(potassium chloride, potassium salt of hydrochloric acid) in pure form- a white crystalline substance, odorless, hygroscopic, cakes during storage, and dissolves well in water. Belongs to the NaCl structural type.
Melting point 776° C, boiling point >1407° C. Density 1.984 g/cm³.
It occurs in nature in the form of the minerals sylvite and carnallite, and is also part of sylvinite. Potassium chloride is a product of enrichment of sylvinite ores and, depending on the enrichment method (halurgical or flotation), with the same chemical composition has different colors: grayish- white(with halurgic enrichment) or from pink to red-brown color (with flotation enrichment).

Use of potassium chloride.
In agriculture. Potassium chloride is the most common highly concentrated potassium fertilizer. It is used in mineral nutrition systems for crops in all soil-climatic zones of Ukraine for basic soil cultivation. It is advisable to use in the fall to feed wheat and other crops that are insensitive to harmful influence chlorine It is not recommended to use potassium chloride on crops sensitive to chlorine (potatoes for chips, flax, grapes, tomatoes, tobacco, citrus fruits, ornamental crops), especially on loamy soils.
In medicine. Potassium is the main intracellular ion that plays important role in regulating body functions. Applicable in case of violation heart rate, intoxication after the administration of cardiac glycosides and diuretics (diuretics), with a lack of potassium in the body.
It is also intended for the production of leather substitutes, synthetic rubber, for the production of potassium hydroxide by electrolysis, baker's and feed yeast, as well as for the production of therapeutic and prophylactic salt.

Physico-chemical indicators of potassium chloride GOST 4568-95:

Indicator name	Standard for brand and variety
	Granulated		Small
	1st grade	2nd grade	1st grade	2nd grade
Appearance	Pressed granules of irregular shape, grayish-white or various shades of red-brown, or large crystals of grayish-white color		Small crystals of grayish-white color or small grains of various shades of red-brown color
Mass fraction of potassium in terms of K 2 O, %, not less	60	58	60	58
Mass fraction of water, %, no more	0,5	0,5	1,0	1,0
Granulometric composition ( mass fraction fractions),%: over 6 mm from 1 to 4 mm, less than 1 mm, no more	0 95 5	0 95 5	not standardized not standardized not standardized
Dynamic strength (mass fraction of unbroken granules), %, not less	80	80	not standardized
Friability, %	100	100	100	100

Notes:
Potassium chloride, intended for the production of leather substitutes, synthetic rubber, baker's and feed yeast, must be produced in the "fine" grade, grayish-white in color.
For the production of therapeutic and prophylactic salt, the specified potassium chloride is used, not treated with anti-caking agents.
Potassium chloride intended for agriculture is supplied in granular or coarse crystalline form. By agreement with the consumer, potassium chloride can be supplied in the “small” grade.
When determining the granulometric composition of the consumer, sieves with round holes can be used. In this case, the granulometric composition of the granulated product should be: over 6 mm - no more than 2%; from 1 to 4 mm - no less than 65%; less than 1 mm - no more than 5%.

Security requirements
In terms of the degree of impact on the body, potassium chloride, as a moderately dangerous substance, belongs to the 3rd hazard class. Dust particles of potassium chloride, getting on skin wounds, impair their healing. Potassium chloride has no harmful effect on intact skin.
Maximum permissible concentration of potassium chloride dust in the air working area- 5 mg/m³. Approximate safe level its concentration in the atmospheric air of populated areas is 0.1 mg/m³. The maximum permissible concentration of potassium chloride in soil is 560 mg/kg.
Potassium chloride does not form toxic compounds in the air, is non-flammable, fire- and explosion-proof. Potassium chloride is not a corrosive substance.
Work with potassium chloride should be carried out in special clothing in accordance with standard standards approved in accordance with the established procedure, in dust respirators of the F-82Sh, U-2K, “Astra-2”, “Lepestok” brands and sealed protective glasses.
All work with potassium chloride must be carried out in accordance with sanitary rules on storage, transportation and use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture.

Potassium chloride – fertilizer with high content potassium Used in agricultural technology to replenish nutrients and normalization of plant development. Used as part of complex feeding, in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, or in its own form.

Article outline

Properties of potassium chloride

Potassium chloride (KCl) is a concentrated mineral supplement whose main component is potassium. Depending on the manufacturing method and GOST classification, it may contain 52% - 99% potassium. It looks like granules or crystals of pink, white, gray, brown shade. Obtained by the reaction of potassium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid under laboratory production conditions. In production, the raw materials are potassium-containing salts.

In nature, the substance is found in sylvinite and is found as the minerals carnallite and sylvite. IN industrial conditions The method of galurgy is more often used, and less often flotation is used to isolate potassium chloride. The galurgy method is based on the different dissolution abilities of potassium and sodium chlorine substances. At normal temperature storage properties of these substances to dissolve are the same.

An increase in temperature leads to an increase in the solubility of potassium chloride, while the ability to dissolve sodium chloride remains virtually unchanged.

At low temperatures a solution of KCl and NaCl is prepared, which is subsequently used to treat sylvinite at high temperatures. During the reaction, the initial solution is supersaturated with potassium from sylvinite, and sodium chloride is displaced from the solution in the form of salts. Next, excess potassium chloride is separated from the solution by crystallization in industrial centrifuges and undergoes additional processing - drying. The original solution is used again.

Potassium chloride is used in agricultural technology, pharmacology, food industry.

There is an opinion that on fertile lands there is no need to use potassium chloride fertilizer. This opinion is erroneous - on chernozems it is possible to reduce or not use nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing fertilizers at all, but potassium fertilizers are necessary because of their ability to:

Potash fertilizing is necessary on any type of soil. On depleted soils, potassium chloride fertilizer is applied together with nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers or as part of complex fertilizers. On heavy, fertile soils it is applied as an independent fertilizer.

When using, strict dosages must be observed. Despite all the benefits, excessive use can lead to a decrease in soil fertility due to the presence of sodium impurities in potassium chloride and negatively affect plant growth due to the chlorine content in it.

You can protect plants from the influence of chlorine compounds by timely application mineral supplement. In agricultural technology, this type of fertilizer is usually used in the off-season, during periods of heavy rain. Chlorine is washed away by rain, and potassium remains in the form of granules and crystals, which contributes to a more prolonged action of the beneficial microelement.

Potassium chloride fertilizer is produced in the form of granules and crystals - large and small. Because of high rate In terms of solubility, granular and coarse-crystalline types are more in demand in agricultural technology. They have a more prolonged action, they dissolve and are washed out of the soil more slowly.

The appearance, content and composition of potassium chloride are regulated by GOST standards. In agriculture, potassium chloride is used according to GOST 4234-77 and 4568-95. Products vary in the amount of potassium, chlorine, sodium and related impurities.

Potassium chloride GOST 4234-77 is a free-flowing, white, coarse-crystalline composition, divided into three grades:

1. chemically pure – denoted by the abbreviation KhCh;
2. pure for analysis - designated as analytical grade;
3. pure – indicated by the symbol Ch.

According to GOST 4234-77 regulations, it contains at least 99.8% KCl. The mass fraction of impurities in the form of free acids and alkalis, nitrogen, phosphates, sulfates, chlorates, nitrates, arsenic, iron, magnesium and barium should not exceed a total of 0.2%. Potassium chloride according to GOST 4234-77 is more often used in the food industry and pharmacology.

Potassium chloride "Ch", which is also called white potassium chloride, is used in agriculture only in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, as well as as part of complex mixtures. Not used as individual feeding. In agricultural technology, the composition of GOST 4568-95 is more often used.

Potassium chloride GOST 4568-95 is divided into two types - granular and fine, each of which is divided into grades:

1. "Granulated", grade 1– compressed granules, may have irregular shape, gray-white or red-brown colors;
2. "Granulated", grade 2– large gray-white crystals;
3. “Small”, grade 1– small gray crystals;
4. “Small”, grade 2– crushed crystals of granular consistency of red-brown shades.

GOST 4568-95 – chemical composition

Indicators (mass fraction,%)	Standards by type and grade
	Granulated, 1st grade	Granulated, 2nd grade	Small,	Small,
potassium	minimum 60%	minimum 58%	minimum 60%	minimum 58%
water	maximum 0.5%	maximum 0.5%	maximum 1.0%	maximum 1.0%
Number of undestroyed granules	maximum	maximum	not standardized
Friability	100%	100%	100%	100%
Share and size granules (fractions)	granules up to 1 mm – maximum 5%	granules 1mm-4mm – minimum 95%; granules up to 1 mm – minimum 5%	not standardized

Potassium chloride “Melky” according to GOST 4568-95 is used in the production of rubber, artificial leather, and yeast. In agriculture, the “Granulated” type is used. The substance according to GOST 4568-95 is not used in pharmacology and medicine.

According to the instructions, potassium chloride is a moderately dangerous substance. It does not have a negative effect on intact skin, but it interferes with wound healing, irritates and promotes inflammation of damaged skin.

For this reason, it is recommended to work in a protective suit, if available. open wounds and damage. In the air, the substance does not form toxic compounds hazardous to health. It is not a flammable or explosive composition. It is not a substance that contributes to the occurrence of corrosive processes.

Due to its high hygroscopicity, the composition should be stored indoors with low humidity levels. Ingress of precipitation and exposure to groundwater is unacceptable. On outdoors storage in tightly closed containers or plastic bags under a canopy is indicated.

Not used simultaneously with chalk. The shelf life, which is regulated by GOST standards, is 6 months. After 6 months, the composition does not lose its chemical characteristics, but may lose its appearance and friability.

Lack and excess of potassium for plants

Excessive potassium content negatively affects the development of crops, since this element prevents plants from absorbing primarily nitrogen, as well as magnesium, calcium, zinc and other microelements. Normal development and the growth of vegetative mass is suspended.

Old leaves become richer dark green color. Young leaves remain small and die quickly. Excess potassium can lead to the complete death of fruit and vegetable crops.

A deficiency is determined by the following criteria:

• the formed foliage changes its green color to bluish-brown;
• yellowness may appear with a transition to brown color and subsequent death of the leaf along the edge;
• the appearance of dark brown or brown spots on old leaves;
• leaves are deformed, shape changes, possibly curling with subsequent death;
• the stem is thin, can adhere to the ground, and does not gain thickness during the growing season;
• There is a delay in flowering, ovary formation and budding.

Potassium deficiency often affects plants in depleted and poor soils - sandstones, sandy loam soils, floodplains and peat areas.

Application of potassium chloride for different plants

All root vegetables respond well to potassium - sugar beets, carrots, potatoes. They love this microelement: grapes, tobacco, cereal crops, cucumbers, tomatoes. However, chlorine can harm plants. Grapes, tobacco, potatoes, beans, and all berry bushes respond negatively to large amounts of chlorine.

Beetroot, corn, and cereals are more resistant to chlorine. If plants react poorly to potassium chloride due to the chlorine content in it, it is recommended to replace this fertilizer with potassium-free chlorine fertilizers, for example, potassium magnesia or.

To neutralize the effects of chlorine, fertilizing is carried out in the fall so that this element is washed away by precipitation and groundwater. Potassium has a more prolonged effect and will be completely decomposed in the soil by spring.

In spring, chlorine-containing fertilizers can be used in damp areas, during rains and snow melting, after heavy watering. The spring application of potassium chloride is carried out on light sandy and sandy loam soils, and the autumn application on medium and heavy soils.

All about potash fertilizers

Norms for applying potassium chloride fertilizer

1. Potassium chloride is usually added during digging in the fall, the norm according to the instructions is 100 g - 200 g/10 m².
2. In spring, the norm decreases to 25 g - 50 g/10 m².

During the growing season, potassium fertilizers are also used on depleted soils.

So that potassium reaches the root system of plants faster, and chlorine does not harm the development of crops, potassium chloride is added with a solution.

Due to its high hygroscopicity and good solubility, preparing a solution of potassium chloride is not difficult. To do this you will need potassium fertilizer 30 g/10 l of water. Application of a mineral supplement is more effective if carried out several times per season than a single application of a large volume.

Potatoes are extremely sensitive to chlorine. This element reduces the starch content in tubers. Potassium chloride is applied to potatoes once per calendar year - in the fall after digging at the rate of 100 g/10 m².

On light soils, it is better to abandon the chlorine-containing additive and replace it with potassium magnesium or cement dust.

Tomatoes

Tomatoes do not tolerate chlorine well. Therefore, when applying potassium chloride fertilizer for tomatoes, use the digging method in the fall at 100 g/10 m² so that the chlorine is washed out of the soil by spring.

For spring, starting fertilizing, chlorine-containing fertilizing is replaced with potassium sulfate.

cucumbers

For cucumbers, adding potassium has great value, its deficiency has a bad effect on taste qualities vegetables and harvest volume. However, cucumbers cannot tolerate an excess of this mineral supplement. Before fertilizing all cucumber plantings with potassium chloride, it is necessary to carry out selective, test fertilizing.

Select two or three plants and apply a base solution of 0.5 liters per plant. After a few days, see if the growth of the lashes has improved and if the color of the leaves has changed. If the plants are in order, you can feed the rest of the plantings.

In greenhouse conditions, it is enough to add a liquid additive 2 times during the growing season, in open ground application increases up to 3 – 5 times. Liquid fertilizing is applied to well-watered soil or after rain. Autumn fertilizing for plowing and starting spring fertilizer for cucumbers are not required.

It is not recommended to apply potassium chloride to grapes, since this delicate plant does not tolerate chlorine. However, grapes need potassium supplements to increase frost resistance, better ripening of berries and vine growth.

Fruit trees

Fruit trees, especially apple trees, require potassium feeding and tolerate chlorine-containing fertilizers well. On average under fruit tree add 150 g of potassium chloride. The volume of fertilizing can be adjusted depending on the type of soil. For chernozem, the dose can be reduced to 120 g, and for light soils increased to 180 g.

They apply granules when loosening the moist soil, but it is better to make a solution and water the trees during fruiting.

Flowers

Name	Application period	Volume of potassium chloride, g
Bulb varieties - hyacinths, daffodils, tulips	flowering period	20 g/10 l
Small bulbous species - crocuses, scylla	flowering period	10 g/10 l
Biennial and annual flowers	growth period	10 g/10 l
	budding period	15 g/10 l
	during flowering	15 g/10 l
climbing plants	growth period	20 g/10 l
	before flowering	20 g/10 l
	after flowering	20 g/10 l
Rose	growth period	2 feedings
Peonies	flowering period	10 g/10 l
Gladioli	period of appearance of 3 true leaves	15 g/10 l
	period of appearance of 5 true leaves	15 g/10 l
	time of peduncle formation	20 g/10 l

How to use phosphorus-potassium fertilizers

active ingredients: potassium chloride;

100 ml of solution contains: potassium chloride - 4 g;

excipients: water for injections.

Dosage form

Solution for infusion.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Potassium preparations. ATS code A12B A01.

Indications

Hypokalemia caused by the use of saluretics, uncontrollable vomiting, profuse diarrhea, surgical intervention; intoxication with digitalis preparations; arrhythmias of various origins (mainly associated with electrolyte disturbances and absolute or relative hypokalemia); hypokalemic form of paroxysmal myoplegia; muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis; paroxysmal tachycardia; to restore potassium levels in the body when using corticosteroids.

Contraindications

Impaired renal excretory function (potassium accumulates in the blood plasma, which can lead to intoxication), atrioventricular conduction disorders, hyperkalemia of various origins, hyperchloremia, acute renal failure (with oligo- or anuria, azotemia), retention uremic stage in chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis, diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, Addison's disease.

Directions for use and doses

Prescribed intravenously or orally.

Determination of the required dose is based on serum potassium levels. Potassium deficiency is calculated using the formula:

Potassium = Body weight x 0.2 x 2 x 4.5,

potassium - calculation in mmol,

body weight - calculation in kg,

4.5 - normal level potassium per mole in serum.

The result obtained is the amount of Potassium chloride 4%, which in normal cases is diluted with water for injection 10 times (up to 500 ml) and administered dropwise (20 - 30 drops per minute). You can also use a 0.9% sodium chloride solution or a 5% glucose solution as a solvent.

In case of severe intoxication requiring quick fix pathological phenomena, use Potassium chloride 4% in a 40% glucose solution.

IN extreme cases When the serum potassium level is less than 2.0 mg/L or there is a risk of hypokalemia (serum potassium level is less than 2.0 mg/L, or ECG changes and/or muscle paralysis occur), the dose may be up to 40 mg/hour or 400 mg/day under close medical supervision and ECG monitoring and frequent monitoring of serum potassium to prevent hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest.

Daily dose for oral administration from 50 to 150 ml. In some cases, the drug can be used up to 200 ml per day.

Adverse reactions

Pain at the injection site, phlebitis at concentrations greater than 30 mmol/l, hyperkalemia (especially with decreased renal function), decreased blood pressure, paresthesia, increased number of extrasystoles, skin rashes.

Overdose

Remains asymptomatic for a long time until the serum potassium concentration reaches high level(6.5 - 8 mmol/l). Early signs hyperkalemia: apathy, decreased blood pressure and body weight, mental disorders, changes on the ECG. In this case, the drug must be discontinued. Treatment is symptomatic. In severe cases, hemodialysis is indicated.

Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding

The drug can be used for vital signs when the benefit outweighs the risk.

Children

There are no data regarding the use of the drug in children.

Special Security Measures

Use with caution in cases of AV conduction disorders. Abrupt withdrawal of Potassium chloride 4% when used simultaneously with digitalis preparations requires special caution, since the hypokalemia that develops increases the toxicity of digitalis. Do not administer undiluted!

Features of application

During the treatment period, it is recommended to regularly monitor the level of potassium in the blood serum and periodically - an ECG, as well as the acid-base balance of the blood, especially in patients with diseases cardiovascular system and kidneys. Magnesium deficiency, which may be accompanied by potassium deficiency, must be treated.

In patients with chronic diseases kidneys or for any diseases accompanied by impaired excretion of potassium from the body, or if intravenous administration Potassium chloride 4% may cause hyperkalemia, which can potentially be fatal.

Use with caution in diseases of the cardiovascular system, with simultaneous use of potassium-sparing diuretics.

Simultaneous parenteral use calcium ions can cause arrhythmia.

The ability to influence the reaction rate when driving a vehicle or working with other mechanisms

No effect.

Interaction with other drugs and other forms of interactions

When using potassium chloride simultaneously with potassium-sparing diuretics and ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs, the risk of developing hyperkalemia increases (it is necessary to monitor the level of potassium in plasma). Under the influence of potassium preparations, the side effects of cardiac glycosides are reduced, the effect of quinidine on the heart is enhanced, as well as the undesirable effect of disopyramide on the cardiovascular system.

Pharmacological properties

Pharmacodynamics. Potassium, the active ingredient of the drug, is the main intracellular cation of most body tissues. Potassium ions are necessary for many vital physiological processes. Participate in the regulation of the function of excitation, contractility, conduction and automatism of the myocardium; necessary to maintain intracellular pressure, conduction and synaptic transmission of nerve impulses, maintaining potassium concentration in the heart muscle, skeletal muscles ah and smooth muscle cells, as well as to support normal kidney function. In small doses, potassium ions dilate coronary vessels, in large doses they narrow. Potassium helps increase acetylcholine levels and arousal sympathetic division CNS. Has a moderate diuretic effect. Increasing potassium levels reduces the risk of developing toxic effect cardiac glycosides on the heart. Potassium also plays an important role in the development and correction of acid-base balance disorders.

Pharmacokinetics. Potassium is excreted mainly by the kidneys by secretion in the distal tubules, where sodium-potassium exchange also occurs. The ability of the kidneys to retain potassium is insignificant and its excretion in the urine continues even with a significant decrease in the level of potassium in the body. Tubular secretion of potassium depends on several factors, including the concentration of chloride ions, hydrogen ion exchange, acid-base balance, and adrenal hormones. Some potassium is excreted in the stool, and small amounts may be excreted in saliva, sweat, bile, or pancreatic juice.

Basic physical and chemical properties

clear colorless liquid; pH 4.0 - 7.0;

Incompatibility

Do not mix with other medications. Do not use other solvents as a solvent. medicines, except those indicated in the section “Method of administration and dosage”.

Best before date

Storage conditions

Store at a temperature of 10° to 25°C out of the reach of children.

Package

20 ml in glass bottles, 50 ml in glass bottles.

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE(Kalii chloridum). Synonyms: Potassium chloride, Kalium chloratum, Potassium Chloride.

Potassium chloride- these are colorless crystals or odorless white crystalline powder; salty taste. Soluble in water (1:3), practically insoluble in alcohol.

Formula: KCl

Potassium chloride is obtained by processing potash ores using halurgical and flotation methods. The main raw materials for the production of potassium chloride are natural potassium salts (sylvinite and carnallite - salts with a pure substance content of 12-15% with admixtures of sodium and magnesium salts).

Use of potassium chloride

Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer in agriculture and retail trade, as well as for industry in the production of chemical products and other purposes: the production of leather substitutes, synthetic rubber, baker's and feed yeast, therapeutic and prophylactic salt.

Potassium chloride is a concentrated potassium fertilizer. It is a white crystalline substance and easily dissolves in water. The K2O nutrient content is between 52-62%. Potassium chloride is used on any soil as the main fertilizer. It is especially effective when used for root crops, potatoes, sunflowers, fruit and other crops. On potassium-poor light soils and peat bogs, all agricultural crops without exception require potassium fertilizers. Potassium fertilizers are usually used in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.

In addition to increasing productivity, potassium fertilizers improve the quality characteristics of grown products: this is manifested in increasing plant resistance to diseases, increasing the resistance of fruits during storage and transportation, as well as improving their taste and aesthetic qualities.

Many potash fertilizers are natural potassium salts used in agriculture in ground form. A significant amount of chlorine in many potassium fertilizers negatively affects the growth and development of plants, and the sodium content (in potassium salt and sylvinite) worsens the physicochemical properties of many soils, especially chernozem, chestnut and solonetz soils

Production technology

Potassium chloride is obtained from sylvinite using the methods of halurgy and flotation.

• Flotation method enrichment of sylvinite ores is carried out in saturated saline solutions. It is based on selective hydrophobization of the surface of potassium minerals by collector reagents, creating conditions for the particles to attach to air bubbles and extract them into a foam product. The flotation processing method includes preparatory operations on the size of mineral grains (grinding and classification) and on the separation of clay-carbonate slurries (de-sliming). The final concentrate, containing 95.3-96.2% KCl, is dehydrated and dried. Flotation "tails" with a KCL content of 2.5-3.0% after dehydration are transported for storage at a salt dump. The sludge product, after thickening and clarification of the liquors, is transported to a sludge storage facility. Extraction useful component with the flotation method of processing it is 84-85%.
• Halurgical method. This process of processing potassium-containing raw materials is based on the dissolution of potassium chloride from ore with a hot solution at 120° and separate crystallization of the salt components of the processed ore. Galurgy (translated from Greek as “salt work”) includes the study of the composition and properties of natural salt raw materials and the development of methods for industrial production from it. mineral salts. The halurgical separation method is based on different solubility KCl and NaCl in water at elevated temperatures. The technological process of the halurgical method consists of crushing sylvinite ore, dissolving sylvinite with hot liquor in solvents with screw mixers and bucket elevators, cooling (in order to crystallize potassium chloride from a clarified saturated solution) and condensation in settling tanks. Then the thickened suspension is fed through an intermediate mixer to the centrifuge. Drying of filtered potassium chloride is carried out on drying drums or fluidized bed furnaces. The content of potassium chloride in the concentrate is 95-98%, in halite waste 2.5-3.0%, recovery 86.5-87.5%. To isolate potassium chloride, this method is used more widely than the flotation method, which is based on different wettability of substances.

Produced in Russia various brands potassium chloride.

WMOP (white chloride of potassium)

• White potassium chloride is produced in processing plants from sylvinite ore, which is a type of potash ore. OJSC "Uralkali" is the only producer of white (halurgic) potassium chloride with a K2O content of at least 62% in fine-crystalline and standard (dust-free) forms in the Russian Federation.
• Sylvinite ore is delivered by conveyor to chemical processing plants, where it is crushed for further processing. After grinding to the required size, sylvinite is mixed with the mother liquor - a solution of magnesium chloride and potassium chloride - to carry out the leaching process
• The mother liquor dissolves the salt in the sylvinite ore, leaving more high concentration potassium chloride in suspension. The salt waste is removed and pumped into a separate chamber along with the mother liquor removed from this waste. The mother liquor is pumped back into the leaching chamber
• The useful slurry resulting from the leaching process is purified of impurities in a hot concentrator, which separates and removes clay waste and salt impurities, leaving behind a hot, concentrated liquid. Some of the waste produced from the refining process, which still contains useful amounts of potassium chloride, is pumped back into the leach chamber to extract more more potassium chloride
• The hot concentrate is placed in a crystallization system, where it is instantly cooled and undergoes further crystallization. During this process a purified suspension of potassium crystals is formed, which is dried using hydrocyclones and industrial centrifuges to obtain a potassium “clump”
• The curd is transported to a drum dryer running on liquid fuel or natural gas, for final removal of water. The moisture content of the final product - dry white potassium chloride - is less than 0.2% by weight

PMOP (pink potassium chloride)

• Pink potassium chloride is produced in flotation concentrators
• Once mined, the bulk of the potash ore is transported by conveyor belt to a nearby factory where it is crushed in preparation for subsequent processing.
• Once crushed to the required size, the potash ore is subjected to desliming, a process in which fine materials such as clay and sand are separated from the potash ore through turbulence in hydrocyclone machines.
• The desliming process is completed by placing the partially purified potash ore into a flotation machine, in which certain chemicals create bubbles that adhere to the potassium chloride particles and push the particles to the surface of the mixture for subsequent separation.
• The resulting froth mixture is purified in a flotation machine three times to increase the concentration of potassium chloride. A high degree of potassium moisture leads to the formation of lumps during storage and transportation, as well as to the destruction of the granular structure
• To reduce the humidity level to 5%, OJSC Uralkali uses separators, vacuum filters and heat chambers. Further drying in a vertical tube dryer at high temperatures reduces the moisture content from 5% to approximately 0.1%
• The product is then treated with chemicals to prevent the potassium particles from clumping and to prevent dust from forming when the product is applied to the soil.

GMOP (granulate)

• The granulate production process is identical to that used in the production of pink potassium chloride until the final drying stage is completed.
• At this stage, instead of preparing for shipment, the dried potash powder is compressed into lumps using roller presses under a pressure of 250 atmospheres
• Granules of the required size are separated through sieves, which are designed to remove sharp edges and cracks, and are also hardened in heat chambers to increase strength. The resulting granules are processed chemicals in order to prevent the formation of lumps from granules, as well as to prevent the formation of dust when applied to the soil
• Currently, OJSC Uralkali produces Granulate as a complement to the production of pink potassium chloride, but in the event of further growth in demand for Granulate, OJSC Uralkali has the technology to produce Granulate from white potassium chloride

Potassium sulfate occurs naturally in potassium salt deposits and in the waters of salt lakes. It can be obtained by an exchange reaction between potassium chloride and sulfuric acid or sulfates of other elements.

Security requirements

Potassium chloride is non-flammable, fire- and explosion-proof, and according to the degree of impact on the body, it belongs to substances of the 3rd hazard class.

Transportation, storage

Potassium chloride is transported in bulk or in packaged form by rail, river and by road transport. The product, packaged in soft containers, is transported by railway on open rolling stock.
Potassium chloride is stored in closed warehouses, excluding the ingress of precipitation and groundwater.

Physico-chemical indicators

Indicator name	Standard for brand and variety
	Granulated		Small
	First	Second	First	Second
1. Appearance	The compressed granules are not fork-shaped grayish-white or various shades of red-brown colors or large crystals grayish-white color.		Small grayish crystals white or small grains various shades of red brown color.
2. Mass fraction of potassium in terms of on K2O, %, not less	60	58	60	58
3. Mass fraction of water, %, no more	0.5	0.5	1.0	1.0
4. Particle size distribution (mass fraction of fractions), %* over 6 mm from 1 to 4 mm, no less less than 1 mm, no more	0 95 5	0 95 5	- - -	- - -
5. Dynamic strength (mass fraction undestroyed granules),%, not less	80	80	-	-
6. Friability, %**	100	100	100	100

Structural formula

Russian name

Latin name of the substance Potassium chloride

Kalii chloridum ( genus. Kalii chloridi)

Gross formula

KCl

Pharmacological group of the substance Potassium chloride

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

CAS Code

7447-40-7

Characteristics of the substance Potassium chloride

Colorless crystals or white granular powder, odorless, salty taste. Soluble in water (1:3), insoluble in alcohol.

Pharmacology

Pharmacological action- replenishes potassium deficiency, normalizes acid-base balance.

Activates many cytoplasmic enzymes, regulates intracellular osmotic pressure, protein synthesis, amino acid transport, nerve impulse conduction, skeletal muscle contraction. Potassium ions cause a decrease in heart rate, reduce contractile activity, reduce conductivity, automaticity and excitability of the myocardium. In small doses they dilate the coronary vessels, in large doses they narrow them. Potassium helps to increase the content of acetylcholine and stimulate the sympathetic department of the central nervous system. Has a moderate diuretic effect. Increasing potassium levels reduces the risk of developing toxic effects of cardiac glycosides on the heart.

Potassium retard tablets are gradually and slowly released throughout the gastrointestinal tract. After oral administration, potassium chloride is easily absorbed passively and in almost any quantity, because its concentration (both food and released from dosage forms) higher in the lumen small intestine than in the blood. In the ileum and colon, potassium is released into the intestinal lumen according to the principle of conjugate exchange with sodium ions and is excreted with feces (10%). The distribution of potassium in the body lasts about 8 hours from the moment of administration: T1/2 in the absorption phase - 1.31 hours; The release time from the tablets (retard) corresponds to 5 such periods - 6 hours.

Application of the substance Potassium chloride

Hypokalemia (including against the background diabetes mellitus, prolonged diarrhea and/or vomiting, therapy antihypertensive drugs, some diuretics, glucocorticoids), treatment and prevention of digitalis intoxication, prevention of arrhythmia in patients with acute heart attack myocardium.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, acute and chronic renal failure, complete blockade heart, treatment with potassium-sparing diuretics, hyperkalemia, metabolic disorders(acidosis, hypovolemia with hyponatremia), gastrointestinal diseases in the acute stage, age under 18 years (efficacy and safety have not been established).

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

If use during pregnancy is necessary, the expected benefit to the mother should be compared with the potential risk to the fetus.

Treatment should be stopped during treatment breast-feeding.

Side effects of the substance Potassium chloride

From the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, bleeding, perforation and intestinal obstruction.

From the outside nervous system and sense organs: paresthesia, myasthenia, confusion.

Others: hyperkalemia, decreased blood pressure, allergic reactions.

Interaction

Potassium-sparing diuretics (including spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride), NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors (including captopril, enalapril) increase the likelihood of developing hyperkalemia.

Overdose

Symptoms: hyperkalemia (muscle hypotonicity, paresthesia, slowing of AV conduction, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest). Early clinical signs hyperkalemia usually appears when the concentration of K + in the serum is more than 6 meq/l: sharpening of the T wave, widening of the QRS complex. More severe symptoms hyperkalemia - muscle paralysis and cardiac arrest - develop at a concentration of K + 9-10 mEq/l.

Treatment: orally or intravenously - sodium chloride solution; if necessary, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Routes of administration

Inside, intravenously.

Precautions for the substance Potassium chloride

Prescribe with caution to patients with impaired AV conduction. During treatment, it is necessary to monitor the K + content in the blood serum, ECG, acid-base balance. A diet high in sodium chloride increases the excretion of potassium from the body.

It should be borne in mind that hyperkalemia, leading to death, can develop quickly and be asymptomatic.

Interactions with other active ingredients

Trade names

Name	The value of the Vyshkowski Index ®