The causes of nosebleeds in adults can be different. To identify them for sure, it is recommended to consult a doctor and go through medical examination. If in the near future you will not be able to get to the hospital, then you can find out the main causes of nosebleeds in adults from the presented article.

general information

Nose bleed(the causes in adults will be described a little later) and are concepts that are close, but not equal in meaning. To find out what is the difference between this pathological processes Let's define each of them:

1. Nose bleed. This phenomenon is observed when blood is coming from the vessels of the nasal cavity, as well as its paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. Usually, this process occurs as a result of a violation of their integrity.
2. Bleeding from the nose. Most often this pathological condition occurs when the upper walls of the nasal cavity are damaged. In other words, the integrity of the vessels located in the skull is violated.

Sources of bleeding

Nosebleeds in adults and children can come from a variety of sources. So, often blood comes from the respiratory tract, esophagus and even the stomach. In such cases, it flows into the nasal cavity through the so-called choanae, that is, the internal openings that connect the pharynx.

Everything about nosebleeds in adults and children is not known even to the most experienced doctors, because the mucous membrane of this organ is very actively supplied with blood, as it has a huge circulatory network woven from small vessels and capillaries.

According to statistics, most often regularly occurring nosebleeds indicate the development of a serious illness. Although such a pathology can occur in quite healthy people of different ages.

Nosebleeds: Causes

Causes of nosebleeds in adults and children are divided into local and general. To understand how they differ in people different ages Let's look at them in more detail.

Children

The mucous membrane of the child's nose is quite delicate, which is why it is easily injured. Its blood supply is provided by branches carotid artery. In 90% of cases, it is small capillaries that bleed in children, which are located in the anterior-lower section of the septum of the new cavity, where, in fact, the most bleeding zone is located, informally called the Kisselbach zone.

AT childhood, in addition to general and local causes of nosebleeds, there are also external ones. These include damage to the vessels of the mucosa:

• foreign body (pea button, pencil, toy parts, etc.);
• while picking his nose with his finger.

local causes

Causes of local bleeding from the nose of young children include:

• atrophic rhinitis;
• nose injuries, as well as bruises or fractures;
• tumors in the nasal passages (hemangiomas, angiofibromas or polyps);
• drying of the membrane of the nasal cavity, which leads to fragility of the capillaries (with long stay in an unventilated and very hot room).

Common Causes

To common reasons nosebleeds in young children should include:

• increase in body temperature of the child;
• infectious diseases(for example, SARS, scarlet fever, influenza, etc.);
• blood diseases with a violation of its coagulation;
• increased intracranial or blood pressure;
• liver disease;
• hereditary diseases (for example, hemophilia);
• superfluous physical exercise(during sports, games, etc.);
• hormonal changes;
• lack of certain trace elements and vitamins in the body;
• overheating in the sun, as well as sudden changes in pressure (atmospheric).

Teenagers

Bleeding from the nose - danger sign if this deviation occurs very often and is accompanied by headaches or other pains.

It should be noted that the general and local causes of nosebleeds in adolescents are the same as in young children. But most often this deviation is associated with hormonal changes. child's body(during puberty).

Among other things, the blood from the nose of a teenager can regularly flow due to increased arterial or intracranial pressure due to excessive psycho-emotional or physical stress. In other words, fatigue is the most probable cause bleeding in children aged 12-16 years.

Adults

What are the causes of nosebleeds in adults? They are also divided into local and general. By the way, with age, this phenomenon occurs more and more often. Let's consider in more detail what it can be connected with.

Reasons are local

Local causes of nosebleeds in adults may include the following:

Common reasons

What else can cause nosebleeds? Causes in adults (general) are often as follows:

• disorders in the blood coagulation system, as well as its diseases (for example, leukemia) and hemorrhagic diathesis;
• lack of vitamins K and C in the body, lack of calcium;
• congenital pathology (for example, Rendu-Osler disease, hemophilia);
• pathology vascular system(for example, hypertonic disease, heart defects, atherosclerosis and vascular anomalies);
• pathological conditions due to sudden pressure drops (most often found in pilots, divers, astronauts, climbers, etc.);
• fever (for example, with kidney and liver diseases, infectious diseases);
• when the body overheats;
• hormonal imbalances (for example, during pregnancy or menopause);
• reception medicines that prevent blood clotting.

It should also be noted that nosebleeds in healthy people may occur due to stressful situation or significant physical activity. The cause of this deviation is often the inhalation of dry or frosty air (hot summer or cold winter).

It is not uncommon for healthy adults to leak after prolonged exposure to the sun (or as a result of the so-called "sunstroke"). In this case, a person has tinnitus, weakness, severe headaches, and sometimes loss of consciousness.

If bleeding occurs infrequently in healthy people and is not associated with serious internal diseases, then, as a rule, such a phenomenon quickly stops and is not particularly abundant.

Elderly people

In older people, nosebleeds can occur for the same reasons as in healthy adults, but with some nuances. Main Feature given age is that an old person has capillaries posterior divisions nose lose their elasticity over time, resulting in profuse bleeding.

It should also be noted that quite common cause This deviation in the elderly is essential hypertension.

Why can nose bleed?

Now you know why certain people periodically or constantly experience nosebleeds. 4 main reasons:

• mechanical damage to the vessels in the nasal cavity;
• hormonal imbalance;
• internal diseases;
• arterial or intracranial pressure.

Bleeding from the nose: causes, treatment and first aid

Above, we talked in detail about why such a deviation may occur in a person at a particular age. Now I want to tell you about how to provide first aid for such a deviation.

If a person has severe nosebleeds, it is recommended:

1. Sit on a chair and tilt your head slightly. Throwing it back is highly discouraged, since blood can therefore be easily swallowed, cause vomiting, or even get into Airways.
2. If the bleeding was caused by overheating in the sun, then the person should be immediately taken to a shade or ventilated room (preferably cool).
3. During bleeding, it is recommended to unbutton the collar, and then open the window for more access to fresh cool air.
4. A tissue bag filled with ice should be applied to the nose, or a bandage (handkerchief) soaked in cold water.
5. If long, then the wing respiratory organ you should press your finger against the nasal septum and hold it for about 10 minutes.
6. To quickly stop bleeding, moisten a swab (gauze or cotton) in a 3% peroxide solution and gently insert it into the nose.

Statistics tell us that approximately 60% of all people have had a nosebleed at least once in their lives. Since the mucous membrane in the nasal passages is very generously supplied with blood vessels, blood sometimes appears even from careless blowing your nose. At the same time, it can be quite a lot, it looks very threatening and often causes panic. But you don’t need to be scared in such a situation, you need to try to stop the bleeding and find out its cause. To do this, you need to consult a doctor, and we will tell you what to do in such situations and why they may occur.

Why do nosebleeds happen?

There are many reasons for the appearance of blood from the nose, and not all of them are harmless:

• Extreme fatigue, stress and absence fresh air for a long time.
• Atrophic processes in the nose. They may be associated with frequent illnesses or harmful influence environment such as polluted dry air. Gradually, the nasal mucosa becomes thinner and covered with hard crusts. If they are damaged, then bleeding begins.
• Severe increase in blood pressure. In such a situation, bleeding allows you to slightly lower it and improve the patient's condition.
• Edema of the mucosa and vessels located in it during SARS.
• Blood overflow of the inner lining of the nasal cavities in rhinitis and sinusitis.
• Neoplasms in the nasal passages: for example, angiomas or specific granulomas.
• Severe infectious diseases such as tuberculosis.
• Diseases of cardio-vascular system: for example, vascular anomalies, heart defects, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
• Coagulopathy (blood clotting disorders), hypovitaminosis and hemorrhagic diathesis.
• Overheating of the body, heat or sunstroke.
• A sharp pressure drop in the street - for example, when climbing up on an airplane.
• Hormonal imbalances that occur during puberty or during pregnancy.

What to do about nosebleeds? (Video)

Many of us, when a bloody nose appears, begin to fuss and do rash acts. And you just need to learn the correct algorithm of actions and do this:

• Sit down and tilt your head forward.
• Provide fresh air, namely: open the window, loosen the tie, unbutton the clothes.
• Apply cold to the nose, such as an ice pack, for about 3-5 minutes.
• If during this time the bleeding has not stopped, then you need to firmly press the nostril to the internal septum for 5 minutes. Thus, the vessels are squeezed and the blood stops flowing.
• If this does not help, you can take a cotton or gauze turunda, moisten it with any vasoconstrictor nasal drops - for example, Naphthyzinum or Sanorin - and insert it into the nose.
• If bleeding appeared after an injury, and its consequences are noticeable on the face, it is better to apply cold and seek medical advice. medical assistance As soon as possible.
• With bleeding caused by a runny nose, you can enter into nasal cavity gauze turunda lubricated with petroleum jelly.
• If problems occur after heat stroke, then you need to use cold compress on the nose area, and move the victim to a cool place.

What should not be done?

Sometimes the wrong kind of help does more harm than not giving it. This is especially true in situations with nosebleeds. There is a whole list of actions that you should never do:

• Lie down and raise your legs. This increases blood flow to the head and makes the bleeding more intense, but does nothing to stop it.
• Tilt back your head. This movement is partly a natural reflex - a person tries to stop the outflow of fluid. But you need to understand that the bleeding does not stop from this, only its direction changes. Now everything will drain into the throat or windpipe, which can lead to vomiting and even pneumonia.
• Blow your nose. You can clear your nasal passages in this way only 12 hours after the bleeding has stopped, so as not to provoke its resumption.
• Drink strong coffee or tea. They can cause a rise in pressure, which threatens to bleed again.

When should you see a doctor?

In the vast majority of cases, nosebleeds do not pose any danger to a person, so going to the doctor in such a situation is extremely rare. But you should not neglect them, so as not to miss the really dangerous symptoms.

According to legend, it was nosebleeds that caused the death of the leader of the Huns, Attila. It is believed that alcohol abuse led to the appearance of profuse hemorrhage from the vessels of the nose. The Byzantine historian Priscus of Panius claims that Attila died the night after own wedding, choking on blood, because, being dead drunk, he could not get up and stop her.

Sometimes, without the help of doctors, it is not possible to cope with bleeding.

There are situations when applying for medical care should be immediate:

• If, after a nose injury, deformation and swelling of its contours are noticeable;
• If a foreign body has got into the sinuses (it is strictly forbidden to remove it yourself);
• If there is suspicion that the cause of bleeding is a drop in blood pressure;
• If the cause of the problem could be a long and uncontrolled reception drugs that reduce blood clotting;
• If bleeding cannot be stopped within 30 minutes, subject to use correct algorithm actions;
• If blood from the nose appears regularly, and is also accompanied by diseases of the cardiovascular or hematopoietic system.

In addition, a medical consultation will not be superfluous if bleeding occurs in a child, a pregnant woman, or in an elderly person.

What can doctors do?

If the bleeding fails to stop on its own or is present anxiety symptoms, then here you can not do without the help of a doctor. What does a doctor do in such a situation? Firstly, it helps to stop bleeding, and secondly, it finds out its causes.

At hypertensive crisis nosebleed is a kind of protective mechanism that allows you to reduce pressure and avoid severe consequences. Unfortunately, this fuse does not work for everyone.

Help for bleeding can vary greatly depending on the cause.

To achieve these goals, different ways can be used:

• Tamponade of the nasal cavity involves the introduction into it of gauze turunda, treated with petroleum jelly or a drug that improves blood clotting. It is carried out in two ways: with anterior tamponade, the turunda is injected from the side of the nostrils, and with the back from the side of the nasopharynx.
• If all else fails, resort to surgical intervention. It consists in ligation of the arteries that deliver blood to the nose, and some other manipulations. Most often it is carried out after injuries.

After the bleeding has stopped, the doctor may prescribe additional examinations for staging correct diagnosis and prescribing appropriate treatment.

- outflow of blood from the nasal cavity due to a violation of the integrity of the walls blood vessels. Often accompanies injury and inflammatory diseases nose, can be caused by diseases of the blood vessels and the blood system. It is characterized by the outflow of scarlet blood in drops or a trickle from the nostrils, flowing down back wall throats. May be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness. Profuse recurrent nosebleeds cause sharp drop Blood pressure, increased heart rate, general weakness, can be life-threatening.

Nosebleeds are a widespread pathological condition. Patients with epistaxis account for about 10% of total number patients hospitalized in the ENT department.

Causes of nosebleeds

Allocate general and local causes of nosebleeds.

local reasons:

• Nose injuries are the most common cause of bleeding. In addition to ordinary household, industrial and road injuries, this group includes injuries of the nasal mucosa during operations, ingestion of foreign bodies and medical and diagnostic manipulations (nasogastric sounding, nasotracheal intubation, catheterization and puncture of the nasal sinuses).
• Pathological conditions accompanied by plethora of the nasal mucosa (sinusitis, rhinitis, adenoids).
• Dystrophic processes in the nasal mucosa (with severe curvature of the nasal septum, atrophic rhinitis).
• Tumors of the nasal cavity (specific granuloma, angioma, malignant tumor).

Common reasons:

• Diseases of the cardiovascular system (symptomatic hypertension, hypertension, atherosclerosis, malformations accompanied by an increase in blood pressure).
• Blood diseases, beriberi and hemorrhagic diathesis.
• An increase in body temperature due to overheating, sunstroke or an infectious disease.
• A sharp drop in external pressure (when climbing great height for climbers and pilots, for divers with rapid descent to depth).
• Violations hormonal balance(during pregnancy, adolescence).

Classification of nosebleeds

Depending on which part of the nasal cavity the source of blood loss is localized, nasal bleeding is divided into anterior and posterior.

The source of anterior nosebleeds in 90-95% of cases is a rich network of blood vessels of the so-called Kisselbach zone. In this zone is located a large number of small vessels covered with a thin mucous membrane, practically devoid of a submucosal layer. Anterior nosebleeds are very rarely the cause of massive blood loss, and, as a rule, do not threaten the patient's life. They often stop on their own.

The source of posterior nosebleeds are rather large vessels of the deep parts of the nasal cavity. Due to the large diameter of the vessels, posterior nosebleeds are often massive and can pose a threat to the life of the patient. Such bleeding almost never stops on its own.

Blood loss in nosebleeds is assessed as follows:

• insignificant - a few tens of milliliters;
• light - up to 500 ml;
• medium degree severity - up to 1000-1400 ml;
• heavy - over 1400 ml.

nosebleed symptoms

Symptoms of nosebleeds are divided into three groups:

• signs of bleeding;
• signs of acute blood loss;
• symptoms of the underlying disease.

In some patients, nosebleeds begin suddenly, in others, bleeding may be preceded by dizziness, tinnitus, headache, tickling, or itching in the nose. A direct sign of nosebleeds is the outflow of blood from the nasal cavity to the outside or inside the nasopharynx. In the latter case, the blood drains into the oropharynx, where it is detected during pharyngoscopy.

For minor bleeding pathological symptoms are usually not defined. Some patients may feel dizzy at the sight of blood. With mild blood loss, patients complain of dizziness, tinnitus, thirst, general weakness, and palpitations. In some cases, there may be a slight pallor of the skin.

Blood loss of moderate severity is accompanied by severe dizziness, a drop in blood pressure, acrocyanosis, tachycardia and shortness of breath. With severe blood loss, hemorrhagic shock develops. The patient is lethargic, loss of consciousness is possible. During the examination, a thready pulse, severe tachycardia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure are detected.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

To determine the localization of the source of nosebleeds (anterior or back bleeding) the patient is examined, pharyngoscopy and anterior rhinoscopy. In some cases, with pulmonary and gastric bleeding, blood flows into the nasal cavity, and simulates nosebleeds. Primary differential diagnosis based on data external examination patient. With nosebleeds, the blood is dark red; with bleeding from the lungs, it foams and has a bright scarlet color. For stomach bleeding characterized by the outflow of very dark blood, similar to coffee grounds. It must be borne in mind that severe nosebleeds may be accompanied by hematemesis with dark blood. The cause of vomiting in this case is the ingestion of blood flowing down the oropharynx.

To assess blood loss and identify the underlying disease that caused nosebleeds, additional research. The volume of blood loss is estimated according to the results general analysis blood and coagulograms. Tactics general survey determined by the symptoms of the underlying disease.

Treatment of nosebleeds

In the treatment of nosebleeds, it is necessary to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible, take measures to prevent the consequences of blood loss (or compensate for blood loss) and take therapeutic measures aimed at combating the underlying disease.

With anterior nosebleeds, in most cases, in order to stop the blood, it is enough to put cold on the nose, press the nostril for 10-15 minutes, or insert a cotton ball soaked in a hemostatic agent or a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide into the nasal cavity. Anemization of the nasal mucosa is also carried out with a solution of adrenaline or ephedrine. If bleeding does not stop within 15 minutes, anterior tamponade of one or both halves of the nasal cavity is performed.

Anterior nasal tamponade often gives good effect and posterior nosebleeds. If posterior nosebleeds cannot be stopped, posterior tamponade is performed.

With the ineffectiveness of these measures and recurrent nosebleeds, surgical treatment. The volume and tactics of intervention is determined by the localization of the source of bleeding. If repeated nosebleeds are localized in the anterior sections, in some cases endoscopic coagulation, cryodestruction, the introduction of sclerosing drugs and other measures aimed at obliterating the lumen of small vessels of the Kisselbach zone are used.

Nosebleeds occur when the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa are damaged. The most common nosebleeds are children under 10 years of age and adults over 50 years of age.

Causes of nosebleeds

There are many reasons for bleeding. Weak vessels nose is one of the most common. For some, it is enough to blow your nose sharply or just rub your nose to start bleeding from your nose. Not a rare event this is also for people with high blood pressure. Nosebleeds can also occur in completely healthy person with sharp fluctuations atmospheric pressure. Another most common cause of bleeding is trauma to the nose.

Nosebleeds can be caused local or systemic factors

Local factors:

• inflammatory processes of SARS, chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, etc.);
• anomalies in the development of the vascular system of the nasal cavity;
• inhalation of drugs (especially cocaine);
• tumors of the nasal cavity;
• low relative humidity of the inhaled air;
• the use of a nasal oxygen catheter (dries the nasal mucosa);
• using certain nasal sprays;
• surgical intervention in the nasal cavity, etc.

System factors:

Types of nosebleeds

It is customary to distinguish between 2 types of nosebleeds - "front» and "rear" .

"Anterior" bleeding not intense, may stop on its own (or as a result of taking the most simple measures) and does not pose a threat to human life.

With "posterior" nosebleeds, which arise as a result of damage to sufficiently large vascular trunks localized in the walls of the deep sections of the nasal cavity, a large amount of blood loss is possible. Such bleeding is intense, does not stop on its own, and therefore often requires professional medical attention.

There are also minor, mild, moderate, severe or massive degrees of blood loss during nosebleeds.

Nosebleeds in children

In the anterior part of the nasal septum there is a rather tender zone, where many capillaries are located. It is from this part of the nose in 90% of cases that nosebleeds occur in children. These nosebleeds are not dangerous and can be stopped fairly quickly.

Sometimes the child may bleed from large vessels nose. In such cases, there is a fairly strong and intense bleeding. Therefore, it is urgent to call a doctor to help with nosebleeds.

It happens that a child bleeds from the nose, but the source of bleeding is other organs - the trachea, bronchi, lungs, esophagus or stomach. Therefore, it is so important to understand the cause of nosebleeds in children. When bleeding from the nose, the blood is of a normal color, it flows down the back of the throat. Very dark colors coffee grounds, blood may indicate bleeding from the stomach.

Rapid and large blood loss is dangerous to the health and life of the child. With significant blood loss, the child may develop general weakness, dizziness, pallor of the skin, noise and ringing in the ears; dashes before the eyes, thirst and rapid heartbeat.

Then blood pressure drops, the child may lose consciousness.

When bleeding from the back of the nose, the child may swallow blood, and only by vomiting with blood clots can one understand that he has a nosebleed.

Causes of nosebleeds in children

Damage to the vessels of the nasal mucosa can occur in a child in the most different occasions. Among the main causes of nosebleeds in childhood are the following:

• nose injuries (fracture, bruise, damage to the nose by a foreign object thrust into it);
• medical operations performed on the nose;
• tumors, polyps, ulcers in the nose;
• rhinitis, sinusitis, adenoiditis;
• sun and heat stroke;
• jumps pressure;
• intense physical activity for the child's body;
• lack of calcium, potassium and vitamin C;
• low clotting blood;
• hormonal changes in adolescence;
• hepatitis, liver disease, etc.

Diagnosis of nosebleeds

Diagnosis of nosebleeds in adults and children is carried out using an external examination, examination of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and pharynx. Sometimes it is required to differentiate nosebleeds in adults and children from bleeding that comes from other organs - the lungs, esophagus or stomach. In such cases, blood enters the nasal cavity and then flows out of the nostrils. It is necessary to undergo an examination by other specialists and identify the cause.

Treatment of nosebleeds

If you have a nosebleed, you need to stop the bleeding as soon as possible to prevent blood loss. Next, you need to eliminate the cause that caused the bleeding - for example, to normalize blood pressure. Prevention required possible consequences acute blood loss (decrease in circulating blood volume, for example), carry out hemostatic therapy.

First aid for nosebleeds

Stopping nosebleeds can be done in the following way:

With "anterior" nosebleeds, it is necessary to plant the victim or lay him down, slightly raising his head. It is not recommended to throw back the patient's head strongly: this way blood can get into the respiratory tract. A cotton or gauze swab moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution should be inserted into the bleeding nostril, then, pressing the wing of the nose from the outside to the nasal septum with your fingers, hold it in this position for 10-15 minutes - thus the damaged vessel is thrombosed. A good hemostatic effect can also be provided vasoconstrictor drops("Nazivin" and others). Drops in this case are not instilled into the nose, but moistened with a swab. Cold should be applied to the bridge of the nose.

If your efforts were unsuccessful, and you do not know how to stop nosebleeds on your own, you need to call an ambulance team. You should also seek emergency medical attention if blood flows from the nose in a jet, without clots.

Treatment of nosebleeds in "MedicCity"

In "MedicCity" complex treatment nosebleeds using conservative and, if necessary, surgical methods.

Conservative therapy is aimed at stopping bleeding, restoring damaged tissues and erosive vessels of the nose, and preventing relapses. homeostatic and metabolic vascular therapy using local and systemic drugs.

In the case of heavy nosebleeds, the patient undergoes tamponade of the nasal cavity with gauze swabs, the duration of which can be up to 2 days. Hemostatic drugs are also prescribed. After removal of the tamponade, the nasal cavity is examined using endoscopic equipment, which makes it possible to determine the cause of the disease.
In order to prevent relapse, drugs are prescribed aimed at strengthening blood vessels. Usage conservative treatment allows you to achieve optimal results in 7-10 days.

If a therapeutic effect proved to be ineffective, surgical treatment is performed to coagulate the bleeding vessel.

With extensive destruction of blood vessels, we use radio wave and laser method manipulations are carried out under the control of endoscopic equipment.

Our techniques allow you to cure nosebleeds on an outpatient basis in 1 day.

Nosebleeds are not only unpleasant, but also dangerous, because they can lead to significant blood loss. Therefore, if bleeding is repeated repeatedly, or you are unable to stop the bleeding from the nose on your own, contact a specialist! Our otolaryngologists will provide you with qualified assistance with nosebleeds and with any other diseases of the ear, throat and nose!

Bleeding from the nasal cavity is a pathological condition that can be observed by various reasons in people of different ages. The most common factor that leads to nosebleeds is high blood pressure.

Often, everything ends well for the patient, without contacting the ambulance team, but under certain conditions, the intervention of a doctor is indispensable.

The main causes of nosebleeds - symptoms of which diseases can be nosebleeds?

The phenomenon under consideration can occur spontaneously, regardless of certain diseases.

There are several factors that can cause this condition:

• Stay under the straight sunbeams for a long time.
• Stressful state.
• Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol favors the expansion of blood vessels, which affects the permeability of their walls.
• Negative reaction of the body to certain medications.
• Hormonal disruption in the body due to age-related changes(in adolescents), as well as during pregnancy.

Nosebleeds can be a specific pathology of some professions that are associated with changes in atmospheric pressure.

This risk group includes pilots, climbers, etc.

To local reasons that can cause nosebleeds include:

• Injury to the nose from the outside, or from the mucosa.
• Pathological neoplasms in the nasal cavity / sinuses, at the base of the skull.
• Fracture of the skull. In such incidents, the nose may also leak cerebrospinal fluid that is white in color.
• Violation of the integrity of the internal carotid artery by fragments of the bones of the skull.
• Inflammatory phenomena in the adenoids, sinusitis.
• Dystrophic changes in the nasal mucosa. Such transformations can occur against the background of atrophic rhinitis or.

Nosebleeds often develop against the background of a number of diseases, the main of which are:

1. Malfunctions of the cardiovascular system: hypertension, atherosclerosis of blood vessels, various pathologies hearts.
2. Pathologies associated with the ability of blood to clot: platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia), hemophilia, blood cancer, anemia. The lack of hemoglobin, a certain vitamin group, causes blood thinning, and this negatively affects its coagulation. This group also includes Randu-Osler syndrome - congenital pathology vessels.
3. Serious defects in the functioning of the spleen, liver, kidneys.
4. Vegetovascular dystonia.
5. Infection of the body, which is accompanied by an increase in body temperature and intoxication: influenza, SARS, scarlet fever, sepsis. Under the influence of harmful microorganisms, the walls of blood vessels become thin and fragile: they are able to pass blood components, which prevent its rapid clotting.
6. Pathology of the thyroid gland.

Types of nosebleeds according to medical classification

Based on localization, nosebleeds are of two types:

1. Front. Do not lead to significant blood loss, and often they can be easily eliminated without medical intervention. The source of the considered type of bleeding from the nose is the Kisselbach area, in which small blood vessels are concentrated.
2. Rear. Such bleeding occurs due to rupture of the walls of large vessels, which are located deep in the mucous layers of the nasal cavity. These bleedings cannot be stopped on their own: the help of a doctor is required. Otherwise, significant blood loss may occur.

Depending on the amount of blood lost, these bleedings are divided into three groups:

• mild severity. Compared with the other two types of nosebleeds, this group is very common. The blood in this case flows out in small drops, and it can be stopped by pressing the wings of the nose. Such bleeding does not pose any danger to life, however, if it lasts for a long period of time, the patient will complain of loss of strength, slight dizziness.
• Moderate (moderate) nosebleeds. Due to considerable volumes of blood loss (300 ml), the patient's systolic blood pressure level decreases to 90-95 mm, heart rate increases, skin turn pale.
• heavy bleeding. The amount of blood lost can exceed 1 liter, and if qualified assistance is not provided in time, the patient may die. The general condition of the patient deteriorates sharply: systolic pressure drops to 80 mm, heart rate increases (up to 120 beats per minute), loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting are possible. A blood test confirms a decrease in hemoglobin levels.

What to do with a nosebleed in an adult or a child, how to stop the bleeding - first aid and actions for bleeding

When opening a nosebleed, do the following:

1. The victim needs, first of all, to calm down. To do this, you should monitor your breathing: it should be deep and slow. This will help minimize psycho-emotional stress and lower your heart rate.
2. Monitor the correct position of the patient's body. It's better if he sits. However, in the absence of such an opportunity, it is necessary to slightly raise the head, but not tip it back. Severe tilting of the head can lead to blood entering the stomach or respiratory tract. Similar phenomena can provoke respectively vomiting or failures in breath. In addition, it is better if the blood drains into a certain container: this will help determine the amount of blood loss.

To stop mild bleeding from the nose, resort to the following measures:

• With your fingertips, you should press the wings of the nose to the bridge of the nose. This ensures mechanical compression of the blood vessels.
• Drip the nasal cavity with drops that contribute to vasoconstriction (pharmazolin, naphthyzine, etc.). Before this manipulation, the victim must blow his nose to get rid of blood clots formed in the nasal cavity.
• Drip nose with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. With a weak blood flow, a blood clot forms quickly enough and the bleeding stops.

In case of injury to the nose, the first aid algorithm is as follows:

1. Cold should be applied to the damaged area: this will help narrow the blood vessels. Similar effect will be achieved if you put your hands in cold water. When using ice, take small breaks every 10 minutes to avoid frostbite.
2. Dip your feet into the basin warm water. Such a manipulation will provoke the expansion of blood vessels in this part of the body, providing blood flow to lower limbs and unloading of the vessels of the nasal cavity.

If it was possible to stop the bleeding, in any case, the patient should consult a doctor in order to examine the condition of the nasal bones on an X-ray machine.

In the absence of effectiveness from the use of the above methods of stopping bleeding, as well as in case of severe nosebleeds, it is necessary to make gauze turunda.

Before the introduction, it must be moistened abundantly in hydrogen peroxide or aminocaproic acid.

Since this process is very painful, the victim can pre-lubricate both halves of the nose Lidocaine.