of the limbs. The malignant form affects the entire body of the child. The illness begins with fever, increased erythema on the navel, around the mouth, in the folds. The skin peels off and hangs like petals on the damaged areas. Without timely treatment, impetigo in children can be fatal.
4. Vulgar sycosis is a chronic form of the disease. The main signs: periodically manifested ostiofolliculitis and superficial folliculitis with infiltration of the problem area. Adult men are more often affected; rashes can be observed near the mustache and beard, on the pubic area, under the arms, eyebrows, eyelids and head. Prerequisites for pustular diseases of the scalp can be frequent shaving and chronic infections of the scalp. Inflammation begins with individual pustules that constantly recur in one area. Gradually, new follicles are involved, and the lesion grows. Skin in problem area turns blue and infiltrates. When pustules are opened, accumulations of crusts are observed; after their peeling, a wet spot remains. The hair is removed painlessly, and in its place you can see a glassy muff. The disease lasts a long time, with periodic relapses. The discomfort is minor: itching and burning. If left untreated, the condition will normalize spontaneously after 2-3 months.
5. Lupoid sycosis is a rare type of pathology when the skin atrophies, baldness is observed even without ulcers. Pathogen – Staphylococcus aureus, the presence of other microflora is likely. The prerequisites are a decrease in immunity in diabetics and chronic infections. Affects men over 40 years of age. Colonies populate around the mustache and beard, on the temples and crown of the head. With erythema with easily detachable crusts and gray scales, nodes and pustules develop in groups, forming a dark red plaque Ǿ 2-3 cm. Over time, it turns pale in the center, becomes thin and smooth and seems to be drawn inward. All signs of its atrophy are observed, new follicles no longer appear, individual hairs remain. The radius of the inflammation (up to 1 cm) is filled with follicular papules, its size gradually increases, the spot takes on an asymmetrical shape, apple jelly syndrome is not observed during diascopy. The process takes several years. Discomfort occurs only on the head due to the proximity of the aponeurosis.
6. A furuncle is a deep inflammation of the follicle and tissues. The node develops around the affected follicle, where pus accumulates. Gradually, the disease covers the tissues and sebaceous gland, turning into a painful node. Swelling is noticeable on the face. After 3-4 days, a fistula is formed, after its opening, an ulcer with green necrotic rod at the base. After 2-3 days it is rejected with bloody discharge. Pulsation and pain decrease. At the site of the ulcer there will be a retracted scar. The boil settles anywhere with hair follicles. On the face they are most traumatic and, if irritated, can provoke thrombophlebitis of the face with swelling, high fever, and confusion. Injured boils of the extremities are dangerous due to complications in the form of acute glomerulonephritis.
7. Furunculosis is boils with periodic repetitions in the acute form and isolated manifestations in the chronic form. It can be local or widespread. The acute form is provoked by exogenous factors, the chronic stage is caused by diabetes mellitus, infections, vitamin deficiency, dietary errors, poisoning, and decreased immunity.
8. Carbuncle is a severe pyoderma that involves deep layers of skin and many follicles. Diabetes mellitus and immunosuppressive state are of particular importance in the pathogenesis. Localized on the lower back, neck, arms and legs. The formation of a node is accompanied by headache, fever, and blackening of the inflammatory zone. The carbuncle opens after 5-7 days. The ulcer gradually heals and the condition returns to normal. Without medical care The process takes 2-3 weeks. A carbuncle on the face can cause complications in the form of venous thrombophlebitis, embolism, sepsis, and brain thrombosis.
9. Hidradenitis is an inflammation of the apocrine glands in adulthood as a result of skin trauma or improper use of deodorants. It is localized under the armpits, but it may affect the area of ​​the nipples, genitals, and navel. At first, the node under the skin can only be determined by touch. Gradually the area turns red and blue, and pain appears. The fistulas are opened and a yellow-green exudate is released. The scar at the site of the fistula is retracted. If treatment is prompt, an abscess can be avoided.

Streptococcal and mixed pyoderma

1. Streptococcal impetigo most often affects children and women, especially in summer. The rashes are localized near the ears, nose, mouth, hands and feet. The infection is transmitted through contact, injury, and maceration. Surrounded by a red border, the yellow-green crusts gradually grow. After opening the phlyctene, the infection progresses quickly. With a positive course, erosion epithelializes without lasting traces. Complications are possible in the form of lymphangitis and imphadenitis, eczematization, and in children – glomerulonephritis. Vulgar impetigo is provoked by pathogenic streptococci, staphylococci gradually join, causing suppuration and drying yellow-green crusts. Most often it affects children, and outbreaks of the epidemic are possible.
2. Streptococcal diaper rash is a long-term, often recurring inflammation of contact tissues. With poor hygiene contact surface in the folds it becomes irritated and sweat secretions decompose. Inflammation is often accompanied by yeast. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, gout, and seborrheic dermatitis contribute to diaper rash. In the edematous folds the skin becomes wet, erosions and cracks appear. Complaints of pain and itching. With regression, pigmentation remains.
3. Streptoderma diffuse is a chronic skin disease of the skin of the legs after hypothermia, maceration, and problems with blood vessels. The lower legs are most often affected, especially in the presence of wounds and fistulas. The ulcers dry out, leaving erosions with serous pus under the crusts. When the lesion grows, complications are possible: lymphagitis and lymphadenitis. Without timely treatment, the disease becomes chronic.
4. Ecthyma vulgaris is a deep type of streptoderma that develops against the background of trauma, pollution, impaired blood flow in the legs, and intoxication. In addition to the legs, damage to the thighs, buttocks, and lumbar region is possible. Begin with big bubble with cloudy filling and red border. After necrosis, an ulcer with a brown crust forms. It heals on its own within a month, leaving a hyperpigmented scar. Possible complications in the form of phlebitis, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis.
5. Erysipelas is a deep skin lesion, with symptoms of intoxication and fever. Sources of infection are any patients with streptococci (tonsillitis, rhinitis, tonsillitis, streptoderma). Frequent injuries, cracks, scratching provoke relapses, leading to scar changes and the formation of elephantiasis of the legs. The onset of inflammation is acute: swelling occurs with hot skin. Complaints of pain, burning, bloating, fever. There are the usual form (with erythema and edema), bullous-hemorrhagic, phlegmous (with suppuration) and gangrenous (with gangrene). Complications are severe: elephantiasis, phlegmon, abscesses, gangrene. On the face, sepsis and thrombosis of the sinuses of the brain are possible. It is advisable to hospitalize patients with erysipelas.

Diagnosis and principles of treatment of pustular diseases

For the treatment and prevention of complications of pustular skin diseases, Elon K, produced by the famous German company, has proven itself well. pharmaceutical company Cesra Arzneimittel GmbH & Co.

Ilon is produced in the form of an ointment, the basis of which is turpentine substances - oil and larch extract, which have a healing, antibacterial and tonic effect. How aid Elon K is widely used for the treatment of mild, localized pustular skin lesions of various etiologies, such as folliculitis, boils, abscesses, felons and inflammation of the sweat glands. Depending on the degree of suppuration, the ointment should be applied to the affected area of ​​the skin once or twice a day, and a sterile bandage or plaster should be applied on top.

Elon K ointment is not an antibiotic, and therefore has virtually no contraindications. Natural composition ointment allows it to be used not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of the appearance of purulent inflammation on the skin.

Now, widely known in many European, CIS and Baltic countries, Elon K ointment can also be bought in Russian pharmacies. Be sure to purchase it, and it will become a permanent “resident” of your home medicine cabinet.

Pyoderma is treated by a dermatologist, mycologist, and surgeon. Except symptomatic treatment, a thorough examination is required. A blood glucose test is required. Particular attention should be paid to acne after puberty. A fluorogram of the lungs will help exclude skin tuberculosis. A stool test will reveal intestinal dysbiosis. Women undergo an ultrasound to examine the uterus and appendages, as inflammation of the ovaries, changes hormonal levels accompanied by rashes (especially on the chin).

Pustular skin diseases are treated by a dermatologist, mycologist, and surgeon

To influence the cause of the disease, it is necessary to carry out antimicrobial therapy, block provoking factors, adjust carbohydrate metabolism, prescribe vitamin complex, eliminate chronic infectious pathologies.

Etiotropic treatment should suppress the pyococcal flora. They practice both local and general treatment. Systemic therapy is carried out for:

• Multiple pyoderma and rapid spread infections.
• Enlarged and painful lymph nodes.
• Fever, chills, malaise and other body reactions.
• Complicated and deep facial pyoderma with the threat of complications.

In weakened patients (after irradiation, with HIV syndrome, hematological pathologies), treatment should take into account all clinical data. General therapy involves the prescription of antibiotics and sulfonamides. The choice of drugs is based on analysis purulent exudate(culture, isolation of the pathogen, testing its sensitivity to drugs).

Medicines of the penicillin group can cause toxicoderma, so they are not prescribed to patients with purulent eczema. Exacerbations are also possible with psoriasis.

External treatment depends on the degree of damage and the form of the disease. In acute cases, the pustules are opened by treating the wounds with an antiseptic. At deep wounds resolving therapy is indicated to accelerate the self-resolution of infiltration: bandages with ichthyol ointment, UHF, dry heat. Compresses, ozokerite, paraffin baths are contraindicated.

Treatment is selected based on analysis of purulent exudate

In case of deep abscesses, they are opened surgically, organizing drainage with turundas soaked in an antiseptic solution.

At chronic stage purulent crusts from the surface must be removed mechanically using tampons soaked in hydrogen peroxide. They are first softened with antiseptic ointment. After removing the crust, the wound is washed with an antiseptic.

From non-specific methods autohemotherapy, administration of protein blood substitutes, pyrogenal, prodigiosan, methyluracil and splenin are used. To strengthen the immune system in children and adults, herbalists recommend echinacea, ginseng, and Chinese lemongrass.

Prevention of pyoderma

Prevention of pustular skin diseases involves a temporary ban water procedures, compresses, local massage, the use of antiseptics for problem skin that contribute to the spread of infection. If your scalp is damaged, you should not wash your hair. They are trimmed in the problem area, but not shaved. Healthy skin the edges of the inflammation are treated with a 1-2% solution of salicylic acid or potassium permanganate.

Nails should be cut short and treated with a 2% iodine solution before the procedures. You can’t squeeze out pustules!

Pyoderma can provoke epidemics in children's institutions, which is why it is so important to maintain a sanitary regime, promptly isolate patients and identify potential carriers of the infection.

Particular attention is paid to microtraumas: they are treated with a solution of aniline dyes, iodine, and Lifuzol film aerosol.

It is important to promptly identify and treat diseases that worsen protective properties skin.