When did the modern Russian language appear? Origin of the Russian language

Modern Russian is the language of the 19th–21st centuries. Literary language is language in its standardized, exemplary variety.

The roots of the Russian language go deep to Indo-European family of languages, one of the largest (there are language families: Semitic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, etc.), the common language of which was the Proto-Indo-European language (Sanskrit). The Indo-European family includes the Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Germanic, Romance, Celtic, Greek, Albanian, Armenian and Slavic families.

Russian language belongs to the Slavic group Indo-European family languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups-branches are distinguished: eastern (languages Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern (languages Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western (languages Upper Lusatian-Serbian, Lower Lusatian-Serbian, Polish, Slovak and Czech). All Slavic languages are related to each other, which is due to their origin from one common source: the Proto-Slavic language. Let us give just one of many illustrations of the vocabulary similarity and commonality of these languages: naked (gol), thick (gust) - Russian; Goliy. gusty (Ukrainian), gol, gust (Belarusian), gol, gust (Bulgarian), gol, gust (Serbo-Croatian), gol, gost (Slovenian), holy, husty (Czech, Slovak).

Proto-Slavic language disintegrated inVI– VIIbb. n. e., and this marked the beginning of the formation of three Slavic language groups and then separate Slavic languages. All Eastern Slavs originally constituted one people, whose language is called Old Russian or Old East Slavic. Until the 14th century, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians constituted a single people who spoke the Old Russian language (the closeness of these languages is evidenced by numerous facts of similarity in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic structure, for example: embrace (Russian), ohopit (Ukrainian), Abhapits (Belarusian); thought heavily (Russian), pondered heavily (Ukrainian), pondered (Belarusian).) Around the 14th–15th centuries. From a single ancient Russian nationality, the Belarusian, Russian (or Great Russian) and Ukrainian nationalities are formed. Accordingly, three languages are formed: Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian. From the middle of the 17th century. begins in the first half of the 19th century. The formation of the national Russian language ends. The development of language occurs, according to I. I. Sreznevsky, “among the people” and, when writing appears, “in the book.” The language “among the people” and the language “in the book” (i.e., colloquial and literary) are interconnected, but also have their own characteristics (they will be discussed later).

The first bookish, literary language of the Slavs was the Old Church Slavonic language - this is the conventional name of the language of the most ancient Slavic translations of liturgical books from Greek, made in the second half of the 9th century. Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius and their disciples. This is only written book language. The Old Church Slavonic language became the common literary language of the Slavs of the Middle Ages. This is one of the oldest book languages (it is assumed that the Old Church Slavonic language is based on the South Slavic dialects: Bulgarian and Macedonian). Thus, the Old Church Slavonic language was basically a South Slavic language. In 863, Cyril and Methodius brought the first books in the Slavic language, written in Cyrillic, intended for worship and education of the Slavs (before the Cyrillic alphabet, the Slavs had a Glagolitic alphabet, which had 38 letters). Thus, the Cyrillic alphabet was formed on the basis of the Glagolitic alphabet. Later, untranslated works were written in this language, and not only church works. At that time, all Slavic languages were very close to each other, and the Old Church Slavonic language was well understood by all Slavs, including the Eastern ones. When, in connection with the spread of Christianity in Rus', liturgical books were required, such books appeared in the Old Church Slavonic language. They were quite understandable, there was no need to translate them, they were simply rewritten.

During the correspondence, the original Old Slavonic forms were not consistently maintained and were mixed with East Slavic forms. Those. The Old Church Slavonic language gradually absorbed local linguistic features and acquired, as it were, a “local flavor.” This is how a language was formed, which, unlike Old Church Slavonic, was called Church Slavonic language Russian translation (or Russian edition). It was used in Christian church services throughout the subsequent course of Russian history, interacted with the Russian language, being increasingly influenced by it, and itself influenced Russian literary language.

However, even before its transformation into the Church Slavonic language of the Russian version, the Old Church Slavonic language played a large role in the formation of the Old Russian literary language, the prerequisites for the formation of which arose even before the spread of Old Church Slavonic writing in Rus'. Thus, the Old Russian language had rich traditions of use in oral folk art, in historical legends, in various kinds public speeches (“embassy speeches”, addresses of princes and governors to the people, to soldiers, speeches at veche, at princely congresses), in the formulas of the so-called customary law, etc. The appearance of Old Church Slavonic books in Ancient Rus' was the external impetus that gave rise to a powerful internal development Old Russian book literature and its language. Old Slavonic texts served as models for Old Russian scribes, based on which they successfully carried out the literary processing of their native language. At the same time, the Old Church Slavonic language was not perceived as a foreign language, but was perceived as a bookish, processed language. Old Slavonic samples were important primarily for mastering the methods of linguistic organization of a literary (book) text.

Since the original Old Church Slavonic texts were translations from Greek, the Old Church Slavonic language, especially in vocabulary and syntax, reflected the features of the Greek language. And through the Old Church Slavonic language, these features were reflected in Old Russian. But there were also various direct contacts between Russians and Greeks; translations from Greek were also made in Ancient Rus', which contributed to the literary processing of the Russian language. This gave Pushkin the basis to say that the ancient Greek language saved the language of Russian literature from the slow improvements of time.

Thus, the circumstances of the formation of the Old Russian literary language were unique, and its composition was complex. As V.V. believed Vinogradov, the process of formation of the Old Russian literary language was determined by the interaction and unification of four (admittedly unequal) components: 1) the Old Church Slavonic language; 2) business, state-legal and diplomatic speech, which developed in the pre-literate era; 3) the language of folklore and 4) folk dialect elements. The unifying and regulating role first belonged to the Old Church Slavonic language. The actual composition and nature of the interaction of all these components depended on the genre of writing and literature.

The spoken language (the language “of the people”) develops faster than the literary language (the language “of the book”). Therefore, “the common dialect had to be separated from the bookish one.” The discrepancy between the spoken and literary languages became especially noticeable by the 17th century, by the beginning of the formation of the Russian nation. Archpriest Avvakum contrasted “his Russian natural language”, “colloquial speech” with book “eloquence”, “philosophical verses”. Writers of the 18th century. constantly emphasized the difference between the then colloquial “living use” and the ancient literary language, to which the name “Slavic” was assigned. This was the general name given to the language of ancient books, mainly religious (“our Slavic language is the language of the church,” wrote V.K. Trediakovsky). The “Slavenian language” was correlated with the Russian language as a language of the past (“the Slavonic language in our present century is very obscure” - the same statement by Trediakovsky) with a modern language. In the 18th – early 19th centuries. the expression “Slavic-Russian (or Slavic-Russian) language” was also used. This name emphasized the continuity of the new literary Russian language in relation to the ancient “Slavonic” (“Slavic”). In this sense, Pushkin talks about the Slavic-Russian language as a material for literature.

In the pre-Pushkin and Pushkin times, the “common and bookish dialects” (i.e., colloquial and literary languages) entered a stage of decisive rapprochement, as a result of which the totality of linguistic means, the “element” that was given to the writers of the early 19th century began to take shape. as a material for literature. Pushkin expanded and approved the rights of the folk language in literature, showing at the same time that the literary language “should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries,” that is, it should not break with book tradition. Pushkin discovered and made public new techniques and ways of using literary material (cm.: Gorshkov A.I. All the wealth, strength and flexibility of our language. A. S. Pushkin in the history of the Russian language. – M., 1992), created examples of new language use in all genres fiction both in critical-journalistic and scientific-historical prose, and the Russian literary language entered the modern period of its history.

Forms of existence of language.

The national language as the property of the people exists in several forms. Among the variety of varieties of use (or, as they also say, forms of existence) of language, the following stand out: two main. These varieties are usually called colloquial use of language and literary the use of language, and more often simply spoken (“folk”, “living”) language and literary (“book”, “written”) language. The very fact of the existence of these two main varieties of linguistic use is quite obvious, but the nature of the difference (opposition, opposition) and the nature of the relationship between spoken and literary language in science are explained ambiguously.

The main question that arises in this case is: what is the basis, what is the root of the differences between spoken language and literary language? – in our science, L.V. Shcherba answered most convincingly and at the same time simply. Explaining the concept of “literary language” and comparing literary language with colloquial language for this purpose, he pointed out that the basis of spoken language is unprepared dialogue, and the basis of literary language is a prepared monologue. Dialogue is a chain of replicas. The exchange of remarks occurs naturally, naturally, without preliminary thinking (we mean, of course, dialogue in the process of everyday communication between people, and not dialogue in a play or prose work). A monologue, on the contrary, requires preparation, strict consistency, and thoughtful organization of linguistic material. Shcherba emphasized that monologue must be specially studied and that every monologue is a literary work in its infancy.

The main sphere of use of spoken language is direct “informal”, “everyday” communication. Conversational communication, as a rule, is direct, contact, and therefore largely depends on the situation. In contact communication, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, while many elements that are clear from the situation may not be expressed or named in the message. Since spoken language is spoken, the role of intonation is great.

Spoken language is successfully studied at all tiers of the linguistic system, but its detailed description is not part of our task. We will indicate here only the main general features of the spoken language, due to its dialogical nature, lack of preparation, reliance on an extra-linguistic situation, contact of communication, the use of gestures and facial expressions, and the oral form of expression.

How characteristic feature In spoken language, scientists note a “linear progression without the possibility of going back.” Of course, the replica could be, for example, like this: Well, I went to school, and on the way I saw Petya, and then Vanya... Although no, first Vanya, and then Petya. The speaker seems to have “returned”, but from the point of view of linguistic use, what is said is said. The word has already been spoken. No wonder they say: “The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.” Another thing is literary use, a prepared monologue in written form - there you can “go back” as much as you like, redo what was written before presenting it to the reader (addressee).

Further, in the spoken language, “incompletely formed structures” are noted, mainly on the phonetic and syntactic levels. In phonetics, this is the loss of individual sounds or combinations of sounds, as a result of which there is an “incomplete” pronunciation of words like Marivanna, hello, shiisyat etc. instead Maria Ivanovna, hello, sixty etc. In syntax, this is “incompleteness” of sentences, omission, omission of certain components of a statement, otherwise - ellipsis (Greek elleipsis – omission, deficiency). Ellipsis is very characteristic of spoken language. When buying movie tickets, we don't usually say Please give me two tickets for the show at sixteen o'clock, but we talk Two by sixteen. We usually don't ask Where are you going (going, going)? What happened (is happening) to you?, but we ask Where are you going? What's wrong with you? In colloquial language, predicates denoting movement or speech are often omitted: Why are you so late? Do you go straight home after work or to football? Are you on the metro?–We are on a trolleybus; That's not what I'm talking about; You are shorter; Are you serious? Etc.

Conversational syntax is also characterized by a special word order and special types of connections between parts of a complex sentence, for example: Masha was enrolled in the English school; The train was announced to arrive on time; The kettle, I think she said she put it on etc.

The most important varieties The spoken language is territorial and social dialects, vernacular and “general” spoken language.

Territorial dialect(Greek dialektos – conversation, dialect, adverb) is a type of language that is characterized, in addition to features characteristic of the entire language, also by some specific features at all tiers of the linguistic system and is used as a means of direct communication in a certain limited territory.

Territorial dialects have characteristics that either bring them together or, conversely, distinguish them from each other. Based on these characteristics, modern Russian dialects are united into two dialects: Northern Great Russian and Southern Great Russian, between which there is a strip of Central Russian (or transitional) dialects. Approximately in the middle of this strip is Moscow, to the west of Moscow in this strip are Tver, Pskov, Novgorod, to the east - Vladimir, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod. The range of transitional dialects is not wide; Yaroslavl and Kostroma are already located on the territory of the Northern Great Russian dialect, and Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, Smolensk are on the territory of the Southern Great Russian dialect. Siberian dialects developed on the basis of various dialects of the European part of Russia. Initially, Siberia was populated by people from the northern regions, therefore the so-called old-timer Siberian dialects are basically northern. The dialects with a South Russian basis in Siberia are of later origin.

The Northern Great Russian dialect is characterized by three main sound features: “okanie” (i.e., the distinction in the pronunciation of unstressed [o] and [a], for example palm–catch), pronunciation [g] stop plosive (city, horns) and hard pronunciation [t] in the endings of the 3rd person present tense of verbs (go, go).

The South Great Russian dialect is characterized by “akan” (i.e., non-distinction in the pronunciation of unstressed [o] and [a]: palm, to catch), pronunciation [g] fricative [y] (lat. fricare – rub; fricative consonants are formed by air friction in a narrow gap between adjacent speech organs, fricative [y] pronounced like [x], but louder: freak, rowa) and soft pronunciation [t"] in the endings of the 3rd person present tense of verbs (go, go). There are also lexical differences: in the north they say horse, rooster, hut, grip, ladle, picker, yell, harrow- in the south, respectively horse, kochet, hut, rowach, korets, deja, plow, speed.

Middle Great Russian dialects are characterized by the pronunciation of a stop [g], which coincides with one of the features of the Northern Great Russian dialect, and at the same time, “akany,” which coincides with one of the features of the Southern Great Russian dialect. In the endings of the 3rd person present tense of verbs in part of the Central Russian dialects [t] is hard, and in part - soft [t"].

The signs mentioned are only the most important ones. general signs, by which two adverbs and transitional dialects of the Russian language are distinguished. Each individual dialect (spoken) has its own numerous characteristics. Dialects and their grouping are studied by a special science - dialectology.

Since the 18th century. territorial dialects with a special artistic purpose are displayed in works of literature, mainly when conveying the speech of characters. Of course, for artistic purposes it is not required to reproduce the dialect in every detail in the same way as is done in scientific records, but the writer is required deep knowledge local dialect and an aesthetically justified depiction of its most characteristic features.

In connection with the development of education and the spread of the media, especially radio and television, territorial dialects are under the powerful influence of the literary language. And although the complete disappearance of territorial dialects is still very far away, they are increasingly losing their originality. A phenomenon arises called a semi-dialect - a type of language that is a territorial dialect with a significant proportion of elements of the literary language. The speakers of semi-dialects are mainly representatives of the younger generation.

Along with territorial dialects, there are social dialects. A social dialect, as the name itself shows, is characteristic not of a certain territory, but of a certain social community of people. If territorial dialects have differences at all tiers of the linguistic system, then social dialects differ from each other and from the national language only in the field of vocabulary and phraseology. As part of social (they also say socio-professional) dialects, jargons and argot stand out.

Jargon(fr. jargon) is produced and used in groups of people united by profession, occupation, common interests, hobbies, etc. These groups are, as they say, relatively open, i.e. not trying to isolate themselves from other people. Accordingly, jargon (for schoolchildren, students, athletes, hunters, fishermen, dog lovers, etc.) is not a means of isolating its speakers from the “uninitiated,” but only reflects the specifics of activities, hobbies, habits, outlook on life, etc. . certain circle of people. One of the early and clearly defined jargons in Russian society was bureaucratic jargon. N.V. Gogol was a great connoisseur of this jargon and a master of its depiction in literature. Here's a small example from Dead Souls:

(...) A new governor-general was appointed to the province, an event that, as we know, puts officials in an alarming state: there will be arguments, heckling, heaving and all sorts of official stew that the boss treats to his subordinates! "Well,–officials thought–if he only finds out, simply, that there are some stupid rumors in the city, and for this alone he can boil not for life, but for death.”

Other social and professional jargons are also reflected in Gogol’s work. For example, Petrovich’s language in “The Overcoat” is filled with expressions characteristic of the tailor’s profession: No, you can’t fix it: a bad wardrobe!; The thing is completely rotten, touch it with a needle–and now it’s crawling; Yes, there is nothing to put the patches on, there is nothing for her to strengthen herself with, the support is too great; If you put a marten on the collar and put on a silk-lined hood, it will cost two hundred; It will even be possible, as fashion has gone, the collar will be fastened with silver paws under the appliqué.

The meaning of the word described above jargon accepted in science, is terminological. But the word jargon It also has another, non-terminological meaning: a rude, vulgar type of language use containing incorrect and distorted forms.

Argo(fr. argot), unlike jargon, is the property of closed social groups striving for isolation. Argo is intended to serve as one of the means of this isolation, therefore it is characterized by convention, artificiality, which should ensure secrecy, secrecy of communication. Argo is typical primarily for the social lower classes of society and the criminal world. In this environment, the names “blat music”, “blat”, “fenya” arose and are in use. Methods of verbal communication that are accepted in a certain environment and are incomprehensible to the rest of society are also called conventional or secret languages. Known secret language wandering traders of the past - ophens. Like any social dialect, argot differs from the common language only in its vocabulary, and commonly used words are often used, but with a different meaning. This can be illustrated by an excerpt from a letter from one prisoner: When they were loading balans into the Pullmans, the bogons were smoked because of one hose. In the knackery, shamovka was normal, mandra and loose powder were always in the garage. They rolled tar with a Georgian broom, had both married dope and a joint. Here romp– immerse, Pullman– carriage, balance- log, hose- fool, lazy, smoke- break, cripple, bogons- legs, knackery– surgical department in a hospital, mandra– bread, products, looseness- tea, garage- bedside table, make a fuss– brew, Georgian broom– low-grade tea, tar– strong tea, chifir, married fool– hashish with tobacco, joint- a cigarette with hashish. Despite its external exoticism, the argot vocabulary is essentially not rich.

Like other varieties of spoken language, argot is used in fiction for a more vivid image of the described environment, for the linguistic characteristics of characters.

Along with the French words “jargon” and “argot”, the word “slang”, borrowed from English, has recently become widespread. It should be noted that in the use of the words “jargon”, “argo”, “slang” as terms there is no strict consistency and unambiguity, just as there are no sharp boundaries between the phenomena denoted by these words.

If territorial and socio-professional dialects are associated with one way or another limited groups of people, then vernacular has wider and less defined boundaries of use and is characterized mainly by emotional overtones. Initially, simple speech (including literary speech) was called vernacular, in contrast to eloquence - speech that was emphatically refined, complicated, or decorated. It is in this sense that Archpriest Avvakum called the language of his works colloquial. But these days this word has a different meaning. Scientists define vernacular as a relaxed and somewhat rude, “reduced” version of colloquial language use. Vernacular also refers to words, expressions and grammatical forms that are characteristic of this variety and have a connotation of swagger, rudeness (b lamba, butch, fidgety, really, excitedly, wobble, uncouth man, he tugged at his sleeve etc.). For vernacular speech, certain features of territorial dialects are not indicative; it is characteristic mainly of urban residents. Therefore, it is called mass (i.e., not confined to any one category of people) urban speech, mass urban language. In literature, vernacular language is used to describe characters linguistically, and in the author’s language – as a means of special expressiveness (irony, playful or negative assessment, etc.). For example:

Pyotr Matveyevich suddenly noticed that the school windows were glowing quite unnaturally for such an evening time: every single one of them was bright. Usually at this time–well, one is there, two are burning, where they are sawing on the violin, or strumming the piano, or something else–They open their mouths, but through the glass you can’t hear what kind of song is pouring out of it.

The highest form of the national Russian language is literary language. The main sphere of use of the literary language is literature, literature in the broad sense (i.e. literature is not only artistic, but also journalistic, scientific, official and business) and prescribed, “official” communication.

The main properties of the literary language are determined by its monological basis. It is thanks to the peculiarities of monologue use that such defining qualities of a literary language as processing and normalization are developed (that is, the presence of norms - rules of language use, conscious, recognized and protected by society). In addition to being processed and standardized, the literary language is also characterized by widespread use, universality (i.e., binding on all members of a given national community, in contrast to a dialect, which is used only in a territorially or socially limited group of people), multifunctionality, universality (i.e., use in various spheres of life), style differentiation (i.e. the presence of a number of styles) and a tendency towards sustainability and stability. All these signs do not appear suddenly and in their entirety, but are developed gradually, in the process of using language in literature. At the first stages of the development of book literature, the main feature of the literary language, distinguishing it from the spoken language, was the monological organization.

Signs of a literary language:

written record oral speech: the presence of writing influences the character of the literary language, enriching it means of expression and expanding the scope of application;

normalization;

universality of norms and their codification;

branched functional-stylistic system;

dialectical unity of book and colloquial speech;

close connection with the language of fiction

The Russian literary language has two main forms of existence: oral and written.

Oral form is the primary and only form of existence of a language that does not have writing. For colloquial variety of literary language, it is the main one, while book language functions in both written and oral form (report – oral form, lecture – written). At the same time, with the development of electronic communications, the written form of spoken language is becoming increasingly widespread.

The oral form of language is characterized by the fact that it is irreversible, cannot be edited, and does not provide the opportunity for reflection or return to what was expressed. Oral speech without additional support (video, direct communication, etc.) is more difficult to perceive than written language and is forgotten more quickly. Therefore, large volumes of oral texts are undesirable, as are long periods and complex structures in them.

Written form is secondary, later in time of occurrence. Thus, fiction exists mainly in written form, although it is also realized in oral form (for example, literary reading, theatrical performances, any reading aloud). Folklore, on the contrary, has an oral form of existence as its primary form, records of oral folk art(songs, fairy tales, jokes) is a secondary form of its implementation.

A distinctive advantage of written speech is the possibility of additional polishing, repeated reference to the text, accumulation of vocabulary, and therefore the possibility of creating texts of any volume. At the same time, the absence of sound and visual, i.e. visual support imposes special obligations on the written text to compensate for the information that is transmitted in oral communication by non-linguistic means.

IN modern language the connection between stylistic phenomena and the form of text implementation weakens - only oral or only written. New traditions of text perception are being formed: listeners are equally irritated by “reading from a piece of paper” and by the excessive looseness of a lecturer or speaker who speaks without notes or handouts, which is seen more as a lack of preparation than as fluency in the material.

Within the literary language, two main functional areas are distinguished: book And colloquial speech. Each of them is subject to its own system of norms. The main purpose of literary language is to serve means of communication its carriers, the main means of expressing national culture, therefore, over time, independent varieties were formed in it, called functional styles and conditioned by the sphere of public life they serve. In other words, the functional-style stratification of a literary language is determined by social need specialize linguistic means, organize them in a special way in order to ensure verbal communication of native speakers of a literary language in each sphere of human activity

So, national language is the common language of the entire nation, covering all spheres of people’s speech activity. It is heterogeneous, since it contains all varieties of language: territorial and social dialects, vernacular, jargon, and literary language. The highest form of the national language is literary– a standardized language that serves the cultural needs of the people; the language of fiction, science, print, radio, theater, government institutions. The concept of “speech culture” is closely connected with the concept of “literary language”: one concept presupposes the other. The culture of speech arises along with the formation and development of the literary language. One of the main tasks of speech culture is the preservation and improvement of the literary language.

Conclusion.

The Russian language is one of the international and world languages that are used in communication between the peoples of different states. The first and main function of such languages is communication in them within a certain ethnic group; they are the native (mother) language for the people who make up this ethnic group. The intermediary function of international communication for such languages is secondary. It must be said that the composition of international languages has changed over time. IN ancient world and in the Middle Ages, international languages were not so much international as regional (for example, among the peoples of the Far East this language was ancient Chinese - Wenyan; in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Hellenistic era - ancient Greek; in the Roman Empire - Latin; in the Near and Middle East with the spread of Islam – Arabic). Modern international languages have gone beyond the boundaries of their regions and are becoming world (global) languages, forming the so-called “club of world languages”. These are the most prestigious and generally recognized languages. They are widely promoted and studied for a variety of purposes: as foreign languages in schools, for tourism, for reading specialized literature, for communication. The number of such languages does not go beyond Miller’s “magic number” of 7 +2. Sometimes the “world languages club” is identified with the official and working languages of the UN (there are 6 of them: English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.)

In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth after Chinese (over 1 billion people), English (420 million people), Hindi and Urdu (320 million people) and Spanish (300 million people). About 250 million people around the globe speak Russian. Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. Russian language is state language for 145 million 600 thousand people inhabiting the Russian Federation. It should also be borne in mind that according to 1999 data from Carnegie Foundation specialists studying migration problems in the territory of the former USSR, about 22 million Russian people now live in the CIS and Baltic countries. In addition, 61 million 300 thousand people belonging to various nationalities named Russian as their second language in which they speak fluently. As stated in Article 68 of the Constitution Russian Federation, Russian is the state language of Russia. At the same time, the Russian language is used in communication not only by those people for whom it is their native language. The need of any multinational country for one, and sometimes several state languages is obvious: in parallel with the languages of individual regions, there must be a certain unified language that is understandable to employees of government agencies and citizens throughout the state. It is in this capacity that the Russian language is used in the highest bodies of state power and administration of Russia, in official records management and correspondence Russian institutions and enterprises, as well as in television and radio programs intended for the entire country. It, as a state language, is studied in secondary and higher education. educational institutions Russia.

Many of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation also have their own state languages. However official letters and documents sent outside such republics, in order for them to be understandable to the recipients, must be written in the state language of all Russia, i.e. in Russian. However, the use of the Russian language on the territory of the Russian Federation is not limited only to official spheres: historically it has developed that, when communicating with each other, representatives of different nationalities living in Russia often speak Russian. The Russian language is widely used outside of Russia. First of all, it is a fairly convenient tool for interethnic communication residents of the former Soviet Union, for example, Moldovans and Ukrainians, Georgians and Armenians, Uzbeks and Tajiks. In addition, representatives of different nations outside the CIS often resort to his help. Russian language is widely used in work international conferences and organizations. It is one of the six official and working languages of the United Nations (the other official and working languages of the UN are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese and French). Languages that are widely used as a means of international communication are called world languages. Russian language is one of the world languages. The Russian language has made its valuable contribution to the development of world civilization. Russian culture, science and living ties with neighboring states and peoples are what primarily predetermined interest in the Russian language in the past.

A Brief History of the Russian Language

Russian is one of the largest languages in the world: in terms of the number of speakers it ranks fifth after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish. Russian is one of the official and working languages of the UN. The number of Russian speakers is about 180 million people. Belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but the ones closest to the Russian language are Belarusian and Ukrainian. The three of these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.
History of the origin and formation of the Russian language

The history of the origin of the Russian language goes back to ancient times. Around the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. From the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - around the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus(9th - early 12th centuries) the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the 14th-16th centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moldova.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (13-15 centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the 13-14 centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language gradually disintegrated. Three centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the 14th-15th centuries. On the basis of these associations, closely related but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.
History of the development of the Russian language - the era of Moscow Rus'

The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Rus' (14th-17th centuries) had complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. Two main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately in the north from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod, and Southern Great Russian in the south from the indicated line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects that overlapped with other dialect divisions. Intermediate Central Russian dialects arose, among which the Moscow dialect began to play a leading role. Initially it was mixed, then it developed into a coherent system. The following became characteristic of him: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; plosive consonant "g"; ending "-ovo", "-evo" in genitive case singular masculine and neuter in pronominal declension; hard ending “-t” in 3rd person verbs of the present and future tense; forms of the pronouns “me”, “you”, “myself” and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in living speech, a final restructuring of the categories of time occurs (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and plusquaperfect are completely replaced unified form to "-l"), loss of the dual number, the previous declension of nouns according to six stems is replaced modern types declinations, etc. The written language remains colorful.

In the 17th century arise national connections, the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the division of the civil and Church Slavonic alphabet took place. In the 18th and early 19th centuries. Secular writing became widespread, church literature gradually moved into the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific, technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx of words and expressions from Western European languages into the Russian language. There was a particularly great impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. The French language began to influence Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

The collision of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language raised the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle between different trends. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to the people's speech, while the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic “Slovenian” language, incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time among upper strata society began to become overly interested in foreign words, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

In the modern Russian language there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the mid-20th century. it is borrowed mainly from English language(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, but the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
About the development of the Russian language

Since the middle of the 20th century. The study of the Russian language is increasingly expanding throughout the world. Information for the mid-70s: Russian language is taught in 87 countries: in 1648 universities; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. In 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was created; in 1974 - Institute of Russian Language named after. A. S. Pushkin.

History of the emergence and development of the Russian language

A Brief History of the Russian Language

History of the origin and formation of the Russian language

History of the origin of the Russian language go back to ancient times. Around the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. From the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - around the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus (9th - early 12th centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the 14th-16th centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moldova.

History of the development of the Russian language - the era of Moscow Rus'

The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Rus' (14th-17th centuries) had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. Two main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately in the north from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod, and Southern Great Russian in the south from the indicated line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects that overlapped with other dialect divisions. Intermediate Central Russian dialects arose, among which the Moscow dialect began to play a leading role. Initially it was mixed, then it developed into a coherent system. The following became characteristic of him: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; plosive consonant "g"; ending “-ovo”, “-evo” in the genitive case of the singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; hard ending “-t” in 3rd person verbs of the present and future tense; forms of the pronouns “me”, “you”, “myself” and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in living speech, a final restructuring of the categories of time occurs (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and plusquaperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with “-l”), the loss of the dual number, the previous declension of nouns according to six stems is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.

In the 17th century National ties emerge and the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the division of the civil and Church Slavonic alphabet took place. In the 18th and early 19th centuries. Secular writing became widespread, church literature gradually moved into the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific, technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx of words and expressions from Western European languages into the Russian language. There was a particularly great impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. The French language began to influence Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

The collision of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language raised the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle between different trends. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to the people's speech, while the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic “Slovenian” language, incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

In the modern Russian language there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the mid-20th century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishing the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, but the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.

The Russian language is one of the largest languages in the world, the state language of a multinational and, as a consequence, the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the country. It is the main language of international communication in the countries of the former USSR and the current language of the UN.

The modern Russian language, as we know it now, and as it is studied abroad, has a long history of origin. Its predecessor was the Old Russian language (from the 7th to the 14th centuries), the language of the Eastern Slavs located on the territory of the Kievan state. Since all Slavic languages had a common ancestor - the Proto-Slavic language, the emerging Old Russian was similar to the languages of the South Slavic and West Slavic peoples, but, from the point of view of phonetics and vocabulary, it had some differences. Next, feudal fragmentation occurred, which led to the formation of a number of dialects. The Mongol-Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian conquests left their mark, causing the collapse (collapse of the Kyiv state) in the 13th-14th centuries. and consequently the collapse of the common Old Russian language. Three independent but closely related East Slavic languages were formed: Russian (Great Russian), Belarusian and Ukrainian.

As for writing, the Slavic states (modern Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, Bulgaria) and later Russia and the development of the church as state institute required special rituals and readings liturgical books, at first it was carried out in Greek, but then the Old Church Slavonic language appeared. This language was created by Cyril and Methodius to adapt Greek writings; it was not just made up, it was based on the language of the South Slavic peoples. The Greek scholar Cyril and his brother Methodius used it to adapt Slavic speech to expressions and ideas that Christian teaching wanted to convey, since, for example, the pagan religion and the Christian religion had different lexical content and the concept of God. This is how the Old Church Slavonic language acquired the name Church Slavonic. Initially it was Glagolitic, but since some sounds were missing for complete adaptation, Cyrillic appeared (a Greek set of letters supplemented in accordance with Glagolitic). The Church Slavonic language was exclusively written.

At this time, spoken Russian was undergoing its own changes; from the 14th to the 17th centuries, dialects continued to develop. Two dialect zones were formed: the Northern Great Russian dialect and the Southern Great Russian dialect with an intermediate Central Great Russian dialect. The leading language was dialect (later it became the basis for the literary language).

In the 17th century, during the reign, many transformative measures were carried out, including language reforms. European education became popular, science and technology developed, and translations of foreign books that were accessible and understandable to the general public were needed. All this required new means of expression, which the Church Slavonic language could not provide. His vocabulary and semantics carried more of a church-religious idea than resembled free “living speech.” What was needed was a literary language accessible to wide circles of society. The Church Slavonic language was relegated to the background in the 18th and early 19th centuries. became a kind of church jargon, intended only for worship. The popularity of foreign languages grew, and secular society tried to introduce them as much as possible into native Russian. There was a threat of language clogging and then the need arose to create unified national language norms.

The 20th century brought new, major events in Russia, and with them changes in the Russian language. The economy, culture, and technology continued to develop. It began to be enriched with new words, terminology, stylistic devices, etc. Socialism came to power through the revolution. The level of literacy has increased, the literary language has become the main language of communication of the people. Russian literature gained worldwide fame, and at the same time, interest in studying the language itself increased abroad.

Introduction.

Origin and development of the Russian language.

Distinctive Features Russian language.

Russian language in modern society.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction

Language, our magnificent language

River and steppe expanse in it,

It contains the screams of an eagle and the roar of a wolf,

The chanting, and the ringing, and the incense of pilgrimage.

K. D. Balmont

Russian language as the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication.

The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language in which its culture was created and is being created.

Russian language is official language of the Russian Federation, serving all kinds of spheres of human activity, on which they teach in educational institutions, and the country’s documents are written.

This language is understandable to everyone and is native to a huge number of people.

The Russian language is the subject of a number of linguistic disciplines that study it current state and history, territorial and social dialects, vernacular.

The combination Russian language is, first of all, closely related to the most general concept of the national Russian language.

National language is a socio-historical category denoting the language that is the means of communication of the nation.

The national Russian language, therefore, is the means of communication of the Russian nation.

The Russian national language is a complex phenomenon. It includes the following varieties: literary language, territorial and social dialects, semi-dialects, vernacular, jargons.

The Russian language is the language in which Russian culture was created, and, first of all, Russian literature. IN modern form The Russian language first appeared in the 19th century, in the era of A.S. Pushkin. It is he who is considered the founder of the modern Russian language, which we all understand and which we speak.

The term "Russian language" is used in four meanings.

) It denotes the totality of all living languages of the East Slavic branch: Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

) It is used to designate a written language that developed on the basis of the common Slavic literary language (the so-called Church Slavonic language), performing literary functions in Kievan and Muscovite Rus' before the formation of the Russian (Great Russian) national language.

) It denotes the totality of all dialects and dialects that the Russian people used and use as their native language.

) Designates the all-Russian national language, the language of the press, schools, state practice.

Origin and development of the Russian language

Modern Russian is a continuation of the Old Russian (East Slavic) language. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes that formed in the 9th century. ancient Russian people within the Kyiv state.

This language was almost identical to the languages of other Slavic peoples, but differed in some phonetic and lexical features.

All Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian) come from common root- a single proto-Slavic language that probably existed until the 10th-11th centuries.

On the basis of a single language - Old Russian, during the collapse of the Kyiv state in the XIV-XV centuries. three independent languages arose: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which with the formation of nations took shape into national languages.

The roots of the Russian language go back to ancient times. Around the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. From the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - around the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic). Where the Proto-Slavs and their descendants, the Proto-Slavs, lived is a debatable question. Probably, Proto-Slavic tribes in the 2nd half of the 1st century. BC e. and at the beginning of AD e. occupied lands from the middle reaches of the Dnieper to the upper reaches of the Vistula, from Pripyat to the forest-steppe regions. In the 1st half of the 1st century. The pre-Slavic territory expanded sharply. In the VI-VII centuries. The Slavs occupied lands from the Adriatic in the southwest to the headwaters of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen in the northeast. The pre-Slavic ethno-linguistic unity collapsed. Three closely related groups were formed: eastern (Old Russian people), western (on the basis of which Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatians, Pomeranian Slavs were formed) and southern (its representatives are Bulgarians, Serbo-Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians).

The East Slavic (Old Russian) language existed from the 7th to the 14th centuries. In the 10th century on its basis, writing arose (the Cyrillic alphabet), which reached a high flourishing (Ostromir Gospel, XI century; “The Sermon on Law and Grace” of the Kyiv Metropolitan Hilarion, XI century; “The Tale of Bygone Years,” early XII century; “The Sermon on Igor's regiment", XII century; Russian Truth, XI-XII centuries). Already in Kievan Rus (9th - early 12th centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moldova. Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (XIII-XV centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language gradually disintegrated. Three centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the XIV-XV centuries. On the basis of these associations, closely related but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Rus' (XIV-XVII centuries) had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - the Northern Great Russian (approximately in the north of the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of N. Novgorod) and the Southern Great Russian (in the south from the specified line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions) dialects, overlapping with other dialect divisions. Intermediate Central Russian dialects arose, among which the Moscow dialect began to play a leading role. Initially it was mixed, then it developed into a coherent system. The following became characteristic of him: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; plosive consonant "g"; the ending “-ovo”, “-evo” in the genitive case of the singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; the hard ending “-t” in verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of the pronouns “me”, “you”, “yourself” and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect gradually becomes exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, a final restructuring of the categories of time takes place in living speech (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and plusquaperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with "-l"), the loss of the dual number, the former declension of nouns according to six stems is replaced by modern types of declension, etc. The written language remains variegated. Religion and the beginnings of scientific knowledge were mainly served by book Slavic, which was of ancient Bulgarian origin, which experienced a noticeable influence. The Russian language, divorced from the colloquial element, was the state language (business) based on Russian folk speech, but did not coincide with it in everything. It developed speech cliches, often including purely bookish elements. Diverse in linguistic means there was written fiction. Since ancient times, played an important role spoken language folklore, serving until the XVI-XVII centuries. all segments of the population. This is evidenced by its reflection in ancient Russian writing (tales about Belogorod jelly, about Olga’s revenge and others in “The Tale of Bygone Years”, folklore motifs in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, vivid phraseology in “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik, etc. ), as well as archaic layers of modern epics, fairy tales, songs and other types of oral folk art. Since the 17th century The first recordings of folklore works and book imitations of folklore begin, for example, songs recorded in 1619-20 for the Englishman Richard James, lyrical songs of Kvashnin-Samarin, “The Tale of the Mountain of Misfortune”, etc. The complexity of the language situation did not allow the development of uniform and stable norms. There was no single Russian literary language.

In the 17th century National ties emerge and the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708 there was a division of the civil and Church Slavonic alphabet. In the XVIII and early XIX centuries Secular writing became widespread, church literature gradually moved into the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific, technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx of words and expressions from Western European languages into the Russian language. A major role in the development of Russian phraseology and vocabulary from the 2nd half of the 18th century. Provided French. The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle between different trends. democrats sought to bring the literary language closer to the people's speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic “Slovenian” language, incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language. A major role was played by the language theory and practice of M. V. Lomonosov, the author of the first detailed grammar of the Russian language, who proposed to distribute various speech means depending on their purpose literary works into high, medium and low calms. Lomonosov, V.K. Trediakovsky, D.I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin, A.N. Radishchev, N.M. Karamzin and other Russian writers prepared the ground for the great reform of A.S. Pushkin. The creative genius Pushkin synthesized various speech elements into a single system: Russian folk, Church Slavonic and Western European, with Russian becoming the cementing basis vernacular, especially its Moscow variety. The modern Russian literary language begins with Pushkin, rich and diverse linguistic styles (artistic, journalistic, scientific) are closely connected with each other, all-Russian phonetic, grammatical and lexical norms are defined, mandatory for all those who speak the literary language, the lexical system develops and is enriched. The great Russian writers of the 19th-20th centuries played a major role in the development and formation of the Russian literary language. (A. S. Griboedov, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, A. P. Chekhov). From the 2nd half of the 20th century. The development of the literary language and the formation of its functional styles - scientific, journalistic, etc. - are beginning to be influenced by public figures, representatives of science and culture.

Meaningful Action The Great October Revolution was translated into Russian socialist revolution and the construction of socialism in the USSR: the vocabulary of the language became more extensive, minor changes occurred in the grammatical structure, the stylistic means of the language were enriched, etc. In connection with the general spread of literacy and the rise in the cultural level of the population, the literary language became the main means of communication of the Russian nation, in contrast to the pre-revolutionary past, when the bulk of the people spoke local dialects and urban vernacular. The development of phonetic, grammatical and lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language is regulated by two related trends: established traditions, considered exemplary, and the constantly changing speech of native speakers.

Dialects occupy a significant place in the Russian language. In conditions of universal education, they are replaced by the literary language and turn into unique semi-dialects. The dialects constantly influenced the literary language. Dialecticisms are still used by writers for stylistic purposes.

Distinctive features of the Russian language

In the XVI-XVII the main source of the emergence of new lexical units Polish became the Russian language, thanks to which such words of Latin, Germanic and Romance origin as algebra, dance and powder and directly Polish words, for example bank and duel, came into speech.

In Belarus, Russian is the official language along with the Belarusian language. In a number of countries of the former USSR, Russian is recognized as an official language, that is, it has a privileged status, despite the presence of a state language.

In the US, in the state of New York, Russian is one of the eight languages in which all official election documents are printed, and in California, you can take the driver's license exam in Russian.

Until 1991, Russian was used for communication in the territory of the former USSR, being the state language. Therefore, the republics that left the USSR consider Russian their native language.

In the literature there are such names of the Russian language as Russian and Great Russian, but they are used mainly by linguists and are not used in modern colloquial speech.

At the moment, the alphabet of the Russian language consists of 33 letters, which, by the way, has existed since 1918, but was officially approved in 1942, and before that time there were 31 letters in the alphabet, because E was equated to E, and Y to I.

Differences in dialects have never been an obstacle to people communicating with each other, however, compulsory education, the advent of printing and means mass media and large-scale migration of the population during the Soviet era, almost completely forced the dialects out of use, as they were replaced by standard Russian speech. Echoes of dialects can be heard to this day in the speech of the older generation, who live mainly in the countryside, but since television, the media, and radio are developing rapidly, their speech is gradually acquiring a modern Russian dialect.

Many words in modern Russian came from Church Slavonic. In addition, the vocabulary of the Russian language was significantly influenced by those languages with which it was in contact for a long time. The oldest layer of borrowings has East German roots, as evidenced by words such as camel, church or cross. A few but frequently used words were borrowed from ancient Iranian languages, the so-called Scythian vocabulary, for example, paradise or dog. Some Russian names, such as Olga or Igor, are of Germanic, most often Scandinavian origin.

Since the 18th century, the main flow of words comes to us from the Dutch (orange, yacht), German (tie, cement) and French (beach, conductor) languages.

It is impossible not to note the influence of other languages, although to a much lesser extent than English, on the modern sound of the Russian language. Military terms (hussar, saber) came to us from Hungarian, and musical, financial and culinary terms (opera, balance and pasta) from Italian.

Despite the large number of borrowed words, the Russian language developed independently, giving the whole world a huge number of its own international words: vodka, pogrom, samovar, dacha, mammoth, satellite, tsar, matryoshka, dacha and steppe.

Russian language in modern society

The Russian language plays a huge role in modern society, because it is an international language (one of the six official and working languages of the UN).

Much attention is paid to the Russian language in society. Society's concern for language is expressed in its codification, i.e. in order linguistic phenomena into a single set of rules.

As one of 3,000 active languages, it is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and has an audience of over 100 million people. Interest in the state of the Russian language, its functioning in the post-Soviet space is due to the fact that the Russian language is, firstly, the most important factor provision state interests And state security; secondly, it is the language of life of almost thirty million Russian compatriots in the near abroad; thirdly, the Russian language is the strongest integrating factor in the post-Soviet space.

The problem of the functioning of the Russian language is inextricably linked with the support of Russian culture and education in the Russian language. In essence, language, culture and education constitute a triune organism. The health or illness of any of its incarnations inevitably affects others.

Historical memory embodied in words is the language of any people. Thousands of years of spiritual culture, the life of the Russian people are uniquely and uniquely reflected in the Russian language, in its oral and written forms, in monuments of various genres - from ancient Russian chronicles and epics to works of modern fiction. And, therefore, the culture of languages, the culture of words, appears as an inextricable link between many, many generations.

Native language- the soul of a nation, its most important sign. In language and through language such the most important features and features such as national psychology, the character of the people, the way of thinking, the original uniqueness of artistic creativity, moral state and spirituality.

N. M. Karamzin said: “Let there be honor and glory to our language, which in its native richness, almost without any foreign admixture, flows like a proud, majestic river - it makes noise, thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, gurgles a gentle stream and sweetly flows into the soul, forming all the measures that lie only in the fall and rise of the human voice!

Russian is practically the most difficult language to learn. How to translate the phrase “no” or “exactly, probably” into a foreign language? And it’s better to keep silent about slangisms altogether. We can break sentences as much as we like, rearranging words, changing their places, replacing them with others or adding synonymous ones. Our accent is also mobile. Compare: city - town OK - suburb. No other language has such freedom. Rearrange the subject and predicate in German, and get an interrogative sentence instead of a declarative one. The richness of the language can be seen at all levels: phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. The latter is more visual. In our vocabulary There are words that describe feelings, shades of feelings and emotions that cannot be translated into another language without losing meaning. And rows of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms and antonyms! To know the expressive means of a language, to be able to use its stylistic and semantic riches in all their structural diversity - every native speaker should strive for this.

Language is the property of the people, it is in it that the famous Russian spirit, our soul, is contained. Not long ago, linguists faced a problem large quantity borrowings from the English language and asked the question: is the language enriched with their help or impoverished? Within reasonable borrowing limits - normal phenomenon, it is due to him that vocabulary grows. But with an “overdose” we forget our native speech and communicate using “hi”, “okay” and other words, although we have our own “hello”, “hello”, “good evening”.

It is the people who are the custodians of the language, so each of us has one task - to preserve and increase the wealth we already have.

One of the main works of Academician V.V. Vinogradov “Russian Language”, the greatest philologist of our time, has become a necessary book for more than one generation of Russian scholars, linguists, and philologists. The 1947 edition is now a bibliographic rarity, the second edition in 1972 did not fully satisfy the need for it, and since then a new generation of its readers has grown up.

The Russian language, in addition to the fact that it unites us all, it also connects us with all those who care about Russian culture. Russia, with all its might as a cultural power - as a Eurasian country - unites many nations and peoples precisely on the basis, again, of the Russian language, in which the greatest works of world literature are written. It is clear that our compatriots living outside the borders of the Russian Federation are also united by the great, mighty, powerful and melodious Russian language.

Conclusion

Russian language culture rule

Modern world introduces a lot of new things into the Russian literary language, especially in such areas as vocabulary and phraseology, combinability of words, their stylistic coloring, etc.

It is possible to identify factors and conditions for the development of the modern Russian language. Impact on everyday life speech environment each of them is both unequal and ambiguous at the same time.

Firstly, leading to the constant updating of literary norms, to liberation from outdated features and elements - this is the universality of the literary language.

Secondly, this is a wide and active introduction of the modern educated reader to the works of such writers as V. Nabokov, B. Zaitsev, I. Shmelev, M. Aldanov, familiarity with the works of N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov, P. Struve, P. Sorokin, V. Rozanov, G. Fedotov, E. Trubetskoy, P. Florensky, D. Andreev and many others. etc. All this influences the modern literary language, increasing its authority, cultivating the linguistic taste of speakers and writers.

Language is something frozen and unchanging. Under the influence of many various reasons, language is in perpetual motion. Article by Russian linguist I.A. Baudouin describes the surprise of how, despite the various circumstances and reasons that influence changes in language, it (the language) still does not change very much and retains its unity. But there is nothing particularly surprising about this. After all, language is the most important means of mutual understanding between people. And if the language did not maintain its unity, then it could not fulfill this the most important function.

Literature

1.Origins and fate of the Russian literary language. Edition 2 Filin F.P. 2010

2.Historical grammar of the Russian language, workshop, textbook, E.I. Yanovich, 2014

.Formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs. Ed.2 Filin F.P.2010.

.Workshop on Russian language and speech culture, Skorikova T.P., 2014

.Russian language in aphorisms, Vekshin N.L., 2014

.Russian language. To the secrets of our language. Soloveychik M.S., Kuzmenko N.S., 2013

.Russian language. Educational and practical reference book, Gaibaryan O.E., Kuznetsova A.V., 2014

.Modern Russian language. Text. Speech styles. Culture of speech, Blokhina N.G., 2010

9.Modern Russian language: history, theory, practice and culture of speech. Mandel B. R., 2014

10.Stylistics of the Russian language, Golub I.B., 2010

11.Modern Russian literary language, Phonetics, spelling, graphics and spelling, Knyazev S.B., Pozharitskaya S.K., 2011

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