Most of the cholesterol is produced inside the body by the liver cells, some of the cholesterol comes from the outside with food.

Contrary to popular belief about the absolute harmfulness of cholesterol, it is a substance necessary for the normal functioning of cells, the membranes of almost every cell are formed from it, steroid hormones are synthesized, and vitamin D is produced.

Due to cholesterol, the muscles of the skeleton are fed, some proteins and waste substances that are insoluble in water are transported.

However, with an excess of cholesterol in the blood, it is deposited in the area of ​​​​the walls of blood vessels. In this case, mainly quite large and vital ones are affected - the aorta, coronary vessels, brain, kidney, as well as the vessels of the abdominal organs and lower extremities.

Types of cholesterol

Cholesterol is found in the body in several forms:

• total or free cholesterol,
• cholesterol, which is part of LDL (low-density lipoprotein), a harmful fraction,
• cholesterol, which is part of HDL (high density lipoproteins), a useful fraction.

The cholesterol that is associated with the low-density lipoprotein complex is transported throughout the body in this form, and it is elevated concentrations determined by determining the amount of cholesterol in the blood. It is this form of cholesterol that is harmful to the body, and leads to the deposition of cholesterol plaques in the walls of blood vessels, causing atherosclerotic changes and circulatory disorders in the main vessels, including increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.

Cholesterol, which is associated with high-density lipoproteins, transports fat molecules from one cell to another, thus trapping cholesterol inside the cells, where it is either consumed or stored. It is high-density lipoproteins that cleanse the blood and vessel walls of excess cholesterol deposits, carrying cholesterol to the liver, where it is processed into bile components.

Blood test for cholesterol

The main indications for a blood test for lipid spectrum and cholesterol levels are

• liver pathology,
• atherosclerosis and diseases of the heart, blood vessels,
• diseases of the pancreas, kidneys,
• endocrine diseases,
• obesity.

Requirements for passing the analysis

Also, the analysis is given during the examination, the passage of the annual clinical examination.

Blood for analysis is taken in the morning, after sleep, strictly on an empty stomach, after eating, the level of blood lipids will always be elevated and the results will be distorted.

At least 10 hours should elapse from the moment of the last meal to the sampling, therefore, patients are explained that the last time before sampling they should have dinner no later than 19 hours, and in the morning they should not eat anything, you can only drink water.

At least two days before the study, it is forbidden to take alcohol, you should refrain from smoking at least two hours before the blood sampling.

Blood sampling is carried out with disposable instruments from a vein; immediately after blood sampling, it is placed in a sterile tube with a special solution. The analysis is carried out on the same day, so that the results are most accurate - in the next 2-3 hours from the moment of sampling.

Cholesterol norms

The level of cholesterol in the body of a healthy person should be within certain limits.

For total cholesterol, the norm ranges from

For cholesterol in the composition of low-density lipoproteins of the norm:

For cholesterol in the composition of high-density lipoprotein norms:

Deviations of the given normal values ​​may indicate certain metabolic disorders, the threat of development or the presence of certain diseases.

Deviations from the norm

Changes in the analyzes can be of two options - a decrease in the amount of cholesterol and lipoproteins, which does not happen very often, and an increase, hyperlipidemia, which occurs in the vast majority of deviations.

A decrease in cholesterol is observed in the following cases:

• starvation and malabsorption of fats due to digestive problems,
• severe burns,
• decreased thyroid function (hypothyroidism),
• thalassemia and megaloblastic anemia, myeloma,
• development of sepsis, severe infectious diseases,
• cancer or terminal cirrhosis of the liver,
• tuberculosis and severe lung disease.

Sometimes lowering the level of cholesterol gives the use of estrogen for therapeutic purposes.

An increase in cholesterol levels is:

• when eating mainly fatty and carbohydrate foods,
• with anorexia nervosa,
• during pregnancy,
• in the presence of bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol),
• with stress,
• with metabolic disorders.

What causes high cholesterol

An increase in cholesterol levels leads to the formation of atherosclerosis plaques on the vessels, to a decrease in the lumen of the vessels and a disruption in the flow of blood to organs and tissues. Plaques are a predisposing background for thrombosis. As a result, develop:

Cholesterol Correction

Cholesterol levels can be lowered primarily through dietary restrictions. From the diet it is necessary to exclude fatty, refined and cholesterol-rich foods. It is necessary to refuse sauces and mayonnaises, sausages, confectionery.

With the ineffectiveness of dietary correction methods, medications are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels:

• nicotinic acid preparations,
• statins,
• drugs that bind bile acids in the intestine,
• fibric acid derivatives.

The drugs have an impressive list of side effects, therefore, medical supervision over their use is necessary.

Diagnosis by symptoms

Find out your probable illnesses and which doctor to go to.

Types of cholesterol in human blood

Cholesterol is a chemical compound, fatty alcohol of natural origin. It looks like a waxy soft consistency and is a structural combination of fats and steroids. Cholesterol builds the cell membranes of estrogen and testosterone. 80% of this substance is produced by the liver, the rest comes from the food consumed.

During normal liver function, the level of this indicator, depending on the state of the body, can be regulated.

For a qualitative assessment of the state of the body, doctors separately identify harmful and beneficial cholesterol. A certain amount of this substance is vital for the body. Cholesterol is needed to transport proteins, it is a source of energy in the body. However, when the norm is exceeded, plaques begin to form on the walls of blood vessels.

Over time, the lumen is completely clogged with cholesterol deposits, which leads to the formation of blood clots, atherosclerosis of blood vessels and arteries. An increased amount of this substance in the blood can lead to such disastrous consequences as stroke and heart attack.

Allocate the following types blood cholesterol:

1. General and free;
2. High and low densities;
3. Very low density.

High-density lipoproteins are good cholesterol, which consists of protein, phospholipids and triglycerides. The density of such a cell is about 1.1 g/ml, and the size is 8-10 nm.

It helps to cleanse the vessels of harmful cholesterol, promotes the removal of toxins and toxins from the liver. In addition, such fractions contribute to an increase in the elasticity of blood lumens and minimize the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

An elevated level of high-density lipids in the blood indicates biliary cirrhosis, obesity, alcohol intoxication or fatty hepatosis. Low - speaks of Tangier's disease, when cholesterol cells accumulate in tissues. It is also one of the signs of atherosclerosis of the vessels. In order for the body to function normally, all types of cholesterol must be normal.

The rate of development of atherosclerosis depends entirely on the amount of this type of cholesterol in the blood. Determine its volume in the following way: the supernatant is released, after which the amount of total cholesterol is detected.

From the blood taken for analysis, plasma is isolated, from which such lipids precipitate after a while. The more of these cells in the blood, the lower the risk of developing coronary heart disease. A low content indicates an increased risk for the formation of this problem. For the normal functioning of the body, the number of these cells in the blood must be mg / dl.

All types of cholesterol in a certain amount must be present in the blood.

Low-density lipoproteins are bad cholesterol, which provokes the formation of plaques on the surface of blood vessels. They are much lighter but larger than HDL. The average concentration in the blood is 1.050 g / ml. In the composition of this type of lipids, 45% of cholesterol is determined.

To provoke an increase in this indicator in the blood can long-term use foods rich in saturated fats. These fractions contribute to the transfer of cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues. With a high concentration of LDL, the risk of plaque formation increases, and this leads to the development of atherosclerosis.

With the formation of large deposits, the vessels can become clogged, and this leads to strokes and heart attacks.

In order to minimize the risk of developing atherosclerosis, make sure that the level of LDL cholesterol does not rise above 3.5 mmol / liter. Sooner or later, atherosclerosis occurs, which leads to angina pectoris, ischemia, heart attack, stroke, and even senile dementia.

With a low level of LDL, hepatic-renal pathologies, inflammation of the pancreas, during pregnancy, acute infectious processes can occur. Such substances most provoke the formation of atherosclerosis.

Usually, doctors send their patients for analysis to determine this type of lipid in the following cases:

• For preventive assessment of blood vessels and heart function every 5 years in people over 20 years of age;
• To determine the total amount of cholesterol;
• With a high level of blood pressure;
• For persons who suffer from diabetes;
• With ischemia and other heart diseases;
• If there are signs of metabolic disorders;
• If there are other signs of heart disease;
• In the presence of overweight body;
• Every 4 weeks after the start of drug therapy.

VLDL

Very low density lipoproteins are the type of fractions that are responsible for the transfer of triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to other organs and tissues. It is produced by the liver tissue in cases where a person consumes an excessive amount of fatty junk food.

Triglycerides are cells that come from the intestines. They become LDL after being processed by the liver. Their fractions contain ordinary cholesterol. At normal functioning the body, the concentration of such cells in the blood does not exceed 1 mmol / liter. In most cases, the definition of this parameter is necessary to determine the type of dyslipoproteinemia.

By itself, this parameter does not diagnostic value. For a comprehensive assessment of the state of the body, the amount of VLDL is assessed in combination with other indicators. This type of cholesterol most provokes the formation of plaques on the surface of blood vessels. With an increased level of this indicator in the blood, the risk of developing pathologies increases.

If you start therapy in time to reduce the amount of this substance in the blood, the body will quickly cope with this problem. Also, the risk of complications will be minimal. If the amount of VLDL is high for a long time, the risk of developing pancreatitis increases.

Intermediate density lipoproteins are a type of cholesterol that is formed due to the breakdown of VLDL. On average, they should not be more than 1.019 g / ml in the blood, and the size is nm. The main function of these cells is to develop atherosclerosis. The life span of this type of lipoproteins is short, since part of them passes into LDL during hydrolysis, the other is absorbed by the liver.

If metabolism is disturbed in the human body, plaques accumulate on the walls of blood vessels. This is a serious prerequisite for the formation of pathologies. If drug therapy is started in time to reduce DILI, the risk of developing atherosclerosis is rapidly reduced.

LPPP contain a large amount of aloproteins E and B100. They are found in the myocardium skeletal muscles. The formation of this type of cholesterol occurs in adipose tissue. Once in the liver, under the influence of triacylglycerol lipase, a type of very low density cholesterol is converted into LDLP. Those cells that are not affected are subjected to endocytosis and are gradually excreted from the body in natural ways.

Remember, all types of cholesterol should be in the blood, but their amount should always be under control.

What is cholesterol? Blood cholesterol level: normal. diet for high cholesterol

The word "cholesterol" sounds threatening to many. Many foods are labeled "Cholesterol Free". Is this compound really so dangerous for a person? To answer this question, you need to know what kind of substance it is and what role it has in the body.

What is cholesterol?

In biochemistry, this substance, also known as cholesterol, is considered a natural fatty alcohol belonging to the class of steroids, which are based on the cyclopentanperhydrophenanthrene base. It is the most important sterol of the human and animal body. It was originally found in bile stones as colorless crystals that are insoluble in aquatic environment, but readily soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

To find out what cholesterol is and what sterols are for human body, you should remember the anatomy and physiology of man. Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance found in all parts of the body, including the nervous system, skin, muscle tissue, liver, all parts of the intestines and heart muscle. It is a structural combination of lipid and steroid molecules, without which cell membranes, steroid hormones, in particular male and female sex hormones, bile acids, cholecalciferol or vitamin D cannot form. Ensures the supply of antioxidants, the normal functioning of the central nervous system and cellular immunity.

After finding out what cholesterol is, it becomes interesting where it comes from in the body. It has been proven that three-quarters of all cholesterol is produced by the cells of the liver, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands and gonads, and the rest is delivered with food. There is a lot of this substance in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy and other products of animal origin. After eating such food, cholesterol molecules are absorbed through intestinal wall into the bloodstream, and then enter the liver, where they accumulate. Thanks to these reserves, the liver regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood, and in case of a deficiency, it is released into the bloodstream for the needs of the body.

Types of cholesterol

Most of the blood plasma cholesterol molecules are associated with other compounds by ester bonds, in particular with unsaturated fatty acids and proteins, and only one third of it is in a free state.

Cholesterol in the blood is represented by the following forms:

LDL (cholesterol in the composition of low density lipoproteins);

HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol);

HDL and LDL are complex compounds consisting of a complex of lipids and proteins.

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) is the main transport form of free cholesterol, which moves it into the cells of various tissues and organs. The level of cholesterol in blood plasma is determined by the amount of LDL cholesterol. It is the excess of this form of cholesterol that is deposited on the vascular walls, which leads to the development of diseases of the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

What is HDL cholesterol and is it harmful to human health?

Scientists have found that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a useful form for the body that transports fat compounds, including total cholesterol molecules, to cells where it accumulates or breaks down. HDL remove excess cholesterol, transferring it from the myocardium, cardiac and cerebral vessels to the liver, where it accumulates or forms bile.

Cholesterol indicators

The normal content of cholesterol does not pose a danger to human health and does not cause heart disease, which cannot be said about its overestimated indicators. To determine the cause of many ailments, a series of laboratory tests, allowing to determine the level of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL and triglycerides.

Norms of cholesterol in the blood

There are several units for measuring cholesterol levels. One of them is the number of mmols of the analyte in one liter of blood (mmol / l), and the other unit (mg / dl) describes the amount of the substance in milligrams contained in one deciliter.

It is believed that in a healthy person, the level of cholesterol in the blood is normal with total cholesterol levels not exceeding 2.6 mmol per liter or less than 100 mg per deciliter.

However, the allowable amount of cholesterol in the blood plasma should be less than 3.3 mmol per l or 130 mg per dl. A level of 160 mg per dl or 4.1 mmol per l is considered slightly overestimated, but only for a healthy body.

Beneficial HDL cholesterol levels less than 35 mg per dl are considered low, it is better for the body to have higher levels of this transport form.

The amount of harmful LDL cholesterol should be small - the less, the better. In heart disease, normal values ​​do not exceed 100 mg per dl, for healthy people the norm is no more than 130 mg per dl, but indicators of overmg per dl are already considered too high, which is a risk for the development of diseases of cardio-vascular system.

The normal content of triglycerides should not exceed 200 mg per dl, indicators from 200 to 400 mg per dl are considered acceptable levels. Values ​​starting from 400 mg per dl are considered too high.

To assess the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system, the ratio of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol is more often used than the ratio between total cholesterol and triglycerides. For normal functioning of the body, a high content of HDL and a low content of LDL are necessary.

Cholesterol in the blood of women and men is in different quantities, so its indicators will be different.

For the female body, the indicator of total cholesterol is considered too high, starting from 6.5 mmol per liter. The content of useful cholesterol should not be more than 1.9 mmol per l and less than 0.9 mmol per l, only in this case the development of atherosclerotic formations in the blood vessels is reduced. Harmful cholesterol in women in the blood plasma should not exceed 4 mmol per liter. Exceeding this limit is considered a deviation.

In the male body, total cholesterol is considered in excess at 6.5 mmol per liter, which is the same as for the female body. Bad cholesterol in men is considered too high at 5 mmol per liter, and good cholesterol at 1.7 mmol per liter.

Why measure cholesterol?

Majority cardiovascular disease leading to death is accompanied by elevated cholesterol levels, in which there is a high level of low-density lipoprotein and a low level of high-density lipoprotein. With a normal ratio, these substances circulate in the body, and if their content is disturbed, bad cholesterol accumulates in the form of plaques on the walls of blood vessels, which leads to hardening of the conducting system.

High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerosis. The gradual growth of plaques leads to a greater accumulation of calcium ions in the fibrous structure of the vessel walls. Vessels become calcified and become inelastic. The heart muscle receives less oxygen due to the narrowing of the lumen of the arteries, which has a detrimental effect on the work of the heart.

Another insidious disease is angina pectoris, which is accompanied by pain and discomfort. Its development is associated with blockage of the lumen in the coronary artery, as a result of which oxygen-enriched blood cannot enter certain parts of the myocardium. In addition, atherosclerotic plaques can rupture and form blood clots in the form of blood clots in the cavity of the artery, which leads to its blockage and is the cause of the development of myocardial infarction.

The older the person, the more likely it is to develop atherosclerosis. Men are more likely to suffer from hypercholesterolemia compared to women, whose risk of this disease increases after menopause.

That's why timely detection excess cholesterol in the blood plasma serves as a signal for the prevention of heart disease.

How to lower cholesterol?

If blood tests have shown high cholesterol, you must first reconsider your diet and lifestyle. It has been proven that carbohydrate foods and foods with a predominance of saturated fats contribute to its increase. You should use sweets, eggs, butter, fatty dairy products, which contain a lot of cholesterol, as little as possible. It is necessary to introduce foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids into your diet. They are found, for example, in sea ​​fish and vegetable oils. Bad habits such as nicotine and alcohol addiction, sedentary lifestyle, overweight may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions of blood vessels.

Lowering cholesterol is not always possible by eliminating only the above factors. Sometimes you simply cannot do without medical advice, especially when high cholesterol is the cause of serious illness. These include:

Ischemic disease or myocardial infarction;

Cirrhosis of the liver in the first stage, extrahepatic jaundice;

Chronic kidney failure, inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys;

Chronic pancreatitis;

Various forms of diabetes;

Diseases associated with a lack of thyroid hormones and somatotropin;

Deposition of uric acid in body tissues.

Medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia

To reduce cholesterol in the blood, a number of substances are used in medicine - statins, which reduce the synthesis of enzyme systems responsible for the production of cholesterol by liver cells. The use of drugs such as Lovastatin, Cerivastatin, Fluvastatin helps to reduce triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels.

With the help of fibroic acids, fatty acids are oxidized in liver cells, which reduces the content of bad cholesterol. Preparations based on clofibrate, fenofibrate and gemfibrozil have the same effect as fibric acids.

There are preparations of colestipol and cholestyramine that deactivate bile acids, as a result of which the latter do not participate in the synthesis of cholesterol.

These funds show a positive effect, but one use of drugs for normalization fat metabolism not enough, you need a special diet for cholesterol. Only an integrated approach to treatment will help restore the balance of bad and good cholesterol.

diet to lower cholesterol

Reducing cholesterol with the help of diet correction plays an important role, because with the products the substances from which cholesterol is synthesized enter the body. But there are natural compounds that can reduce the content of harmful fats.

These include omega-3 fatty acids, which serve as protection against inflammatory processes, the formation of blood clots, and reduce triglycerides. A lot of these acids in fatty fish, linseed oil, rape seeds.

A diet for cholesterol should include foods containing vitamins. So, the drug "Tocopherol" due to its antioxidant properties prevents the destruction of LDL, which prevents the development of fatty plaques. With sufficient content in the body of folic acid, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin, the level of homocystin decreases, which has a negative effect on cardiac activity. Nicotinic acid mobilizes fatty acids in tissues, lowers bad cholesterol.

A mandatory component of nutrition should be raw garlic, which thins the blood, reduces the amount of LDL and prevents the formation of blood clots in the vessels.

With the help of polyphenols and antioxidants in green tea, fat metabolism improves, bad cholesterol decreases.

Soy protein will help fight atherosclerosis. Its isoflavones act like estrogens, and with the participation of the antioxidant genistein, LDL oxidation decreases, and bile secretion increases.

Causes of high cholesterol

Proper nutrition is not always possible to lower cholesterol, the reasons for this must be sought in human physiology. Nervous exhaustion at the onset stressful situations violates metabolic processes. Carrying a child during pregnancy is accompanied by an increased content of cholesterol in the blood. The use of contraceptives and preparations containing sex hormones contributes to an increase in its level in the blood plasma. Smoking and alcohol abuse also contribute to this.

Types and norms of cholesterol

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Diseases of the cardiovascular system have become perhaps the most common in the XXI century. One of the reasons for their development is an excess of cholesterol in the blood. How to protect yourself from this and how to control the level of cholesterol in the blood, what is cholesterol, where it is located and where it comes from in our body with you, what should be the daily norm of cholesterol - we will try to find out in this article.

What does the term "cholesterol" mean?

Cholesterol belongs to the category of lipids (or fats). By itself, cholesterol is an antioxidant, and is found in the shells of almost all cells of a healthy human body. However, its most significant accumulation is in the liver, since it is there that it is produced (about 80% of the total), and cholesterol is synthesized in this organ. The remaining 20% ​​of this substance enters the human body from the products that a person consumes.

Transport functions are performed by blood. Cholesterol circulates in the blood (moreover, almost always not so much by itself, in a pure way, as in compounds), is a component of human cells, and is involved in hormonal processes. The term itself is of Greek origin: from chole - bile and stereo - hard, hard. From such derivatives the name of this substance is formed. Its name is not accidental, since for the first time the formation of cholesterol was found in gallstones.

biological synthesis

Synthesis of cholesterol occurs in almost all tissues of the human body (skin, small intestine, gonads). However, most of it is synthesized by the body in the liver, from where cholesterol enters the bloodstream. At this stage, with the help of biochemical reactions in the blood, cholesterol is oxidized and hydrophobic molecules are formed, which are subsequently transported to the cells and, of course, to the liver. At this stage, another biochemical reaction is formed. The most important transport function here - in the blood, which helps to synthesize this substance. Biochemistry describes all these processes with the help of complex chemical reactions. This is how cholesterol is synthesized.

Role in the body and harmful effects

Cholesterol, being in excess in the human body, can have an extremely negative effect.

Of course, cholesterol is necessary and incredibly important for a healthy human body to function normally. However, according to very sad statistics, about a third of deaths due to disorders in the cardiovascular system in the world are caused by an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood. With the wrong ratio of fats (lipids) and protein complex compounds, which include the substance, atherosclerosis (freezing of the artery) may occur. With this disease, the arteries lose their elasticity and, as a result, blood ceases to flow normally to the heart. Often, elevated blood cholesterol can lead to myocardial infarction.

Forms of cholesterol

It is important to understand two concepts - HDL and LDL. Let's try to briefly understand what these two types of abbreviations mean. HDL is a type of cholesterol often referred to as good lipoprotein. The main task of a substance of this type is to eliminate excess cholesterol from the lining of the arteries. Thus, it is possible to lower the level of cholesterol in the blood and avoid deposits of this substance.

At the same time, LDL (atherogenic cholesterol) is another form of cholesterol, transport. It helps cholesterol to accumulate as fat (fat is called a lipid in biochemistry) in the liver. In this way, at least 75% of the substance is transferred. During transportation, the process of oxidation of the substance can also occur, which will invariably lead to a disruption in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. That is why so many heart diseases occur. Both of these types are important because they form different biochemical reactions.

Table of norms in the blood

Now let's try to understand the numbers, and determine the norms for the content of a substance in the blood, get acquainted with medical indicators. Below is a table with indicators in the unit mg / dl (or milligrams per deciliter) - these are numbers that show the amount of a substance in milligrams per deciliter of blood volume. These figures are calculated primarily for adults.

It is also important to understand why, in principle, an increase in the level of this substance can occur, what is the reason for this, what could be the reason, and are you directly at risk? First, think about how much you are moving. Studies show that very often a sedentary lifestyle leads to an imbalance in blood cholesterol. Engage in physical activity, walk (an adult needs to walk about a step a day) to avoid the development of various diseases.

Causes, risk factors and psychosomatics

Do you have bad habits? Alcohol abuse and smoking contribute to the formation of thick blood and the development of heart disease. What food do you eat? Addiction to fatty, spicy foods invariably leads to the accumulation of fats (lipids) and the development of heart disease. Sometimes an increase in cholesterol can be associated with the characteristics of the functioning of the body, the age of a person. In addition, the problem with the amount of cholesterol in the blood is hereditary. In this case, it is necessary to clarify information from relatives and undergo regular examinations.

Elevated symptoms

The symptoms of elevated blood cholesterol usually correspond to the nature of the disease with which it is directly associated. Here is a list of the most common and common signs:

• angina pectoris (constant, acute, persistent chest pain);
• heart palpitations;
• lameness (due to pain in the legs from walking);
• memory problems;
• pink and yellow blotches under the skin, called xanthomas - their largest accumulation is observed in the area around the eyes.

However, it is worth noting that very often an increase in the level of this substance in the blood does not manifest itself in any way, a person may simply not be aware of the problem. Only after the occurrence of the complications described as symptoms above, and on the basis of the medical examination, a person can detect disorders associated with increased cholesterol.

What is the danger of an elevated level of a substance?

Elevated cholesterol can be extremely dangerous to health and cause serious physiological disorders in the body. Sometimes these violations can lead to irreversible consequences and serious illnesses. An increase in blood cholesterol levels can lead to the following ailments:

• angina;
• atherosclerosis;
• myocardial infarction;
• coronary artery disease;
• brain stroke;
• an increase in the level of this substance in the blood can lead to hypertension, and in some cases even to the formation of blood clots in the veins of the legs (thrombophlebitis);
• one of the consequences of high cholesterol levels can be increased blood sugar;
• metabolic syndrome - often occurs due to an imbalance in cholesterol.

Lack of cholesterol, consequences

It is clear that if you have found high cholesterol in the blood, this is an alarming bell that it is time to think about your health. However, its deficiency can also lead to serious complications. So, for example, cell membranes can begin to be damaged. Exhaustion, fatigue, depression - this is an incomplete list of problems that low cholesterol will lead to. In this case, it is urgent to raise cholesterol. Therefore, if you find any problems with your body, immediately consult a doctor! In addition, there may be a decrease in appetite, stool disturbances, a feeling of constant weakness, lethargy, and a decrease in sensitive ability. It is very important to immediately consult a doctor who will determine the stages of treatment in order to raise the level of cholesterol.

Problem Diagnosis

To find out if there are problems in your body related to the level of cholesterol in the blood, it is necessary to undergo a qualitative medical examination. For diagnosis, as a rule, a blood test is taken, which determines the content of blood in it. It can be of 3 types. Blood performs the most important transport task, it transports some of the most important nutrients, including cholesterol.

Types of blood test

• General. Shows the net level of cholesterol in the blood. Receive at any time of the day, does not depend on food intake.
• Lipoprotein analysis. A type of blood test that, in addition to general level cholesterol and sugar content determine the levels of HDL, LDL, blood fractions and triglycerides. Taken on an empty stomach.
• Direct analysis of LDL. Its selection does not depend on food intake.

Treatment and prevention

Cholesterol in the blood that goes beyond the norm is very dangerous. To avoid serious consequences and complications associated with hypercholesterolemia or hypocholesterolemia, you need to monitor your health, consult a doctor in time and carry out prevention. It's not that hard to do. The main thing is to listen to your body and regularly consult with a qualified specialist.

First of all, the level of the substance is affected correct image life. It is necessary to adhere to a balanced diet, avoid eating foods with abundant amounts of fat. You should also do regular exercise, walk more. It is important to give up bad habits, to exclude from the use of tobacco and alcohol. Do not forget to regularly contact qualified specialists, undergo medical examinations in order to detect health problems in time, and start treatment depending on the degree of development of symptoms.

Anti-cholesterol diet

It is important to remember: the daily norm of cholesterol in the blood, consumed with food per day, is 200-250 mg.

A diet with an imbalance of fatty acids should include lean fish, garlic, E-containing thermally unprocessed products.

First you need to know what is the norm of cholesterol in the blood. It is recommended to consume vitamin B12 -. It is believed that it regulates the functioning of the cardiovascular system. To do this, include more dairy products in your diet (preferably low in fat) to reduce the risk of developing heart disease. It also helps lower cholesterol levels.

• Include foods rich in vitamin E in your diet. This vitamin removes LDL from the body. Eat more nuts (hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds), legumes (beans are especially useful), seeds.
• Limit your fat intake. Avoid fried foods with a lot of fat.
• Eat more fish. It contains omega-3 fatty acids.
• Avoid caffeine intake. If you have a need for an invigorating drink, it is better to replace coffee green tea. It helps lower cholesterol levels, cleanses the blood of excess fats.
• Garlic is another useful product. There is a need to include garlic in your diet, as it is believed that it is an excellent antioxidant that can regulate the level of daily intake of cholesterol in the blood.

Physical exercise

Research shows that physical activity and regular exercise can clear excess fats (lipids) from the blood. Running is the best way to do this. It helps to speed up the process of cleansing and detoxification by almost 70%. Of course, the strength and intensity of physical activity performed must be regulated, taking into account the age of the person, his capabilities.

Medications

If cholesterol levels are elevated, statins are most often prescribed. Assign them, of course, depending on the age of the person. "Simvastatin" - one of the first drugs that appeared on the market, has a strong side effect. Also appoint "Simvastol", "Lipantil", "Rozucard" and others. It is extremely important: the drug must be suitable for age and gender. When prescribing treatment, the age category is always taken into account, because the treatment regimen and how much and what to take differ for children and adults. Main cons medicines- some of them have side effects (strongly affect the liver and heart, can cause drowsiness and nausea). In addition, there are age limits for taking medications. Only a qualified doctor knows all these subtleties, so do not self-medicate, take care of your health.

Before taking these and other medicines, be sure to consult your doctor.

Traditional medicine

• Linden. Make a kind of flour from dried linden flowers in a blender or in a coffee grinder. Fill with boiling water. Take 1 tsp. within a month. Then take a break for a month, and then repeat the course, reducing its duration to 2 weeks.
• Propolis. Helps cleanse the blood and arteries. Take 3 times a day 20 minutes before meals 7 drops of tincture diluted with 30 ml of water for 4 months.
• Beans. In the evening, the beans are folded into a bowl and filled with water. In the morning - boil it until cooked. Consume at least 100 g per day.
• Alfalfa. Squeeze the juice of alfalfa leaves. Take 2 tbsp. 3 times a day for a month.
• Linen. Add flaxseed to salads and cooked foods.

If you do not want to load the stomach and other organs with various pills, it is traditional medicine that will come to the rescue. Many of these methods are quite effective in combating high cholesterol and help to reduce its level in the blood. Among other things, these treatments have no age limit and are suitable for both children and adults.

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Cholesterol and its types. Cholesterol Reduction

Cholesterol video

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a chemical compound, a natural fatty alcohol, with a soft, waxy consistency found in all parts of the body, including the nervous system, skin, muscles, liver, intestines, and heart. Cholesterol is naturally produced in the body and is a structural combination of lipids (fats) and steroids. Cholesterol is the building block for cell membranes and hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. About 80% of the cholesterol in the body is produced by the liver, and the rest comes from our diet. The main source of cholesterol are meat, poultry, fish and dairy products. After eating, cholesterol is absorbed from the intestines and accumulates in the liver. The liver has the ability to regulate cholesterol levels in the blood and can release cholesterol if the body needs it. Cholesterol is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in fats.

Our body needs a small amount of cholesterol in order to function properly. But excess cholesterol can clog arteries and lead to heart disease. The risk of developing heart disease and atherosclerosis increases as blood cholesterol levels increase.

More than half of the adult population has blood cholesterol levels higher than the desirable range. High cholesterol levels are often noted in childhood. Some children may be more susceptible high risk due to a family history of high cholesterol and family food habits.

Before menopause, women generally have lower levels of total cholesterol than men of the same age. They also have higher levels of HDL cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol. One reason is estrogen: the female sex hormone raises HDL cholesterol levels.

Estrogen is produced during childbearing years and drops during menopause. After age 55, women's risk of developing high cholesterol begins to rise.

Cholesterol helps the body produce hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is carried in the blood throughout the body to be used in all parts of the body.

Where is cholesterol found?

Cholesterol is found in eggs, dairy products, animal meat and poultry meat. Egg yolks and organ meats (liver, kidneys, thymus, and brain) are especially high content cholesterol. Fish usually contains less cholesterol than other types of meat, but some shellfish, such as shrimp, crayfish, and fish roe, are also high in cholesterol. Plant foods: Vegetables, fruits, grains, cereals, nuts and seeds do not contain cholesterol. Fat content is not an objective measure of cholesterol content. For example, meat, liver contain almost no fat, but are very high in cholesterol.

Why does blood cholesterol rise?

• Improper nutrition, consumption of large amounts of milk, meat and fatty foods.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• hereditary factors. If family members have high cholesterol, you are also at risk.
• Smoking. Smoking can lower your good cholesterol levels.
• Overweight.
• Gender and age. After reaching the age of 20, cholesterol levels naturally begin to rise. In men, cholesterol levels generally level off after age 50. In women, cholesterol levels remain fairly low until menopause, after which they rise to about the same levels as men.
• Health status. Having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or hypothyroidism, can cause high cholesterol levels.
• Mental tension and stress. Several studies have shown that stress raises blood cholesterol levels over the long term. However, this relationship is likely to be indirect. When some people are under stress, they console themselves by eating fatty foods. The saturated fats and cholesterol in these foods contribute to high blood cholesterol levels.

"Bad" and "good" cholesterol

Some cholesterol is considered "good" and some is considered "bad". Therefore, it is necessary various analyzes blood to measure each type of cholesterol individually.

To determine the level of cholesterol, as a rule, take blood from a vein.

LDL (“bad”) cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL or beta-lipoproteins) is referred to as “bad” cholesterol. If too much "bad" cholesterol circulates in the blood, it begins to gradually settle on the inner walls of the arteries, forming the so-called plaques, which make the arteries narrow and less flexible. This disease is called atherosclerosis. Blockage of arteries by atherosclerotic plaques can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

HDL ("good") cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL or alpha lipoproteins) is the "good" cholesterol. About 25-33% of cholesterol is transported by "good" lipoproteins. High HDL levels protect against heart attacks. Low HDL levels (less than 40 mg/dL) increase the risk of heart disease.

Triglycerides

Triglyceride is a form of fat created in the body. An increase in triglycerides can be associated with being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet high in carbohydrates. People with elevated triglyceride levels very often have high blood cholesterol - high LDL and low HDL.

The body converts excess calories, sugar, and alcohol into triglycerides, a type of fat that travels in the blood and is stored in fat cells throughout the body. People who are overweight, sedentary, smoke or drink tend to have high triglyceride levels, just like those on a high carbohydrate diet. A triglyceride level of 150 or higher increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, which is associated with heart disease and diabetes.

Lipoprotein

LP is a genetic variation of LDL (low density lipoprotein). High LP is the main risk factor premature development fatty deposits in the arteries, leading to coronary heart disease.

How to Prepare for a Cholesterol Test

To get the most accurate results, you should not eat or drink anything for hours before the test. You can drink water, but avoid soft drinks such as coffee, tea, or sodas. Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop taking medications that may affect the results of the test.

Who needs a cholesterol test and when?

At least 10% of the population suffers from hypercholesterolemia.

Screening for Children: High cholesterol levels in children are unfortunately not uncommon these days, so every child over the age of two who has a parent with a cholesterol level of 240mg/dL or more should get tested.

Screening for adults: The first screening test is performed at the age of men, and at the age of women. A follow-up inspection should be carried out every 5 years. Screening is recommended for those who develop diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, heart disease, or other diseases caused by atherosclerosis.

Follow-up testing is done to determine how well diets and medications control high cholesterol.

This test is often done to determine the risk of developing coronary heart disease. High blood cholesterol and triglycerides have been linked to heart attack and stroke.

A general cholesterol test can be done as part of a lipid profile, which also checks for LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein) and triglycerides.

Indications for the appointment of a cholesterol test:

• Assessment of the risk of atherosclerotic changes in the walls of the vessel.
• In the complex assessment of the synthetic function of the liver.
• Lipid metabolism disorders

Normal levels of cholesterol in the blood

Total cholesterol is an important indicator of both bad and good cholesterol. Other laboratory tests are performed to measure specific amounts of good (HDL) and bad (LDL) cholesterol. LDL and HDL levels are preferred under certain circumstances.

The norm of total cholesterol in the blood: 3.0 - 6.0 mmol / l.

Norm of LDL cholesterol for men: 2.25 - 4.82 mmol / l.

Norm of LDL cholesterol for women: 1.92 - 4.51 mmol / l.

Norm of HDL cholesterol for men: 0.7 - 1.73 mmol / l.

Norm of HDL cholesterol for women: 0.86 - 2.2 mmol / l.

LDL levels are the best predictor of cardiovascular disease and determine how your high cholesterol should be treated.

Indicators and norm of triglycerides in the blood

Less than 200 mg/dl: normal level triglycerides

mg/dl: maximum allowable level

mg/dl: high triglycerides

More than 1000 mg/dl: very high triglycerides

mg/dl = milligram per deciliter.

Cholesterol is a chemical compound, a natural fatty alcohol, with a soft, waxy consistency found in all parts of the body, including the nervous system, skin, muscles, liver, intestines, and heart. Cholesterol is naturally produced in the body and is a structural combination of lipids (fats) and steroids. Cholesterol is the building block for cell membranes and hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. About 80% of the cholesterol in the body is produced by the liver, and the rest comes from our diet. The main source of cholesterol are meat, poultry, fish and dairy products. After eating, cholesterol is absorbed from the intestines and accumulates in the liver. The liver has the ability to regulate cholesterol levels in the blood and can release cholesterol if the body needs it. Cholesterol is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in fats.

Our body needs a small amount of cholesterol in order to function properly. But excess cholesterol can clog arteries and lead to heart disease. The risk of developing heart disease and atherosclerosis increases as blood cholesterol levels increase.

More than half of the adult population has blood cholesterol levels higher than the desirable range. High cholesterol levels are often noted in childhood. Some children may be at higher risk due to a family history of high cholesterol and the family's dietary habits.

Before menopause, women generally have lower levels of total cholesterol than men of the same age. They also have higher levels of HDL cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol. One reason is estrogen: the female sex hormone raises HDL cholesterol levels.

Estrogen is produced during childbearing years and drops during menopause. After age 55, women's risk of developing high cholesterol begins to rise.

Cholesterol helps the body produce hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is carried in the blood throughout the body to be used in all parts of the body.

Where is cholesterol found?

Cholesterol is found in eggs, dairy products, animal meat and poultry meat. Egg yolks and organ meats (liver, kidney, thymus, and brain) are particularly high in cholesterol. Fish usually contains less cholesterol than other types of meat, but some shellfish, such as shrimp, crayfish, and fish roe, are also high in cholesterol. Plant foods: Vegetables, fruits, grains, cereals, nuts and seeds do not contain cholesterol. Fat content is not an objective measure of cholesterol content. For example, meat, liver contain almost no fat, but are very high in cholesterol.

Why does blood cholesterol rise?

• Improper nutrition, consumption of large amounts of milk, meat and fatty foods.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• hereditary factors. If family members have high cholesterol, you are also at risk.
• Smoking. Smoking can lower your good cholesterol levels.
• Overweight.
• Gender and age. After reaching the age of 20, cholesterol levels naturally begin to rise. In men, cholesterol levels generally level off after age 50. In women, cholesterol levels remain fairly low until menopause, after which they rise to about the same levels as men.
• Health status. Having certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or hypothyroidism, can cause high cholesterol levels.
• Mental tension and stress. Several studies have shown that stress raises blood cholesterol levels over the long term. However, this relationship is likely to be indirect. When some people are under stress, they console themselves by eating fatty foods. The saturated fats and cholesterol in these foods contribute to high blood cholesterol levels.

"Bad" and "good" cholesterol

Some cholesterol is considered "good" and some is considered "bad". Therefore, different blood tests are needed to measure each type of cholesterol individually.

To determine the level of cholesterol, as a rule, take blood from a vein.

LDL (“bad”) cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL or beta-lipoproteins) is referred to as “bad” cholesterol. If too much "bad" cholesterol circulates in the blood, it begins to gradually settle on the inner walls of the arteries, forming the so-called plaques, which make the arteries narrow and less flexible. This disease is called atherosclerosis. Blockage of arteries by atherosclerotic plaques can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

HDL ("good") cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL or alpha lipoproteins) is the "good" cholesterol. About 25-33% of cholesterol is transported by "good" lipoproteins. High HDL levels protect against heart attacks. Low HDL levels (less than 40 mg/dL) increase the risk of heart disease.

Triglycerides

Triglyceride is a form of fat created in the body. An increase in triglycerides can be associated with being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet high in carbohydrates. People with elevated triglyceride levels very often have high blood cholesterol - high LDL and low HDL.

The body converts excess calories, sugar, and alcohol into triglycerides, a type of fat that travels in the blood and is stored in fat cells throughout the body. People who are overweight, sedentary, smoke or drink tend to have high triglyceride levels, just like those on a high carbohydrate diet. A triglyceride level of 150 or higher increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, which is associated with heart disease and diabetes.

Lipoprotein

LP is a genetic variation of LDL (low density lipoprotein). High Lp levels are a major risk factor for the premature development of fatty deposits in the arteries, leading to coronary heart disease.

How to Prepare for a Cholesterol Test

To get the most accurate results, you should not eat or drink anything for 9 to 12 hours before the test. You can drink water, but avoid soft drinks such as coffee, tea, or sodas. Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop taking medications that may affect the results of the test.

Who needs a cholesterol test and when?

At least 10% of the population suffers from hypercholesterolemia.

Screening for Children: High cholesterol levels in children are unfortunately not uncommon these days, so every child over the age of two who has a parent with a cholesterol level of 240mg/dL or more should get tested.

Screening for adults: The first screening test is performed at the age of 20 - 35 in men, and between the ages of 20 - 45 in women. A follow-up inspection should be carried out every 5 years. Screening is recommended for those who develop diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, or other diseases caused by atherosclerosis.

Follow-up testing is done to determine how well diets and medications control high cholesterol.

This test is often done to determine the risk of developing coronary heart disease. High blood cholesterol and triglycerides have been linked to heart attack and stroke.

A general cholesterol test can be done as part of a lipid profile, which also checks for LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein) and triglycerides.

Indications for the appointment of a cholesterol test:

• Assessment of the risk of atherosclerotic changes in the walls of the vessel.
• In the complex assessment of the synthetic function of the liver.
• Lipid metabolism disorders

Normal levels of cholesterol in the blood

Total cholesterol is an important indicator of both bad and good cholesterol. Other laboratory tests are performed to measure specific amounts of good (HDL) and bad (LDL) cholesterol. LDL and HDL levels are preferred under certain circumstances.

The norm of total cholesterol in the blood: 3.0 - 6.0 mmol / l.
Norm of LDL cholesterol for men: 2.25 - 4.82 mmol / l.
Norm of LDL cholesterol for women: 1.92 - 4.51 mmol / l.
Norm of HDL cholesterol for men: 0.7 - 1.73 mmol / l.
Norm of HDL cholesterol for women: 0.86 - 2.2 mmol / l.

LDL levels are the best predictor of cardiovascular disease and determine how your high cholesterol should be treated.

Indicators and norm of triglycerides in the blood

Less than 200 mg/dl: normal triglycerides
200 - 400 mg/dl: maximum allowed level
400 - 1000 mg/dl: high triglycerides
More than 1000 mg/dl: very high triglycerides

mg/dl = milligram per deciliter.

Causes of high total cholesterol levels:

• Biliary cirrhosis
• Familial hyperlipidemia
• High fat diet
• Hypothyroidism
• nephrotic syndrome
• uncontrolled diabetes
• Liver disease, inside
• and extrahepatic cholestasis
• Malignant tumors of the pancreas and prostate
• Glomerulonephritis
• Alcoholism
• Isolated growth hormone deficiency
• Idiopathic hypercalcemia
• Acute intermittent porphyria
• Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, acute infarction myocardium
• thalassemia major
• Pregnancy
• Removal of the ovaries

Any acute illness can raise or lower the total amount of cholesterol in the blood. If you had an acute illness in the 3 months prior to your cholesterol test, you should repeat the test 2 or 3 months later. Even an arthritis outbreak can affect your cholesterol levels.

Causes of low cholesterol:

• hyperthyroidism
• Liver disease
• Malabsorption (insufficient absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract)
• Malnutrition
• Pernicious anemia
• Sepsis
• Tangier disease (alpha-lipoprotein deficiency)
• Hypoproteinemia
• Malignant tumors of the liver
• Sideroblastic and megaloblastic anemia
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Do I need to lower my cholesterol levels?

Cholesterol lowering is currently the most important factor in the prevention of atherosclerosis and heart attacks.

The benefits of lowering "bad" LDL cholesterol are:

• Reducing or stopping the formation of new cholesterol plaques on artery walls
• Reduction of existing plaques of cholesterol on the walls of the arteries and expansion of the lumen of the arteries
• Prevention of rupture of cholesterol plaques, which initiates the formation of blood clots that block blood vessels
• Reducing the risk of heart attacks
• Reducing the risk of stroke
• Reducing the risk of peripheral artery disease
• Reducing narrowing of the coronary arteries, carotid arteries, and cerebral arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the brain), and femoral artery which supplies blood to the legs.

To what level should blood cholesterol be reduced?

Many people are able to lower their cholesterol through a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. But to what level should it be reduced? For people with diabetes or a high risk of developing heart disease, an LDL of less than 100 is desirable. If you already have heart disease or coronary heart disease, some doctors recommend lowering your LDL to 70 or below.

How to lower high blood cholesterol levels?

• Limit your total fat intake to 25-35% of your total daily calorie intake. Less than 7% of daily calories should be from saturated fat, of which no more than 10% should be from polyunsaturated fats, and no more than 20% of monounsaturated fats.
• Daily intake of cholesterol should be no more than 300 mg for healthy people and 200 mg for those at higher risk of high blood cholesterol.
• The introduction of a large amount of fiber in the diet.
• Increased physical activity.

The dietary guidelines for children are similar. It is very important that children get enough calories to maintain their growth and activity levels. It is equally important that the child achieves and maintains the desired body weight.

Proper nutrition and diet for high cholesterol e

No more than 35% of your daily calories should come from fat. But not all fats are the same. Saturated fats - fats from animal products and tropical oils, such as palm oil, increase LDL cholesterol. Trans fats carry the double whammy of increasing bad cholesterol while lowering good cholesterol. These two unhealthy fats are found in many baked goods, fried foods (donuts, french fries, chips), margarine, and cookies. Unsaturated fats can lower LDL when combined with other healthy diet changes. They are found in avocados, olive oil, and peanut butter.

• Eat foods that are naturally low in fat. These include whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
• Read labels carefully. Avoid foods high in saturated fat. Eating too much of this type of fat can lead to heart disease.
• Choose lean protein foods: soy, fish, skinless chicken, very lean meats, and low-fat or 1%-2% dairy products.
• Look out for the words "hydrogenated" or "partially hydrogenated" trans fats on food labels. Do not eat foods with such inscriptions.
• Limit the amount of fried foods you eat.
• Limit the number of ready bakery products(such as donuts, cookies, and crackers) you eat. They may contain a lot of fats which are not healthy.
• Eat less egg yolks, hard cheeses, whole milk, cream, ice cream, butter, fatty meats. Reduce portions of meat. For example, one egg has 186 mg of cholesterol.
• Use healthy cooking methods for fish, chicken, and lean meats such as roasting, stewing, and steaming.
• Eat foods high in fiber: oats, bran, peas and lentils, beans, some grains, and brown rice.
• Learn how to shop for and prepare foods that are healthy for your heart. Learn how to read food labels healthy food. Stay away from fast foods.

The following two sample menus are provided as an example to compare calories and fat sources:

An example of an average person's menu

Breakfast

1 egg
2 slices white bread with 1 teaspoon butter
2 pieces of sausage
1/2 cup coffee

Snack

1 bun or donut

Dinner

1 sandwich with ham and cheese and white bread
1 teaspoon mayonnaise
30 g potato chips
350 g soft drinks
2 chocolate chip cookies

Snack

chocolate bar

Dinner

100 g roasted meat
1 medium baked potato
1 tablespoon sour cream
1 teaspoon butter
1 slice white bread with 1/2 teaspoon butter

Total: 2,000 calories, 84g fat, 34g saturated fat, 425mg cholesterol. Diet 38% fat, 15% saturated fat.

Sample low fat menu

Breakfast

1 cup oatmeal or muesli
1 slice whole grain bread
1 banana

Snack

1 raisin bagel with 1/2 teaspoon butter

Dinner

Turkey sandwich (85-100 g) on ​​rye bread with salad
1 orange
3 rice or oatmeal cookies
1 glass of apple juice

Snack

Low fat yogurt with fruit

Dinner

85-100g fried chicken breast
1 medium baked potato
1 tablespoon fat-free yogurt
1/2 cup broccoli
1 piece of bread with jam
1 cup skim milk

Total: 2,000 calories, 38g fat, 9.5g saturated fat, 91mg cholesterol. Diet 17% fat, 4% saturated fat.

Low cholesterol diets Low saturated fat diets

Fat

• Limit your total intake of fats and oils.
• Avoid butter, margarine, baking powder, lard, palm and coconut oils.
• Skip mayonnaise, salad dressings and sauces unless they are homemade low-fat ingredients.
• Limit your chocolate intake.
• Choose low-fat or low-fat foods, such as low-fat mayonnaise or non-hydrogenated peanut butter, low-fat or low-fat salad dressings, or low-fat sauces.
• Use vegetable oils such as canola or olive oil.
• Choose margarine that does not contain trans fatty acids.
• Use nuts in moderation.
• Read ingredient labels carefully to determine what amount and type of fat is in a food.
• Limit or eliminate your intake of saturated and trans fats.
• Avoid high-fat processed foods and convenience foods.

Meat and meat substitutes

• Choose fish, chicken, turkey, and lean meats.
• Use dried beans, peas, lentils, and tofu.
• Limit egg yolks three to four per week.
• If you eat red meat, limit to no more than three servings per week.
• Avoid fatty meat such as bacon, sausage, sausages, ham and ribs.
• Avoid all organ meats, including liver.

Milk products

• Choose skim or low-fat milk, kefir, and cottage cheese.
• Most cheeses are high in fat. Choose skim milk cheeses such as mozzarella and ricotta.
• Choose light or low fat cheese and sour cream.
• Avoid cream and sauces with cream.

Fruits and vegetables

• Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables.
• Use lemon juice, vinegar, or olive oil as a salad dressing.
• Try not to add sauces, fat or vegetable oil.

Bread, cereals and grains

• Choose whole grain breads, cereals, pasta and rice.
• Avoid high-fat snacks such as muesli, cookies, pies, cakes, donuts and croissants.

Sweets and desserts

• Choose homemade desserts made from unsaturated spreads or butter, low fat or skim milk and egg whites, or a substitute.
• Try to eat sherbet, low-fat frozen yogurt, jam, low-fat pudding or custard, Gingerbread Cookie or a biscuit.

• Avoid prolonged frying of food.
• Trim visible fat from meat and remove skin from poultry before cooking.
• Bake, stew, boil, steam poultry, fish and lean meats.
• Drain the water and discard the fats that drip from the meat during cooking.
• Don't add fat to your food.
• Use vegetable oil for greasing pots for cooking or baking.
• Steam vegetables as a side dish.
• Use herbs to flavor marinades and foods.

cholesterol and smoking

Quitting tobacco is a must in the fight against high cholesterol. When you stop smoking, your good cholesterol can improve by as much as 10%.

Cholesterol and physical activity

If you are healthy but not very active, start with aerobic exercise, it can increase your good cholesterol by 5% in the first two months. Regular exercise also lowers bad cholesterol levels. Choose exercises that raise your heart rate, such as running, swimming, or walking, for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Classes should not exceed 30 minutes per set, two 15 minute sets work just as well.

Statins

Cholesterol-lowering medications may be used when lifestyle changes don't help lower LDL cholesterol to the desired level. The most effective and widely used drugs to lower cholesterol are called statins - these are the most widely used and also the most powerful drugs for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clinical trials have shown that statins reduce the risk of heart attack (and stroke) and improve quality of life. Statins have virtually no side effects when used a long period time.

Today on pharmaceutical market the following statins are presented:

• Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
• Fluvastatin sodium (Lescol)
• Atorvastatin calcium (Lipitor)
• Lovastatin (Mevacor)
• Pravastatin sodium (Pravaxol)
• Simvastatin (Zokor)

Statins of natural origin

- Vitamin C. Vitamin C levels are directly related to cardiovascular health. Ascorbic acid is an effective natural statin that acts as an inhibitor in the production of low density lipoproteins. A large amount of vitamin C is found in citrus fruits (grapefruit, orange, lemon).
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin). B vitamins are powerful natural statins that come from green vegetables, meat, grains and milk.
- Garlic. Frequent consumption of garlic helps to normalize cholesterol levels. In just 4-12 weeks of regularly eating garlic, blood cholesterol levels are significantly reduced. In addition, garlic slows down the formation of low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in the blood vessels.
- Canadian goldenseal (Curcumin). Curcumin, as a natural statin, is effective in the treatment of all diseases of the cardiovascular system. Curcumin stimulates the production of cholesterol by the liver and the removal of excess cholesterol from the body.
- Cellulose. Regular consumption of fiber-rich cereals, oatmeal, barley, certain vegetables and fruits, beans, carrots, apples, avocados, berries - helps in lowering cholesterol levels. The fiber in these foods acts as a natural statin, transporting excess cholesterol to the intestines and preventing it from circulating and clotting in the blood.
- Fish fat. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids that regulate lipid production. Sources of fish oil are oil of oily fish, salmon, mackerel. In addition, fish oil is available in the form of capsules.
- Flax seeds. Another powerful natural statin is flaxseed, which contains a similar amount of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Red fermented rice extract. This natural statin is used in many Asian cuisines as an ingredient to add color and flavor to dishes. A by-product of fermentation, monacolin K, helps lower cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Policanol. Effective natural statin. It is made from sugar cane and comes in the form of capsules. The main advantages of policanol are the ability to prevent blood clots, regulate blood pressure, reduce low-density lipoprotein levels. In addition, policanol is effective in combating overweight.
- Fermented soy products. Soy products - such as tofu, miso, tempeh - are also effective in lowering cholesterol levels and act as natural statins.
- Artichoke, basil . Other herbs that may lower cholesterol include fenugreek seeds, artichoke, yarrow leaves, and basil.

Cholesterol-lowering drugs

Fibrates are effective drugs that lower blood triglyceride levels. Fibrates inhibit the production of very low density lipoproteins in the liver and accelerate the removal of triglycerides from the blood. Fibrates are also effective in raising blood levels of HDL cholesterol, however, fibrates are not effective in lowering LDL cholesterol levels. Doctors may consider combining fibrates with statins. This combination will not only lower LDL cholesterol levels, but also lower blood triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol levels.

Fibrates may also be used only to prevent heart attacks in patients with increased amount triglycerides in the blood and low HDL cholesterol levels.

Preparations bile acids bind bile acids. This reduces the amount of bile acid returned to the liver, which allows the liver to produce more bile acids to replace the lost bile acids in the stool. In order to produce more bile acids, the liver converts more cholesterol into bile acids, which lowers blood cholesterol levels.

Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3 or niacin) is a B vitamin. In the treatment of blood cholesterol and triglyceride disorders, high doses(1-3 grams per day) of nicotinic acid are essential. Nicotinic acid is available in several formulations. Nicotinic acid is most effective in raising HDL cholesterol, and moderately effective in lowering LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Used alone, it can raise HDL cholesterol levels by 30% or more. However, nicotinic acid is not as effective as statins for lowering LDL cholesterol.

What are cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

This is a relatively new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that prevents absorption of cholesterol from the intestines. Selective cholesterol uptake inhibitors are most effective in lowering LDL (bad cholesterol), but may also have modest effects in lowering triglycerides (blood fats), and raising HDL (good cholesterol). One such drug is ezetimibe (Zetia)

Indications: Ezetimibe (Zetia) lowers blood cholesterol levels by reducing the absorption of cholesterol from the intestines. Used in combination with statins, it lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. May raise HDL cholesterol levels. Combining ezetimibe with statins is more effective than either drug alone.

Lunasin (Lunasin) - a new drug for lowering cholesterol

modern medicine has another modern drug to lower cholesterol levels. This is the latest development of American scientists. The drug contains an extract of their soybeans called Lunasin (Lunasin). In addition to the ability to lower cholesterol, drugs based on Lunasin have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects, help maintain normal weight, increase immunity and have anti-inflammatory effects.

Cholesterol, what to ask your doctor?

Below are some questions you can ask your doctor or nurse to help you take care of your cholesterol levels.

What is cholesterol level?
What level of cholesterol in the blood is considered normal?
What does my cholesterol level mean?
What are the values ​​of HDL ("good" cholesterol) and LDL ("bad") cholesterol?
Is my cholesterol level abnormal?
How can you lower your blood cholesterol levels?
How often should cholesterol levels be measured?
How to maintain normal cholesterol in the blood?
What medications should I take to treat high cholesterol?
Do they have any side effects?
What should I do if I miss a drug?
Are there foods, other medications, vitamins, or herbal supplements that can lower my cholesterol?
What are statins?
What can replace statins?
How should you eat to lower your cholesterol?
What are low fat foods?
What types of fats are good for my diet?
How can I tell food labels how much fat they contain?
What are the ways to eat healthy when I go to a restaurant?
Can I eat in restaurants fast food again?
Should you limit your salt intake? Can I use other spices to improve the taste of food?
Does alcohol increase cholesterol?
Does smoking increase cholesterol?
Can you drink alcohol while high cholesterol?
What is the best way to start an exercise program to lower cholesterol?
Are there activities or exercises that are not safe for me?
How long and how hard can I exercise to lower my cholesterol?
What symptoms should alert me?

Most people are aware of two types of cholesterol, although there are actually more. Low density cholesterol is one of the factors in the development of atherosclerosis. But there is also a "good" kind of cholesterol.

Many people are ready to compare the word "cholesterol" with the word "poison". Culinary tricks, choosing only low-fat, "cholesterol-free" products on supermarket shelves, eating numerous food additives(of dubious origin and usefulness) - this is not a complete list of ways to reduce the level of this indicator in human blood. Only a few people know about the undoubted benefits of this fatty compound, one can even say about its indispensability in certain biochemical processes. To really take good care of your health, you need to know the main points about the two types of cholesterol, their biological functions and the desired concentration in the blood.

Cholesterol is a complex concept, since it is advisable to consider some types of lipoproteins with it. Each of them is necessary for the human body, as it performs certain biological functions.

Chemically speaking, cholesterol is a natural compound. organic origin, or rather, fatty alcohol, which is a component of the cell membrane of all existing organisms. All variants of cholesterol are found mainly in products of animal origin; in plant components, the content of all its types is small.

In the human body, in particular, by liver cells, more than 75% of all cholesterol that circulates in human blood is synthesized. In the development of atherosclerosis of various vessels, only certain variants of lipoproteins (cholesterol) play a significant role. The presence of a certain amount of this organic compound is vital for maintaining the elasticity and strength of cell membranes, the synthesis of steroid hormones (corticosteroids and sex), as well as bile acids.

Modern biochemical classification is based on the results of special centrifugation (ultracentrifugation in a gravitational field), primarily on density. According to this classification, not even two, but four types of cholesterol are distinguished:

• the lightest type of lipid particles are chylomicrons;
• very low density lipoproteins (they are also VLDL or prebeta lipoproteins);
• low-density lipoproteins (they are also LDL or beta-lipoproteins);
• high density lipoproteins (they are also HDL or alpha lipoproteins).

This classification is used in clinical practice to assess the degree of lipid metabolism disorders and its specific variant.

Possible variants of violations

Lipid metabolism disorders should be assessed comprehensively: it is not enough to know only the level of cholesterol, it is necessary to determine the concentration of lipoproteins with low, very low and high density, as well as triglycerides. The predominance of any one fraction of lipoproteins in the blood may be an accidental finding and is not a sign of disease.

To assess the balance of lipid metabolism, many clinicians use a special coefficient, which is calculated using the following formula:

K = (low density cholesterol + very low density cholesterol) / high density cholesterol.

An imbalance of cholesterol can be in the form of an increase in its concentration in the blood, a decrease and, less often, its complete absence. The most common variant of hyperlipidemia (increased cholesterol levels), however, this is not always a sign of a disease and a negative effect on the human body.

In modern clinical practice World Organization Health proposes to allocate 5 types of hyperlipidemia. Some variants are congenital, but most are acquired. The congenital variant of such disorders is due to the absence of certain enzymes and is almost impossible to treat.

First type

In the blood, there is a significant increase in the content of chylomicrons and free triglycerides, the level of very low density lipoproteins can also be somewhat elevated, the rest of the cholesterol fractions remain within the normal range. A person does not feel any uncomfortable symptoms, with the exception of xanthelasma - fatty plaques irregular shape yellowish color in the area around the eyes.

Second type

It is characterized either by an increase in the concentration of only low density lipoproteins, or by two variants of cholesterol (VLDL and LDL). When studying the lipidogram, the following are revealed:

• significantly elevated cholesterol levels;
• corresponding fractions of lipoproteins;
• triglycerides.

It is this variant of hyperlipidemia that is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and other vascular pathologies. On the other hand, it is important to understand that this variant of cholesterol metabolism disorders is only one of the factors provoking the disease, for the development of severe cardiovascular pathology necessarily the presence of other damaging influences.

Modern clinical studies have confirmed that very low density and low density lipoproteins themselves do not have atherogenicity, that is, in addition to their high content, other pathological biochemical processes are observed in human blood.

The leading role in this is played by the processes of peroxidation of lipid compounds. The resulting modified cholesterol compounds become targets for cell damage immune system. Macrophages with such lipoproteins inside, as well as antibody-lipoprotein immune complexes, have an extremely high degree of atherogenicity.

These complexes can transform into the so-called foam cell, which, after its death, releases a large amount of free cholesterol directly into the inner shell. vascular wall. Currently, it is with the presence of foam cells that the progressive development of vascular atherosclerosis is associated.

Third type

It is characterized by the appearance of a pathological atypical variant of lipoproteins with a high degree of mobility during electrophoresis, as well as a high concentration of cholesterol in the blood. This type of hypercholesterolemia is also associated with a high risk of developing vascular disease.

Fourth and fifth type

It is characterized only by an increase in the content of the fraction of lipoproteins with a very low density, the fraction of chylomicrons is completely absent. It is a sign of diabetes, obesity and other things.

The fifth type is characterized by an increase in VLDL and the presence of chylomicrons. It is combined with diabetes mellitus, but is not observed in vascular atherosclerosis.

The best option for hyperlipidemia is the predominance of high-density lipoproteins. They have anti-atherogenic properties, are responsible for the reverse path of cholesterol - from peripheral tissues to the liver, where bile acids are formed. In addition, HDL inhibit lipid peroxidation, which underlies the development of atherosclerosis.

Thus, the exchange of cholesterol is a complex biochemical chain that cannot be decomposed into only two of its types. So possible violations this type of metabolism should be assessed only by a specialist.