Trace elements and their role in the body. The biological role of trace elements in the human body, their main characteristics

Biological role trace elements is determined by their participation in almost all types of body metabolism; they are cofactors of many enzymes, vitamins, hormones, are involved in the processes of hematopoiesis, growth, reproduction, differentiation and stabilization cell membranes, tissue respiration, immune reactions and many other processes that ensure the normal functioning of the body.

About 70 chemical elements (including trace elements) have been found in the human body, of which 43 are considered essential (irreplaceable). In addition to essential microelements, which are indispensable nutritional factors, the deficiency of which leads to various pathological conditions, there are toxic microelements that are the main environmental pollutants and cause diseases and intoxications in humans. Under certain conditions, essential trace elements. can exhibit a toxic effect, and some toxic microelements in a certain dose have essential properties.

The human need for micronutrients varies widely and for most micronutrients it has not been precisely established. The absorption of trace elements occurs mainly in the small intestine, especially actively in the duodenum.

Trace elements are excreted from the body with feces and urine. Some of the microelements are secreted in the secretions of the exocrine glands, with desquamated cells of the epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes, with hair and nails. Each microelement is characterized specific features absorption, transport, deposition in organs and tissues and excretion from the body.

Description of some trace elements

Bromine

Most content noted in the medulla of the kidneys, thyroid gland, brain tissue, pituitary gland. Bromine with excessive accumulation inhibits the function thyroid gland, preventing the entry of Iodine into it. Bromine salts have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, activate sexual function, increasing the volume of the ejaculate and the number of sperm in it. Bromine is part of the gastric juice, affecting (along with chlorine) its acidity. daily requirement in bromine is 0.5-2 mg. The main sources of bromine in human nutrition are bread and bakery products, milk and dairy products, legumes. Normally, blood plasma contains about 17 mmol / l of bromine (about 150 mg / 100 ml of blood plasma).

Vanadium

The highest content is found in bones, teeth, adipose tissue. Vanadium has a hemostimulating effect, activates the oxidation of phospholipids, affects the permeability of mitochondrial membranes, and inhibits cholesterol synthesis. It promotes the accumulation of calcium salts in the bones, increases the resistance of teeth to caries. With excessive intake of vanadium and its compounds in the body, they manifest themselves as poisons, affecting the system circulation, respiratory organs, nervous system and causing allergic and inflammatory skin diseases.

Iron

The highest content is noted in erythrocytes, spleen, liver, blood plasma. It is part of hemoglobin, enzymes that catalyze the processes of sequential transfer of hydrogen atoms or electrons from the initial donor to the final acceptor, i.e. in the respiratory chain (catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes). Participates in redox reactions, immunobiological interactions. With iron deficiency, anemia develops, there is a delay in growth, puberty, dystrophic processes in the organs. Excess intake of iron from food products can cause gastroenteritis, and a violation of its metabolism, accompanied by an excess content of free iron in the blood, the appearance of iron deposits in the parenchymal organs, the development of hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis. The daily human need for iron is 10-30 mg, its main sources in the diet are beans, buckwheat, liver, meat, vegetables, fruits, bread and bakery products. Normally, non-heme iron is found in plasma at a concentration of 12-32 µmol/l (65-175 µg/100 ml); in women, the content of non-heme iron in the blood plasma is 10-15% lower than in men.

The highest content is found in the thyroid gland, for the functioning of which iodine is absolutely necessary. Insufficient intake of iodine in the body leads to the appearance of endemic goiter, excess intake leads to the development of hypothyroidism. The daily requirement for iodine is 50-200 mcg. The main source of nutrition are milk, vegetables, meat, eggs, sea fish, seafood. Normally, blood plasma contains 275-630 nmol / l (3.5-8 μg / 100 ml) of protein-bound iodine.

Cobalt

The highest content is noted in the blood, spleen, bones, ovaries, pituitary gland, liver. Stimulates the processes of hematopoiesis, participates in the synthesis of vitamin B12, improves the absorption of iron in the intestine and catalyzes the transition of the so-called deposited iron into erythrocyte hemoglobin. Promotes better nitrogen assimilation, stimulates synthesis muscle proteins. Cobalt affects carbohydrate metabolism, activates bone and intestinal phosphatases, catalase, carboxylase, peptidases, inhibits cytochrome oxidase and thyroxine synthesis. An excess of cobalt can cause cardiomyopathy, has an embryotoxic effect (up to intrauterine death fetus). The daily requirement is 40-70 mcg. The main sources of nutrition are milk, bread and bakery products, vegetables, liver, legumes. Normally, blood plasma contains approximately 20-600 nmol / l (0.1-4 μg / 100 ml) of cobalt.

Silicon

The highest content is determined in the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, the lens of the eye, the muscular membrane of the intestine and stomach, and the pancreas. The content of silicon in the skin is maximum in newborns, it decreases with age, and in the lungs, on the contrary, increases tenfold. Silicon compounds are essential for the normal development and functioning of connective and epithelial tissues. It is believed that the presence of silicon in the walls of blood vessels prevents the penetration of lipids into the blood plasma and their deposition in vascular wall. Silicon promotes collagen biosynthesis and formation bone tissue(after fracture, the amount of silicon in callus increases almost 50 times). It is believed that silicon compounds are necessary for the normal course of lipid metabolism.

Dust of silicon-containing inorganic compounds can cause the development of silicosis, silicosis, diffuse interstitial pneumoconiosis. Organosilicon compounds are even more poisonous.

The daily requirement for silicon dioxide SiO2 is 20-30 mg. Its sources are water and vegetable foods. Silicon deficiency leads to the so-called silicotic anemia. Increased intake of silicon in the body can cause disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism, the formation of urinary stones.

Manganese

The highest content is noted in the bones, liver, pituitary gland. It is part of riboflavin, pyruvate carboxylase, arginase, leucine aminopeptidase, activates phosphatases, α-keto acid decarboxylase, phosphoglucomutase. Affects the development of the skeleton, growth, reproduction, hematopoiesis, participates in the synthesis of immunoglobulins, tissue respiration, the synthesis of cholesterol, cartilage glycosaminoglycans, aerobic glycolysis, alcoholic fermentation. Excessive intake of manganese in the body leads to its accumulation in the bones and the appearance of changes in them, resembling those in rickets (manganese rickets). In chronic intoxication with manganese, it accumulates in parenchymal organs, penetrates the blood-brain barrier and exhibits a pronounced tropism for the subcortical structures of the brain, therefore it is classified as an aggressive neurotropic poison with a chronic effect. Severe manganese intoxication, if its concentration in the blood significantly exceeds 18.2 μmol / l (100 μg / 100 ml), leads to the development of the so-called manganese parkinsonism. An excess of manganese in areas endemic for goiter contributes to the development of this pathology. Manganese deficiency in the body is noted very rarely. Manganese is a synergist of copper and improves its absorption.

The daily requirement for manganese is 2-10 mg, the main sources are bread and bakery products, vegetables, liver, kidneys. Normally, blood plasma contains approximately 0.7-4 µmol/l (4-20 µg/100 ml) of manganese.

Copper

The highest content is found in the liver and bones. It is part of the enzymes cytochrome oxidase, tyrovinase, superoxide dismutase, etc. Promotes anabolic processes in the body, participates in tissue respiration, inactivation of insulinase. Copper has a pronounced hematopoietic effect: it enhances the mobilization of deposited iron, stimulates its transfer to Bone marrow, activates the maturation of erythrocytes. With a deficiency of copper, anemia develops, bone formation is disturbed (osteomalacia is noted) and the synthesis of connective tissue. In children, copper deficiency is manifested by delayed psychomotor development, hypotension, hypopigmentation, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and bone lesions. Copper deficiency underlies Menkes disease - congenital pathology, which manifests itself in children under 2 years of age and is apparently associated with a genetically determined malabsorption of copper in the intestine. In this disease, in addition to the symptoms listed above, changes in the intima of the vessels and hair growth are noted. A classic example of copper metabolism disorders is Wilson-Konovalov disease. This disease is associated with a lack of ceruloplasmin and a pathological redistribution of free copper in the body: a decrease in its concentration in the blood and accumulation in organs. Excessive intake of copper in the body has a toxic effect, manifested by acute massive hemolysis, kidney failure, gastroenteritis, fever, convulsions, profuse sweat, acute bronchitis with specific green sputum.

The daily requirement for copper is 2-5 mg, or about 0.05 mg per 1 mg of body weight. The main sources of nutrition are bread and bakery products, tea leaves, potatoes, fruits, liver, nuts, mushrooms, soybeans, coffee. Normally, blood plasma contains 11-24 µmol/l (70-150 µg/100 ml) of copper.

Molybdenum

The highest content is noted in the liver, kidneys, retinal pigment epithelium. It is a partial copper antagonist in biological systems. Activates a number of enzymes, in particular flavoproteins, affects purine metabolism. With a deficiency of molybdenum, the formation of xanthine kidney stones increases, and its excess leads to an increase in the concentration in the blood uric acid 3-4 times compared with the norm and the development of the so-called molybdenum gout. An excess of molybdenum also contributes to a violation of the synthesis of vitamin B12 and an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase.

The daily requirement for molybdenum is 0.1-0.5 mg (about 4 micrograms per 1 kg of body weight). The main sources are bread and bakery products, legumes, liver, kidneys. The blood plasma normally contains an average of 30 to 700 nmol / l (about 0.3-7 μg / 100 ml) of molybdenum.

Nickel

The highest content is found in hair, skin and organs of ectodermal origin. Like cobalt, nickel has a beneficial effect on hematopoietic processes, activates a number of enzymes, and selectively inhibits many RNAs.

With excessive intake of nickel into the body for a long time, dystrophic changes in parenchymal organs, disorders of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems, changes in hematopoiesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and reproductive function. Individuals living in areas with a high nickel content in environment, keratitis, conjunctivitis, complicated by corneal ulceration, are observed. The need for nickel has not been established. A lot of nickel in plant products, sea fish and seafood, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland.

Selenium

Distribution in human tissues and organs has not been studied. The biological role of selenium presumably lies in its participation as an antioxidant in the regulation of free radical processes in the body, in particular lipid peroxidation.

Low selenium content was found in newborns with congenital malformations, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and syndrome respiratory disorders as well as in children with tumor processes. The lack of selenium and vitamin E is considered one of the main causes of anemia in premature babies. The low content of selenium in the blood and tissues is detected during immunopathological processes. For people living in areas with low content selenium in the environment, more often develop diseases of the liver, organs gastrointestinal tract, there are violations normal structure nails and teeth, skin rash, chronic arthritis. Endemic selenium-deficient cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) has been described.

With chronic excess intake of selenium in the body, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and bronchi, organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and asthenic syndrome are possible. Data on the content of selenium in food products and human needs and it is not published.

Fluorine

The highest content was noted in the teeth and bones. Fluorine in low concentrations increases the resistance of teeth to caries, stimulates hematopoiesis, reparative processes in bone fractures and immune reactions, participates in the growth of the skeleton, and prevents the development of senile osteoporosis. Excessive intake of fluorine in the body causes fluorosis and suppression of the body's defenses. Fluorine, being a strontium antagonist, reduces the accumulation of strontium radionuclide in the bones and reduces the severity radiation injury from this radionuclide. Insufficient intake of fluorine in the body is one of the exogenous etiological factors that cause the development of dental caries, especially during their eruption and mineralization. Anticarious effect provides fluoridation drinking water to a concentration of fluorine in it of about 1 mg/l. Fluorine is also introduced into the body in the form of an additive in table salt, milk or in the form of tablets. The daily requirement for fluorine is 2-3 mg. With food products, of which vegetables and milk are the richest in fluorine, a person receives about 0.8 mg of fluorine, the rest of its amount should be supplied with drinking water. The blood plasma normally contains about 370 µmol/l (700 µg/100 ml) of fluoride.

Zinc

The highest content is found in the liver, prostate gland, retina. It is part of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and other metalloproteins. Influences the activity of triple hormones of the pituitary gland, participates in the implementation of the biological action of insulin, has lipotropic properties, normalizes fat metabolism, increases the intensity of fat breakdown in the body and prevents fatty degeneration of the liver. Participates in hematopoiesis. Required for normal functioning pituitary, pancreas, seminal vesicles, prostate. With normal nutrition, hypocincosis in humans rarely develops. The cause of zinc deficiency can be an excess content in the diet of cereal products that are rich in phytic acid, which prevents the absorption of zinc salts in the intestines. Zinc deficiency is manifested by growth retardation and underdevelopment of the genital organs in adolescence, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, impaired ossification, and alopecia. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy leads to premature birth, intrauterine death of the fetus or the birth of a non-viable child with various developmental anomalies. In newborns, zinc deficiency may be genetically determined by malabsorption of zinc in the gut. It is manifested by recurrent diarrhea, blisters and pustular diseases skin, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, sometimes - clouding of the cornea, alopecia. The daily requirement for zinc is (in mg): in adults - 10-15; in pregnant women - 20, nursing mothers - 25; children - 4-5; infants - 0.3 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The most zinc-rich beef and pork liver, beef, egg yolk, cheese, peas, bread and bakery products, chicken meat.

There are various functions of trace elements in the human body in various fields vital activity. Many of them are sources of energy and the ability to conduct electrical impulses. If the electrolyte balance is disturbed, interruptions in the work of the cardiovascular system may occur, the acid-base balance of the blood may change, and other pathological changes may occur.

Since ancient times in Russia there has been a custom to meet guests with bread and salt, and for good reason. The diet, including the diet, should include a sufficient amount of minerals, since their lack usually causes various diseases. So, animals that cannot replenish the reserves of the salts they need soon die. Plants draw salt from the soil, the characteristics of which naturally affect mineral composition plants themselves, which indirectly affects the body composition of herbivores. However, an excess of these substances is also fraught with severe health disorders.

All mineral substances are usually divided into micro and macro elements.

Minerals- inorganic chemical elements that are part of the body and are components of food. Currently, 16 such elements are considered indispensable. Minerals are just as essential to humans as vitamins. Moreover, many vitamins and minerals work in close interaction with each other.

The body's need for macronutrients - sodium, potassium, phosphorus, etc. - is significant: from hundreds of milligrams to several grams.

A person's need for trace elements - iron, copper, zinc, etc. - is extremely small: it is measured in thousandths of a gram (micrograms).

Table: macronutrients in the human body and their role

Macronutrients in the human body are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine. The biological role of macronutrients, the body's need for them, signs of deficiency and the main sources are presented in the table.

The table of macronutrients includes their main types and varieties, among which are essential elements. By carefully studying the data, you will understand the role of macronutrients in the human body.

Table - The role and sources of essential macronutrients, the body's need for them and signs of deficiency:

trace elements	Role in the body	Need, mg/day	Signs of deficiency	food sources
	Membrane potential of the cell		Muscle weakness, arrhythmia, apathy	Dried apricots, raisins, peas, nuts, potatoes, chicken, mushrooms
	Osmotic balance		Hypotension, oliguria, seizures	Salt, cheese, canned food
	The structure of the bones of the skeleton, blood clotting		Osteoporosis, tetany, arrhythmias, hypotension	Cheese, cottage cheese, milk, nuts, peas, raisins
	Synthesis of proteins, urea, carbohydrate metabolism		Muscle weakness, tremor, convulsions, arrhythmias, depression	Watermelon, buckwheat, oatmeal, soy flour, bran, squid
	Osmotic balance		Hypotension, polyuria, vomiting	Salt, cheese, canned food
	Energy metabolism (ATP)		Respiratory arrest, hemolytic anemia	Cheeses, soy flour, rice, fish, eggs

The tissues contain a lot of minerals, including macronutrients, and therefore they have to be consumed with food. At the same time, a balance must be struck between chemicals. Thus, the ratio between calcium, phosphorus and magnesium recommended for adults is 1:1.5:0.5. In children of the first year of life, the proportion between calcium and phosphorus changes by 2:1, which corresponds to chemical composition women's milk and its substitutes.

Table: trace elements and their role in the human body

The role of trace elements in the human body is that they also perform important functions in the body, and with their deficiency, very serious disorders and even diseases develop. We offer a table of trace elements in the human body indicating the signs of their deficiency.

Table - Role and sources essential trace elements, the body's need for them and signs of deficiency:

Elements	Role in the body	Need, mg/day	Signs of deficiency	food sources
	Oxygen transport		hypochromic anemia	Liver, peas, buckwheat, mushrooms
	Hematopoiesis, collagen synthesis		Hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, osteoporosis	Cod liver, beef liver, squid, nuts, buckwheat
	Thyroid hormones		goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism	Seaweed, iodized salt
	tissue respiration		Diarrhea, dermatitis, alopecia	Oysters, beef liver, cheeses
Manganese	cholesterol metabolism		atherosclerosis, dermatitis	Blueberries, oats, rice, dried apricots, soy
	carbohydrate metabolism		Hyperglycemia, polyneuropathy	Pears, tomatoes, gouda cheese, beer
Molybdenum			Increased methionine in the blood	Beans, peas, cereals
	Included in vitamin B12		pernicious anemia	Squid, cod liver, semolina
	Tooth enamel
	Antioxidant		Immune disorders, cardiomyopathy	Lobsters, herring, eel, carp, kidneys, pork liver

The diet of a significant part of people, especially children, pregnant and lactating women, does not provide sufficient intake of a number of essential minerals: calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine. There is a danger of deficiency and trace elements such as zinc, fluorine and some others.

In order to regularly meet the need for all the necessary macro- and microelements, the diet should be varied, including foods that are rich in these biologically valuable substances.

Trace elements: their role in the human body

If there are enough trace elements in the body, then the person will be healthy, and all systems and organs will work productively. Two billion representatives of mankind today have an insufficient level of these minerals, such people suffer mental retardation, blindness, babies die as soon as they are born. Trace elements are primarily responsible for the development of the central nervous system, they also play a lot important role in reducing the number of the most common intrauterine abnormalities in the formation of cardio-vascular system.

Microelements also have a huge impact on the functioning of the protective forces of the human body. For example, in a person who eats properly, getting all the trace elements in sufficient quantities, diseases such as influenza, measles or intestinal infections are much easier.

All trace elements, without exception, are vital for the human body, because each of them affects a particular area of its functioning. These minerals, however, like vitamins and macronutrients are in different products plant and animal origin. Of course, in our time, these substances can be synthesized in the laboratory, however, the entry of these minerals into the body along with plant or animal food will bring a person much more benefit than taking the same trace elements obtained as a result of chemical synthesis.

Let's find out about the main trace elements, the products in which one or another of them is located, and also how dangerous the lack of these minerals is for human health.

The main trace elements important for the normal functioning of the body

Bor

This element can be found literally in all human tissues and organs, however, the bones of our skeleton are the richest in it, as well as tooth enamel. Boron has a beneficial effect on the entire body. Thanks to this substance, they begin to work more stably endocrine glands, the skeleton is correctly formed, the amount of sex hormones increases, which is significant primarily for women during menopause. Boron is found in rice, legumes, corn, beets, buckwheat, and soybeans. If this element is not enough in the body, then a failure occurs hormonal background, as a result of which women may develop the following diseases: osteoporosis, erosion, cancer female organs, fibroids. It is also possible the occurrence of urolithiasis and diseases of the joints.

Bromine

Influences the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, takes part in the work of the central nervous system, enhances the processes of inhibition. For example, someone who takes a drug that contains bromine stops experiencing sexual desire. Bromine is rich in foods such as nuts, grains, legumes. Signs of an insufficient level of bromine in the body: a person sleeps poorly and little, the level of hemoglobin in the blood may be low.

Vanadium

Participates in the regulation of the heart and blood vessels. Thanks to vanadium, cholesterol levels are stabilized, which means that the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis decreases, tumors and edema decrease, vision improves, the liver and kidneys work better. Vanadium regulates the amount of hemoglobin and glucose in the blood. Products: radishes, cereals, rice, potatoes. If this element is not enough, then the level of cholesterol rises, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis may occur.

Iron

This element is an integral part of hemoglobin, it helps cells breathe and is responsible for the formation of blood cells. The state of the cells of our skin, oral cavity, as well as the stomach and intestines directly depends on the level of iron in the body. This mineral can be found in pumpkin seeds, hazelnut, apple, sesame, pomegranate, seaweed, mustard. Signs of iron deficiency in the body: a person experiences constant drowsiness, quickly gets tired, coarsens and becomes drier skin, the condition worsens nail plates, often dries up in the mouth, anemia occurs. Taste sensations may also change.

Iodine

As you know, iodine is involved in the production of a hormone called thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland. Most of this element (15 out of 25 mg), which is in the body, contains the thyroid gland. If there is enough iodine in the body, then the work of the kidneys, liver, ovaries and prostate occurs without deviations. List of products: spinach, beans, rye, algae, mushrooms, dairy products, wheat. Symptoms of iodine deficiency: an increase in the thyroid gland, the so-called goiter (may occur with an excessive amount of the element), muscle weakness, dystrophic changes, slowing down the development of mental abilities.

Cobalt

It is an integral part of the formation of blood cells, participates in the formation of vitamin B12, and also contributes to the production of insulin. Foods containing cobalt: semolina, salt, pears, soybeans and legumes. If a person lacks this element, anemia may develop, he constantly wants to sleep, fatigue quickly sets in.

Manganese

This mineral is responsible for the function of childbearing, the condition of the bones, and regulates the work of the central nervous system. Manganese improves potency, because under its influence muscle reflexes are more active, it reduces nervous irritation. Products with manganese: agar-agar, nuts, ginger. If the body does not have enough manganese, then the ossification of the human skeleton is disturbed, the joints are deformed.

Copper

Most copper is found in the liver. Copper is one of the components of melanin, which means that it takes part in the production of collagen and the pigmentation process of the human body. With its help, iron is better absorbed. Products containing copper: cocoa, sesame, seaweed, sunflower, shiitake mushrooms. With a lack of copper, a person can suffer from anemia, go bald, and pathologically lose weight. The level of hemoglobin in the blood may also decrease, various dermatoses develop.

Molybdenum

It is the basis of an enzyme that utilizes iron. This process prevents the development of anemia. Products: legumes, grains, salt. The lack of molybdenum in the body leads to a decrease in immunity, diseases of the cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract.

Nickel

It takes part in the formation of blood cells, saturating them with oxygen, regulates the metabolism of fats, the level of hormones in the body, and lowers blood pressure. List of foods rich in nickel: legumes (especially lentils), apples, soybeans, pears, corn. Signs of lack of iodine in the body: the issue is little studied.

Selenium

It is an antioxidant, prevents the growth of abnormal cells, which means it prevents the appearance and spread of cancerous tumors. This mineral protects the body from heavy metals, it is very necessary for the production of proteins so that the liver, pancreas and thyroid gland function without deviations. Selenium is part of the seminal fluid, supports reproductive function.

Here are foods containing selenium: sunflower seeds, wheat and wheat germ. Signs of a lack of selenium in the body: dysbacteriosis, all kinds of allergies, oncological diseases, multiple sclerosis, heart attack, muscle dystrophy, delayed development.

Fluorine

Takes an important part in the formation of tissue, as well as tooth enamel. Fluoride is found in such products: in raisins, pumpkins, nuts, and millet. If there is not enough fluorine in the body, then the person constantly suffers from dental caries.

Chromium

Affects the acceleration of the formation of insulin, under its influence improves carbohydrate metabolism. Products: mushrooms, soybeans, peaches, radishes, beets. With a lack of chromium in the body, the condition of bones, nails and hair worsens.

Zinc

Regulates the vital functions of the human body: metabolism (takes part in the formation of the hormone thymus), the work of the reproductive system, the process of blood formation. List of products with zinc: sesame, wheat germ. Signs of a lack of zinc in the body: such a person has whitish spots on the nail plates, he is very tired, prone to frequent allergies, as well as infectious diseases.

Compatibility of vitamins and trace elements

Microelements assimilated by the body immediately begin to interact with macroelements and vitamins. This creates various combinations. Some of them have a beneficial effect on the whole organism (synergism), others contribute to mutual destruction (antagonism), the third option is the absence (neutrality) of influence on each other.

The best compatibility of vitamins with trace elements: examples

Zinc promotes good assimilation well-known vitamin D, which is so important for the body.
If you take both iron and vitamin A at the same time, the microelement will be absorbed better.
Selenium enhances the effects of vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, on human organs and systems.
Magnesium works well with vitamin B6 and other B vitamins.

Incompatibility of vitamins with trace elements: examples

The bioavailability of calcium is reduced by phosphorus.
Copper together with iron block the absorption of vitamin B12.
Calcium, magnesium and zinc prevent the body from absorbing iron.
Zinc is transported worse under the influence of vitamin B9 (folic acid).

These lists can be continued indefinitely, but is it necessary? If you plan to take a multivitamin complex, then it is better to carefully study the instructions for the drug and strictly adhere to the recommendations outlined in it.

Often these drugs are divided into 2 parts - tablets. They, as a rule, need to be taken at different times, maintaining a certain time interval between doses.

If you do not urgently need to replenish the missing trace elements, constantly try to keep the level of minerals normal. To this end, you need to eat a balanced diet, observe the drinking regimen.

Remember that many drugs have a detrimental effect on microelements, destroying them, or slowing down, neutralizing their action. For example, aspirin depletes zinc, while tetracycline depletes magnesium and iron. That is why, using any drug, you need to replenish the lack of certain minerals. This information is usually placed in the annotation to the drug, and your doctor should not leave it unattended.

What can micronutrient deficiencies lead to?

It is known that each of the above minerals is vital for the normal functioning of the body, its effective functioning. If any element is missing, it can seriously affect human health. If micronutrient levels are deficient, highly likely the following problems may arise: weakening of the body's defenses, various skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the hair, teeth, nail plates, obesity, bone ailments(scoliosis, osteoporosis), anemia. There may be problems with the heart and blood vessels, with reproduction, potency, sexual desire. Development is suspended.

Micronutrient deficiencies can occur if you:

use poor quality drinking water, unbalanced diet;
live in an area with a poor environment;
suffered bleeding, and as a result - a huge loss of minerals;
took medications that destroyed trace elements.

If the symptoms of micronutrient deficiency are visible even to the naked eye, you need to pay a visit to the doctor and be examined, such examinations are now quite simple and affordable.

One of necessary for the body substances are minerals. To date, about 70 elements are known that a person needs for full functioning. Some of them are needed in large numbers They are called macronutrients. And those that are needed in small things are microelements.

In this way, trace elements- these are chemical elements necessary for the normal functioning of organisms and contained in very small quantities (less than 0.015 g).

They are absorbed by the body through air, water and food (which is the main supplier). Thanks to them, important metabolic processes take place in the body.

The value of trace elements. Their role in the human body.

Of the 92 trace elements found in nature, 81 have been found in humans. It is believed that most often in severe diseases one should expect the development of disorders from zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo ), iodine (I), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co).

Trace elements:

support:

acid-base balance;
water-salt balance;
osmotic pressure in the cell;
blood pH (normal 7.36-7.42);
functioning of enzyme systems.

participate in the processes:

neuromuscular transmission of impulses;
muscle contractions;
blood clotting;
oxygen exchange.

are included in:

bones and teeth;
hemoglobin;
thyroxine;
juices of the digestive system.

interact with:

vitamins;
hormones;
enzymes.

It has been proven that the content of trace elements in the body varies depending on the season and age. The greatest need for macro and micronutrients is expressed during the period of growth, during pregnancy and lactation. In old age, it decreases sharply.

In particular, the concentration of aluminum, titanium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, and lead in tissues increases with age, while the concentration of copper, manganese, molybdenum, and chromium decreases. In the blood, the content of cobalt, nickel, copper increases and the content of zinc decreases. During pregnancy and lactation, the blood becomes 2-3 times more copper, manganese, titanium and aluminum.

Classification of trace elements

Basically, trace elements are classified by substitutability, so their classification is as follows:

Essential (iron, cobalt, manganese and zinc),
Vital (aluminum, boron, beryllium, iodine, molybdenum and nickel),
Toxicants (cadmium, rubidium, lead),
Insufficiently studied (bismuth, gold, arsenic, titanium, chromium).

The human need for trace elements

Population group	Physiological need, mg
0-3 months	3
4-6 months	3
7-12 months	4
1-3 years	5
4-6 years old	8
6 years (schoolchildren)	10
7-10 years old	10
11-13 years old (boys/girls)	15/12
14-17 years old (boys/girls)	15/12
Adult population (men and women)	15
Persons of the elderly and senile age	15
Pregnant women	5 (optional)
breastfeeding mothers	10 (optional)

Types of trace elements, their main characteristics. Signs of excess and deficiency of trace elements in the human body

Sodium

participates in water-salt exchange. It maintains normal osmotic balance in the cell. With an excess of potassium in the body, it contributes to its excretion. It also takes part in the implementation of contraction of the heart muscle. Controls blood pressure - with a large intake of sodium ions in the bloodstream, water molecules move from cells to vessels. This causes an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, a salt-free diet is recommended for hypertensive patients. Sodium deficiency in the body provokes the development of weakness, apathy, impaired muscle contraction.

Potassium

promotes the removal of water from the body, the transmission of a neuromuscular impulse and muscle contraction, maintains normal osmotic pressure in a cell, (in particular, a heart cell), takes part in glucose metabolism. When it is deficient, it intense thirst, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, swelling of the extremities, heart rhythm is disturbed, muscle pains appear.

Calcium

found in bones and teeth. Promotes their growth and strength. Participates in the process of muscle contraction, blood clotting. Has anti-allergic effect. It removes heavy metal ions and radionucleotides from the body. Its deficiency leads to osteoporosis, muscle cramps, joint and bone pain, impaired heart rate, insomnia, bleeding.

Iron

participates in the construction of hemoglobin and saturation of cells with oxygen, is part of many enzymes and catalysts. Its peculiarity is that it is poorly absorbed by the body - for the daily intake of iron (10 mg) with food, you need to consume about 20 mg of this mineral. Its deficiency causes brittle nails, hair loss, pallor, anemia ( fatigue weakness, lethargy, dizziness).

Iodine

is part of the thyroid hormones, due to which metabolic processes occur in the body. With its deficiency, hypothyroidism develops, the main signs of which are a decrease in concentration and performance, a slowdown in mental processes, hypotension, weight gain, heart failure, nails and hair become brittle and dry.

Magnesium

promotes the absorption of other microelements and vitamins, helps lower blood pressure, increases stress resistance (especially in women during menopause). Its deficiency leads to a decrease in appetite, irritability, anxiety, increased blood pressure, and heart rhythm disturbances.

Copper

is a part of important catalysts, participates in metabolic processes and hematopoiesis. It gives pigment to the hair and elasticity to the skin. With its lack, gray hair occurs, the skin loses its elasticity and firmness, wrinkles, rashes and circles under the eyes appear, anemia develops and immunity decreases.

Selenium

is an powerful antioxidant. It also participates in the processes of hematopoiesis, prevents the development of oncological and infectious diseases by stimulating the formation of antibodies, is a component of testicular secretion in men, and promotes the elimination of radionucleotides from the body. With a deficiency of this trace element, cancer occurs, frequent colds, cardiomyopathy, eczema, psoriasis, cataract.

Fluorine

is part of the bones, tooth enamel, inhibits the activity of bacteria on the teeth and protects them from caries, strengthens the immune system, promotes the growth of nails and hair, removes radionucleotides from the body, participates in the processes of hematopoiesis. With its deficiency, osteoporosis, caries and periodontal disease develop. An excess of fluoride in the body is also dangerous. It leads to bone deformity and fluorosis ( brown spots on the teeth), damage to the central nervous system, signs of food poisoning appear.

Chromium

normalizes the level of glucose and cholesterol in the blood, prevents the development of atherosclerosis of cardiovascular diseases. Its deficiency provokes hypoglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, causes intolerance to alcoholic beverages.

Phosphorus

is part of the bone skeleton, is involved in regeneration, libido. Its deficiency leads to bone demineralization.

Zinc

participates in many metabolic processes, affects the immune system, sexual life of men and women. Its deficiency leads to infertility, skin pathologies, impaired taste and smell, reduces sexual activity, disrupts the growth and structure of hair and nails, in rare cases contributes to the development of cancer.

Manganese

participates in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, affects the functioning of enzymes. It prevents diabetes mellitus, diseases of the thyroid gland and coronary vessels. With its deficiency, there are violations of the heart rhythm and absorption of glucose, weight, tone and strength decrease. ligamentous apparatus(because of this, injuries increase).

Chlorine

involved in maintaining osmotic pressure body fluids and cell pH, is part of gastric juice, breaks down fats, stimulates appetite, retains water in the body, stimulates the elimination of toxins. Its deficiency is manifested by lethargy, drowsiness, memory loss, thirst, hair and teeth loss.

Products as the main sources containing trace elements. Compatibility of trace elements with vitamins

Mineral	daily requirement	Foods rich in this element	Vitamin compatibility	Location in the body
Iron	10 mg	beef liver, red meat, bell pepper, prunes, cabbage, spinach.	Vitamins A and C improve iron absorption, deactivate vitamin E and B12.	Hemoglobin (erythrocytes).
Sodium	7-10 g	Salt, bread, cheese, cheese.		Bones, pericellular space, inside the cell
Potassium	3-5 g	Potatoes, prunes, dried apricots, raisins, spinach, nuts, seaweed.		Inside cells, heart muscle
Calcium	1 g	Milk, cheese	Vitamin D, K, B12, C promote the absorption of calcium and participate in its metabolism.	Heart, bones
Iodine	200 mcg	Fish, seaweed, potatoes, mushrooms, strawberries.		Thyroid.
Chlorine		Salt		Stomach
Magnesium	400 mg	Spinach, beans, chocolate, bananas	Improves the penetration of vitamin B6 into cells. Reduces the absorption of vitamins B1 and E.	Intracellularly.
Chromium	100-200 mcg	Brewer's yeast, pearl barley, fat, beets.	Vitamin C promotes the absorption of chromium.	Muscles, brain, adrenal glands.
Manganese	2-3 mg	Meat, mushrooms, nuts, barley groats	Deactivates vitamin B12.	Musculoskeletal system, nervous system, gonads
Zinc	15 mg	Meat, oysters, nuts	Improves the absorption of vitamin A. Forms an insoluble complex with vitamin B9. Vitamin B2 increases the absorption of zinc. Vitamin B6 reduces zinc loss.	Thymus and pineal glands, testicles.
Copper	1.5-3 mg	Liver, seafood, nuts, buckwheat, rice	Improves the absorption of vitamin B3. Slows down the absorption of vitamins B2 and E, the activity of vitamins B5, B12. Vitamin C promotes copper leaching.	Intracellular
Phosphorus	1.5 g	Fish, meat, cheese, cottage cheese	Vitamin D improves phosphorus metabolism.	Bones
Selenium	150-200 mcg	Liver, kidney, seafood, nuts	Promotes the absorption of vitamin E, which increases the antioxidant properties of selenium.	erythrocytes, muscle cells. In men, 1/2 of the selenium of the whole body is in the seminiferous tubules.
Fluorine	1.5 mg	Seafood, fluoridated water and milk, nuts, bread, black tea.		Bones and teeth

Micronutrients help you lose weight

Chemical elements in the human body

Of the 92 chemical elements found in nature, 81 are present in the human body. Minerals are part of all fluids and tissues. Regulating more than 50,000 biochemical processes, they are necessary for the functioning of the muscular, cardiovascular, immune, nervous and other systems; take part in the synthesis of vital compounds, metabolic processes, hematopoiesis, digestion, neutralization of metabolic products; are part of enzymes, hormones (iodine in the composition of thyroxin, zinc - insulin and sex hormones), affect their activity.

The presence of a number of minerals in the body in strictly defined quantities - indispensable condition to preserve human health. It is important to remember that macro- and microelements are not synthesized in the body, they come with food, water, air. The degree of their assimilation depends on the state of the respiratory and digestive organs. The exchange of mineral substances and the water in which they are dissolved are inseparable, and key elements deposited in tissues, as needed, extracted into the blood. The totality of the processes of absorption, distribution, assimilation and excretion of substances in the form of inorganic compounds constitute mineral metabolism.

Minerals enter the human body mainly food way in an inactive state and are activated, forming various compounds with high molecular weight proteins. The mineral content varies with the season. In spring, the level of macro- and microelements decreases, and in early autumn it increases.

organism healthy person has a fairly clear system of self-regulation. With excessive intake of macro- and microelements, the elimination system begins to work. In the gastrointestinal tract, the absorption of elements is blocked, followed by their excretion with feces. A defect in any link is the cause of an excess or deficiency of an element, or an imbalance of other biological substances (hormones, vitamins, enzymes) involved in complex processes regulation, and is manifested by clinical symptoms.

In order to systematize information about the content and physiological role of chemical elements in the body, a number of classifications have been proposed in recent decades. One of the principles of classification is the division of chemical elements into groups, depending on the magnitude of their content in the body of mammals and humans.

The first group of such a classification consists of "macroelements", the concentration of which in the body exceeds 0.01%. These include O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg. In absolute terms (based on an average human body weight of 70 kg), the content of these elements ranges from more than forty kg (oxygen) to several grams (magnesium). Some elements of this group are called "organogens" (O, H, C, N, P, S) in connection with their leading role in the formation of the structure of tissues and organs.

The second group consists of "trace elements" (concentration from 0.00001% to 0.01%). This group includes: Fe, Zn, F, Sr, Mo, Cu, Br, Si, Cs, J, Mn, Al, Pb, Cd, B, Kb. These elements are contained in the body in concentrations from hundreds of mg to several grams. However, despite the “low” content, microelements are not random ingredients of biosubstrates of a living organism, but components of a complex physiological system involved in regulating the vital functions of the body at all stages of its development.

The third group includes "ultramicroelements", the concentration of which is below 0.000001%. These are Se, Co, V, Cr, As, Ni, Li, Ba, Ti, Ag, Sn, Be, Ga, Ge, Hg, Sc, Zr, Bi, Sb, U, Th, Rh. The content of these elements in the human body is measured in mg and mcg. Currently installed essential for the body of many elements from this group, such as selenium, cobalt, chromium, etc.

Another classification is based on ideas about the physiological role of chemical elements in the body. According to this classification, macronutrients, which make up the bulk of cells and tissues, are "structural" elements. "Essential" (vital) trace elements include Fe, J, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Mo, Se, Mn, "conditionally essential" - As, B, Br, F, Li, Ni, Si, V Vital necessity or essentiality (from the English essential - "necessary"), is the most important property of chemical elements for the life of living organisms. Chemical element is considered essential if, in its absence or insufficient intake into the body, normal vital activity is disturbed, development stops, reproduction becomes impossible. Completing the missing amount of such an element eliminates clinical manifestations its deficiency and restores vitality to the body.

AI, Cd, Pb, Hg, Be, Ba, Bi, Ti are classified as “toxic” elements, Ag, Au, In, Ge, Rb, Ti, Te, U, W, Sn, Zr are classified as “potentially toxic” and others. The result of the impact of these elements on the body is the development of intoxication syndromes (toxicopathies).

Macronutrients

Silicon (Si).

Silicon is involved in the metabolism of more than 70 mineral salts and most vitamins. With its deficiency, the absorption of calcium, iron, cobalt, manganese, fluorine and other substances decreases and metabolism is disturbed.

Silicon colloids have the ability to “stick” pathogenic microorganisms to themselves: influenza and rheumatism viruses, hepatitis and polyarthritis, pathogenic cocci and Trichomonas, Candida and yeast fungi, forming complex compounds with them that are excreted from the body.

IN last years arthritis "rejuvenated" significantly, the number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and skin in children increased. All this is due to the lack of silicon in the body due to the shift in nutrition towards refined foods. The deficiency of this substance, for example, in children, today is 50 percent or more.

Thanks to their chemical properties create charged colloidal systems in solutions, it provides invaluable assistance normal microflora intestines in maintaining the internal cleanliness of the body.

The human body cannot exist without silicon and its derivatives. Its deficiency or excess negatively affects the work of internal organs and the body as a whole.

Silicas are involved in the formation of red blood cells. On the blood vessels silicon affects the same as it does on plants - it determines the degree of elasticity and strength. With a lack of silicon, the vessels become fragile, they are more susceptible to narrowing.

Iron (Fe) in nature is in the form of minerals - magnetic iron ore. Iron is part of the hemoglobin in the blood. With a lack of it in food, the synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood and the formation of iron-containing enzymes are sharply disrupted, Iron-deficiency anemia. In medicine, it is used to treat diseases associated with a violation normal state and blood functions general nutrition organism. Like other heavy metals, it precipitates proteins and gives compounds with them - albuminates, therefore it has a local astringent action. Contraindicated in feverish state, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, venous congestion, organic diseases heart and blood vessels. Iron has the ability to accumulate (deposit) in the body. Daily dose iron 18 mg. Iron contains foods such as beans, buckwheat, vegetables, liver, meat, egg yolks, parsley, porcini mushrooms, bakery products, as well as rose hips, apples, apricots, cherries, gooseberries, white mulberries, strawberries.

Calcium (Ca) is the main component of bone tissue, is part of the blood, plays an important role in the regulation of growth processes and the activity of cells of all types of tissues. Assimilated with food, calcium affects the metabolism and contributes to the most complete absorption. nutrients. Calcium compounds strengthen defensive forces organism and increase its resistance to external adverse factors, including infections. Calcium deficiency affects the function of the heart muscle and the activity of certain enzymes. Calcium salts are involved in the process of blood clotting. Calcium is especially important for bone formation.

Macronutrients - calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) have exclusively great importance for a growing organism; With a lack of calcium in food, the body begins to consume calcium, which is part of the bones, resulting in bone diseases. Calcium is a fairly common element, it makes up approximately 3.6% of the mass of the earth's crust, in natural waters there is soluble calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCOS)2. In nature, calcium is calcareous spar (CaCO3), phosphorite, apatite, marble, limestone, chalk, gypsum (CaSO4, 2H20) and other minerals containing calcium. The skeleton of vertebrates consists mainly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Eggshells and mollusk shells are made up of calcium carbonate. The daily requirement for calcium is about 1000 mg. Calcium salts are used in various allergic conditions, increase blood clotting, to reduce vascular permeability in inflammatory and exudative processes, with tuberculosis, rickets, diseases of the skeletal system, etc. The most complete sources of calcium are milk and dairy products - cottage cheese, cheese. Milk and dairy products contribute to the absorption of it from other products. Good sources of calcium are egg yolk, cabbage, soybeans, sprats, partial fish in tomato sauce. Calcium is found in rose hips, apple trees, grapes, strawberries, gooseberries, figs, ginseng, blackberries, parsley.

Potassium (K) occurs naturally as potassium chloride. Potassium is part of multivitamins with trace elements in the form of potassium sulfate and is mainly used for metabolic disorders. With a lack of potassium in the body, cardiac arrhythmia may occur. Potassium maintains osmotic pressure in the blood diuretic action. The daily requirement for potassium is 2500 mg. Potassium contains apples, cherries, wine grapes, ginseng, gooseberries, pineapples, bananas, dried apricots, potatoes, beans, peas, sorrel, cereals, fish.

Magnesium (Mg). In the body, the exchange of phosphorus is associated, in addition to calcium, and with the exchange of magnesium. Most magnesium is found in bone tissue. In blood plasma, in erythrocytes and in soft tissues, it is mainly contained in an ionized state. Magnesium is integral part chlorophyll found in all foods plant origin. This element is also a necessary component of animal organisms, but is contained in smaller quantities than in vegetable organisms (0.043% in milk, 0.013% in meat). Magnesium salts are involved in enzymatic processes. It is known that diets high in magnesium salts have a beneficial effect on the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease, especially those with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Magnesium also normalizes the excitability of the nervous system, has antispasmodic and vasodilating properties and, in addition, the ability to stimulate intestinal motility and increase bile secretion, and is kept in an ionized state and is part of the bone tissue. The daily requirement for magnesium is 400 mg. As a microelement, magnesium is found in cinnamon rose hips, common cherries, grapes, figs, gooseberries, beans, oatmeal and buckwheat, peas. Meat and dairy products are low in magnesium.

Sodium (Na). Salt is the source of sodium for the human body. Its importance for normal life is very great. It is involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure, metabolism, in maintaining alkaline-acid balance. Due table salt, located in food, the consumption of sodium chloride, which is part of the blood and of hydrochloric acid gastric juice. The amount of potassium salts received by the body affects the release of sodium chloride from the body, and, consequently, the need for it. Plant food, especially potatoes, are rich in potassium and increase the excretion of sodium chloride, increasing the need for it. The daily dose of sodium is 4000 mg. An adult consumes up to 15 g of table salt daily and excretes the same amount from the body. The amount of table salt in human food can be reduced to 5 g per day without harm to health. The release of sodium chloride from the body, and hence the need for it, is affected by the amount of potassium salts received by the body. Vegetable foods, especially potatoes, are rich in potassium and increase the excretion of sodium chloride, increasing the need for it. A lot of sodium, in comparison with other plant foods, is found in blackberries, gooseberries. Sodium and potassium are found in all plant and animal foods. Plant foods have more potassium, animals have more sodium. Human blood contains 0.32% sodium and 0.20% potassium.

Phosphorus (P). In the bones of vertebrates and in the ashes of plants in the form of Ca3(PO4)2; is a part of all tissues of the body, especially proteins of the nervous and brain tissues, participates in all types of metabolism. There is about 1.4 kg of phosphorus in human bones, 150.0 g in muscles, and 12 g in the nervous system. Of all phosphorus compounds, calcium phosphate, an integral part of minerals, is of the greatest importance; is part of various phosphate fertilizers, as a separate element or in combination with ammonia, potassium. The daily requirement for phosphorus is about 1000 mg. Phosphorus preparations enhance the growth and development of bone tissue, stimulate hematopoiesis, improve the activity of the nervous system. Used in combination with others medicines(for example, with vitamin D, with calcium salts, etc.). Phosphorus enters the body mainly with animal products - milk and dairy products, meat, fish, eggs, etc. The largest number, compared with other trace elements, contains phosphorus in meat. There is a lot of phosphorus in gooseberries, there are apples, strawberries, figs, cinnamon rose hips, gray blackberries.

Chloride anions (CL) enter the human body mainly in the form of sodium chloride - table salt, are part of the blood, maintain osmotic pressure in the blood, are part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Violations in the exchange of chlorine lead to the development of edema, insufficient secretion of gastric juice, etc. A sharp decrease in chlorine in the body can lead to a serious condition. The daily dose of chlorides is 5000 mg.

trace elements

Trace elements are needed in biotic doses, and their deficiency or excess in entry into the body affects the change metabolic processes and others. Mineral substances play a huge physiological role in the human and animal body, are part of all cells and juices, determine the structure of cells and tissues; in the body they are necessary to ensure all vital processes of respiration, growth, metabolism, blood formation, blood circulation, the activity of the central nervous system and affect tissue colloids and enzymatic processes. They are part of or activate up to three hundred enzymes.

Manganese (Mn). Manganese is found in all human organs and tissues. Especially a lot of it in the cerebral cortex, vascular systems. Manganese is involved in protein and phosphorus metabolism, in sexual function and in the function of the musculoskeletal system, is involved in redox processes, with its participation many enzymatic processes occur, as well as in the synthesis of B vitamins and hormones. Manganese deficiency affects the functioning of the central nervous system and the stabilization of membranes nerve cells, on the development of the skeleton, on hematopoiesis and immune reactions, on tissue respiration. The liver is a depot of manganese, copper, iron, but with age, their content in the liver decreases, but their need in the body remains, there are malignant diseases, cardiovascular, etc. The content of manganese in the diet is 4 ... 36 mg. Daily requirement 2 ... 10 mg. It is found in mountain ash, brown rosehip, domestic apple, apricot, wine grapes, ginseng, strawberries, figs, sea buckthorn, as well as bakery products, vegetables, liver, kidneys.

Bromine (Br). The highest content of bromine is noted in the medulla, kidneys, thyroid gland, brain tissue, pituitary gland, blood, cerebrospinal fluid. Bromine salts are involved in the regulation of the activity of the nervous system, activate sexual function, increasing the volume of ejaculate and the number of spermatozoa in it. Bromine with excessive accumulation inhibits the function of the thyroid gland, preventing the entry of iodine into it, causes skin disease bromoderm and depression of the central nervous system. Bromine is part of the gastric juice, affecting (along with chlorine) its acidity. The recommended daily requirement of bromine for an adult is about 0.5...2.0 mg. The content of bromine in the daily diet is 0.4 ... 1.1 mg. The main source of bromine in human nutrition is bread and bakery products, milk and dairy products, legumes - lentils, beans, peas.

Copper (Ci). Copper affects the growth and development of a living organism, participates in the activity of enzymes and vitamins. Its main biological function is participation in tissue respiration and hematopoiesis. Copper and zinc enhance each other's action. Copper deficiency causes a violation of the formation of hemoglobin, anemia develops, mental development is disturbed. There is a need for copper in any inflammatory process, epilepsy, anemia, leukemia, liver cirrhosis, infectious diseases. Do not store acidic foods or drinks in copper or brass utensils. Excess copper has a toxic effect on the body, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea may occur. The content of copper in the daily diet is 2 ... 10 mg and accumulates mainly in the liver and bones. In all vitamins with microelements, copper is contained within the normal range, in vegetable vitamins - quince (1.5 mg%). mountain ash, apple tree, common apricot, fig, gooseberry, pineapple - 8.3 mg% per 1 kg, persimmon up to 0.33 mg%.

Nickel (Ni). Nickel is found in the pancreas, pituitary gland. The highest content is found in hair, skin and organs of ectodermal origin. Like cobalt, nickel has a beneficial effect on the processes of hematopoiesis, activates a number of enzymes. With excessive intake of nickel in the body for a long time, dystrophic changes in parenchymal organs, disorders of the cardiovascular system, nervous and digestive systems, changes in hematopoiesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and reproductive function are noted. A lot of nickel in plant products, sea fish and seafood, liver.

Cobalt (Co). In the human body, cobalt performs various functions, in particular, it affects the metabolism and growth of the body, and is directly involved in the processes of hematopoiesis; it promotes the synthesis of muscle proteins, improves nitrogen assimilation, activates a number of enzymes involved in metabolism; is an indispensable structural component of B vitamins, promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, lowers the excitability and tone of the sympathetic nervous system. The content in the daily diet is 0.01 ... 0.1 mg. The need is 40 ... 70 mcg. Cobalt is found in the fruits of the domestic apple tree, apricot, wine grapes, strawberries, walnuts, milk, bakery products, vegetables, beef liver, and legumes.

C inc (Zn). Zinc is involved in the activity of more than 20 enzymes, is a structural component of the pancreatic hormone, affects the development, growth, sexual development boys, the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency leads to infantilism in boys and to diseases of the central nervous system. Zinc is believed to be carcinogenic, so its effect on the body is dose-dependent. The content in the daily diet is 6 ... 30 mg. The daily dose of zinc is 5...20 mg. Contained in by-products, meat products, unpolished rice, mushrooms, oysters, other marine products, yeast, eggs, mustard, sunflower seeds, baked goods, meat, vegetables, and also found in most medicinal plants, in the fruits of the house apple tree.

Molybdenum (Mo). Molybdenum is part of enzymes, affects weight and height, prevents dental caries, and retains fluorine. With a lack of molybdenum, growth slows down. The content in the daily diet is 0.1 ... 0.6 mg. The daily dose of molybdenum is 0.1 ... 0.5 mg Molybdenum is present in chokeberry, domestic apple, legumes, liver, kidneys, and bakery products.

Selenium (Se). Selenium takes part in the exchange of sulfur-containing amino acids and protects vitamin E from premature destruction, protects cells from free radicals, but large doses Selenium intake can be dangerous and selenium supplements should only be taken on the advice of a doctor. The daily dose of selenium is 55 mcg. The main cause of selenium deficiency is its insufficient intake with food, especially with bread and bakery and flour products.

Chrome (Cr). In recent years, the role of chromium in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It turned out that normal carbohydrate metabolism is impossible without organic chromium contained in natural carbohydrate products. Chromium is involved in the formation of insulin, regulates blood sugar and fat metabolism, lowers cholesterol levels in the blood, protects the heart vessels from sclerotization, and prevents the development of cardiovascular diseases. A lack of chromium in the body can lead to obesity, fluid retention in tissues and increased blood pressure. Half of the world's population is deficient in chromium from refined foods. The daily daily allowance of chromium is 125 mcg. IN daily diet food should be minimized refined, refined foods - white flour and products from it, white sugar, salt, cereals fast food, variety of cereal flakes. It is necessary to include in the diet natural unrefined foods containing chromium: whole grain bread, natural grain cereals (buckwheat, brown rice, oats, millet), offal (liver, kidneys and heart of animals and birds) fish and seafood. Chromium contain yolks chicken eggs, honey, nuts, mushrooms, brown sugar. From cereals, barley contains the most chromium, then buckwheat, from vegetables there is a lot of chromium in beets, radishes, from fruits - in peaches. good source chromium and other trace elements - brewer's yeast, beer, dry red wine. Chromium compounds have a high degree of volatility, there is a significant loss of chromium during cooking.

Germanium (Ge) another important, rare and little-known trace element. Organic germanium has a wide range of biological effects: it provides oxygen transfer to body tissues, increases its immune status, exhibits antiviral and antitumor activity. Carrying oxygen, it prevents the development of oxygen deficiency at the tissue level, reduces the risk of developing the so-called blood hypoxia that occurs when hemoglobin in red blood cells decreases. Helps maintain health and boost immunity proper nutrition, including organic products containing germanium. Ginseng root is the leader among plants capable of adsorbing germanium and its compounds from the soil. In addition, it is found in garlic, tomatoes ( tomato juice), beans. It is also found in fish and seafood - squid, mussels, shrimps, sea kale, fucus, spirulina.

Vanadium (V). Affects the permeability of mitochondrial membranes, inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol. It contributes to the accumulation of calcium salts in the bones, increasing the resistance of teeth to caries. With excessive intake into the body, vanadium and its compounds manifest themselves as poisons that affect the hematopoietic system, respiratory organs, nervous system and cause allergic and inflammatory disease skin. The trace element vanadium is found in mushrooms, soybeans, dill, cereals, parsley, liver, fish, and seafood.

Iodine (J). Iodine is involved in the formation of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. With insufficient intake of iodine, a disease of the thyroid gland (endemic goiter) develops. With a lack of iodine in foods, mainly in water, iodized salt is used and medications iodine. Excess intake of iodine in the body leads to the development of hypothyroidism. The content in the daily diet is 0.04 ... 0.2 mg. The daily requirement for iodine is 50 ... 200 mcg. Iodine is found in chokeberry, up to 40 mg%, common pear up to 40 mg%, feijoa 2 ... 10 mg% per 1 kg, milk, vegetables, meat, eggs, sea fish.

Lithium (Li). Lithium is found in human blood. Lithium salts with residues of organic acids are used to treat gout. Gout is based on a disorder purine metabolism with insufficient excretion of uric acid salts, causing an increased content of uric acid in the blood and the deposition of its salts in the joints and tissues of the body. The development of gout is promoted by excessive nutrition of foods rich in purine bases (meat, fish, etc.), alcohol abuse, sedentary image life. Lithium carbonate is used in homeopathy for disorders of oxidative processes in the body with symptoms of uric acid diathesis and gout.

Sulfur (S). In the human body, sulfur is involved in the formation of keratin, a protein found in joints, hair and nails. Sulfur is part of almost all proteins and enzymes in the body, is involved in redox reactions and other metabolic processes, promotes the secretion of bile in the liver. A lot of sulfur is contained in the hair. Sulfur atoms are part of thiamine and biotin, B vitamins, as well as vital amino acids - cysteine and methionine. Sulfur deficiency in the human body is very rare - with insufficient consumption of foods containing protein. The physiological need for sulfur has not been established.

Fluorides (F-). The content in the diet is 0.4 ... 0.8 mg. The daily requirement of fluorides is 2...3 mg. Predominantly accumulates in bones and teeth. Fluorides are used against dental caries, stimulate hematopoiesis and immunity, participate in the development of the skeleton. An excess of fluoride gives mottled tooth enamel, causes fluorosis, and suppresses the body's defenses. Fluoride enters the body with food, of which vegetables and milk are the richest in it. In the composition of food, a person receives about 0.8 mg of fluorine, the rest of its amount should be supplied with drinking water.

Silver (Ag). Silver is a microelement, which is a necessary part of the tissues of any living organism. IN daily diet a person should contain an average of about 80 micrograms of silver. Research has shown that even long-term use drinking water containing 50 micrograms per liter of silver does not cause disturbances in the function of the digestive organs and any pathological changes in the state of the body as a whole. Such a phenomenon as a deficiency of silver in the body is not described anywhere. The bactericidal properties of silver are well known. IN official medicine colloidal silver preparations and silver nitrate are widely used. In the human body, silver is found in the brain, endocrine glands, liver, kidneys and bones of the skeleton. In homeopathy, silver is used both in its elemental form, metallic silver, and in the form of silver nitrate. Silver preparations in homeopathy are usually prescribed for persistent and prolonged diseases that greatly deplete the nervous system. but physiological role Silver in humans and animals has not been studied enough.

Radium (Ra) when ingested, it also accumulates in the skeletal system. Radium is known as a radioactive element. Ions of alkaline earth elements (strontium, barium, calcium) precipitate proteins, reduce the permeability of the cell membrane, thicken tissues. As for mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), despite the fact that these elements are found in all organs and tissues, the essence of their action on the body is still not recognized. Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) are satellites of calcium and can replace it in the bones, forming a depot.

The difference in the behavior of macro- and microelements in the body

Macroelements are concentrated, as a rule, in one type of tissues of a living organism (connective tissues, muscles, bones, blood). They make up the plastic material of the main load-bearing tissues, provide the properties of the entire body environment as a whole: maintain certain pH values, osmotic pressure, maintain acid-base balance within the required limits, and ensure the stability of colloidal systems in the body.

Trace elements are unevenly distributed between tissues and often have an affinity for a particular type of tissue and organ. So zinc accumulates in the pancreas; molybdenum - in the kidneys; barium - in the retina; strontium - in the bones; iodine - in the thyroid gland, etc.

The content of macronutrients in the body is quite constant, but even relatively large deviations from the norm are compatible with the vital activity of the body. On the contrary, already slight deviations in the content of microelements from the norm cause serious diseases. Analysis of the content of individual trace elements in organs and tissues is a sensitive diagnostic test that allows you to detect and treat various diseases. Thus, a decrease in the content of zinc in the blood plasma is a mandatory consequence of myocardial infarction. A decrease in the content of lithium in the blood is an indicator of hypertension.

Another difference in the nature of macro- and microelements is manifested in the fact that macroelements, as a rule, are part of organic compounds in the body, while microelements either form relatively simple inorganic compounds, or are part of complex (coordination) compounds as active centers. . Academician K. B. Yatsimirsky called complex-forming microelements “organizers of life”.