Physiological needs
Human needs.
To live, be healthy and happy, people need food, air, sleep, etc. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life. They largely depend on the behavior or lifestyle of a person. The disease also interferes with the satisfaction of needs and leads to discomfort.
In 1943, American psychologist A. Maslow developed a theory of the hierarchy of needs that determine (direct) human behavior. According to his theory, some needs are more important for a person than others. This provision made it possible to classify them according to a hierarchical system: from physiological (lowest level) to needs for self-expression (highest level).
A. Maslow arranged 14 vital human needs in the order of priority of their satisfaction: from the lowest physiological, innate to the highest psychosocial, acquired in the process of growth and development, in the form of a pyramid. At the same time, at the base of the pyramid there are lower physiological needs, since they are the basis of human life, without them life in the biological sense of the word is impossible. If a person does not satisfy these needs, then he will simply die, like anyone else. living creature on Earth.
People's ability to satisfy their needs varies and depends on several factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself. First of all, lower order needs are satisfied, i.e. physiological.
Physiological needs
To live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs of air, food, and water. In addition, each of us needs movement, sleep, fulfilling physiological needs, as well as communicating with people and satisfying our sexual interests.
It should be remembered that physiological needs are the same for all people, but are satisfied to varying degrees.
Oxygen requirement(normal breathing) is a basic physiological need of a person. Breath and life are inseparable concepts. Man learned long ago: dum spiro spero(lat.) - while I’m breathing, I hope. Many words in Russian have a “breathing” meaning: rest, inspiration, spirit, etc. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the nurse. The cerebral cortex is very sensitive to lack of oxygen. With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and shallow (tachypnea), and shortness of breath appears. For example, a prolonged decrease in oxygen concentration in tissues leads to cyanosis: the skin and visible mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint.
A person, by satisfying the need for oxygen, maintains the necessary for life gas composition blood.
Need for food. Nutrition is important for maintaining health and wellness. Parents, satisfying the baby’s need for balanced nutrition, show not only parental care, but also provide the child with the opportunity for normal growth and development. Rational nutrition for an adult helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, ischemic disease heart disease is caused by eating foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol.
Let us note that an unmet human nutritional need often leads to a deterioration in well-being and health.
Fluid requirement. A healthy person should drink 12.5-3 liters of fluid daily. This amount of fluid replenishes physiological losses in the form of urine, sweat, feces and evaporation during breathing. To maintain fluid balance, a person must consume more fluid than they excrete, otherwise signs of dehydration appear. The patient’s ability to avoid many complications depends on the knowledge and skills of the nurse to anticipate dehydration.
The need for physiological functions. The undigested portion of food is excreted from the body in the form of feces. The act of defecation and urination is individual for everyone, and their satisfaction cannot be delayed until for a long time. Most people consider these processes personal and intimate and prefer not to discuss them. Due to this nurse, providing patient assistance,
who has problems with the fulfillment of physiological needs, must be especially sensitive and, respecting the person’s right to confidentiality, provide him with the opportunity for privacy.
Many people have heard the term “physiological need”. But not everyone can explain what this is. The article will help you better understand what is meant by this seemingly simple concept, how the needs of an adult and a child differ, and how to prevent the need from becoming an addiction.
What are physiological needs
Human physiological needs are the most important driver of behavior for both individuals and entire nations. We know from history how, fleeing hunger, tribes on barren lands went to war against their neighbors, recapturing their fields and livestock. The thirst of those lost in the desert could push them to kill if another person stood between them and the water. Therefore, no one will argue about the importance of these human needs. However, fortunately, people do not live only by them. Otherwise, absolutely nothing would distinguish us from animals living by instincts. What does a person need, besides food and water? Let's look below.
What needs does a person have besides physiological? Maslow's pyramid
This concept is interpreted differently in many branches of science. The famous American psychologist A. Maslow even created the so-called “pyramid of needs.” This is a unique model of human motivation. This pyramid has gained enormous popularity; it was literally taken brick by brick by marketers, psychologists and psychiatrists, advertising creators and management luminaries. However, the professor himself never used it to explain his theories. He considered the physiological needs of a person to be leading only when they were pathologically dissatisfied. Simply put, food becomes the main thing for a person during its (possibly long) absence. If the individual is full, then that need gives way to higher and more valuable ones.
At the heart of the diagram we see human physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst, as well as key sexual instincts (or libidinal, as the great Freud called them).
Safety comes second. The concept is somewhat vague, it includes the well-known concept of comfort, coziness, stability of the habitat (home), protection from external factors and possible enemies. And only in third place are social needs, that is, a person will think about their satisfaction after satiation and being in comfort. That is, the physiological need is key. After social ones (communication, care, general affairs), the fourth level of the diagram depicts the so-called “prestige”, or needs for prestige, that is, for respect and self-esteem (whether these concepts are related or not, we’ll let psychologists figure it out). The crown of the pyramid is spiritual needs.
Why do you need to satisfy physiological needs?
Satisfaction of needs according to Maslow comes from the bottom up. That is, only with the most complete satisfaction of the lower level is a transition to the highest possible. Spiritual and social development a person is important, but in the grip of hunger he simply will not have time for them. These schemes were used by tyrants and generals in ancient powers even before our era. Hungry people are easier to manage than well-fed people. The unsatisfied physiological needs of the human body prevented him from thinking, much less striving for freedom or independence. Fortunately, tyranny and the slave system have been almost eradicated today, but marketers and creators (creators of advertising) have taken possession of the truly magical secret pyramid. They construct their texts by appealing to the lower instincts of man.
Physiological needs of the child
Why are we given physiological needs? The answer is simple - for survival. Without these needs, we simply would not be able to survive and live. A person is already born with these needs. This can be seen especially clearly in the example of newborns. Eating for a baby is usually caused by demanding loud scream. And this is understandable, the child cannot say or demand what is necessary in any other way. The baby’s key needs are food, maternal warmth (which replaces several needs of our pyramid at once: safety and social contact), good sleep and normal health. When these needs of the child are met, we will get a calm, smiling child who wants to play and see something interesting; when dissatisfied - a continuously screaming and crying lump, reminiscent of a wounded animal.
Physiological needs of an adult
The needs of an adult repeat the needs of a child in everything, only one more particularly important instinct is added to them - reproduction (sexual, libidinal). This “basic instinct,” if dissatisfied, can turn a person into a real aggressor. With adequate hormonal background, Certainly. Now due to environmental pollution, poor nutrition and other factors, this need is muted for many. However, there are also people for whom it exceeds other needs, which pushes them to crime. Fortunately, there are only a few of them, and they most likely have a history of psychiatric pathologies.
As for healthy people, where this physiological need is in its rightful place, it is worth saying that it is wrong to both underestimate its importance and exaggerate it. The latter is characteristic of cinema and pop stars, who appeal with their appearance and creativity to this ancient instinct. A healthy, appropriate attitude is very important here. Intimate relationships are important for a person, but this does not mean that you need to indulge in them at every opportunity. Ideal option is marriage or a stable relationship with a loved one.
Food. How to prevent a need from becoming an addiction
Hunger and thirst, as we said above, were even the cause of wars and the nomadic life of our ancient ancestors. Fortunately, in civilized countries the concept of famine is familiar only from history textbooks. In popular culture, the other extreme is promoted - constant weight loss, pills to reduce appetite, health fasting have become fashionable and sought-after things. But people who are led by advertising are often not aware that fighting the cornerstones laid down by nature is fraught with consequences for both physical and psychological health. Against the backdrop of a massive pursuit of perfect body is emerging more and more clinical cases bulimia (mental or physiological disorder characterized by constant desire eat) and anorexia (refusal to eat due to psychological disorders personality). It is worth remembering that an unsatisfied need in the body can become addiction and mania.
Healthy sleep as the most important need
Sleep is on a par with the needs for food and water, satisfaction of the sexual instinct and breathing. However, many downplay its importance, which is done in vain. The example of Napoleon, who slept several hours a day, will fade if we remember his unstable psyche and panic attacks this historical character. Do you want to experience these “joys” for yourself? Hardly. Lack and lack of sleep deprive psychological comfort, lower pain threshold(make us more sensitive to pain), negatively affect performance. An unsatisfied physiological need for sleep can even lead to visual and auditory hallucinations. Moreover, a sleep-deprived person working with machinery or transport can be deadly to those around him during the microsleep phase (a phenomenon when someone who has not known rest and sleep long time the human brain “turns off” for a split second).
In conclusion
Physiological needs, including the need for food and water, healthy sleep, intimate instincts are undoubtedly important for humans. Only by satisfying these basic needs can he move on to higher, spiritual goals. There is no need to indulge your excessive addictions, for example, in food, but it is also unreasonable to fight the instincts inherent in nature. You will not come out of this struggle without losses. The secret is happy life in harmony and golden mean.
Motivation as a system of processes responsible for motivating activity requires a concept that would structure this system. As such a concept, need is distinguished as a “unit” of motivation (A.N. Leontyev). Need is a state of the organism that expresses its objective need for a supplement that lies outside of it. Need here is related to the concept of need. From the very essence of life it follows that a living organism is a system in need (a uniform supply of necessary energy and matter from outside is not ensured). And therefore the body assumes characteristic states associated with the lack of something necessary. These states are designated by the concept of need. Need is actual condition an organism that expresses the need for certain changes for its carrier, i.e. always a need for itself. It should be noted that the life process, which is characterized by the concepts of need and need, is carried out in a bipolar system: organism-environment. Regarding this system, we highlight some addition to the concept of need: need not only for oneself, but also need for something. And it is accepted that something that the body needs and that can eliminate this need is called a good. During the evolutionary process, needs developed. The ratio of needs for which the body remains completely dependent on the environment (conditions of existence) and needs in relation to which it takes an active part has changed. Occupying those environments in which the goods necessary for life are lacking, the organism had to equip itself with new means of adaptation that could provide it with these benefits (exit into a material-formed environment). Now we can differentiate needs into those that are capable and those that are not capable of bringing the body into a state of activity aimed at satisfying them. And then, so that need is capable of causing any active processes, there must be special mechanisms capable of detecting this need. Along with this, for an already identified need, the body must be equipped with mechanisms capable of providing the necessary benefits. Now we can give a more perfect definition of the concept of need (from a general biological point of view): a need is a need of a living organism for which it is armed with special mechanisms for detecting and eliminating it. These mechanisms form the basis of the need and determine its type and content.
Needs: 1. Individual - specific; 2. Homeostatic - exogenous (for example, cognitive need, independent of the state of the body and updated external influences); 3. Positive - negative (avoidance motivation); functional achieving a certain result without predetermining the activity that will lead to this result); 5. Primary (inherited) - secondary (acquired determinants of behavior).
There are physiological and mental mechanisms needs. There is variety physiological mechanisms, formed in evolution to satisfy vital needs (based on the detector-effector system). The evolution of organisms has led to the fact that the mental apparatus began to be used to satisfy needs. The involvement of the psyche is necessary for flexible adaptation to changing environmental conditions, for developing action in the situation itself. That is, there are links in satisfying needs that cannot be carried out on the basis of physiological mechanisms alone (it is noted that these are the links that ensure the interaction of the body with the objective, material-formed environment). Physiology - breakdown of food, establishment of deviations from homeostasis. Psyche - ensuring the flow of food into the stomach.
A. N. Leontyev noted that the need is always for something. This main characteristic needs are its objectivity. The need for something and this something is its subject. There are also functional needs
- are characterized by a lack of perspective orientation and the impression that the motivating moment is interwoven into the process of activity itself. Leontyev noted another characteristic of needs: their specific dynamics: the ability to actualize and change their tension, the ability to fade away and be reproduced again (this corresponds to the identified mechanisms for identifying and eliminating needs). These dynamics are regulated by external and internal signals. According to Leontiev's considerations, the dynamics of needs are reflected at the behavioral level. In the absence of an object, the need for an external field
Search behavior is activated. In animals, search behavior takes the form of external activity that is not directed at a particular present object (this is expressed in hyperkinesis). A need that has not yet discovered its object (this object is not yet available or not highlighted in the external field) activates behavior aimed at objectifying this need. The behavior that unfolds in this case reflects the process of objectification of needs (several stages are identified: the emergence of a need; detection of a need (actualization of a need), search behavior). The next stage: recognizing the object of need. The subject must, as it were, identify this object in relation to the actualized need (i.e., discover whether this object can satisfy this need). If this question receives a positive answer, then the consolidation mechanism is triggered of this object for this need.
There are several mechanisms for directly objectifying needs. 1) Within the framework of instinctive behavior: a mechanism for imprinting guidelines for instinctive behavior appears. That is, the animal is endowed with certain instinctive attitudes that require clarification of their content already in ontogenesis; when these attitudes are satisfied, stimuli are learned (and this happens quickly and easily). Example: the need to detect its burrow causes the wasp to imprint on the stimuli surrounding the burrow). 2) Imprinting. Feature: the characteristics of an object that satisfies some need are genetically determined. Based on this, the imprinting of this object occurs just as quickly and easily, instantly, irreversibly, while there is a sensitive period. Key features are blurred. 3) In a complex, diversely changing environment, the object of need can appear in different shells, therefore rigid fixation of the characteristics of the object of need is not always justified. We need a mechanism for developing conditional connections. The main event in the process of conditioning is the formation of a motivational attitude towards a new stimulus (the content of this attitude does not coincide with the motivational meaning of the unconditioned stimulus). Conditioning is ensured by special processes of an emotional nature (switching emotions from an unconditional stimulus to a conditioned one). The property of generalization is noted - when similarity with a conditioned factor of another factor also causes a reaction. Unlike the mechanisms of instinctive objectification, conditioning is subject to extinction in the absence of reinforcement). All of the above mechanisms are manifested in humans. Imprinting is observed when falling in love, during contact between mother and child, sexual imprinting. Very great value has a developmental conditioning mechanism motivational sphere of a person (the role of cognitive processes is noted, which influence both the speed of conditioning and, in principle, the result (whether conditioning will occur or not). Also, when forming a person’s motivational sphere, they use the mechanism of motivational mediation (when, on the basis of motivationally significant elements, they try to form a motivational relation to other elements). The difference is that in the first case, motivation is formed by actually perceived life events, in the other - by expectations, promises, anticipations, threats.
So, the primary needs (biological motivation): attraction to food (hunger), to water (thirst), to air, to avoid damage (fear), to maintain optimal temperature, to rest (after prolonged activity), to sleep (after long wakefulness), to activity (after inactivity), sexual desire(and partly aggression). They arise on the basis of congenital hereditary mechanisms and the hypothalamus plays the main role in their occurrence.
Secondary needs (“quasi-needs”) are social needs formed in ontogenesis in the process of socialization and education of a person. Educational, aesthetic, entertainment, empathy.
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Physiological needs are the basic needs for food, water, warmth, shelter, etc., ensuring the survival of a person and his descendants.
Physiological needs are located at its lower levels, and the need for self-affirmation is at the upper. It is difficult to expect that we will be able to satisfy all our needs. Consequently, a subset of needs is selected. We define such a subset as desire. Next, it is necessary to establish the degree of aspiration, which largely determines the level of achievement, or our expectations in meeting needs. Developed in recent years theoretical research questions related to the degree of aspiration are beyond the scope of the book.
The physiological need for water for a person is on average 2-5 liters per day. Of this amount, 1 liter comes from drinking water, 1 2 liters - for that coming from food and 0 3 liters - for water formed in the body during the metabolic process. However, depending on the conditions external environment, the nature of muscular work, this need may change. The harder the work a person does, the more he sweats and the more water he will need, the amount of which can reach up to 6 liters per day or more. So, when working in the southern deserts, a person can drink up to 11 liters of water per day. At the same time, up to 90% of the water you drink is released in the form of sweat.
Physiological needs are essential for survival. These include needs for food, water, shelter, rest and sexual needs.
Physiological needs also influence learning.
Physiological needs are objective in nature, they are irresistible. If the stomach is empty, writes J. Galbraith, then it is impossible to convince a person that he needs entertainment rather than food. The situation is different with psychological needs. They are generated in the sphere of consciousness, and therefore all means that can influence consciousness can simultaneously become means of influencing these needs.
If physiological needs are greatly influenced by economic factors and thus, in fact, receive their social design, then spiritual, intellectual needs, the role of which in the life of society is intensively expanding, largely depend on the development of society, culture, technical progress and social relations.
Satisfaction of physiological needs leads to the emergence of a need for safety, protection, order, freedom from fear; 3) the need for love. Well-fed and safe people feel the need for friends, family, and belonging to a certain group. These kinds of needs are called social; 4) the need for respect. This group of needs is associated with a sense of self-esteem, with recognition by others (status, prestige, fame, success, attention); 5) the need for self-realization. The classification of needs was proposed in 1943 by psychologist Abraham Maslow.
Establishing the physiological needs of the body in nutrients and essential nutritional factors is only one aspect of solving the problem, which consists in bringing nutritional conditions as close as possible to the optimal formula. Solving the second side of this problem requires precise knowledge of the chemical composition food products. This book is dedicated to these problems.
According to Maslow, there are physiological needs, without which physical existence itself is impossible, followed by safety, love and respect. The highest level of the hierarchy is self-realization, in which the set of needs of an individual is determined by himself. According to this scheme, a person can ascend to a higher level only after his lower level needs are satisfied.
Like physiological needs, they are among the basic, fundamental. These needs are understood in a broad sense: security from physical and psychological threats, as well as confidence that physiological needs will be satisfied in the future.
In our society, physiological needs and the need for safety play a relatively minor role for most people. Only the truly powerless and poorest sections of the population are guided by these needs lower levels. This leads to the obvious conclusion for theorists of control systems that the needs higher levels may serve as better motivating factors than the needs of lower levels.
As physiological needs are saturated, a person’s pleasures are determined by communication. The criterion of truth becomes the local opinion of others. As society's needs become saturated, it becomes more and more subjective and idealistic.
New data on the physiological needs of the human body for nutrients and energy, as well as elucidation of the patterns of food assimilation in conditions of metabolism disturbed by disease at all stages of the metabolic conveyor made it possible to maximally balance chemical composition diets and their energy value.
The first, most fundamental layer of basic human needs is physiological needs, the satisfaction of which is necessary to maintain life. According to their origin they are biological nature, although they are always satisfied by some socially conditioned methods that have developed in a particular culture. Physiological needs are also called primary, urgent and vital (from the Latin vita - life; thus emphasizing that without their satisfaction life is impossible).
“Without a doubt, physiological needs dominate over all others,” A. Maslow writes about them. - More specifically, this means that the main motivation of a person who is extremely lacking in the most important things in life will primarily be physiological needs than any other. A person who needs food, security, love and respect will likely crave food more than anything else*. And further: “For a person who needs food to the extreme, which poses a threat, there are no other interests other than food. He dreams about food, thinks about food, all his experiences are connected only with food, he remembers only food and desires only food >> 2. In addition to the needs for food, the group of essential needs usually includes the needs for clothes And home Some physiological needs are not urgent, since a person can exist without satisfying them - as already noted, these include the need for sexual relations.
2 Maslow A. Motivation and personality. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.
However, the definition of urgent physiological needs as the needs for food, clothing and housing, often cited by psychologists, is only preliminary and requires clarification. A more complete listing of these needs is given by K. Obukhovsky: they include the needs for certain chemicals, temperature, breathing oxygen, sleep, food, sensory stimuli and information processing. Using the example of urgent needs, a general pattern is clearly visible: people’s attention is attracted only by those needs that are not satisfied or require constant effort to satisfy. Needs that are easily satisfied by themselves are usually not noticed or are not considered needs at all. Thus, a person has a need for gravity, but it is automatically satisfied by the action of the Earth’s gravitational field and does not seem to us a need. Only space exploration made specialists involved in this realize the importance of gravity for the body. The astronauts suffer due to its absence severe discomfort, forced to engage in special physical exercises, having returned to Earth, they experience difficulties with movement. The mechanism of awareness of other needs operates in a similar way. Yes, the need for clean air became clearly visible only in industrial society due to the huge increase in emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere. (IN major cities Japanese police were sometimes forced to even stand guard on the streets wearing oxygen masks). Now this need has a significant impact on medical, tourism and recreational services, as well as air conditioning equipment services.
The need for food is also recognized and satisfied in different ways. For many Africans, it can only be satisfied at a minimum level and turns into a matter of life and death, while representatives of the middle class are prosperous Western countries nowadays it is hardly noticed. In fact, there have not been food supply crises there for many decades, and the level of material security allows people to easily acquire everything necessary products. A natural decrease in attention to a need due to its long-term and complete satisfaction - important feature human psyche, which must be kept in mind when organizing the service.
However, in modern world occurs quite often deprivation- i.e. insufficient satisfaction of physiological needs. Deprivation of needs leads to frustration- difficult mental state oppressive tension, anxiety, feelings of hopelessness and despair. Long-term frustration of urgent needs causes profound changes in worldview, and then in mental health individuals and entire sections of society. Therefore, for example, people who have experienced hunger for a long time believe that main feature a humane, just society of the future - an abundance of food. This idea was widespread, for example, in Russia during the revolution of 1917. Many people were confident that with the guaranteed availability of food they would be happy for the rest of their lives and would not want anything new.
Change human personality under the influence of prolonged hunger affects the subjective, emotional component and therefore is studied not only by objective scientific methods, but also by means of art (artistic knowledge). Most detailed description The impact of hunger on personality was given, for example, by the classic of Norwegian literature Knut Hamsun in the novel “Hunger”, A.P. Platonov in the novel “Chevengur”, Jack London in the story “Love of Life”. Writers Daniil Granin and Oles Adamovich deeply comprehended the phenomenon of hunger during the siege of Leningrad (1941-1944) in The Siege Book.
Scientific description personality changes as a result of a long famine were given in 1948 by the Russian doctor L. A. Bogdanovich, based on observations from the Second World War. On various stages fasting, he discovered specific painful changes in the psyche. 1 As a result of very long periods of fasting, mental changes caused by food deficiency appear to be consolidated, and permanent personality changes occur. They manifest themselves, for example, in the creation of unnecessary food supplies. Many Leningraders who survived the siege claimed that they could not throw away leftover food. The experience of prolonged fasting, of course, restructures not only the attitude towards food, but also the entire behavior of the individual, manner of communication, value system, etc.
1 See: Obukhovsky K. Galaxy of needs. Decree. ed. pp. 97-98.
Observations by psychologists show that not only hunger is decisive, but also a person’s attitude towards it and the ability to maintain self-control. “Among people doomed to prolonged hunger by the will of fate or by the will of other people, those who do not panic, remain calm and have a positive attitude towards society live longer” 1 .
1 Obukhovskip K. Galaxy of needs. Decree. ed. P. 103.
Profound changes in human behavior occur when not only the need for food is deprived, but also other physiological needs. Thus, our brain needs to maintain the necessary minimum of information coming from the outside world, which is discovered when a person enters an unusual environment. The lack of information perceived through the senses, or its monotony, causes not only discomfort, but also deep physiological disturbances in the body. Thus, there is a known case when a Japanese company built office building with perfect sound insulation - no external noise penetrated into it at all. However, the complete silence was so difficult for the employees that they were unable to work in this building. Experiments were also conducted to limit as much as possible external stimuli affecting the senses. In a soundproofed room, the subjects were immersed in a bath with water temperature equal to body temperature, they were put on light-proof glasses and thus almost completely blocked the channels through which the brain goes visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory information. It turned out that under such conditions a person loses control over his thoughts, orientation in the structure of his own body, and begins to have nightmares and hallucinations. In the end, the experiment was interrupted due to the feeling in the subjects panic fear. Even partial exclusion of the influx of fresh impressions leads to significant changes in perception. Thus, the famous speleologist Siffre spent two months alone in a cave in conditions of shortage visual information and after that a whole month couldn't differentiate between blue and green colors. Participants in Antarctic expeditions, also working in a visually homogeneous environment, began to incorrectly estimate the size of objects, the speed of their movement and the distance to them. There is an assumption that the occurrence of hallucinations in people in the desert is defensive reaction psyche to the extreme monotony of the environment. With the help of ideas extracted from memory, the body tries to compensate for the dangerous insufficiency of the flow of external information 1.
1 See: Granovskaya R. M. Elements practical psychology. 5th ed. St. Petersburg: Rech, 2003. pp. 46-51.
In addition to the need for an optimal flow of information, physiological needs also include the need for movement, physical activity. The main areas of its satisfaction are physical education, sports and tourism.
To summarize, it should be noted that all types of service activities must inevitably take into account physiological, including urgent needs human body. Of course serious problems with meeting food needs or problems caused by sensory deprivation do not occur as often (for example, in extreme tourism or during natural disasters). However, subtle and competent satisfaction of physiological needs, creation comfortable conditions for the client (including in the contact area) is always a powerful factor in increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of service activities.
