Immunomodulators are drugs that help the body fight bacteria and viruses by strengthening defensive forces organism. Adults and children are allowed to take such medicines only as directed by a doctor. Immunopreparations have a lot of adverse reactions in case of non-compliance with the dosage and improper selection of the drug.

In order not to harm the body, you need to competently approach the choice of immunomodulators.

Description and classification of immunomodulators

What are immunomodulatory drugs in general terms is clear, now it is worth understanding what they are. Immunomodulating agents have certain properties that affect human immunity.

There are such types:

1. Immunostimulants- These are a kind of immuno-boosting drugs that help the body develop or strengthen the already existing immunity to a particular infection.
2. Immunosuppressants- suppress the activity of immunity in the event that the body begins to fight with itself.

All immunomodulators perform various functions to some extent (sometimes even several), therefore, they also distinguish:

• immunosuppressive agents;
• immunosuppressive agents;
• antiviral immunostimulating drugs;
• antitumor immunostimulating agents.

Which drug is the best of all groups, it makes no sense to choose, since they are on the same level and help with various pathologies. They are incomparable.

Their action in the human body will be aimed at immunity, but what they will do depends entirely on the class of the selected drug, and the difference in choice is very large.

An immunomodulator can be by its nature:

• natural ( homeopathic preparations);
• synthetic.

Also, an immunomodulatory drug can be different in the type of synthesis of substances:

• endogenous - substances are already synthesized in the human body;
• exogenous - substances enter the body from the outside, but have natural sources of plant origin (herbs and other plants);
• synthetic - all substances are grown artificially.

The effect of taking a drug from any group is quite strong, so it is also worth mentioning how dangerous these drugs are. If immunomodulators are used long time uncontrolled, then when they are canceled, the person’s real immunity will be zero and there will be no way to fight infections without these drugs.

If the drugs are prescribed for children, but the dosage is not correct for some reason, this may contribute to the fact that the body of a growing child will not be able to independently strengthen its defenses and subsequently the baby will often get sick (you need to choose special children's medicines). In adults, such a reaction can also be noted due to the initial weakness of the immune system.

Video: Dr. Komarovsky's advice

What are they prescribed for?

Immune drugs are prescribed to those people whose immune status is much lower than normal, and therefore their body is not able to fight various infections. The appointment of immunomodulators is appropriate when the disease is so severe that even healthy person with good immunity will not be able to overcome it. Most of these drugs have an antiviral effect, and therefore are prescribed in combination with other drugs for the treatment of many diseases.

Modern immunomodulators are used in such cases:

• with allergies to restore the body's strength;
• with herpes of any type to eliminate the virus and restore immunity;
• with influenza and SARS to eliminate the symptoms of the disease, get rid of the causative agent of the disease and maintain the body during the rehabilitation period so that other infections do not have time to develop in the body;
• for colds get well soon not to use antibiotics, but to help the body recover on its own;
• in gynecology, for the treatment of certain viral diseases, an immunostimulating drug is used to help the body cope with it;
• HIV is also treated with immunomodulators various groups in combination with other drugs (various stimulants, antiviral drugs, and many others).

For a certain disease, even several types of immunomodulators can be used, but all of them must be prescribed by a doctor, since self-appointment of such strong drugs can only worsen a person's health.

Features in the appointment

Immunomodulators should be prescribed by a doctor so that he can choose an individual dosage of the drug according to the age of the patient and his illness. These drugs are different in their form of release, and the patient can be prescribed one of the most convenient forms for taking:

• tablets;
• capsules;
• injections;
• candles;
• injections in ampoules.

Which ones are better for the patient to choose, but after agreeing his decision with the doctor. Another plus is that inexpensive but effective immunomodulators are sold, and therefore the problem with the price will not arise on the way to eliminate the disease.

Many immunomodulators have natural herbal ingredients in their composition, others, on the contrary, contain only synthetic components, and therefore it will not be difficult to choose a group of drugs that is better suited in a particular case.

It should be borne in mind that the intake of such drugs should be prescribed with caution to people from certain groups, namely:

• for those who are preparing for pregnancy;
• for pregnant and lactating women;
• for children under one year old, it is better not to prescribe such drugs at all unless absolutely necessary;
• children from 2 years of age are prescribed strictly under the supervision of a doctor;
• To old people;
• people with endocrine diseases;
• in severe chronic diseases.

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The most common immunomodulators

Many are sold in pharmacies effective immunomodulators. They will differ in their quality and price, but with proper selection of the drug, they will well help the human body in the fight against viruses and infections. Consider the most common list of drugs in this group, the list of which is indicated in the table.

Photo of preparations:

Interferon

Likopid

Decaris

Kagocel

Arbidol

Viferon

Amiksin

See also amigluracil, arbidol, retinol acetate, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, cyanocobalamin, methyluracil, pentoxyl, splenin, encad, ceruloplasmin, interferoi, reaferon.

VILOSEN (Vilosenum)

Freeze-dried (dehydrated by freezing in vacuum) dialysate extract (purified extract) thymus cattle.

Contains compounds of nucleotide and nucleoside nature, amino acids, oligopeptides, amines, inorganic salts.

Pharmachologic effect. It has immunomodulatory activity (affects the protective properties of the body), stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes (an increase in the number and specialization of blood cells responsible for cellular defensive reaction body), suppresses the development of hypersensitivity (a type of allergic reaction of the body) of an immediate type.

Unlike thymalin, taktivin and timoptin, vilozen is used topically in the form of instillations into the nose or intranasal inhalations (inhalation through the nose of medicinal substances in gaseous or aerosol form).

Indications for use. Allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract: hay fever ( allergic disease caused by plant pollen), allergic rhinosinusitis (combined inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses).

Method of application and dose. Assign to adults and older children. Immediately before use, add 2 ml to the vilozen ampoule boiled water or isotonic sodium chloride solution. 5-7 drops are instilled into each nostril 5 times a day or intranasal inhalation is done. The course of treatment is 14-20 days. If necessary, the courses of treatment are repeated. Treatment should be started at the first signs of the disease or prophylactically (before the onset of clinical symptoms).

There are data on the use of vilozen in patients with bronchial asthma. Enter into the nasal passages of 0.02 g (20 mg) per day for 14-20 days.

Side effect. When using vilozen, the appearance of a passing headache in the first days, an increase in nasal congestion is possible.

In case of individual intolerance, the drug is canceled.

Contraindications. In bronchial asthma, contraindications are the presence of a bacterial infection and a pronounced broncho-obstructive syndrome (inflammation of the bronchi, combined with a violation of the air passage through them).

Release form. 0.02 g of the substance in ampoules in a package of 10 ampoules.

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature not higher than +20 "C.

GALIUM-HEL (Galium-heel)

Pharmachologic effect. Homeopathic remedy. It has an activating effect on the detoxification (neutralizing) functions of cellular enzyme systems, as well as detoxification and drainage processes connective tissue. Stimulates the immune system (body's defenses)

Indications for use. For stimulation nonspecific immunity and as a detoxification agent for severe forms of infectious diseases, pain syndrome and chronic diseases internal organs (cachexia / extreme degree of physical exhaustion /, neuropsychic exhaustion, septic / associated with the presence of microorganisms in the blood / complications), especially in chronic diseases accompanied by impaired enzyme metabolism (bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis / expansion of limited areas of the bronchi /, hypertension / persistent rise in blood pressure /, liver disease, colitis / inflammation of the colon /, achilia / lack of secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes in the stomach /, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis/systemic disease of the membranes nerve cells spinal cord and brain/, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/disease of the central nervous system, characterized by a violation of the movements of the muscles of the face and neck / causalgia / pain syndrome that developed after the lesion peripheral nerve, characterized by intense burning pain and vascular disorders along its course /, neuralgia / pain spreading along the nerve / etc.). Precarcinoses (precancerous conditions). In geriatric practice to stimulate the immune system in the elderly.

Method of application and dose. Usually prescribed 10 drops 3 times a day. V acute period appoint 10 drops every 15-30 minutes for 1-2 days. With neoplasms, the drug is prescribed 3-4 times a day for 5-50 drops. The maximum daily dose of the drug is 150-200 drops.

In precarcinosis (precancerous conditions) and cancer, it is advisable to use in combination with other homeopathic medicines.

Release form. Drops for oral administration of 30 and 100 ml in a dropper bottle

Composition (per 100 ml): galium aparine D3, galium album D3 - 4 ml each; sedum acre D3, sempervivum tectorium D4 clematis D4, thuja D3, caltha palustris D3, ononis spinosa D4, juniperus communis D4, hedera helix D4, betula alba D2, saponaria D4, echinacea angustifolia D5, calcium fluoratum D8, phosphorus D8, aunim DIG, argentum D8, apis melifica acidum nitricum D12, pyrogenium D6 - no 5 ml; urtica D3 - 2 ml.

Side effect. When used according to the indications and in the recommended dosage, it was not detected.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Storage conditions. In a cool place.

IMMUNAL (Immunal)

Pharmachologic effect. Stimulator of nonspecific immunity. Echinacea purpurea juice, which is part of the immunal, contains active substances of a polysaccharide nature that stimulate bone marrow hematopoiesis, as a result of which the number of granulocytes (one of the types of leukocytes - blood cells) increases by 34-89%, and also increases the activity of phagocytes (the common name for blood cells , capable of capturing and destroying pathogenic microbes) and cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver. Immunal has an antiviral effect against influenza and herpes viruses.

Indications for use. Prevention colds and flu; weakening functional state immune system caused by various factors (exposure to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet rays, chemotherapy drugs; long-term therapy antibiotics; exposure to various toxic compounds in the air, water, food - heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides); chronic inflammatory diseases: rheumatism, polyarthritis (inflammation of several joints), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), gynecological diseases.

Method of application and dose. Adults are prescribed in an average dose of 20 drops 3 times a day. The drug is taken with a small amount of liquid. V acute stage diseases, the initial dose is 40 drops, then the first 2 days take 20 drops every 1-2 hours, after which they continue treatment with medium doses.

Children from 1 to 6 years old are prescribed 5-10 drops 3 times a day; children from 6 to 12 years old - 10-15 drops 3 times a day.

The minimum duration of the course of treatment is 1 week; maximum - 8 weeks.

In the case of long-term storage of the drug, it may become cloudy, a precipitate may appear, consisting of active polysaccharides. In this case, shake the vial several times before use.

Side effect. In rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions are possible.

Contraindications. Tuberculosis; leukemia ( malignant tumor arising from hematopoietic cells and affecting the bone marrow /blood cancer/); collagenosis (general name for connective tissue diseases / rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, nodular periarthritis); multiple sclerosis (a systemic disease of the sheaths of nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord); allergic reactions.

Release form. Drops for oral administration in vials of 50 ml. 1 ml contains 0.8 ml of Echinacea purpurea juice.

Storage conditions. In a cool, dark place.

IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Immunoglobulinum)

Synonym: Immunoglobin, Imogam-RAZH, Intraglobin, Pentaglobin, Sandoglobin, Cytopect, Normal Human Immunoglobulin, Immunoglobulin antistaphylococcal human, Immunoglobulin against human tick-borne encephalitis, liquid, Human tetanus immunoglobulin.

Pharmachologic effect. The human immunoglobulin molecule contains two light and two identical heavy chains. Heavy polypeptide chains have 5 structurally and functionally different classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. When treated with Ig proteinases (enzymes that decompose proteins), in particular, papain, 3 large fragments are obtained. Two of them are identical and are designated as Fab (Fragment antigen binding-fragment that binds an antigen / substance that can cause an allergic reaction /). The third fragment is designated as Fc (Fragmentcrystalline). The Fc fragment causes various effective functions of antibodies (blood proteins formed in response to the ingestion of foreign proteins and toxins) that are not related to their specificity, binding of complement components, interaction with the Fc receptor of macrophages (blood cells capable of capturing and destroying pathogenic microbes) and others

IgG refers to a variety of antibodies against bacteria, their toxins and viruses. IgG is contained not only in the vascular bed, but easily penetrates into extravascular (extravascular) spaces. This is the only class of immunoglobulins that crosses the placenta and provides immune protection to the newborn.

IgM is a pentamer. those. contains 5 four-strand structures. Each IgM molecule has 10 Fab fragments that are capable of specific interaction with the antigen and have high antigen-binding activity, which is manifested only in the case of an intact molecule. Antibodies related to IgM appear in the vascular bed on early stages immune response, performing a protective function in initial phase development of infectious inflammation.

IgA is contained both in blood serum (about 50% of the total IgA content in the body) and in various secrets, which protects the mucous membranes from pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms. Unlike IgG and IgM antibodies, the IgA class does not activate the compliment and does not cause the release of inflammatory mediators.

The pharmacological action of Ig preparations in patients who have a deficiency of antibodies is determined by the presence in the preparations of immunoglobulins of antibodies directed against certain bacteria and viruses. A number of immunoglobulin preparations contain a wide range of antibodies, which depends on the size of the plasma pool used for Ig isolation. Typically, a pool of 1000 or more healthy donors is used. Thus, Ig isolated from the plasma pool of healthy donors contains antibodies that are normally found in the donor population. Some immunoglobulin preparations contain antibodies of a single specificity. The pharmacological action of Ig preparations in autoimmune diseases (diseases based on allergic reactions to the body's own tissues or waste products) is under study. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including blockade of the Fc receptor function of phagocytic cells, inhibition of production or neutralization of autoantibodies by anti-idiopathic antibodies, influence on the function of T cells (blood cells responsible for the body's cellular defense response), production and activity of cytokines.

Indications for use. Replacement therapy(introduction into the body of a substance /immunoglobulin/, the natural formation of which is reduced or stopped) in order to prevent infections in primary immunodeficiency syndromes; agammaglobulinemia (absence of gamma globulins / specific proteins involved in the formation of the body's defenses / in the blood); common variable immunodeficiencies associated with agammaglobulinemia; with UgG subclass deficiencies. Replacement therapy to prevent infections in the syndrome secondary immunodeficiency, due to the following conditions: chronic lymphocytic leukemia(cancer lymphoid tissue), AIDS in children, bone marrow transplantation. Idiopathic (immune origin) thrombocytopenic purpura (multiple hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes associated with a low content of platelets in the blood). Kawasaki syndrome (usually as an adjunct to standard treatment drugs acetylsalicylic acid). Heavy bacterial infections, including sepsis (infection of the blood with microbes from the focus of purulent inflammation), in combination with antibiotics, and viral infections. Prevention of infections in premature infants with low birth weight (less than 1500 g). Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neutropenia (decreased content of neutrophilic granulocytes in the blood) of autoimmune origin and autoimmune hemolytic anemia(decrease in hemoglobin in the blood due to increased breakdown of red blood cells in the blood). True erythrocyte aplasia mediated through antibodies. Thrombocytopenia ( reduced content platelets in the blood) of immune origin, for example, post-infusion purpura or isoimmune thrombocytopenia of newborns. Hemophilia (reduced blood clotting) caused by the formation of antibodies to factor P. Treatment of myasthenia gravis (diseases of the nervous and muscular systems manifested by weakness and pathological fatigue of various muscle groups). Prevention and treatment of infections during therapy with cytostatics (drugs that prevent cell division) and immunosuppressants (drugs that suppress the immune system / body defenses /). Prevention of habitual miscarriage.

Method of application and dose. The drug is administered intravenously drip. Doses are set individually, taking into account the indications, the severity of the disease, the state of the patient's immune system and individual tolerance.

In primary immunodeficiency syndromes, usually single dose is 0.2-0.8 g / kg body weight (average 0.4 g / kg). The drug is administered at intervals of 3-4 weeks in order to achieve and maintain minimum plasma IgG levels of at least 5 g/L. In secondary immunodeficiency syndromes, a single dose is usually 0.2-0.8 g / kg. The drug is administered at intervals of 3-4 weeks. For the prevention of infections in patients undergoing bone marrow allotransplantation (bone marrow transplantation obtained from a donor / another person /), the recommended dose is 0.5 g / kg. It can be administered once 7 days before transplantation (transplant) and then repeated once a week for the first 3 months after transplantation and once a month for the next 9 months.

With idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, it is prescribed in an initial single dose of 0.4 g / kg, administered for 5 days in a row. Perhaps the appointment of a total dose of 0.4-1.0 g / kg once or for two consecutive days. If necessary, further 0.4 g/kg can be administered at intervals of 1-4 weeks to maintain a sufficient level of platelets.

With Kawasaki syndrome: 0.6-2 g / kg in several doses for 2-4 days.

For severe bacterial infections (including sepsis) and viral infections 0.4-1 g/kg daily for 1-4 days.

For the prevention of infections in premature infants with low birth weight, 0.5-1 g / kg is prescribed with an interval of 1 to 2 weeks.

In Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinated polyneuropathy, the usual dose is 0.4 g/kg for 5 consecutive days. If necessary, 5-day courses of treatment are repeated at intervals of 4 weeks.

Depending on the specific situation, the lyophilized (freeze-dried under vacuum) drug can be dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, in water for injection or in 5% glucose solution. The concentration of immunoglobulin in any of these solutions is from 3 to 12%, depending on the volume used.

For patients receiving the drug for the first time, it should be administered as a 3% solution, and the initial infusion rate should be from 0.5 to 1 ml / min (approximately 10 to 20 drops per minute). In the absence of side effects during the first 15 minutes, the infusion rate can be gradually increased to 2.5 ml/min (approximately 50 drops per minute).

Patients who regularly receive and tolerate immunoglobulin can be administered the drug in more high concentrations(in the flesh up to 12%).

A separate dropper should always be used to administer the drug solution. Shaking the vial leading to pricing should be avoided. For administration, only a clear solution that does not contain particles can be used. After preparing the solution, the infusion should be done immediately. The remaining unused solution should be discarded.

Side effect. Side effects on immunoglobulin administration are more likely with the first infusion. They occur shortly after the start of the infusion or within the first 30 to 60 minutes. Possible headache, nausea, less often - dizziness; in rare cases - vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (diarrhea). Hypotension or hypertension (low or high blood pressure) tachycardia (increased heart rate, feeling of tightness or pain in the chest, cyanosis (blue in the skin and mucous membranes), shortness of breath. Hyperthermia (fever), chills, increased sweating, feeling tired, malaise rarely - back pain, myalgia (muscle pain), numbness, hot flashes or a feeling of cold.In extremely rare cases, severe hypotension, collapse (a sharp decrease in blood pressure) and loss of consciousness were noted.

Most side effects are related to relatively high speed infusion and can be stopped (removed) when it decreases or the infusion is temporarily stopped. In the event of severe side effects (severe hypotension, collapse), the infusion should be discontinued; the introduction of adrenaline, glucocorticoids, antihistamines and plasma-mixing solutions intravenously may be indicated.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to human immunoglobulins, especially in patients with IgA deficiency due to the presence of antibodies to IgA.

Release form. Lyophilized dry substance for infusion in vials (=1 dose) containing 0.5 g, 1 g, 3 g, 6 g, 10 g or 12 g of human immunoglobulin.

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature not exceeding +25 C. The drug should not be frozen.

LEAKADIN (Leacadinum)

Pharmachologic effect. The drug has an immunocorrective effect (an action aimed at restoring the body's defenses). In addition to the immunostimulating effect (activation of the body's defenses), it helps to increase the cytotoxicity (damaging effect on cells) of killer cells (killer cells) and monocytes (blood cells with the maximum ability to capture and destroy pathogenic microbes), inhibition of tumor growth.

Indications for use. Leacadin is used in adults as an immunostimulating agent in combination therapy for oncological diseases.

Method of application and dose. Enter intravenously at the rate of 100-300 mg/m2 daily for 10-15 days.

Immediately before use, the contents of the vial are dissolved in 20-40 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. If necessary, courses of treatment with Leacadin are repeated at 3-week intervals.

Side effect. Nausea, vomiting, leukopenia (a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood), thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood), and an increase in blood pressure are possible when using leacadin. In this case, the dose should be reduced or the drug discontinued.

Contraindications. Leakadin is contraindicated in leukopenia (below 3*109/l), thrombocytopenia (below 12x109/l), gastric ulcer and duodenum, hypertension stage II-III, thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein wall with their blockage) in the acute phase.

Release form. Lyophilized (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder in vials of 0.1 and 0.5 g and in ampoules of 0.1 g.

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature not exceeding +5 ° C.

Levamisole (Levamisolum)

Synonyms: Adiaphor, Ascarid il, Casidrol, Decaris, Ergamizol, Ketrax, Levazol, Levoripercol, Levotetramizol, Nibutan, Sitraks, Tenizol, etc.

Pharmachologic effect. Initially, this drug was proposed as an antihelminthic.

Indications for use. Due to these properties, levamisole has been proposed for the treatment various diseases, in the pathogenesis (in the mechanism of development) of which they attach importance to disorders of immunogenesis (the process of formation of the body's defenses): primary and secondary immunodeficiency states (reduction or absence of the body's defenses), autoimmune diseases (diseases based on allergic reactions to their own tissues or waste products of the body), chronic and recurrent (recurring) infections, tumors, etc.

The most studied effect of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis (an infectious-allergic disease from the group of collagenoses, characterized by chronic progressive inflammation of the joints).

Method of application and dose. The drug belongs to the basic means (the main means of treatment), it acts with prolonged use; the effect develops slowly (starting from about the 3rd month). The drug is prescribed orally in a daily dose of 150 mg daily (sometimes given in intermittent courses for 3 subsequent days a week).

The therapeutic effect is also observed in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases receiving 150 mg of levamisole every other day or 100 mg per day. Pronounced clinical results and positive changes in immunological parameters are observed in patients chronic glomerulonephritis(kidney disease) and pyelonephritis (inflammation of the tissue of the kidney and renal pelvis), taking levamisole 150 mg 3 times a week.

The inclusion of levamisole (2-2.5 mg / kg per day for 3 days with intervals between courses of 5-6 days; only 2-4 courses) in complex antiulcer therapy favorably affects the clinical course and scarring of duodenal ulcers in patients with unfavorable , often recurrent (repeating) and protracted course of the disease. In addition to the unfavorable course of the disease, an indication for the use of the drug is a decrease in cellular immunity (a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes, an increase in the number of B-lymphocytes / blood cells involved in the formation of tissue mechanisms responsible for maintaining the body's defenses /) in peripheral blood.

A positive effect is noted when using levamisole in complex therapy patients with difficult-to-treat forms of schizophrenia.

Levamisole as an immunostimulating drug can be effective in the complex therapy of various diseases. However, it must be used with caution and with appropriate indications, primarily with a proven decrease in the activity of the T-system of immunity. Doses should be carefully selected, since if the doses are exceeded, it is possible not to have an immunostimulating (activating the body's defenses), but an immunosuppressive (suppressing the body's defenses) effect, and in some cases from small doses of levamisole.

body, changes in taste sensations, dyspeptic symptoms (digestive disorders), olfactory hallucinations (changes in odors), allergic skin reactions, agranulocytosis (a sharp decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood).

During treatment with levamisole, blood tests should be performed periodically (at least every 3 weeks).

Contraindications. The drug is contraindicated if, 10 hours after the first dose of 150 mg, the number of leukocytes (blood cells) decreases below 3 * 109 / l (or if the number of neutrophilic granulocytes / the type of blood cells responsible for the formation of the body's defenses) decreases up to 1*109/l).

Release form. Tablets of 0.05 and 0.15 g.

Storage conditions. List B. In a dark place.

LEUKOMAKS (Leukomax)

Synonyms: Molgramostin.

Pharmachologic effect. Leukomax has a certain immunotropic activity (affects the protective properties of the body); it stimulates the growth of T-lymphocytes (blood cells that take part in the formation of the cellular mechanisms of the body's defenses), but not B-lymphocytes (blood cells that take part in the formation of tissue mechanisms of the body's defenses). The main specific property of leukomax is its ability to stimulate leukopoiesis (the process of formation of leukocytes), therefore it is used as an antileukopenic (preventing a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood) agent.

The creation of leukomax was an important contribution to the treatment of leukopenia (decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood). This drug is a recombinant (obtained by genetic engineering) human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (a factor responsible for the process of accumulation of blood cells at the site of introduction of microbes into the body). Thus, leukomax is an endogenous (formed in the body) factor involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis and the functional activity of leukocytes (blood cells). It stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of precursors of hematopoietic cells (an increase in the number and specificity of bone marrow cells), as well as the growth of granulocytes (a type of blood cells responsible for the formation of the body's defenses), monocytes (blood cells with a maximum ability to capture and destroy pathogenic microbes ); increases the content of mature cells in the blood.

Indications for use. Patients with various infections, including AIDS; in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (inflammation of the retina of the eye caused by cytomegalovirus - herpes virus) with ganciclovir in patients with AIDS.

Method of application and dose. Doses and scheme of administration of the drug depend on the indications and the course of the pathological process.

With leukopenia (decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood) caused by infections (including AIDS), the drug is prescribed at a dose of 1-5 mcg / kg once a day subcutaneously. In patients with AIDS who are being treated with zidovudine. or a combination of zidovudine and alpha-interferon, leukomax is prescribed at a dose of 1-3 mcg / kg subcutaneously. An increase in the number of leukocytes is noted after 2-4 days of treatment. Later, to maintain the desired level of leukocytes (usually less than 10,000/mm3) daily dose Leukomax is adjusted every 3-5 days.

As an adjunct to ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, leukomax is administered at a dose of 5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once daily. After the fifth dose of the drug is administered, its dose is adjusted to maintain the number of neutrophils and leukocytes in the blood at a sufficient level (the number of neutrophils is not less than 1000/mm3, the number of leukocytes is not more than 1000/mm3.

Leukomax solution should be prepared immediately before administration. To prepare a solution for subcutaneous administration, add 1 ml of bacteriostatic water for injection or sterile water for injection to the vial containing Leumax. Stir gently until the powder is completely dissolved. To prepare a solution for intravenous administration, dissolve the contents of each of the required number of vials of lyophilized (freeze-dried in vacuum) powder in 1 ml of sterile water for injection. The resulting solution of the drug is further diluted with saline or 5% glucose solution. Usually 25, 50 or 100 ml of solution is used so that the final concentration of leukomax in it is not less than 7 μg / ml. This solution of the drug is suitable for use for at least 24 hours after preparation (when stored in the refrigerator). To avoid the loss of leukomax as a result of adsorption (absorption) on the components of the infusion system, the following systems should be used: Travenol 2C001 intravenous infusion set, Intrafix Air and Infusioneret R87 Pluc (Germany), Supli (Souplix, France), Travenol C0334 and Steriflex (Great Britain) , Intravis Air Euroclapp-ISO and Soluset (Spain) and Linfosol (Italy). The use of the Port-A-Kat (Pharmacy) system is not recommended due to the significant adsorption of leukomax on its components. It is recommended to use a low protein binding filter with a pore diameter of 0.2 to 0.22 µm (eg, MiliporeDurapore) in the Leukomax IV system. The color and homogeneity (absence of particles) of the leukomax solution should be visually assessed before its intravenous administration.

After dissolution in bacteriostatic water for injection, the leukomax solution can be used within a week if it is stored at a temperature of +2-+8 °C. Leukomax solution can be frozen, in this state it is stable for 28 days. The frozen drug can be thawed and re-frozen no more than twice.

After dissolution in sterile water for injection, leukomax should be used within 24 hours if stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of +2-+8 °C. Unused leukomax solution should be discarded.

Side effects and contraindications.

Release form. Lyophilized (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder in vials containing 50, 150, 400, 500, 700 or 1500 mcg of the drug.

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature of +2 to +8 ° C.

MYELOPID (Myelopidum)

Immunostimulating (activating the body's defenses) preparation of a peptide nature, obtained from a culture of mammalian bone marrow cells (pigs or calves).

Pharmachologic effect. In immunodeficiency states (decrease or absence of the body's defenses), the drug restores the parameters of the B- and T-systems of immunity, stimulates the production of antibodies (blood proteins formed in response to the ingestion of foreign proteins and toxins) and the functional activity of immunocompetent cells and helps to restore the rad other indicators of the humoral link of immunity (the tissue link of the body's defenses).

Indications for use. Myelopid is used in adults with secondary immunodeficiency states with a predominant lesion of the humoral immunity, including for the prevention infectious complications after surgical interventions, injuries, osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone tissue) and others pathological processes accompanied by inflammatory complications, as well as for the treatment of complications in nonspecific pulmonary diseases, chronic pyoderma (purulent inflammation of the skin), etc. The use of myelopide is part of the complex therapy of these diseases.

Method of application and dose. Myelopid is injected under the skin at 0.003-0.006 g (3-6 mg) daily or every other day; per course - 3-5 injections. The duration of treatment and the total dose depend on the clinical results and indicators of the immunological status (the state of the body's defenses).

For injection, the contents of 1 or 2 ampoules (3 or 6 mg) are diluted immediately before use in 1 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Side effect. When using myelopide, dizziness, weakness, nausea, hyperemia (redness) and pain at the injection site, fever are possible.

Contraindications. The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women in the presence of Rh conflict (inconsistency between the Rh factor of the pregnant woman and the fetus).

Release form. Freeze-dried (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder in hermetically sealed 10 ml vials containing 0.003 g (3 mg).

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature of +4 to +6 ° C.

SODIUM NUCLEINS (Natriinucleinas)

Synonyms: Sodium nucleic.

Pharmachologic effect. Sodium nucleinate has a wide range biological activity. It accelerates the processes of regeneration (healing), stimulates the activity of the bone marrow, causes a leukocyte reaction (a change in the number of leukocytes in the blood), stimulates leukopoiesis (the process of formation of leukocytes), as well as natural immunity factors: migration and cooperation of T- and B-lymphocytes (movement and the association of blood cells responsible for maintaining the cellular and tissue defenses of the body), the phagocytic activity of macrophages (the capture and destruction of pathogens by macrophages /blood cells/) and the activity of nonspecific resistance factors (resistance).

Indications for use. Sodium nucleinate is used in complex therapy as an immunostimulating (activating the body's defenses) agent for diseases accompanied by the development of immunodeficiency (decrease or absence of the body's defenses), including leukopenia (decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood) and agranulocytosis ( sharp decline the number of granulocytes in the blood). There is evidence of the effectiveness of the drug in the complex therapy of chronic pneumonia, herpetic keratitis (inflammation of the cornea caused by the herpes virus), viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver tissue caused by a virus) and some other diseases.

Method of application and dose. Taken orally after meals. As an immunostimulating agent, adults are prescribed in daily doses of 1.0-1.5-2.0 g (in 3-4 doses). Duration of treatment - from 2 weeks. up to 3 months and more. Children are prescribed in the following doses: at the age of up to 1 year - 0.005-0.01 g per reception, from 2 to 5 years - 0.015-0.05 g, from 5 to 7 years - 0.05-0.1 g, from 8 to 14 years - 0.2-0.3 g 3-4 times a day. For the elderly and old age with reduced immunological activity, 1.0-1.5 g per day is prescribed for 2-3 weeks. 2 times a year (spring and autumn).

With agranulocytosis, leukopenia various etiologies(causes), impaired phosphorus metabolism (phosphaturia, rickets, etc.) intramuscularly, 5-10 ml of a 2% or 5% solution, inside - 0.1-0.2 g 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 10-15 days or more, depending on the course of the disease.

In herpetic keratitis, sodium nucleinate is taken orally and instillations (instillations) of a 3% solution into the conjunctival sac (into the cavity between the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface eyeball) eyes 3 times a day.

Treatment with sodium nucleinate is carried out under the control of the immune status (the state of the body's defenses).

Side effect. Pain in place intramuscular injection, sometimes bradycardia (decreased heart rate), shortness of breath, increased sweating, depression of the nervous system. When taken orally before meals, pain in the epigastric region may occur. Allergic reactions.

Contraindications. Hemoblastoses (leukemias and malignant lymphomas), organic diseases of the heart muscle with impaired conduction.

Release form. In dark glass bottles of 100 g.

Storage conditions. In a dry place.

PYROGENAL (Pyrogenalum)

Lipopolysaccharide formed during the vital activity of microorganisms Pseudomonasaeniginosa and others.

Pharmachologic effect. The drug has a pyrogenic effect (increases body temperature). The activity of the drug is determined biologically and expressed in MPD (minimum pyrogenic dose). 1 MPD is the amount of a substance that, when administered intravenously to rabbits, causes an increase in body temperature by 0.6 ° C or more.

By the nature of the action, it has elements of similarity with prodigiosan. The effect of pyrogenal on immunological processes has not been studied enough, but it is possible that its action is also associated with interferonogenic activity (activation of the body's defenses).

With the introduction of pyrogenal, along with an increase in body temperature, leukopenia (a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood) is observed, which is replaced by leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood), an increase in tissue permeability, including the blood-brain barrier (a barrier between blood and brain tissue), suppression of the development of scar tissue , improvement of regenerative processes in the nervous tissue, etc. The drug contributes to a better penetration of chemotherapeutic substances into the lesion.

Indications for use. Pyrogenal is used to stimulate recovery processes after injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system; for resorption of pathological scars, adhesions after burns, injuries, with adhesions in the abdominal cavity, in the complex therapy of patients with infectious diseases, especially with their protracted, recurrent course (reappearance of signs of the disease).

Pyrogenal is also used for some allergic diseases (bronchial asthma), psoriasis, chronic diffuse streptoderma (purulent skin disease), sclerotic processes in the bronchi, epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) and prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), with some persistent dermatoses ( skin diseases- neurodermatitis / skin disease caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system /, urticaria, etc.), chronic inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs and other diseases.

Pyrogenal is also used as an additional non-specific agent in the complex therapy of syphilis.

Method of application and dose. Enter intramuscularly 1 time per day. Injections are made every other day or at long intervals (2-3 days). Doses must be selected individually. The initial dose is 25-50 MPD. Set the dose causing an increase body temperature to 37.5-38 ° C, and it is administered until the temperature rise stops, after which the dose is gradually increased by 25-50 MPD. The maximum single dose for adults is 1000 MTD. The course of treatment consists of 10-30 injections; if necessary, repeat it. The break between courses should be at least 2-3 months.

In children, the dose is reduced according to age; start with the introduction of 5-15 MPD, gradually increasing the dose if necessary, but not exceeding 250-500 MPD. The course of treatment - 10-15 injections.

Patients with hypertension (persistent rise in blood pressure) and diabetes the drug is prescribed in reduced doses, carefully increasing them.

In young children and persons over 60 years of age, pyrogenal should be administered with caution, starting with reduced doses and gradually increasing them only if the drug is well tolerated by patients.

Side effect. With an overdose of pyrogenal, some patients may experience chills, fever, headache, vomiting, and back pain. These reactions usually last 6-8 hours, after which the body temperature drops and the side effects disappear. In these cases, it is recommended to reduce the dose.

Contraindications. The drug should not be administered to patients with acute febrile (accompanied by a sharp rise in body temperature) diseases and pregnant women.

Release form. In ampoules containing 100, 250, 500 or 1000 MPD per 1 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Storage conditions. In sealed ampoules in a place protected from light at a temperature of +2 to +10 °C.

POLUDANUM (Poludanum)

Pharmachologic effect. The drug has immunostimulating (activating the body's defenses) - interferonogenic activity, i.e., the ability to stimulate the production of endogenous (formed in the body) interferon and have an antiviral effect.

Indications for use. Used in adults with viral eye diseases.

Method of application and dose. Assigned in the form eye drops and injections under the conjunctiva (under the outer shell of the eye).

The solution is prepared by dissolving 200 μg (0.2 mg) of the powder in 2 ml of distilled water. Buried with conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer shell of the eye) and superficial keratitis (superficial inflammation of the cornea) 6-8 times in the conjunctival sac (the cavity between the back surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eyeball). As it subsides inflammatory process reduce the number of installations (instillations) to 3-4 per day.

For subconjunctival (under the outer shell of the eye) injections, dissolve 200 μg in 1 ml of sterile

water for injection and injected 0.5 ml (100 mcg) under the conjunctiva of the eye daily or every other day. The course of treatment is 15-20 injections. The drug is used only in a hospital (hospital).

Side effect. Not found.

Contraindications. Not installed.

Release form. In ampoules of 200 mcg (0.2 mg).

Storage conditions. In a dry, dark place at a temperature not exceeding +4 "C. The solution for installations can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than a week.

PRODIGIOSAN (Prodigiosanum)

High polymer lipopolysaccharide complex isolated from microorganisms.

Pharmachologic effect. It has a non-specific stimulating effect.

Indications for use. V complex treatment sluggishly healing trophic ulcers, to accelerate the development of granulations (the formation of connective tissue at the site of the wound surface), to eliminate tissue swelling after surgery.

Method of application and dose. Enter intramuscularly. The dose is set individually. For adults - 25-100 mcg (0.5-2 ml of a 0.005% solution) per injection. For children - starting from 10-20 micrograms, but not more than 50-75 micrograms.

Side effect. Fever, headache, general malaise.

Contraindications. damage to the central nervous system, acute coronary insufficiency(discrepancy of blood flow through the cardiac arteries to the heart's need for oxygen), myocardial infarction.

Release form. Ampoules of 1 ml of 0.005% solution for injection in a package of 10 pieces.

Storage conditions. In a place protected from light at a temperature of +4 to +8 "C.

PROTEKTIN (Protectinum)

Pharmachologic effect. Immunostimulating (increasing immunity - the body's defenses) remedy.

Indications for use. Reducing the immunological resistance (resistance) of the body.

Method of application and dose. Inside, 1-2 (up to 4-6) capsules per day for 2 months.

Contraindications.

Release form. Capsules containing: borage oil - 0.1 g, cod liver oil - 0.1 g, tocopherol (vit. E) - 0.0525 g, ascorbic acid (vit. C) - 0.165 g, beta-carotene 30% - 0.25 g, yeast with selenium 1000 mcg / g - 0.05 g, soybean oil - 0.0425 g, beeswax - 0.015 g.

Storage conditions. In a cool dry place.

Ribomunil (Ribomiuiilum)

Preparation based on fragments of microorganisms: pneumonic bacilli and diplococci, pyogenic (pyogenic) group A streptococci and hemophilic influenza.

Pharmachologic effect. Immunostimulating (increasing immunity - the body's defenses) means that increases specific and nonspecific immunity.

Indications for use. Recurrent (recurring) infections of the respiratory tract, bronchitis, ENT infections (prevention).

Method of application and dose. Inside, 3 tablets in the morning on an empty stomach 4 days a week for 3 weeks in the first month of treatment, in the next 5 months - 4 days a month.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the drug.

Release form. Tablets. One tablet contains 0.00025 g of ribosomes and 0.000375 g of membrane proteoglycans.

Storage conditions. In a cool dry place.

SOLKOTRIKHOVAK (Solcotrichovacum)

Pharmachologic effect. Suspension (suspension) of inactivated bacteria strains of Lactabacteriumacidofilum. It has an immunostimulating (increasing immunity / body defenses /) effect.

Indications for use. Female trichomoniasis ( infectious disease caused by Trichomonas urogenital), nonspecific bacterial vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by bacteria).

Method of application and dose. Intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 ml. Course - 3 injections with an interval of 2 weeks; a year later, another 0.5 ml is administered as a re-vaccination.

Side effect. Redness and swelling at the injection site, fever.

Contraindications.

Release form. Solution for injection in ampoules of 0.5 ml in a package of 3 pieces. A 0.5 ml dose contains 7 x 109 killed bacteria and 0.25% phenol.

Storage conditions. In the refrigerator at a temperature of + 4- + S "C.

SOLKOUROVAK (Solcourovacum)

Pharmachologic effect. Polyvalent vaccine based on 6 different strains of E. coli, Proteusmirabilis, Proteusmorganii, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis. It has an immunostimulating (increasing immunity - the body's defenses) effect.

Indications for use. Severe and acute recurrent (recurring) infections urinary tract: cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), urethritis (inflammation urethra), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the tissue of the kidney and renal pelvis), bacterial prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland caused by bacteria), etc.

Method of application and dose. Intramuscularly, 0.5 ml 3 times with an interval of 1-2 weeks; revaccination (0.5 ml) after 1 year.

Side effect. Redness, feeling of tension, pain at the injection site, fever.

Contraindications. Acute infectious diseases, diseases of the hematopoietic system, liver damage, heart failure.

Release form. Freeze-dried (vacuum freeze-dried) powder for preparation injection solution in ampoules complete with a solvent.

Storage conditions. In a place protected from light at a temperature not exceeding +8 ° C.

TAKTIVIN (Tactivinum)

Synonyms: T-activin.

A preparation of a polypeptide nature, obtained from the thymus gland (thymus) of cattle.

Pharmachologic effect. Immunomodulating (affecting the body's defenses) agent. In immunodeficiency states (decrease or absence of the body's defenses), the drug normalizes the quantitative and functional parameters of the T-system of immunity (the system of cellular protective functions of the body), stimulates the production of lymphokines (general

name of biological active substances formed by cells involved in the implementation of the body's cellular defenses), including alpha and gamma interferon, restores the activity of T-killers (T-lymphocytes - blood cells involved in the formation of cellular mechanisms responsible for maintaining the body's defenses), functional activity of stem hematopoietic cells (cells from which bone marrow blood cells are formed) and normalizes a number of other indicators characterizing the intensity of T-cell immunity (the system of cellular protective functions of the body).

Indications for use. It is used in adults with immunodeficiency states with a predominant lesion of the T-system of immunity that occur during infectious, purulent and septic processes (diseases associated with the presence of microbes in the blood), lymphoproliferative diseases (diseases associated with an increase in the formation of lymphoid cells): lymphogranulomatosis (malignant disease lymphoid tissue), lymphocytic leukemia (cancer of the lymphoid tissue); multiple sclerosis ( systemic disease sheaths of nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord), tuberculosis, recurrent ophthalmic herpes (repeated signs of a viral disease of eye tissues), psoriasis, etc.

Method of application and dose. Apply subcutaneously. Usually 1 ml of the drug (which is 40 mcg / m2 or 1-2 mcg / kg) is administered at bedtime 1 time per day daily for 5-14 days. If necessary, the course of treatment is repeated.

In case of persistent immune disorders, taktivin is prescribed as a replacement for 5-6 days, followed by the administration of the drug once every 7-10 days.

With multiple sclerosis, the drug is used daily for 5 days, then 1 time in 5-14 days. The course of treatment is from 1 to 3 years. In severe cases of multiple sclerosis, taktivin is prescribed in combination therapy with corticosteroids.

For the treatment of surgical patients, taktivin is administered before surgery for 2 days and after it for 3 days.

In malignant neoplasms and autoimmune diseases, taktivin is prescribed for 5-6-day courses during breaks in specific therapy.

For the treatment of patients with recurrent ophthalmic herpes, 0.1 ml of the drug is administered (which is 10 μg / m2 or 0.1-0.2 μg / kg) per day with an interval of 1 day for 14 days. The course of treatment is repeated after 4-6 months.

Contraindications. Atopic form of bronchial asthma (nonspecific allergic bronchial asthma), pregnancy.

Release form. In vials of 0.01% solution of 1 ml (100 mcg).

Storage conditions. In a dry, dark place at a temperature of +2 to +7 "C.

THYMALIN (Thymalinum) Synonyms: Timarin.

A preparation of a polypeptide nature obtained by extraction (extraction) from the thymus gland (thymus) of cattle.

Pharmachologic effect. Restores immunological reactivity (the body's response to pathogenic stimuli, usually accompanied by the formation of the body's protective properties) - regulates the number and ratio of T- and B-lymphocytes (blood cells responsible for the formation of cellular and tissue defenses of the body) and their subpopulations, stimulates reactions of cellular immunity (cellular defenses of the body), enhances phagocytosis (the process of active capture and destruction by phagocytes / blood cells / pathogens), stimulates the processes of regeneration (recovery) and hematopoiesis in case of their inhibition, and also improves the processes of cellular metabolism (metabolism) .

Indications for use. It is used in adults and children as an immunomodulator (a substance that affects the body's defenses) and a biostimulant (a substance that increases metabolism, stimulates the body's defenses) in conditions and diseases accompanied by a decrease in immunity, including acute and chronic pyoinflammatory diseases of the bones and soft tissues; acute and chronic viral and bacterial infections; violation of regenerative (recovery) processes (bone fractures, burn disease and frostbite, trophic ulcers /slowly healing skin defects/, radiation necrosis of tissues /tissue necrosis due to radiation/, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum); bronchial asthma; multiple sclerosis (systemic disease of the membranes of nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord); obliterating endarteritis (inflammation of the inner lining of the arteries of the extremities with a decrease in their lumen); rheumatoid arthritis (an infectious-allergic disease from the group of collagenoses, characterized by chronic progressive inflammation of the joints); conditions associated with hypofunction (weakening of activity) of the thymus gland, with suppression of immunity and hematopoiesis after radiotherapy or chemotherapy in cancer patients and other conditions.

They are also used to prevent infectious and other complications, in post-traumatic and postoperative periods, in the course of radiation or chemotherapy, when prescribing large doses antibiotics.

Method of application and dose. Before injection, the contents of the vial are dissolved in 1-2 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. The drug is administered intramuscularly daily in the following doses: adults - 5-20 mg (30-100 mg per course of treatment), children under 1 year old - 1 mg; 1-3 years - 1-2 mg; 4-6 years - 2-3 mg; 7-14 years - 3-5 mg for 3-10 days, depending on the severity of immunity disorders. If necessary, a second course of treatment is carried out (after 1-6 months).

WITH preventive purpose the drug is used intramuscularly daily for adults at 5-10 mg, for children - 1-5 mg for 3-5 days.

Release form. Sterile lyophilized (freeze-dried in a vacuum) powder in 10 mg vials.

Storage conditions. In a dry place protected from light.

THYMOGEN (Thymogenum)

Pharmachologic effect. Thymogen is a synthetically produced dipeptide consisting of amino acid residues - glutamine and tryptophan. According to available data, the drug has an immunostimulating effect (activates the body's defenses) and enhances the nonspecific resistance (resistance) of the body.

Indications for use. In terms of indications for use, it is basically similar to other immunostimulants and is used in the complex therapy of adults and children with acute and chronic infectious diseases, accompanied by a decrease in cellular immunity, with inhibition of reparative (restorative) processes after severe injuries (bone fractures), necrotic processes ( necrosis

tissue), as well as in other conditions of immunodeficiency (decrease or absence of the body's defenses).

With a preventive purpose, it is used to prevent complications in infectious diseases, operations.

Method of application and dose. The drug is administered intramuscularly for 3-10 days in adults at 50-100 mcg (300-1000 mcg per course), children under 1 year old - 10 mcg, 1-3 years old - 10-20 mcg, 4-6 years old - 20-30 mcg, 7-14 years - 50 mcg. If necessary, repeat the course after 1-6 months.

Sometimes used intranasally (in the nose), 2-3-5 drops of a 0.01% solution in each half of the nose 2-3 times a day.

Side effect. Not found.

Contraindications. Not identified.

Release form. Lyophilized (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder or porous mass of 0.0001 g (0.1 mg = 100 μg) in glass hermetically sealed vials in a package of 5 or 10 pieces and a 0.01% solution in 5 ml vials. Also available as a 0.01% solution for injection in ampoules of 1 ml in a package of 5 pieces.

Storage conditions. List B. In a place protected from light at a temperature not higher than +20 ° C, ampoules - at a temperature not higher than +4 "C.

Timoptin (Thymoptinum)

Like thymalin and taktivin, thymoptin contains a complex of polypeptides from the thymus gland of mammals.

Pharmachologic effect. Immunostimulating (activating the body's defenses) agent.

Indications for use. By action and indications for use, it is similar to taktivin.

Method of application and dose. Enter under the skin. Before administration, the contents of 1 vial (100 μg) are dissolved in 0.5-1.0 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. Assign adults at the rate of 70 mcg per 1 m2 of body surface (about 100 mcg). The course of treatment consists of 4-5 injections at 4-day intervals. If necessary, repeat courses are carried out, setting intervals depending on clinical and immunological parameters.

Contraindications. Individual intolerance to the drug. Pregnancy. In the presence of Rh conflict (discrepancy between the Rh factor of the pregnant woman and the fetus).

Release form. Lyophilized (freeze-dried in a vacuum) powder, 100 μg (0.0001 g) in hermetically sealed glass vials.

Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, dark place at a temperature not exceeding +20 ° C.

Tonsilgon (Tonsilgonum)

Pharmachologic effect. It has an immunostimulating (increasing immunity - the body's defenses) and antimicrobial effect.

Indications for use. Viral and bacterial infections, including for the prevention of complications arising after them; maintenance treatment with antibiotic therapy; recurrent (recurring) and chronic infections respiratory tract; exposure infectious diseases and a decrease in immunity (the body's defenses) in childhood.

Method of application and dose. Inside, 2 tablets or 25 drops (teenagers - 1 tablet or 15 drops; children younger age- 10 drops; infancy- 5 drops) 3-6 times a day.

Side effect. Not found.

Contraindications. Not identified.

Release form. Dragee in a package of 50, 100 and 200 pieces; drops in vials of 50 and 100 ml. One dragee contains: dry powder from marshmallow root - 0.008 g, chamomile flowers - 0.006 g, Cynosbatisine Semine fruit - 0.004 g, horsetail herb - 0.01 g, walnut leaf - 0.012 g, yarrow herb - 0.004 g, oak bark - 0.004 g and dandelion herbs -0.004 g. 100 g of drops contain 29 g of alcohol extract from 0.4 g of marshmallow root, 0.3 g of chamomile flowers, 0.4 g of Cynosbatisine Semine fruits, 0.5 g of horsetail herb, 0.4 g of walnut leaf , 0.4 g of yarrow herb, 0.2 g of oak bark and 0.4 g of dandelion herb.

Storage conditions. In a cool, dark place.

ESTIFAN (Estifanum)

Pharmachologic effect. Immunostimulating (increasing immunity - the body's defenses) remedy. Increases phagocytic activity (the level of activity of blood cells that actively capture and destroy pathogens) of neutrophils (blood cells) and macrophages (blood cells that can capture and destroy pathogens), potentiates (intensifies) the production of interleukin-1 by macrophages, induces (causes ) transformation of beta-lymphocytes (blood cells involved in the formation of the body's defenses) into plasma cells (cells producing immunoglobulin - a specific protein involved in the formation of the body's defenses) and T-killer activity (activity of T-lymphocytes - blood cells involved in the formation of cellular mechanisms responsible for maintaining the body's defenses).

Indications for use. Immunodeficiency states (decreased immunity) in chronic recurrent (recurring) diseases inflammatory nature(chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, diseases of the upper respiratory tract / ear, throat, nose / etc.).

Method of application and dose. Inside, 1-2 tablets 3 times a day after meals. Course - 10-20 days with repetition in 2-3 weeks.

Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the drug.

Release form. Tablets of 0.2 g in a package of 10 and 30 pieces.

Storage conditions. In a dry place shielded from light.

Immunity stimulation is aimed at strengthening and restoring the weakened functions of the immune system:

• with congenital immunodeficiency,
• with various viral infections,
• for severe burns
• with significant blood loss
• after cancer treatment
• after treatment with glucocorticoids,
• with senile changes,
• with chronic organ damage.

Therapeutic effect

What methods are applied?

Medicines to stimulate the immune system and natural natural therapies designed to restore and strengthen the body's defenses have been used for many centuries. These are treatment with air, water and light, as well as autohemotherapy and various medicinal plants. Homeopathy can also be considered as a peculiar way of stimulating the immune system, when applied, the body is exposed to the action of active substances that stimulate the immune system, which helps to defeat the disease. Immunostimulants, such as thymus extracts, are also used in modern therapy.

For decades, doctors, biologists and chemists have been trying to develop drugs that could have an effect on the immune system and restore it. For immunostimulation, substances derived from the human body itself are also used, for example, thymus hormones.

In what cases does the immune system need to be stimulated?

The main indications for strengthening immunity are congenital and acquired immunodeficiency states. For example, the best known viruses that attack the immune system are the HIV virus and the HTLV virus. The first causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the second - atypical hairy cell leukemia. Both diseases are deadly. The ability of the body to resist viruses and infections is also negatively affected by potent medications, which are used to treat certain diseases, such as cancer. The use of immunostimulating methods contributes to the partial restoration of the protective functions of the body.

Immunostimulation is relatively new area in immunology, so today possible adverse reactions on the human body is not yet well understood.

Let's start with a video with Elena Malysheva:

Remember? According to Elena Malysheva, our immunity is strengthened by:

• Kiss
• Sun and Vitamin D

1. At the heart of everything is a healthy lifestyle

Good for people with strong protection against their harmful bacteria. Let's find the best drug for ourselves, let's stay healthy, vigorous!

I would like to remind you: without hardening, right image life, physical activity, not a single bactericide will help.

Therefore, we begin to harden, eat right, sleep at least 7 hours a day, get saturated with vitamins and microelements.

When you buy drugs or vitamins, pay attention to the content. Well, if there is zinc, selenium, lithium. Good stuff based on echinacea, which is called "Immunal". It helps to remove inflammation, stimulates a protective reaction of the body.

What drugs will help lessen the pain? Of course with vitamins A, C and E, which are directly involved in the functioning of the immune system.

And the safest and most effective are natural ingredients. I will give one example. One of my friends always suffered from sore throats. It took a sip of cool water to make the neck inflame again. Her husband always ate onions and garlic and didn't know what a sore throat was and what a cold was. My friend also tried to eat these products, but she became so addicted to them that she would not sit down at the table without a slice of onion or garlic. As she says, she did not even notice how she got rid of the sore throat. Doesn't hurt - that's all!

2. Better preparations for raising immunity in adults

2.1 Galavit and polyoxidonium

Recently, new compounds that increase immunity have appeared. This "Galavit" and, experts highly appreciated their protective properties. According to them, they can help with late cancer and even AIDS, however, they are too expensive.

Some doctors claim that the disease also improves immunity, especially if a person recovers without the use of pills, with the help of herbal infusions, compresses, inhalations.

Of course, with serious diseases it is difficult to escape with herbs, more serious medicines will be required, which only a doctor can prescribe.

2.2 Magic Echinacea

There are tinctures that raise immunity, for example, all the same echinacea. She is capable of:

- recover,

- purify the blood

- heal wounds, stop inflammation.

It is useful after the use of antibiotics, chemotherapy.

True, it also has contraindications.

Echinacea should not be drunk by cancer patients, with tuberculosis, AIDS, autoimmune diseases, as well as pregnant women, breastfeeding.

2.3 Magnelis and vitamins Merz

I can also advise:

"Magnelis"- Eliminates magnesium deficiency.

"Vitamin Merz" which will also help improve health.

The doctor may recommend immunostimulating drugs. There are quite a few of them, so only a doctor can decide which one is best for you.

3. What does herpes warn about?

rashes herpes they say that health is weakened. If a person is in good health, then this virus sits quietly in ganglions back. It is impossible to recover from an insidious disease, you can only learn to live peacefully with it.

This virus is not as harmless as it seems. What happened to me in connection with this sore, you can read.

Many tried to overcome it folk remedies. Zelenka and toothpaste can be dried, but it is impossible to cure. This virus is also dangerous because it can be spread all over the body with your hands.

For herpes, you can use medicines such as

• acyclovir,
• tromantadine,
• zovirax.

"Acyclovir" acting on the virus, does not affect healthy cells.

Antiviral action "Tromantadina" occurs by slowing down the reaction of herpes viruses. To prevent herpes from pestering, it is worth strengthening the immune system.

For the treatment of infections of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, including herpes of the lips, apply zovirax.

If this disease visits you more than 5 times a year, then you should special examination. The doctor will prescribe good drugs.

With herpes, it is undesirable to drink beer, it can have a provocative effect.

The presence of under-oxidized products in this drink reduces immunity, helping this infection to come out.

You experience sudden fatigue bad dream, frequent colds, drowsiness, which means that the immune system has weakened. Be sure to buy homeopathic medicines at the pharmacy that allow you to normalize the work of the defenses.

Homeopathic remedies have a gradual, sparing effect that gives a long-term, lasting result.

Bactericides that stimulate the immune system are prepared from natural substances. They will help to improve the functioning of the immune system without harming other systems. They have other positive qualities:

• no side effects;
• they are harmless;
• they can be used for children, people who have contraindications to taking chemicals;
• smooth recovery of health.

Before taking medications, try drinking natural tinctures.

For example, there is eleutherococcus extract- a very powerful tool. It is drunk 20-30 drops 3 times daily before meals, preferably before lunch, as it invigorates well. The course is 25 days.

Good health effect gives tincture of ginseng, ingestion of which is carried out before meals, 30 drops, 2 times daily. The course is 25 days.

Schisandra chinensis tincture 30 drops 2 times daily half an hour before meals. Helps to increase efficiency, resistance to viruses. Rhodiola rosea tincture. Take 2 times daily, 10 drops half an hour before a meal.

For these tinctures there is a general rule: it is better to drink before lunch, diluted in 100 ml of water. Read the instructions for contraindications.

5. Immune sera

Donor serum preparations are made from the blood of animals or a donor, for example, tetanus toxoid is obtained from the blood of immunized horses. Serum is administered only by a doctor for the prevention or treatment of measles, viral hepatitis, botulism and other diseases.

6. Basic measures to increase the body's resistance

We examined various drugs that give the body immunity, but without other components, it is impossible to increase the body's defenses.

They are known to all, these are:

• — Proper nutrition
• – hardening
• - Taking vitamin supplements
• - Don't give in to stress
• - Purification of slags.

Our ancestors knew that maintaining immunity prolongs youth and life, so they used these simple, highly effective remedies.

I will give you a recipe for some decoctions. Take 2 tbsp. l. dried string, pour 2 tbsp. boiling water, let stand for one hour, take a decoction during the day. Drink several days in a row, then take the same break.

Don't forget the cranberry juice. Mash a handful of cranberries with a spoon, fill with plain water, do not boil, then drink.

In parting, I want to say that there are a lot of funds. Try herbal formulas first, they really help.

Today you learned the best drugs to boost immunity in adults. Invite your friends to read the article, let them take care of their health too. My simple tips help strengthen disease resistance, become younger, healthier.

7. P.S. with Inspector Varnike and the story "Varnike and the spineless husband"

At the end of the article, according to tradition, we are engaged in the activation of cerebral circulation. Why are we meeting with my childhood friend Inspector Varnike.

Today we have a difficult task from the story:

Please send your versions of answers in the form of comments to the article. The correct answer will be published next Wednesday 07 September 2016.

Today the fashion trend in modern medicine was an intervention in the immune system in order to stimulate its work, the use of immunotropic and immunomodulatory drugs. In particular, they are widely and actively used in pediatrics, when the immune system is still being built and is under special stress, and when any intervention can upset the delicate balance. It is worth remembering that it is very dangerous for health to activate the immune system without prescribing such procedures by a doctor - almost all specialists in immunology and clinical medicine talk about this.

One of the consequences of thoughtless or inept interference in the immune system of children and adults can be the occurrence of serious diseases that can affect different tissues and organs of the body, such as joint damage, thyroid damage, and even the occurrence of lesions of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis. If you take drugs for immunostimulation for any colds or minor ailments, then in cases where the work of the immune system is really needed, its internal reserves will be depleted, and then the immune defense may simply not be enough. Of course, to strengthen the immune system under the strict supervision of an immunologist for residents of areas where there is little sunlight and vitamins needed. But these methods should be non-drug, sparing and used only in children exposed to stress, who have had serious illnesses, and who have chronic somatic debilitating pathology. Today, before starting any treatment, it is important to conduct a full-fledged immune study with extended blood tests and an immunogram and weigh ten times whether it is worth getting into the immune system and what such an intervention can turn into in the future. I will give you the facts that are known today about infectious processes, on the strengthening of immunity and the effect of gamma-interferons.

How is the fight against infection

All of us know from advertising and the media that a quantitative deficiency in the immune system is a bad sign. With such a quantitative deficiency of immune protection, the body of children will suffer, which will be expressed in frequent and prolonged morbidity in children and weakened adults. Immunity is a means of combating, first of all, infectious agents that enter the body. And the classic examples of those processes that occur to a person with immunodeficiencies are known to all. These are diseases that occur when people with HIV infection or with congenital immune problems (immunodeficiencies). But, as a result of planting the problems of immunodeficiencies in thought, many parents have a strong feeling that the stronger and higher the strength of the immune defense, the better it will be in order to deal with adverse effects. external environment, and especially with viral and microbial infections. Evolutionarily, immunity was formed in people specifically to fight infections, and only then he connected forces to antitumor and other immune defenses. But these processes are already, most likely, secondary, and secondary.

If immunity fails

Despite the seeming need to stimulate the immune system to fight numerous and new infections, it is extremely dangerous to stimulate the immune defense beyond measure. There is also such a concept in the body as autoimmunity, the situation of recognizing one's own damaged (or even not damaged) tissues and removing them from the body. With the development of autoimmune diseases, the immune aggression of the body is directed to the body's own tissues, which it begins to recognize as foreign and cause rejection and inflammation in them, which normally should not happen at all. Initially, defects in immunity can be genetically induced, but the program does not start when normal conditions while the immune system works itself. And if you rudely intervene in it from the outside, you can start a pathological genetic program, and then the immune system will actively fight not only with foreign, but also with its own tissues. This triggers extremely severe and very difficult to treat (if at all treatable) pathologies.

Under normal conditions, the work of the immune system will be accompanied by constantly working mechanisms on cellular level, which cleanse the body of unnecessary clone cells that can give dangerous processes or the growth of a neoplasm, aggression against one's own tissues, and so on. But, in the presence of an overly active immune system, the complex mechanism of self-cleaning of the body from infections and foreign may fail. And in such cases, cells that are able to recognize their own tissues as an "enemy" enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, the periphery of tissues and organs - then serious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune types of diabetes and thyroiditis can occur. These organs become a target for attack by overactivated immune cells.

Danger in boosting immunity

If the body is faced with serious illnesses

This process is normal and necessary to limit infection. With excessive immunity, this reaction can be so strong and lightning fast that it gives the course of the disease up to toxic and septic shock due to excessive aggression of immune cells. This will lead to a very serious condition of the patient and a severe course of the disease. Today, there is no ability to clearly limit the degree of stimulation of immune cells - and this is done "blindly". That is, they stimulate it with standard doses of drugs, but how they behave in the body and so activate the cells is unknown. This is not all about immunity, tomorrow we will continue talking about the dangers of stimulating it.

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