Cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis of the arteries are widespread throughout the world in men and women. One of the most important reasons the development of a similar situation - an increase in LDL (low density lipoprotein, cholesterol) due to the spread of malnutrition with big amount fats.

Identification of people with similar abnormalities in a biochemical blood test - the most important point early prevention coronary disease heart, myocardial infarction, circulatory encephalopathy and other serious diseases. Typically assigned timely treatment and diet allow you to adjust the level of LDL (cholesterol) and provide an increase in the duration and quality of life in the patient.

About cholesterol and lipoproteins

A large number of myths and prejudices exist in such a simple substance as cholesterol. Many people consider it the number one enemy for their health, however, in fact, everything is far from it. Cholesterol is essential for normal functioning fatty alcohol cells, which must constantly enter our body with food.

Cholesterol plays a very important role in the body.

Its main biological roles the following:

1. Maintaining the integrity and structure of cell membranes.
2. Participation in the formation of sex and other steroid hormones.
3. The amount of cholesterol in the body determines the efficiency of metabolism fat soluble vitamins A, E, D, K, etc.
4. Participates in the creation of sheaths around nerves, etc.

Cholesterol is an essential component of living organisms, so it is not bad on its own.

Based on the foregoing, cholesterol itself does not pose a danger to human health. You should take a closer look at lipoproteins, which are most often associated with various diseases. There are two main classes of lipoproteins:

• Low and very low density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL, respectively). This fraction of fat has key value in the development of diseases of the heart and blood vessels, since it is involved in the transport of fats from liver cells to other organs and vessels. This contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and related complications.
• High-density lipoproteins (HDL), on the contrary, prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, providing the transport of lipids from the walls of blood vessels to the liver, where cholesterol can be used for its intended purpose.

These parameters in plasma are determined using biochemical research. The norms of cholesterol in the blood in men and women vary significantly, ranging from 3.6 to 5.5 mmol / l, depending on the specific laboratory. These figures mean that a person has no disorders in lipid metabolism and treatment is not indicated for him.

In order to correctly decipher the blood test, one should take into account what is the norm of cholesterol in the blood of a person

If the cholesterol level is above normal, i.e. more than 5.6 mmol / l, then it is necessary to conduct an additional determination of lipoprotein indicators to clarify the metabolism of fats in the body.

Normal values ​​of lipoproteins in the blood:

• HDL - 0.8 - 1.8 mmol / l. In this case, the upper limit of the norm is higher, the higher the age of the person.
• LDL should be less than 4.1 mmol / l, since their increase above this indicator is often regarded as a pathology.

It is important to specify the norm indicators for all analyzes in diagnostic facility where the study was conducted, as they may vary slightly. In addition to increasing LDL, an important prognostic value is the determination of the level of atherogenicity, which is calculated as follows:

Atherogenic coefficient \u003d (cholesterol - HDL) / HDL

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the most atherogenic lipids, which performs the function of transporting cholesterol.

Normally, the indicator should be as follows:

• In newborns, the coefficient should not exceed one.
• In men aged 18-30 years - less than 2.4.
• In women aged 18-30 years - less than 2.2.
• In more age groups, the coefficient must be less than 3.6.

LDL cholesterol can be calculated using the Friedwald formula:

• LDL \u003d Total cholesterol - (HDL + TG / 2.2).

This method allows to quantify lipids.

Any deviation of analyzes from the norm (LDL cholesterol is increased, low value HDL, etc.) should be the reason for going to medical institution to your doctor.

The attending physician should interpret the test results. You shouldn't be doing this on your own.

Causes of high LDL and cholesterol

The causes of elevated LDL in the blood are varied and include the following factors:

1. Diet related errors fatty foods, especially those with a high content of saturated fats - cream, margarine, little, fatty meats, sausages, lard, etc.
2. Smoking can increase LDL levels. In addition, nicotine independently negatively affects the vascular wall, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.
3. Excess weight and low level of physical activity leads to a decrease in the amount of high-density lipoprotein and a high number LDL cholesterol.
4. Diseases with a hereditary component can also affect the metabolism of fats and lead to changes in their fractions in the blood.

These reasons are the main risk factors for the development of a situation in which blood cholesterol (LDL) is elevated. Therefore, the treatment of such disorders should always be accompanied by the correction of these features of the patient's life.

Cholesterol itself does not cause obesity.

Why are high cholesterol and LDL dangerous?

If a person has high cholesterol (LDL), what does it mean? These patients have the highest risk of developing a number of diseases. of cardio-vascular system:

• Atherosclerotic vascular disease, which is a disease in itself, but at the same time causes damage to various organs.
• Ischemic heart disease is observed in such patients several times more often. Its formidable complication is myocardial infarction, leading to the development of a life-threatening condition in the patient.
• Stroke and transient ischemic attacks are much more common in patients whose cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels are elevated.

All of these diseases are constantly progressing, leading to a decrease in the quality of life of people and posing a serious threat to them. What to do in these situations?

At increased concentration LDL increases the risk of developing severe vascular pathologies, ischemia and atherosclerosis

Treatment

Therapy in people with high cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels is divided into two large kind: drug and non-drug.

You can use medicines only after consulting with your doctor and conducting a full clinical examination.

Non-drug treatment

This type of therapy is aimed at correcting a person’s lifestyle, since in most cases, with minor deviations in the analyzes, these measures are enough to reduce cholesterol and LDL levels in the blood. Patients are recommended:

• Regular exercise of low and medium intensity.
• Increasing the content in the diet of vegetables, fruits, dishes from them and avoiding foods high in fat.
• Normalization of sleep and rest.
• Fight overweight and obesity.
• Rejection bad habits- smoking and drinking alcohol.

In many cases, the use of only non-drug treatment, allows you to deal with unpleasant symptoms and changes in analysis.

LDL is bad cholesterol

Medical therapy

In the absence of changes in the content of cholesterol and lipoproteins, the patient is prescribed special medicines that can affect lipid metabolism in the body:

1. Statins block an important cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase, and therefore the amount of lipid in the blood decreases significantly. At the same time, the concentration of LDL decreases and the number of HDL increases. The main drugs in this group: Rosuvastatin, Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, etc.
2. Dietary cholesterol absorption inhibitors from the intestinal lumen - Ezetimibe, etc. These drugs show high efficiency and are easily tolerated by patients under constant medical supervision.
3. Fibrates (Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil) have a complex effect on the exchange of LDL and VLDL, reducing the level of atherogenic lipoproteins.

Statins, Inhibitors, Fibrates are medicines used to lower cholesterol levels.

There are other classes of drugs, however, the three listed are prescribed in clinical practice most often.

An increase in cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins can become causal development serious illnesses cardiovascular system, up to myocardial infarction and stroke. Similar situation requires medical examination and prescribing treatment, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological.

The human body for normal, efficient life needs fats - both vegetable and fatty. Cholesterol (chol) is an organic compound - lipophilic alcohol, which is produced by liver cells (up to 80%), the body takes the rest from incoming food. Since we are dealing with alcohol, the correct name for this substance, according to chemical classification yet "cholesterol", it is more common in more scientific literature and articles.

Cholesterol is the builder of our cells, it takes an active part in strengthening cell membranes, and also contributes to the creation of many important hormones. They are very important for the brain, cholesterol also supplies all the tissues of our body with antioxidants.

Is cholesterol really that bad?

Probably everyone has heard the expression "High cholesterol levels in the blood." According to statistics, more than half of all deaths due to heart problems were caused by a high lipid limit of one of its compounds. Cholesterol is insoluble in water, so for its movement through human body, it surrounds itself with a shell of proteins - apolipoproteins. Such complex compounds are called lipoproteins. They circulate through the blood of the body in several types of cholesterol:

1. VLDL cholesterol (very low density lipoproteins) - from which the liver forms LDL;
2. LDLP (intermediate density lipoproteins) - their very small amount, this is a product of the production of VLDL;
3. LDL (low density lipoprotein);
4. HDL (high density lipoproteins).

They differ from each other in the number of components that make up the composition. The most aggressive of these lipoproteins is the LDL compound. When HDL norm drops sharply, and LDL is elevated - situations that are very dangerous for the heart arise. In such cases blood arteries can begin to harden, giving impetus to the development of atherosclerosis.

More about LDL and HDL

The function of LDL (ldl) (called "bad" lipid composition) consists of taking cholesterol from the liver, which creates it, and transporting it through the arteries. There, the lipid is deposited in plaques on the walls. This is where the “good” lipid component of HDL comes into play. It takes cholesterol from the walls of the arteries and carries it throughout the body. But sometimes this LDL is oxidized.

There is a reaction of the body - the production of antibodies that react to oxidized LDL. HDL cholesterol works to prevent LDL oxidation, it removes excess cholesterol from the walls and returns it back to the liver. But the body secretes so many antibodies that it starts inflammatory processes and HDL can no longer cope with the work. As a result, the lining of the arteries is damaged.

Cholesterol control

For this, a blood test for chol (lipidogram) is done. A blood test is taken from a vein early in the morning. Analysis requires preparation:

• you can not eat within 12 hours before delivery;
• for two weeks do not eat too fatty foods;
• refrain from physical activity;
• half an hour before the analysis, forget about cigarettes, do not smoke.

The analysis of the level of cholesterol in the blood is carried out by rather time-consuming methods of photometry and precipitation. These methods are the most accurate and sensitive. Lipidogram is an analysis of the indicators in the blood of the following lipoproteins:

1. total cholesterol;
2. HDL cholesterol (or alpha-cholesterol) - it reduces the possibility of atherosclerosis;
3. LDL cholesterol (or beta-cholesterol) - if it is elevated, the risk of the disease increases;
4. Triglycerides (TG) are transport forms of fats. If their limit is exceeded, high concentration- this is a signal of the onset of the disease.

In addition to atherosclerosis, high level cholesterol can provoke a number of other diseases associated with the heart, musculoskeletal tissue.

Osteoporosis

An increased level of lymphocytes stimulates the formation of a substance that begins to break down bones. Their activity awakens oxidized lipoproteins, the action of which leads to an increase in lymphocytes. Elevated lymphocytes begin to actively produce substances that entail a decrease in bone density.

An increase in lymphocytes gives impetus to the development of osteoporosis. This is another reason to carefully monitor that the norm of cholesterol in the blood does not exceed allowable level. A lipid profile is recommended for all adults over the age of 20 every five years. If a person is on a low-fat diet or is taking medications that lower blood cholesterol levels, this test is done several times a year.

Hypercholesterolemia

When cholesterol in the blood is elevated, this condition is called hypercholesterolemia. It helps to make such a diagnosis by deciphering the data in the analysis of the lipid profile.

Indicator	Norm	Increased risk of developing atherosclerosis	The disease already exists
total cholesterol	3.1-5.2 mmol/l	5.2-6.3 mmol/l	up to 6.3 mmol/l
HDL Women	more than 1.42 mmol/l	0.9-1.4 mmol/l	up to 0.9 mmol/l
HDL Men	more than 1.68 mmol/l	1.16-1.68 mmol/l	up to 1.16 mmol/l
LDL	less than 3.9 mmol/l	4.0-4.9 mmol/l	more than 4.9 mmol/l
Triglycerides	0.14-1.82 mmol/l	1.9-2.2 mmol/l	more than 2.29 mmol/l
Atherogenic coefficient	depends on age

Atherogenic coefficient (KA) - the ratio of HDL and LDL in the blood. To calculate it correctly, subtract from the indicator of total HDL cholesterol. Divide the resulting figure by the HDL value. If:

• KA less than 3 is the norm;
• KA from 3 to 5 - high level;
• KA more than 5 - greatly increased.

The norm of CA in women can vary in different ways. affect cholesterol in women different reasons. For a low density indicator in the analysis, a small age of women is required. But for deeply elderly women with heart disease, if the level of CA is elevated, this is the norm. Also, these density indicators depend on menopause, age, hormonal background of women.

Atherogenic coefficient in women

Age (years)	Norm for women
16-20	3,08-5,18
21-25	3,16-5,59
26-30	3,32-5,785
31-35	3,37-5,96
36-40	3,91-6,94
41-45	3,81-6,53
46-50	3,94-6,86
51-55	4,20-7,38
56-60	4,45-7,77
61-65	4,45-7,69
66-70	4,43-7,85
71 and older	4,48-7,25

Is analysis always correct?

There are reasons why the spectrum of lipoprotein values ​​can fluctuate regardless of the development of atherosclerosis.

If your LDL levels are high, the culprits could be things like:

• eating with animal fats;
• cholestasis;
• chronic inflammation of the kidneys;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• long-term use of anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, androgens.

LDL cholesterol levels can change just like that, for no reason ( biological variations). Therefore, this figure may be falsely increased. In this case, the analysis of lipoproteins must be taken again after 1-3 months.

Cholesterol treatment

If cholesterol is very high, use the traditional spectrum medical methods. Cholesterol is treated with the following drugs:

• Statins (Mevacor, Zocor, Lipitor, Lipramar, Crestor, etc.). Treatment with statins increases the production of special enzymes that regulate blood cholesterol levels, helping to reduce it by 50-60%;
• Fibrates (fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate). Treatment with fibrates at a low HDL limit accelerates metabolic activity fatty acids;
• Sequestrants (cholestipol, cholestan). Such treatment helps to reduce the synthesis of cholesterol. If he's downgraded, it's easier for him to mess with bile acid, which further reduces the level of LDL;
• A nicotinic acid. At a high level nicotinic acid in the body there is a kind of competition between chemical processes liver. Treatment with nicotinic acid contributes to the normalization of cholesterol (it is lowered).

Drug treatment begins only with a very high level of cholesterol! Only in the case when traditional prevention does not bring the desired result. The dosage is determined by the doctor individually for each patient. You cannot self-medicate!

Cholesterol (CH) is the substance from which the human body forms atherosclerotic plaques. They are the cause of the manifestation, which is a very dangerous disease.

What is cholesterol can also be judged by the meaning of this word, which with Greek translates as "hard bile".

Substance belonging to the class lipids comes with food. However, in this way, only an insignificant part of cholesterol enters the body - approximately 20% of cholesterol a person receives mainly from animal products. The rest, more significant part of this substance (about 80%), is produced in the human liver.

In the human body, pure Chl is present only in small amounts, being part of lipoproteins. These compounds may have a low density (so-called bad LDL cholesterol ) and high density (so-called good HDL cholesterol ).

What should be normal level cholesterol in, as well as good and bad cholesterol - what it is, you can learn from this article.

Cholesterol: good, bad, total

The fact that if the indicators of Xc are above the norm, it is harmful, they say very often and actively. Therefore, many people have the impression that the lower the cholesterol, the better. But in order for all systems in the body to function normally, this substance is very important. It is important that a person's cholesterol remains normal throughout life.

It is customary to distinguish the so-called bad and good cholesterol. Low cholesterol (bad) - one that settles on the walls inside the vessels and forms plaques. It has a low or very low density, combines with special types of protein - apoproteins . As a result, they form fat-protein complexes of VLDL . Exactly in the event that LDL norm increases, a health-threatening condition is noted.

VLDL - what it is, the norm of this indicator - all this information can be obtained from a specialist.

Now the norm of LDL in men and the norm of LDL in women after 50 years and at a younger age is determined by conducting tests for cholesterol and is expressed in different laboratory methods, units of determination - mg / dl or mmol / l. You need to understand, when determining LDL, that this is a value that a specialist should analyze and prescribe the appropriate treatment if LDL cholesterol is elevated. What this means depends on the indicators. So, in healthy people, normal this indicator considered below 4 mmol/L (160 mg/dL).

If a blood test indicates that cholesterol is elevated, what to do should be asked by a doctor. As a rule, if the value of such cholesterol is increased, this means that the patient will be prescribed, or this condition should be treated with medications.

Ambiguous is the question of whether to take pills for cholesterol. It should be noted that statins do not eliminate the causes in connection with which cholesterol rises. It's about o , low mobility, . only suppress the production of this substance in the body, but at the same time they provoke numerous side effects. Sometimes cardiologists say that the use of statins is more dangerous for the body than elevated rates.

• In people with coronary artery disease who have had or, cholesterol levels must be below 2.5 mmol/l or 100 mg/dl.
• Those who do not suffer from heart disease, but at the same time have more than two of any risk factors, need to maintain cholesterol at the level of 3.3 mmol / l or below 130 mg / dl.

Bad cholesterol is opposed to the so-called good - HDL cholesterol. What is High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol? It is an indispensable substance for the body, as it collects bad cholesterol from the walls of blood vessels, after which it contributes to its removal to the liver, where it is destroyed. Many are interested: if HDL is lowered, what does this mean? It should be borne in mind that this condition is dangerous, since atherosclerosis develops not only against the background of elevated low-density cholesterol, but also if LDL is reduced. If HDL cholesterol is elevated, what does this mean, you need to ask a specialist.

That is why the most undesirable option in adults is when the level of bad Xc is increased and the useful one is lowered. According to statistics, about 60% of people of mature age have this combination of indicators. And the sooner it is possible to determine such indicators and properly treat, the lower the risk of developing dangerous diseases.

Good cholesterol, unlike bad cholesterol, is produced only by the body, so increase its level by consuming certain products, will not work.

The norm of good Xs in women is slightly higher than normal cholesterol HDL in men. Most important recommendation about how to increase its level in the blood, the following: it is necessary to practice physical activity, during which its production increases. Even if you do ordinary exercises every day at home, this will help not only increase HDL, but also reduce bad cholesterol, which enters the body with food.

If a person took food in which the cholesterol content is very high, to activate its excretion, it is necessary to provide active work muscles of all groups.

Thus, for those who seek to restore the norm of LDL and HDL, it is necessary:

• move more (especially for those who have had a heart attack, stroke);
• exercise moderately;
• practice enhanced physical activity (in the absence of contraindications).

You can also increase the level of good Xc by taking a small dose of alcohol. However, in no case should it be more than one glass of dry wine per day.

It is important to take into account that excessive load threatens to suppress the synthesis of Chs.

In order to correctly decipher the blood test, one should take into account what is the norm of cholesterol in the blood of a person.

There is a table of cholesterol norms for women by age, from which, if necessary, you can find out what is the norm of cholesterol in women after 50 years, what is considered the norm in women at a young age. Accordingly, the patient can determine independently whether she has an increased or low cholesterol and see a doctor who can help you find out the reasons for low or high levels. It is the doctor who determines what the treatment, diet should be.

• The norm of blood cholesterol for women and men according to HDL, if the condition of the heart and blood vessels is normal, is above 1 mmol / l or 39 mg / dl.
• In people with coronary artery disease who have had a stroke or heart attack, the rate should be 1-1.5 mmol / l or 40-60 mg / dl.

The analysis also determines the norm of total cholesterol in women and men, that is, how good and bad cholesterol correlates.

Total cholesterol in the blood should be no more than 5.2 mmol / l or 200 mg / dl.

If the norm in young men is even slightly exceeded, then this must be considered a pathology.

There is also a table of cholesterol norms for men by age, by which the norm of cholesterol in men is easily determined, its indicators in different ages. From the corresponding table, you can find out which norm of hdl-cholesterol is considered optimal

However, in order to determine whether the level in men and women is actually normal for this indicator, first of all, you need to do a blood test, which makes it possible to find out the content of total cholesterol, as well as the content of other indicators - low or high sugar and etc.

After all, even if the norm of total cholesterol is noticeably exceeded, it is impossible to determine the symptoms or special signs of such a condition. That is, a person does not even realize that the norm is exceeded, and his blood vessels are clogged or narrowed, until he begins to notice that he has heart pain, or until a stroke or heart attack occurs.

Therefore, even for a healthy person of any age, it is important to take tests and control whether allowable rate cholesterol. Also, each person should carry out the prevention of an increase in these indicators in order to avoid the development of atherosclerosis and other serious ailments in the future.

Who needs to control cholesterol

If a person is healthy, he does not show negative symptoms, he does not need to think about the state of the vessels or check if the level is normal cholesterin takes place in the body. That is why patients often do not even know about the increased level of this substance at first.

It is especially necessary to carefully and regularly measure this indicator for those who suffer from hypertension, who have problems with the heart and blood vessels. In addition, indications for regular tests have the following categories:

• people who smoke;
• those who are sick hypertension ;
• overweight people;
• patients suffering from ailments of the cardiovascular system;
• those who prefer a sedentary life;
• women after;
• men after reaching the age of 40;
• aged people.

Those who need to have their blood tested for cholesterol should ask the appropriate specialist how to take a cholesterol test. The blood formula, including the cholesterol content, is determined. How to donate blood for cholesterol? Such an analysis is carried out in any clinic, for this, approximately 5 ml of blood is taken from the cubital vein. Those who are interested in how to properly donate blood should take into account that before these indicators are determined, the patient should not eat for half a day. Also, in the period before blood donation, you should not practice intense physical activity.

There is also a special test for home use. These are disposable test strips that are easy to use. The portable analyzer is used by people with lipid metabolism disorders.

How to decipher a blood test

You can find out if total cholesterol is elevated by doing a blood test in the laboratory. If total cholesterol is elevated, what does it mean, how to act, and the doctor will explain everything about the treatment. But you can try to decipher the results of the analyzes yourself. To do this, you need to know that biochemical analysis contains three indicators: LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol.

Lipidogram - this comprehensive study, allowing to evaluate lipid metabolism in the body, which allows you to determine how lipid metabolism occurs and calculate the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

The correct interpretation of the blood lipid profile is also important in terms of assessing the need for taking statins, daily dose such drugs. Statins are drugs that have many side effects while their price is quite high. Therefore, based on what it is - a lipidogram, this analysis allows you to find out what human blood consists of and prescribe the most effective therapy patient.

After all, total cholesterol is an indicator that in itself does not make it possible to clearly assess the likelihood of atherosclerosis in a patient. If total cholesterol is elevated, what to do can be assessed by the full range of diagnostic indicators. Therefore, the following indicators are determined:

• HDL (alpha cholesterol) - it is determined whether high-density lipoproteins are increased or decreased. It is taken into account, when determining the parameters of β-lipoproteins, that this substance performs a protective function, preventing the development of atherosclerosis.
• LDL - low density lipoproteins are increased or decreased. The higher the beta-cholesterol index, the more the atherosclerotic process is activated.
• VLDL - very low density lipoproteins, thanks to which exogenous lipids are transported in plasma. Synthesized by the liver, they are the main precursor of LDL. VLDL are actively involved in the production of atherosclerotic plaques.
• Triglycerides are esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol. This is a transport form of fats, therefore, their increased content also increases the risk of atherosclerosis.

What should be normal cholesterol is determined depending on age, it can be different for women and men. In addition, it is important to understand that there is no exact number by which the cholesterin norm is indicated. There are only recommendations on what the index should be. Therefore, if the indicator differs and deviates from the range, then this is evidence of some kind of disease.

However, those who are going to take the analysis should take into account that certain errors may be allowed during the analysis. The data of the study showed that such errors are allowed in 75% of the country's laboratories. What if you are striving to get an accurate result? It is best to do such analyzes in those laboratories that are certified by the All-Russian Central Council (Invitro, etc.)

The norm of cholesterol in women

• Normally, in women, the total chol index is 3.6-5.2 mmol / l;
• Xc, moderately elevated - 5.2 - 6.19 mmol / l;
• Cs, increased significantly - from more than 6.19 mmol / l.
• Xc LDL: normal rate- 3.5 mmol / l, increased - from 4.0 mmol / l.
• HDL cholesterol: the normal value is 0.9-1.9 mmol / l, a level below 0.78 mmol / l is considered hazardous to health.

№	Age (years)	Total Cholesterin (mmol/L)
1	under 5	within 2.90-5.18
2	5-10	within 2.26-5.30
3	10-15	within 3.21-5.20
4	15-20	within 3.08-5.18
5	20-25	within 3.16-5.59
6	25-30	within 3.32-5.75
7	30-35	within 3.37-5.96
8	35-40	within 3.63-6.27
9	40-45	within 3.81-6.53
10	45-50	within 3.94-6.86
11	50-55	within 4.20-7.38
12	55-60	within 4.45-7.77
13	60-65	within 4.45-7.69
14	65-70	within 4.43-7.85
15	from 70	within 4.48-7.25

Norm of cholesterol in men

• Normally, the total Chol in men is 3.6-5.2 mmol / l;
• LDL cholesterol is a normal indicator - 2.25-4.82 mmol / l;
• HDL cholesterol is a normal indicator - 0.7-1.7 mmol / l.

№	Age (years)	Total Cholesterin (mmol/L)
1	up to 5	within 2.95-5.25
2	5-10	within 3.13-5.25
3	10-15	within 3.08-5.23
4	15-20	within 2.93-5.10
5	20-25	within 3.16-5.59
6	25-30	within 3.44-6.32
7	30-35	within 3.57-6.58
8	35-40	within 3.78-6.99
9	40-45	within 3.91-6.94
10	45-50	within 4.09-7.15
11	50-55	within 4.09-7.17
12	55-60	within 4.04-7.15
13	60-65	within 4.12-7.15
14	65-70	within 4.09-7.10
15	from 70	within 3.73-6.86

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a specific type of fat found in human blood. They are the main source of energy and the most common type of fat in the body. A detailed blood test determines the amount of triglycerides. If it is normal, then these fats are beneficial for the body.

As a rule, triglycerides in the blood are elevated in those who consume a large number of kilocalories than it burns. At elevated levels, the so-called metabolic syndrome , at which it is noted high blood pressure, increased blood sugar, noted low maintenance good cholesterin, and also have a lot of fat around the waist. This condition increases the likelihood of developing diabetes, stroke, and heart disease.

The norm of triglycerides is 150 mg / dl. The norm of triglycerides in women in the blood, as in men, is exceeded if the rate is more than 200 mg / dl. However, the rate is up to 400 mg / dl. marked as valid. A high level is considered to be an indicator of 400-1000 mg / dl. very high - from 1000 mg / dl.

If triglycerides are lowered, what does this mean, you need to ask your doctor. This condition is observed in lung diseases, cerebral infarction, parenchymal damage, myasthenia gravis, when taken, etc.

What is the coefficient of atherogenicity

Many are interested in what is the coefficient of atherogenicity in a biochemical blood test? Atherogenic coefficient commonly referred to as the proportional ratio of good and total cholesterin. This indicator is the most accurate display of the state of lipid metabolism in the body, as well as an assessment of the likelihood of atherosclerosis and other ailments. To calculate the atherogenic index, you need to subtract the HDL index from the total cholesterol index, after which this difference is divided by HDL.

The norm for women and the norm for men of this indicator is as follows:

• 2-2.8 - young people under 30;
• 3-3.5 - the norm for people over 30 years old who do not have signs of atherosclerosis;
• from 4 - an indicator characteristic of people suffering from coronary artery disease.

If the coefficient of atherogenicity is below normal, then this is not a cause for concern. Conversely, if the coefficient is lowered, then the risk of atherosclerosis in a person is low.

It is important to pay attention to the patient's condition if the atherogenic coefficient is elevated. What is it and how to act in this case, the specialist will tell. If the patient has an increased atherogenic coefficient, the reasons for this are due to the fact that bad cholesterol is increased in the body. What to do in such a situation? First of all, you need to contact a qualified doctor who will adequately assess the atherogenic index. What this means can only be clearly assessed and explained by a specialist.

atherogenicity - this is the main criterion for monitoring how effective hypercholesterolemia therapy is. You should strive to restore the norm of lipoproteins. At the same time, it is important to ensure not only a decrease in total cholesterin, but also an increase in high-density lipoproteins. Therefore, decryption lipid spectrum blood provides that β-lipoproteins, the norm for women and men of which, as already indicated, is different, must be taken into account when assessing the patient's condition.

Other studies in high cholesterol

If there is a risk of atherosclerosis, they are determined not only in lipoproteins (the norm in the blood), but also in others. important indicators, in particular, also the norm of PTI in the blood of women and men. PTI is the prothrombin index, one of the most important factors coagulograms, studies of the state of the blood coagulation system.

However, at present in medicine there is a more stable indicator - INR , which stands for international normalization relation. At increased rate there is a risk of bleeding. If the INR is elevated, what does this mean, the specialist will explain in detail.

Determining hgb () is also important, since with a high cholesterol level, hemoglobin levels can be very high, and this increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, thrombosis, etc. You can find out from a specialist how much hemoglobin should be normal.

Other indicators and markers (he4), etc. are determined in people with high cholesterol if necessary.

What to do to normalize cholesterol?

Many people, having received the test results and found out that they have cholesterol 7 or cholesterol 8, simply have no idea what to do. The basic rule in this case is: clinical analysis blood should be deciphered by a specialist whose recommendations should be followed. That is, if low-density lipoproteins are elevated, what it is, the doctor should explain. In the same way, if there is low cholesterol in the blood, what does this mean, you should ask a specialist.

As a rule, it is important that it be strictly observed in men as well as in women. It is easy to understand in her conditions. It is enough just not to consume products with saturated fat, and dangerous dietary cholesterol. Some important tips to keep in mind:

• significantly reduce the amount of animal fats in the diet;
• reduce portions fatty meat, remove the skin from poultry before consumption;
• reduce portions of butter, mayonnaise, sour cream with high fat content;
• prefer boiled rather than fried foods;
• you can eat eggs without abusing;
• the diet should contain a maximum of healthy fiber (apples, beets, legumes, carrots, cabbage, kiwi, etc.);
• useful to consume vegetable oils, fish.

If Сholesterin is elevated at, it is important to follow the doctor's recommendations very clearly - it is he who will tell you which nutrition scheme is most relevant in this case.

Seeing cholesterol 6.6 or cholesterol 9 in the test results, what to do, the patient should ask a specialist. It is likely that the doctor will prescribe treatment, guided by individual indicators patient.

It should be clearly remembered that the normal level of Chl is the key to the health of your blood vessels and heart, and do everything to improve these indicators.

Normal fat metabolism takes place if the indicators are close to the following values.

A blood test for cholesterol and LDL allows you to determine if their levels have deviated from the norm. If this happened in a big way, it means that atherosclerosis develops in the body, which reduces the elasticity of blood vessels, is the cause of increased thrombus formation, blockage of an artery or vein by a thrombus. Low level cholesterol is also dangerous, because many processes in the body cannot occur without it.

Cholesterol is a fatty natural alcohol, most of which is synthesized by the liver, the rest comes into the body from food. With the help of this substance, the shells of all cells of the body are formed. Also, on its basis, steroids are synthesized, including sex hormones. In addition, cholesterol has a positive effect on strengthening bones, is involved in the work of the immune, nervous, digestive systems, performs a number of others, very important functions.

But if the amount of cholesterol exceeds the norm, it begins to fall on the walls of blood vessels and form growths, reducing the elasticity of arteries and veins. This is the cause of impaired blood flow and can provoke blockage of the vessel by a thrombus. This problem is explained by the fact that cholesterol is not able to dissolve in water. To get to the cells, it forms compounds with lipoproteins of different density - medium, low and high. So called compounds that consist of lipids and proteins.

Low and medium density lipids (LDL or LDL) are responsible for the transport of cholesterol through the blood to the cells. After the cells take the amount of cholesterol they need, the remains are picked up by high-density lipoproteins (HDL or HDL) and taken to the liver for processing.

You should also be aware that LDL does not dissolve very well either. Therefore, along the way, cholesterol precipitates on the walls of blood vessels. At healthy person near the vascular walls are enzymes that the sediment destroys. But with age, these components become less and less, and the cholesterol sediment is gradually fixed on the vascular walls. Especially if HDL in the body is below normal, while the amount of LDL is increased.

First, the growth that settles on the vascular walls is characterized by a loose consistency. At this stage, it can still be dissolved. But there is also a danger here: at any moment a small part can come off the plaque and clog the vessel. This means that the tissues it serves will be deprived of nutrition, which will lead to their death. That is why atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain or heart is the cause of heart attacks, which often end in death.

As the plaque forms, it becomes hard and replaces the vascular wall. As the walls are destroyed, they bleed, which leads to increased formation of blood clots: this is how the body tries to cure the vessels. Over time vascular walls lose elasticity, become brittle, as a result of which hemorrhage can occur at any time.

How to decipher the results

You can suspect the development of atherosclerosis if a person leads sedentary image life, is obese, prefers food with a high level of animal fats. At risk are diabetics, as well as those people who have problems with the thyroid gland, liver, kidneys.

You should also know that the level of cholesterol, LDL in men begins to rise, while HDL levels fall after the age of twenty, in women after menopause. Constant stress, smoking, alcohol are also the cause high content cholesterol and LDL, as well as low HDL.

Doctors recommend that women and men do a lipid profile at least once a year. Since atherosclerosis does not manifest itself in the initial stages, this will allow you to timely notice the deviation of cholesterol, HDL, LDL from the norm, and prevent the development of a heart attack, stroke or other serious problems.

Lipidogram is a study that allows you to determine the level of cholesterol, LDL, HDL in the blood, as well as to understand the state of fat metabolism in the body. Conduct it with biochemical analysis blood.

First, the level of total cholesterol is determined in the blood of women and men. Norms in different laboratories may differ. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the indicated figures, which are next to the decoding of personal data: these are the norms adopted in the laboratory where the analysis was carried out.

It is believed that the norm of total cholesterol in the blood of women and men should be:

In order for the doctor to be able to get a clear idea of ​​the state of lipid metabolism, knowledge of the level of total cholesterol alone is not enough. You also need to know the concentration in blood HDL and LDL. Therefore, he appoints to examine the blood for the number of lipoproteins of different densities.

The following LDL values ​​indicate the following conditions:

• up to 2.5 mmol/l ( low probability myocardial infarction);
• 2.6 - 3.3 mmol / l - optimal performance;
• 3.4 - 4.1 mmol / l - increased values;
• 4.1 - 4.9 mmol / l - high concentration;
• more than 4.9 mmol / l - very high risk heart attack.

Also, the doctor should know how much high-density lipoprotein is contained in a person's blood. The amount of HDL in healthy body women should be above 1.68 mmol / l. In a man, the HDL indicator in the blood, the norm exceeds 1.45 mol / l.

Reasons for deviations

An increased amount of cholesterol and LDL, as well as a low amount of HDL in women and men, can be triggered by the following reasons:

• malnutrition, when food contains a high level of carbohydrates, trans fats, as well as very little fiber, pectins, vitamins, minerals, vegetable fats;
• obesity, overeating;
• alcohol abuse, smoking;
• bile stasis and other liver problems;
• kidney disease;
• some medicines;
• problems with the pancreas, thyroid gland;
• increased production of hormones that the adrenal cortex synthesizes;
• some viral infections;
• in women - pregnancy.

Low cholesterol in women and men is also dangerous, as it indicates the development of serious diseases. Such values ​​are observed after prolonged hunger strikes, due to serious burns. It happens when the body is unable to properly absorb fats, which indicates a serious metabolic disorder and requires medical care.

Cholesterol can be lowered in tuberculosis, chronic heart failure, acute infectious diseases, blood poisoning, cirrhosis, oncology. In this case, the person needs urgent medical attention. Otherwise, there will be a lethal outcome.

Biochemical analysis shows low cholesterol in vegetarians. This is due to the fact that there are no animal fats in their food. Therefore, vegetarians should take care of the presence in the diet of foods rich in cholesterol.

The decoding of the analysis can show a deviation from the norm if the person used any medications (including contraceptives) before the analysis. Also, you can not expose the body to physical exertion before donating blood.

After the doctor receives a transcript of the biochemical analysis, if the results are unsatisfactory, he will prescribe treatment based on individual characteristics organism. In addition to taking medication, the patient must follow a diet that will reduce or increase the level of natural fatty alcohol in the body (depending on the nature of the disease). If it is not adhered to, treatment with medications alone may be ineffective.

LDL cholesterol is the so-called "bad" cholesterol, which can accumulate on the walls of blood vessels, preventing normal blood flow. At the same time, this type of cholesterol is assigned to perform a number of vital functions: nutrition of cells and organs with substances necessary for normal functioning. To identify possible violations some research may be required. For example, biochemical, which allows you to check the indicators of all types of cholesterol, triglycerides and the ratio between. In the event that any of the indicators are violated, this can lead to the development of such pathologies as atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke.

Based on the results of the tests, many patients are wondering: LDL cholesterol is elevated. What is it and how to deal with it? On this issue, it is better to seek advice from your doctor. The specialist will help you choose the right one, complex treatment taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. Preparations are selected taking into account the already available, concomitant diseases. Additionally, the patient can be offered and helped to choose a complex exercise, which has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism.

In the event that LDL cholesterol is lowered, then this is also alarm signal about the failure of the normal functioning of the body. All indicators must be within, otherwise the likelihood of developing a large number of diseases increases. If a patient is diagnosed with LDL cholesterol below normal, then, first of all, this has Negative influence on the hormonal background: male and female sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormones.

An important point is the coefficient of atherogenicity: the ratio of LDL and HDL cholesterol. This is key indicator demonstrating whether everything is in order with lipid metabolism. In case of violation of the indicators of the coefficient of atherogenicity, immediate correction and normalization of the level of high and low density lipoproteins is required.

According to international standards, the norm of LDL cholesterol are indicators that do not exceed numerical values ​​of 4.9 - 6.0 mmol. This indicator can be increased by 1.5-2 times, and in this case this is the norm.

Methods for correcting cholesterol levels

First of all, the doctor may prescribe medications of the following pharmacological groups:

1. Group drugs - reduce the synthesis of cholesterol directly by the body. Quickly restore lipid metabolism. These drugs can be used for a long time, until the final normalization of the level of low density lipoproteins.
2. Fibric acid drugs are prescribed as monotherapy or in combination with statins. In conjunction with low calorie diet quickly bring LDL levels back to normal.
3. Medicines that have a choleretic effect “bind” excess cholesterol with bile and remove it from the body through the liver.
4. Various biologically active additives based on rapeseed oil, fish oil. Additionally, you may need to take vitamin and mineral complexes. Special attention give vitamins of group B.

Any treatment is most effective in combination, therefore, in addition to taking prescribed medicines, you need to pay attention to aerobic exercise and give up bad habits, especially smoking.

Additionally, patients need to adjust their diet. The largest number bad cholesterol found in by-products: liver, kidneys, brain. From the use of these products must be abandoned in the first place. You will also have to refrain from fats of animal origin, giving preference to chicken meat and lean beef.

The beneficial effect is the use, linseed oil and seed. margarine and butter Recommended oil change plant origin, use them for cooking and as salad dressings (instead of mayonnaise).

Use pumpkin seeds, avocado fruit and allows you to quickly normalize elevated level low density lipoproteins. These foods contain a large amount of antioxidants that effectively deal with low-density lipoproteins.

Alternative methods of struggle

There are also so-called, allowing to normalize the elevated level of low density lipoproteins. Before you start using a particular recipe, you must without fail consult a doctor.

• The very first and most effective recipe the fight against high cholesterol is the use of ground through a meat grinder with the addition of honey. The resulting mixture is stored in the refrigerator and consumed in a tablespoon 2-3 times a day. With good tolerance, the duration of treatment can be up to several months.
• A decoction of dandelion roots, calendula flowers and chamomile. All components are taken in equal parts, poured with boiling water and consumed 1/3 cup a day during the main meal. The course of treatment is determined individually, depending on the parameters of the biochemical blood test.
• Garlic tincture. For cooking, you need to take a few cloves of garlic, chop and pour medical alcohol or vodka. The resulting mixture must be infused for 5-7 days, consumed in a teaspoon twice a day after meals. In violation of the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract before you start taking it, be sure to consult your doctor.
• A mixture of hawthorn fruits, fennel fruits and valerian rhizomes is poured with boiling water and boiled over low heat for 3-5 minutes. The resulting drink is cooled, filtered and put in a dark, cool place. The resulting mixture should be taken in a tablespoon once a day. This tool not only normalizes the level of low density lipoproteins, but also has beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system.

Traditional methods are also most effective in combination with sports exercises and management. healthy lifestyle life.

What does HDL cholesterol mean?

HDL cholesterol - this is the so-called, which cleanses the walls of blood vessels from excess bad cholesterol and prevents the formation of cholesterol plaques. Normal HDL cholesterol levels should be in the range of 1.9-2.1 mmol. In the event that a decrease in these indicators is observed, immediate intervention of the attending physician is required.

In the event that HDL cholesterol is lowered, then this may be fraught with the development cardiovascular disease, hormonal disorders, atherosclerosis. In order to normalize the level of good cholesterol, doctors recommend following a number of simple rules:

1. Lead a healthy lifestyle and give up bad habits. First of all, from smoking. Nicotine disrupts lipid metabolism and helps reduce high-density lipoprotein levels. As for the use, experts around the world are arguing about this to this day. Some think that moderate use red dry wine helps to increase high-density lipoproteins; other doctors fundamentally disagree with this and urge their patients to stop drinking alcohol in principle.
2. In the event that excess weight is observed, then from extra pounds needs to be disposed of. In order to determine whether the weight is normal or not, the body mass index should be determined. If the scores exceed numerical value 26-31, then this indicates that it is urgent to dump overweight. Physical activity will come to the rescue in this matter and proper diet nutrition.
3. In order to understand how to increase HDL cholesterol, it should be remembered that without moderate physical activity this problem don't decide. The doctor will help you choose an individual set of exercises. Physical activity- for example, running, swimming, helps to regulate lipid metabolism deviations, normalize metabolism and improve general well-being. When selecting certain sets of exercises, it is necessary to take into account the age, weight and gender of the patient.
4. Proper nutrition. A dietitian will help you adjust your diet so that your body gets the most out of it. essential vitamins, trace elements and others nutrients. However, you should refrain from using fatty foods, carbohydrates, industrial products.
5. Drinking freshly squeezed juices from your favorite fruits and vegetables will help normalize high-density lipoprotein levels.

Proper nutrition

In the event that HDL cholesterol is lowered, it is necessary to pay attention to foods that contribute to its increase:

• Fresh vegetables and fruits are rich in fiber and pectin, which effectively restores high-density lipoprotein levels.
• Almond and walnuts- contribute to an increase in the level of high-density lipoproteins. Avoid coconut and palm oils.
• Reduce intake of saturated fatty acids. These are found in abundance in animal fats, dairy products with a high percentage of fat, fast food, carbohydrates, trans fats (for example, in margarine).
• It is also necessary to refrain from drinking sweet soda water. Drinking fresh juices is much more beneficial, and it also has a beneficial effect on increasing high-density lipoproteins. It is recommended to pay special attention to beetroot, carrot, apple, cranberry juice.
• Replace White bread on the bakery products from wholemeal flour or rye bread.
• Pay attention to legumes: beans, peas. These components can be mixed together in equal parts, boiled until tender, seasoned with a small amount of salt and tomato juice and consume 3 tablespoons three times a day. A decoction of bean pods is also perfect. Patients who have disorders in the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are advised to refrain from using these products.

Consider again the most useful products that allow you to quickly and effectively normalize the level of high density lipoproteins: eating spinach, kiwi, legumes, potatoes, river or sea ​​fish, oranges and other fruits allows you to quickly increase HDL level. In the event that nutritional correction is not enough, the doctor may prescribe nicotinic acid medications. Don't try to pick your own medicine, since the drugs of this group have a number of contraindications and serious side effects.

In order to normalize cholesterol levels, it is not necessary to take a large number of drugs. It is enough to follow the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, give up bad habits and give preference useful products nutrition. Then not only cholesterol will return to normal, but all organ systems will also improve the functioning of the owl.