Mineral water is underground (rarely surface) water containing biologically active mineral and organic components in high concentrations, possessing specific physicochemical properties that have a healing effect on the human body. Depending on these properties and composition, it can be used both as an external and internal remedy.

Healing mineral waters are called natural waters, which contain in large quantities certain mineral substances, various gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and others) or have any unique properties - radioactivity, temperature, and so on.

The process of formation of mineral waters is very complex and has not yet been sufficiently studied. Rain water seeping through rocks, accumulated for centuries in different layers of the earth's crust. All this time, numerous mineral substances were dissolved in it, and the deeper it penetrated into the earth’s crust, the more it was purified, and the more carbon dioxide and useful substances accumulated in it.

Depending on what layers the water passed through, at what depth it lies and what its age, we get various types its medicinal properties. Mineral waters come to the surface in the form of natural mineral springs or are removed using boreholes.

Chemical composition of mineral water

The chemical composition of mineral water is determined by the salts dissolved in it. They are represented by electrically charged particles - ions with a positive or negative charge. The main ones are: three cations - sodium (Na +), calcium (Ca 2+), magnesium (Mg 2+) and three anions - chlorine (Cl), sulfate (SO 2) and bicarbonate (HCO 3). Mineral water contains almost the entire periodic table in small quantities.

Carbon dioxide is also an important component of mineral water, since due to the interaction of carbon dioxide with underground rocks, medicinal properties water.

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL WATERS

The main indicators on which the classification of mineral waters is based are: mineralization, ionic composition, gas composition, temperature, acidity (alkalinity), radioactivity.

Classification of mineral waters by mineralization.
Mineralization, i.e. the sum of all water-soluble substances - ions, biologically active elements (excluding gases), is expressed in grams per 1 liter of water. There are: low-mineralized mineral waters (1 - 2 g/l), low (2 - 5 g/l), medium (5 - 15 g/l), high (15 - 30 g/l) mineralization, brine mineral waters (35 -150 g/l) and strong brine (150 g/l and above).

Classification of mineral waters from the point of view of balneology.
Depending on the degree of mineralization, mineral waters used for drinking treatment are divided into:
a) dining rooms – mineralization up to 1 g/l;
b) medicinal table – mineralization from 1 to 10 g/l;
c) medicinal - mineralization more than 10 g/l or a high content of biologically active elements: iron, bromine, iodine, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine, etc., while the total mineralization may be low.

Table mineral water stimulates digestion and has no medicinal properties. It can be drunk in any quantity. As a rule, it is soft, pleasant to the taste, without any foreign smell or taste; many soft drinks are made from it.

You cannot cook food with table water. When boiling mineral salts precipitate or form compounds that are not absorbed by the body.

Medicinal table mineral water is drunk both for prevention and as a table water. But it has a pronounced therapeutic effect only when used correctly. If consumed in unlimited quantities, the salt balance in the body may be disrupted.

Medicinal mineral waters are used for drinking treatment and for external use - baths, showers, bathing, as well as for inhalation. The effect of its use depends on the right choice type of water and from correct reception– dose, frequency, temperature, diet. Therefore, treatment with mineral water must be carried out under the supervision of a doctor.

Classification of mineral waters by chemical composition:
a) hydrocarbonate;
b) chloride;
c) sulfate;
d) sodium;
e) calcium;
f) magnesium;
i) mixed.

Hydrocarbonate mineral water - contains bicarbonates (mineral salts), more than 600 mg per liter. It reduces acidity gastric juice. Often used as a remedy for heartburn. Used in the treatment of urolithiasis. Recommended for people actively involved in sports, infants and patients with cystitis.

Chloride mineral water contains more than 200 mg of chloride per liter. It stimulates metabolic processes in the body, improves the secretion of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Used for disorders digestive system. Contraindicated for high blood pressure.

Sulfate mineral water - contains more than 200 mg of sulfates per liter. It stimulates peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract and has a beneficial effect on restoring the function of the liver and gall bladder. Renders soft laxative effect, removes harmful substances and impurities from the body. Used for diseases biliary tract, chronic hepatitis, diabetes, obesity. Sulfate water is not recommended for children and adolescents: sulfates can interfere with the absorption of calcium.

Sodium, calcium and magnesium mineral waters are waters with a predominance of Na +, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations, respectively.

Most mineral waters have a complex mixed structure: chloride-sulfate, hydrocarbonate-sulfate, etc. This increases their therapeutic effect.

Classification of mineral waters depending on gas composition and the presence of specific elements:
a) carbon dioxide (acidic);
b) sulfide (hydrogen sulfide);
c) bromide;
d) iodide;
e) arsenic;
f) glandular;
i) silicon;
j) radioactive (radon).

Classification of mineral waters depending on temperature: very cold (below 4°C), cold - up to 20°C, cool - up to 34°C, indifferent - up to 37°C, warm - up to 39°C, hot or thermal - up to 42°C and overheated, or high-thermal - over 42°C.

Classification of mineral waters depending on acidity: neutral pH 6.8 - 7.2; slightly acidic pH 5.5 - 6.8; sour 3.5 - 5.5; strongly acidic - 3.5 or less; slightly alkaline 7.2 - 8.5; alkaline - 8.5 or more.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULAR MINERAL WATERS

Essentuki mineral waters are extracted from a depth of 1.5 km and have a lot various types. All sources are located on the territory of the specially protected ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Mineral water, bottled at the mineral water plant in environmentally friendly glass containers, is certified and meets the WHO requirements (Geneva 1986) for medicinal table and drinking water.

Essentuki No. 4 - medicinal table mineral water has no analogues in its healing and taste properties. This is carbonic bicarbonate-chloride-sodium mineral water of moderate concentration. Used for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, bladder. Has a complex effect on various functional systems body.

Essentuki No. 17 is the most famous medicinal mineral water in Russia. This is carbonic bicarbonate-chloride-sodium water. It has a significant concentration of minerals. Mineralization 11 -14 g/l. It is used for the same diseases as Essentuki No. 4, often in combination with it. Essentuki No. 17 has many contraindications for use, so prescribing it independently is unacceptable.

Essentuki No. 20 table low-mineralized mineral water. It belongs to the type of sulfate-hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnium waters of low concentration. Its value lies in the fact that it is pure from nature and is not subject to additional purification using chemicals. Has a beneficial effect on intestinal functions and promotes normal digestion. This is not only table water, but also an effective remedy that works well for metabolic and urinary tract diseases.

Narzan - carbonic hydrocarbonate-sulfate-calcium water of the Narzan spring in Kislovodsk. Mineral water "Narzan" has gained worldwide fame as one of the most valuable medicinal table waters. Mineralization 2 - 3 g/l. It quenches thirst well, slightly tones and increases appetite. Narzan enhances intestinal motility and secretory activity of the digestive glands, increases the amount of urine, and promotes the dissolution of phosphates. The salts of magnesium sulfate and calcium bicarbonate contained in narzan have a beneficial effect on the body when catarrhal diseases urinary tract.

Borjomi - carbonated sodium bicarbonate water. Its source is located in Georgia, on the territory of the resort of the same name, at an altitude of 800 m above sea level. This mineral water is world famous. Its mineralization is 5.5 - 7.5 g/l. Belongs to the group of medicinal table waters and is successfully used in treatment gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, urinary tract diseases, metabolic disorders.

Mineral water Naftusya (Truskavetskaya) is low-mineralized hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium water. It is used to treat urinary tract problems, urolithiasis, and stimulates bile formation.

Smirnovskaya - carbonic hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-calcium water of the Zheleznovodsk hot spring. It is very effective in treating peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, also has a beneficial effect in the treatment of the liver, biliary and urinary tract.

"Slavyanovskaya". It is mined in the Zheleznovodsk resort. Mineralization 3 - 4 g/l. Useful in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Low mineralization and the presence of calcium bicarbonate make it also effective means treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases.

HEALING EFFECT OF MINERAL WATER

The therapeutic effect of mineral water depends on its chemical composition, temperature, and the presence of minerals and gases. It has a healing effect on the human body with the entire complex of substances dissolved in it. The choice of water for treatment, as well as the frequency of use, its quantity and temperature, is made by the doctor individually.

Mineral waters with a high content of hydrocarbonate ions (alkaline waters) effectively affect the gastrointestinal tract. They are effective for gastritis, colitis and pancreatitis, peptic ulcers and diabetes.

Ferrous mineral waters have therapeutic effect on the circulatory system, as they promote the formation of red blood cells and increase hemoglobin in the blood. They effectively help with anemia.

Mineral waters with a high iodine content stimulate the activation of metabolic processes, have a calming effect on the nervous system, and have a positive effect on activity thyroid gland.

Siliceous waters soothe and have an anti-inflammatory effect. They are especially useful for older people with gastrointestinal diseases.

Potassium – strengthens the heart, improves kidney function. Calcium – strengthens bones, muscles, teeth, is beneficial for the cardiovascular system, establishes ionic balance in the body, and has a beneficial effect on blood clotting. Magnesium – regulates carbohydrate and energy metabolism, helps the functioning of the nervous system.

Baths with mineral waters have a beneficial effect on the human body, increasing its protective forces. IN medicinal baths use gas, radioactive, chloride and other waters. Each of these baths has individual healing properties and is indicated for certain diseases.

Sulfide (hydrogen sulfide) baths improve heart function and have healing, anti-inflammatory, absorbent and analgesic properties. They are indicated for diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Radioactive (radon) baths provide a fairly strong therapeutic effect for dermatoses, psoriasis and other skin diseases, and have a sedative and analgesic effect.

Rules for drinking mineral waters

Before drinking bottled mineral water, the preservative carbon dioxide should be removed. To do this, the open bottle must be lowered into a container with warm water for 15 - 20 minutes. Heating mineral water leads to the release of excess carbon dioxide.

You should drink mineral water slowly, slowly, in small sips. It is recommended to take slightly mineralized waters in higher dosages compared to highly mineralized ones. The attending physician decides how much and what kind of water to take.

The course of drinking treatment is usually no more than 1 month. After a break of 2 - 3 months it can be repeated.

At chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, intestinal cramps and diarrhea, you need to drink hot water.
In case of increased secretion and acidity of gastric juice, water should be drunk heated.
For constipation, you should take cold mineral water.
Attention. If you have liver and gallbladder diseases, you should not drink cold water.

Most often, drinking mineral water on an empty stomach is recommended, but for some diseases, such as diarrhea, drinking water on an empty stomach is not recommended.
If the acidity of the gastric juice is high, water should be drunk 1-1.5 hours before meals.
To activate the activity of the digestive glands, mineral water should be taken 15 - 20 minutes before meals.
For heartburn and pain syndrome in the stomach you should drink alkaline waters of Essentuki, Borjomi after meals, 0.25 - 0.3 glasses every 15 minutes.
If there is increased secretion of gastric juice, water can be taken with meals.

Treatment with mineral water is incompatible with drinking alcohol. Smoking should also be avoided, since nicotine is a potent irritant and its effect is opposite to that of medicinal water.

Mineral quality

Natural mineral water international standards must meet the following requirements:
- come from a natural source, protected from any contamination, and bottled directly at a distance of no more than 50 m from the source;
- come only from officially registered sources;
- extracted only by officially recognized methods;
- maintain natural purity.
It is prohibited to use any methods that may change the original, natural properties mineral waters.
The use of filters is allowed only for purification from mechanical impurities and, in some cases, from undesirable substances (for example, iron or sulfur compounds).
If water is taken from a source saturated with carbon dioxide, then it can be partially removed.

To distinguish mineral water from drinking water, you need to focus on GOST or TU. The inscription GOST 13273-88 indicates that this is natural mineral water. Also on the label there may be the inscription TU 9185 (further numbers are not so important) and the well number or name of the source. This is also natural mineral water, its composition is the same both in the depths and in the bottle. TU 0131 says that this is not a mineral, but drinking water.

Real mineral water usually contains a label with detailed information about the manufacturing company, its location, terms and conditions of storage, well number, as well as time and date of storage. The labels may even indicate a list of diseases for which this category of water is indicated. There may also be a company logo on the container or lid.

Storage

Mineral water bottles must be stored horizontally at temperatures from +4°C to +14°C. Individual rust spots may appear on the outer surface of the metal lid without disturbing the tightness of the closure.

The shelf life of mineral waters (except ferruginous waters) in glass containers, subject to the specified conditions, is 1 year from the date of bottling. During this period, mineral waters retain their composition and have the same biological and therapeutic effect on the human body as those taken directly from the source.

From the history of the use of mineral waters to treat diseases

“Mineral waters of salt, ferruginous, sulfuric, iodide, carbonic acid, etc. There are as many ways to cure ailments as there are sands at the bottom of the sea.”– wrote a hundred years ago, M. Platen in his “Guide to life according to the laws of nature, to maintain health and to treat without the help of drugs.” The term “ mineral waters" came into use in the 16th century, but in everyday life the word " water", and, just like in Ancient Rome « aquae", - in plural. Origin of the word " aquae" refers to the time when Thales of Miletus (c. 624 - c. 546 BC) - a Greek philosopher and mathematician from Miletus, trying to determine the basis of the material world, came to the conclusion that it was water. Word " aqua"- water, consists of two Greek words- “a” and “qua”, literal translation – from which (implied omnia constant- everything happened, everything is complete).

The first attempt to classify mineral waters by composition belongs to the Greek scientist Archigen (II century). He identified four classes of waters: aquae nitrose, aluminose, saline and sulfurose (alkaline, ferruginous, salty and sulphurous). L.A. Seneca identified sulfur, iron, and alum waters and believed that taste indicated their properties. Archigen recommended sulfur baths for gout, and for bladder diseases he prescribed drinking mineral waters up to 5 liters per day. He believed that it was enough to know the composition of water to prescribe it for treatment. It should be noted that the composition of the water at that time could not be known even approximately.

G. Fallopius, the author of one of the first manuals on mineral waters that have survived to our times, published after his death, speaks about the composition of mineral waters (“ De thermalibus aquis atque metallis", 1556). However, the composition of the waters of Italy, described by Fallopius, was far from true, since the science of the 16th century. many were not yet known chemical elements. A real breakthrough in the study of mineral waters occurred in the 18th century, after revolutionary discoveries in chemistry, which are mainly associated with the name of A. Lavoisier. The very concept of “mineral waters” (from Lat. minari- dig) was formed during the 19th-20th centuries, when the foundations of balneology (health resorts) and the scientific justification for the use of groundwater for medical purposes.

The first resort in Russia was built by Decree of Peter the Great on the sources of ferruginous Martial waters. Peter I upon his return from Belgium, where he was successfully treated with the waters of the Spa resort. In honor Russian Emperor A drinking pavilion was built at the resort - “Pouhon Pierre Le Grand”. Peter I called the waters of the Belgian resort a source of salvation, and upon returning to Russia he issued a decree to look for key waters in Russia that can be used to treat diseases. The first Russian resort was built in Karelia on the Olonets waters, called Marcial. Marcial waters exceed all known ferrous sources in the world in terms of the content of divalent ferrous iron - up to 100 mg/l. The iron content in the waters of the Belgian ancestor of resorts - Spa, is only 21 mg/l (ferruginous waters - Fe 10 mg/l).

The first cadastre of mineral waters in Russia was compiled by scientists of the Mineralogical Society, created in 1817 in St. Petersburg. Among its founders were academician V.M. Severgin and Professor D.I. Sokolov. According to studies of numerous academic expeditions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. V.M. Severgin described the mineral springs and lakes of Russia, classified them according to a set of characteristics and compiled instructions for their research. The results of the research were summarized in the book “A Method for Testing Mineral Waters, Compiled from the Latest Observations on the Subject,” published in St. Petersburg in 1800. In 1825, the work of the Russian chemist G.I. Hess “Study of the chemical composition and healing effects of Russian mineral waters”, which became the basis of his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

An important role in the study of medicinal mineral waters was played by the founding in 1863 of the Russian Balneological Society in the Caucasus on the initiative of the director of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resort management, Professor S.A. Smirnova. After 1917 (after the nationalization of resorts), the intensive development of balneology began. In 1921, the Balneological Institute was created in the Caucasian Mineral Waters (in , in 1922 - the Tomsk Balneophysiotherapeutic Institute, and in 1926 it was opened Central Institute balneology and physiotherapy in Moscow.

Chemical composition of mineral waters

Mineral waters– complex solutions in which substances are contained in the form of ions, undissociated molecules, gases, colloidal particles.

For a long time, balneologists could not come to a consensus about the chemical composition of many waters, since the anions and cations of mineral waters form very unstable compounds. As Ernst Rutherford said, “ions are cheerful little kids, you can almost see them with your own eyes.” Back in the 1860s. chemist O. Tan pointed out the incorrectness of the salt image of mineral waters, which is why Zheleznovodsk has long been considered a resort with an “unestablished reputation.” At first, the mineral waters of Zheleznovodsk were classified as alkali-ferrous, then they began to combine carbonates with alkalis, and sulfates with alkaline earths, calling these waters “alkali-ferrous (containing sodium carbonate and iron) with a predominance of gypsum (calcium sulfate) and soda (sodium bicarbonate ). Subsequently, the composition of waters began to be determined by the main ions. The unique Zheleznovodsk springs in composition belong to carbon dioxide, bicarbonate-sulfate, calcium-sodium, high-thermal waters, containing little sodium chloride, which eliminates the risk of irritation renal tissue when used for drinking purposes. Currently, Zheleznovodsk is considered one of the best “kidney” resorts. The mineral waters of this resort contain relatively little iron, up to 6 mg/l, i.e. less than in specific ferruginous waters, which must contain at least 10 mg/l.

In the German “Spa Book”, published in 1907, analyzes of mineral spring waters were first presented in the form of ion tables. The same book about Austrian spas was published in 1914. This type of presentation of mineral waters is currently accepted in Europe. As an example, we give the ionic composition of the waters of one of the most popular springs of the French resort of Vichy, known since the times of the Roman Empire - Vichy Celestins (M - 3.325 g/l; pH - 6.8).

Criteria for classifying waters as “mineral”

Criteria for classifying waters as “mineral” vary to varying degrees among different researchers. They all have a common origin: that is, mineral waters are waters extracted or brought to the surface from the bowels of the earth. At the state level, in a number of EU countries, certain criteria for classifying waters as mineral waters have been legislatively approved. In national regulations Regarding the criteria for mineral waters, the hydrogeochemical features of the territories that are inherent in each country are reflected.

In the regulations of a number of European countries and international recommendations - the Codex Alimentarius, Directives of the European Parliament and the European Council for EU member countries, the definition of “mineral waters” has acquired a broader content.

For example, " Codex Alimentarius" gives the following definition of natural mineral water: Natural mineral water is water that is clearly different from ordinary drinking water because:

• it is characterized by its composition, including certain mineral salts, in a certain ratio, and the presence of certain elements in trace quantities or other components
• it is directly obtained from natural or drilled sources from underground aquifers, for which it is necessary to observe all precautions within the protection zone to avoid any contamination or external influence on the chemical and physical properties of mineral waters;
• it is characterized by the constancy of its composition and stability of flow rate, a certain temperature and corresponding cycles of minor natural fluctuations.

In Russia, the definition of V.V. Ivanov and G.A. Nevraev, given in the work “Classification of underground mineral waters” (1964).

Medicinal mineral waters are natural waters that contain high concentrations of certain mineral (less often organic) components and gases and (or) have some physical properties (radioactivity, environmental reaction, etc.), due to which these waters have an effect on the body human therapeutic effect to one degree or another, which differs from the effect of “fresh” water.

Mineral drinking waters (in accordance with) include waters with a total mineralization of at least 1 g/l or with less mineralization, containing biologically active microcomponents in quantities not lower than balneological standards.

Mineral natural drinking waters are waters extracted from aquifers or aquifer complexes, protected from anthropogenic influence, preserving the natural chemical composition and related to food products, and with increased mineralization or with increased content of certain biological active ingredients having a therapeutic and prophylactic effect.

The following are not considered natural mineral waters:

• a mixture of groundwater from aquifers with different conditions for the formation of their hydrochemical types or a mixture of groundwater of different hydrochemical types;
• a mixture of natural mineral water with drinking water or with artificially mineralized water.

Mineral drinking water should be a clear, colorless or yellowish to greenish liquid, with a taste and odor characteristic of the substances it contains. Mineral water may contain sediment from the mineral salts it contains.

Classification of drinking mineral waters

• fresh (mineralization up to 1 g per dm³ inclusive);
• low-mineralized (mineralization more than 1 to 2 g per dm³ inclusive);
• low-mineralized (mineralization more than 2 to 5 g per dm³ inclusive);
• medium-mineralized (more than 5 to 10 g per dm³ inclusive);
• highly mineralized (more than 10 to 15 g per dm³ inclusive).

Depending on the purpose, drinking mineral waters are classified into:

According to the chemical composition, there are six classes of mineral waters: hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulfate, mixed, biologically active and carbonated. There is another interpretation of this classification - according to ionic composition:

Depending on the gas composition and the presence of specific components, mineral waters are divided into: carbon dioxide, sulfide (hydrogen sulfide), nitrogen, siliceous (H 2 SiO 3), bromide, iodide, ferruginous, arsenic, radioactive (), etc.

The reaction of water (the degree of acidity or alkalinity, expressed by the value) is important for assessing its therapeutic effect. Acidic waters have a pH = 3.5-6.8, neutral - 6.8-7.2, alkaline - 7.2-8.5 and higher.

Geology

The distribution patterns of mineral waters (in general) are determined by geological structural features, the geological history of a given territory, as well as geomorphological, meteorological and hydrological factors. In the area of ​​young folded structures, carbon dioxide and nitrogen mineral waters are often found. The deep-lying parts of the foothill depressions are characterized by highly mineralized mineral waters and even brine enriched with hydrogen sulfide. Calcium chloride and sodium chloride waters are common in the deep horizons of platform depressions; above lies a zone of sulfate waters and, finally, in the highest zone - waters of the hydrocarbonate type. Within the boundaries of crystalline massifs and shields there are mineral waters of various chemical compositions. Radioactive mineral waters are more often associated with massifs of acidic crystalline rocks.

Mineral waters can be groundwater (poured to the surface by gravity) and pressure water (artesian, gushing).

Carbon dioxide waters of young folded structures are common in the Caucasus, Pamir, Sayan Mountains, Kamchatka, Transcarpathia, Southern Tien Shan, Transbaikalia and other places. These waters belong to the widely known types mineral waters - North Caucasian Narzan (and Burkut - Carpathian Narzan), Borjomi (Georgia), Arzni (Armenia) and Essentuki (KavMinVody). Nitrogen waters often outline areas of carbonated mineral waters and are associated with zones of tectonic faults and fissures in igneous rocks. Nitrogen mineral waters are known in the Tien Shan and Altai, hot nitrogen waters are known in Tbilisi, Krasnodar and Pyatigorsk. Hot radioactive mineral waters are found in Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, KavMinVody and Altai Territory, as well as the Khmelnytsky group (Khmelnyk, Vinnytsia region), Mironovsky group (Mironovka, Kyiv region), Polonsky group of resorts (Polnoye, Khmelnytsky region) and others. Hydrogen sulfide mineral waters - on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus () and KavMinVody (Pyatigorsk, Gaazo-Ponomarevsky spring of Essentukov), in Dagestan (Talgi) and the Terek-Sunzha Upland (Sernovodsk-Caucasian), in the Carpathian region (Truskavets [including sulfur hydrocarbons], Nemirov, Velikiy Lyuben, Shklo) and the Urals, Fergana Valley, etc. Hydrogen sulfide mineral waters accompany oil fields And natural gas, as well as gases from volcanic eruptions. Glauberian, salt and salt-alkaline mineral springs are known in the foothills of the Carpathians and Crimea, in the region of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression (the most famous among them are in Truskavets and Morshyn, Lviv region and Mirgorod, Poltava region).

Chemical composition

Previously, clinicians believed that everything depended on the method of administration. If you drink water 10-15 minutes before meals, it stimulates gastric secretion, if one and a half to two hours before, it slows down. It has now been established that the secretory reaction depends not only on the method (time) of administration, but also to a large extent on the chemical composition of the water.

Since mineral waters are among the external irritants acting on the body, they cause quite definite natural changes in it. These patterns, according to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov and N.E. Vvedensky, consist in the phase nature of responses, the nature of which largely depends on the initial state of the body. At drinking cure, as well as in balneotherapy, there are three phases of the action of mineral water: a complex reflex, a neurochemical and an aftereffect phase. But this division is somewhat conditional.

The first phase is characterized by the body's reactions under the influence of irritation of mucosal receptors by mineral water digestive tract. Excitation in this phase is carried out according to the type of both unconditional and conditioned reflex reactions. Moreover, with unconditional reflex arc closes in the subcortical centers, while the path conditioned reflexes goes through the cerebral cortex.

The second phase is closely related to the first. It starts from the moment of absorption components mineral waters and their effects on the interoceptive fields of the body. In this phase highest value have chemicals(mediators) formed in the body as a result of the influence of mineral water on the receptors of the digestive tract.

The aftereffect phase is associated with changes in metabolism under the influence of mineral waters.

The existence of three phases in the action of mineral waters on the body, in particular on the gastrointestinal tract, has been confirmed by a number of experimental and clinical studies.

Mineral waters come into contact primarily with the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines. The mechanism of their stimulating and inhibitory effects on the function of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out with the help of hormones.

The specific effect is determined by the composition of mineral waters. It has been established that the secretory reaction of the glandular apparatus of the stomach largely depends on the chemical (and gas) composition of water, so it is not the same when drinking different mineral waters. Introduced into the body [taken orally], they change the acid-base balance of gastric juice, blood and urine. A change in the alkaline reserve of the blood affects the nature of the reaction of secretions secreted in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, despite the fact that the method of taking mineral water plays a big role in therapeutic effect However, when prescribing it internally, it is first necessary to select a type of water whose effect on the body will contribute to the expected changes in gastric secretion. In case of reduced secretion (hypoacid gastritis), it is necessary to use waters that have a powerful juice-containing effect; in case of increased secretion (hyperacid gastritis), it is necessary to use water that has an inhibitory effect. A correctly prescribed method of taking mineral water (for low secretion 10-20 minutes before meals, for high secretion - an hour or two hours, in the case of normal secretion - 40 minutes before) will provide the necessary therapeutic effect on the corresponding digestive glands, thereby enhancing the direction of the action of water on the body.

The temperature of the mineral water also matters (non-specific). hot water used for hyperacid conditions (with increased acidity) gastritis, peptic ulcer. If a patient has intestinal atony, a tendency to constipation, cold water is more beneficial (it enhances peristalsis [motor function] of the stomach and intestines, promotes spasm of the bile ducts and intestines). In all other (predominant) cases, the temperature should be 33-44 °C. Warm water has an antispasmodic, analgesic effect (helps relieve spasms and remove mucus).

The dosage of mineral waters for drinking treatment depends on their chemical composition, mineralization, as well as on the type of disease and the patient’s condition. With a content of 2-10 g of salts per liter ( ordinary waters low and medium mineralization) mineral water is prescribed three times a day before meals, 200-250 milliliters (1-1.5 cups), but when the patient’s body is weakened, they start with a lower dose - 50-100 ml (0.5 cups) , followed by an increase to normal. This technique is also used for those with a tendency to diarrhea and unstable cardiovascular activity.

When there is a tendency to spasms of the pylorus, as a result of which the evacuation of food from the stomach into the intestines is disrupted, it is recommended to take additional mineral water during the digestion process 2-4 times in small portions of 30-50 milliliters (between meals). This better reduces the acidity of the stomach contents.

In some cases, for example, if drainage of the bile ducts is necessary, 400-500 ml of mineral water is taken on an empty stomach. It is recommended to drink it in two doses with a break of 25-40 minutes. Large doses of mineral waters are prescribed for diseases of the urinary tract in order to properly rinse them. Then take water 5-6 (and sometimes more) times a day, a glass and a half. And with all prescriptions, it is necessary to take into account the state of the patient’s cardiovascular system and water-salt metabolism. In case of disturbances in these areas of the body's activity large quantities mineral waters (as well as highly mineralized ones) are contraindicated.

The following main types of carbonated waters are distinguished:

Bottled mineral waters

Pouring mineral waters into hermetically sealed containers after preliminary carbonation with carbon dioxide allows you to preserve their salt composition and medicinal properties. This makes it possible to use medicinal drinking waters in non-resort settings.

Many resorts tend to use a small number of sources for bottling. But in trading network mineral waters from a large number of producers are supplied. When choosing, you should take into account the recommendations on the label: “Used for diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, biliary tract,” or even shorter: “Used for diseases of the digestive system.” Neither one nor the other makes it possible for even a doctor to navigate the choice of water. To select the medicinal drinking water needed for a given disease, you need to know what type it is. And knowledge of its analogues will help, in the event of the absence of the [requested] prescribed water, to choose an equivalent replacement.

Typically, the bottle label lists the chemical composition of water in grams or milligrams per liter [or dm³] (mmol/L or mEq/dm³). However, it is quite difficult to determine the approximate salt composition from these data, especially for a non-specialist. Below is a description of the main medicinal drinking mineral waters in bottles.

For each of them, the table shows the formula of M.E. Kurlov and the approximate salt composition as a percentage of the total mineralization. To have a more complete understanding of the chemistry. composition, the formula shows all anions and cations, regardless of their quantity. The waters are grouped according to the classification of V. A. Alexandrov. Low-mineralized ones (with salt content up to 2 g/l) are isolated separately.

The question (preferences) of prescription is decided by the doctor after a comprehensive examination of the patient and establishment of an accurate diagnosis. The type of mineral water is prescribed depending on the state of secretory, motor and acid-forming functions.

Group of chloride waters

For gastritis, characterized by inhibited motor function and low acidity gastric juice, sodium chloride water is recommended. They improve secretion digestive glands. Once in the stomach, sodium chloride waters enhance peristalsis, stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. Chlorine and hydrogen ions serve as the main material from which hydrochloric acid is produced, which determines the acidity of gastric juice. And hydrochloric acid stimulates the activity of the pancreas and the secretion of intestinal enzymes. All this helps improve digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Mineral water for gastritis with low acidity should be taken shortly before meals - 10-15 minutes before heating (30-40 °C). You need to drink slowly, in small sips. This technique corresponds to the direction of action of sodium chloride components. Water does not have time to leave the stomach and, lingering in it along with food, irritates the receptors, stimulates its secretion, thereby enhancing digestive ability.

To preserve carbon dioxide, which acts as an additional therapeutic factor in the treatment of hypoacid gastritis, it is recommended to heat a small amount of water to a higher temperature and then dilute it with cold water.

Chloride (salty and bitter-salty) waters occupy a fairly significant place among bottled medicinal drinking waters. They contain mainly salts of the chloride group. Sometimes they contain a small amount of bicarbonates or sulfates - a few percent. The cationic composition of these waters is most often represented by sodium, which, in combination with chlorine, forms table salt, hence their salty taste. Sodium chloride sharply prevails over other salts in almost all chloride waters.

In bitter salty waters ah there is quite a lot of magnesium chloride, although it is always much less than table salt. The content of calcium chloride sometimes reaches large values, even exceeding the amount of dissolved table salt. This is the so-called calcium chloride type of water.

Sodium chloride waters

The group of sodium chloride (salty) bottled waters recommended for hypoacid (low acidity) gastritis includes “Nizhneserginskaya”, “Talitskaya”, “Tyumenskaya”. These are sulfate-free waters with a mineralization of 6.3, 9.5 and 5.3 grams per liter, respectively, and a high percentage of sodium chloride (89-91%). In addition, “Talitskaya” contains bromine (35 mg/l) and iodine (3 mg/l), while “Tyumenskaya” has 26 mg/l bromine and 3 mg/l iodine.

The type of sulfate-free sodium chloride water is “Yavornytska” (Transcarpathia) with a mineralization of 10.5 g/l. It contains 75% table salt, the rest is bicarbonates (8% soda and 13% calcium bicarbonate).

Sodium chloride waters have slightly less table salt: “Minskaya” with a mineralization of 4.3 grams per liter and “Nartan” (Nalchik) with a content of 8.1 grams of salts per liter. The first contains 77% sodium chloride, the second - 71%. Both contain small amounts of sulfates (Glauber's salt, 14 and 12%, respectively); in Nartan water, 8% of the total mineralization is soda.

Sodium chloride waters also include Karmadon, Mirgorodskaya, and Kuyalnik waters with a mineralization of 3.8, 2.8 and 3.1 g/l. The first two contain 79 and 83% table salt, the latter - 61%. In “Mirgorodskaya” and in the source “Kuyalnik No. 4” there are sulfates (Glauber’s salt): in the first - 9, in the second - 16%. Karmadon and the Kuyalnik spring contain hydrocarbonates. Soda makes up 13% in the first, and only 1% in the second (the sources of the Kuyalnitsky resort are characterized by increased content hydrocarbonates).

Calcium chloride (bitter) waters

Calcium chloride waters (bitter and bitter-salty) reduce the permeability of vascular walls and have a hemostatic effect. They are also known as an expectorant. These waters are also prescribed for the treatment of the digestive organs; they increase the enzymatic power of gastric juice, improve protein function liver, increase the formation of urea and its excretion in the urine. Such waters also have a beneficial effect on the nervous system. Pure calcium chloride waters are rare in nature. Among bottled medicinal drinking waters, this type of water is represented by the Lugela spring, containing a 5% solution of calcium chloride.

Chlorides of mixed cationic composition

The Baltic springs are rich in chloride waters of mixed cationic composition with a predominance of sodium (salty): “Druskininkai”, “Valmierskaya”, “Kemeri”, “Vytautas” and “Birute” have a mineralization of 7.5, 6.2, 4.8, respectively. , 8.3 and 2.4 g/l.

The first three sources are of the sodium-calcium chloride type. Table salt in them is (in order): 63, 68, 48, 64, 50%. The first three contain all three chloride salts, the last two do not contain calcium chloride. All these waters contain sulfates, represented by gypsum [within 25 percent equivalents], but in the Valmierska spring there are only 6%, in the Druskininkai water - 14, and in the Ķemeri spring - 23%. The waters “Vytautas” and “Birutė” contain gypsum (12 and 9%, respectively) and magnesium (5 and 7%).

Group of hydrocarbonate waters

For hyperacid gastritis and peptic ulcer, which are accompanied by increased acid-forming and secretory function stomach, treatment with sodium bicarbonate (alkaline) waters is prescribed. By replenishing the lack of blood carbonates, they increase the body's alkaline reserves. Under their influence, the content of hydrogen ions (pH) in the body decreases, which, together with chlorine ions, serve to produce hydrochloric acid. By averaging the acidic contents of the stomach, alkaline waters contribute to its faster evacuation. As a result of taking alkaline waters Heartburn, belching, and a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region are eliminated.

Hydrocarbonate waters “Kuka”, “Elbrus” (Polyana Narzanov, Elbrus region) and “Tursh-Su”, with a mineralization in the first two sources of 2.8, and in the last 3.5 g / l, also have a mixed cationic composition. The first of these contains magnesium and calcium bicarbonates in approximately equal quantities (41 and 48%), and the Tursh-Su source contains 40 and 27%. Both waters also contain soda (in the first - 7, in the second - 19%) and a little Glauber’s salt (4 and 9%, respectively); in the Elbrus spring there is 33% soda, 30% calcium bicarbonate and 17% table salt. All of them contain iron (19-27 mg/l).

Group of sulphate waters

Diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract are usually accompanied by insufficient formation and (or) delayed secretion of bile. This makes it difficult to digest food. On the other hand, retention of bile in the liver threatens poisoning. For the treatment of this kind of diseases, predominantly sulfate waters are used, which have choleretic effect. Waters of magnesium composition are particularly intense in this regard. Thanks to them, the liver cells increase the formation of bile, the peristalsis of the biliary tract increases, the outflow from the gallbladder and ducts improves, thereby ensuring the removal of inflammatory products, creating conditions that prevent the loss of salts from the bile and the formation of stones.

Sulfate waters have an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion. Therefore, if liver disease is accompanied by decreased gastric secretion, you need to choose water that contains sodium chlorides along with sulfates. To a much lesser extent than sulfate, they have choleretic properties and . They increase the amount of bilirubin and cholesterol in the duodenal contents, which facilitate the digestion of food, and at the same time stimulate all metabolic processes occurring in the liver. As already noted, these waters help flush out mucus, leukocytes, salts and microbes from the biliary tract.

For the accumulation, storage, transportation and use of mineral waters, there are appropriate balneotechnical devices: captages, above-captage structures and borehole heads, reservoirs, mineral pipelines, as well as bathroom buildings, drinking galleries and pump rooms (for internal use mineral waters), devices for heating and cooling mineral waters.

Internal use of mineral waters is also practiced in non-resort settings. In these cases, imported mineral waters (bottled water) are used. The bottling of these waters is carried out at special factories and workshops of enterprises food industry. For bottling mineral waters in the countries of the former USSR, about 180 mineral springs are used with a production of over 1 billion bottles per year (over 3,500 mineral springs and wells are known on the territory of the republics of the former Soviet Union). Bottled water is saturated with carbon dioxide to a concentration of 3-4%, which increases its taste qualities and maintains the stability of its chemical composition. The water in the bottle must be colorless, absolutely clean, without odor or unusual (foreign) taste; It is recommended to store bottles in a horizontal (lying) position in a cool place. The effectiveness of out-of-resort treatment with mineral waters (at home, in local sanatorium, hospital, clinic) is significantly enhanced if it is combined with adherence to a certain regimen, diet ( therapeutic nutrition) and the use of others therapeutic measures(physiotherapy, physical therapy, less often drug therapy, etc.).

Alkaline mineral waters are medicinal product– they are recommended for a number of diseases, mainly of the stomach and digestive tract. According to the generally accepted classification, alkaline mineral water is hydrocarbonate water from natural sources, which are characterized by a constant mineral composition.

The main defining feature in this case is pH level, which should be above 7. Also, this water is characterized by a predominance of ions of hydrocarbonate salts and sodium, which provides a beneficial effect on the body. Unfortunately, today our store shelves are replete with counterfeits and low-quality products. Very often, under the guise of alkaline mineral water, the buyer is offered a surrogate that not only does not meet the stated standards, but can even cause significant harm to health. Therefore, if you have been prescribed such a remedy, you must approach the issue of choice extremely responsibly, carefully studying the list of names of alkaline mineral waters that are produced in Russia and also supplied to our country from neighboring countries.

Russian manufacturers

The main Russian brand is Essentuki. It combines several varieties of mineral water, but Only two numbers are alkaline. Essentuki No. 4 It is considered a medicinal table mineral water and has a complex effect on the entire body. But option number 17 is characterized by increased mineralization, so consuming it in large quantities is not recommended, and this will not work due to its specific taste.

Many sources of alkaline mineral waters are concentrated in Stavropol region. Such well-known brands as " Slavyanovskaya" And " Smirnovskaya" Among Russian brands of alkaline mineral water, “ Martin", mined and bottled in the Primorsky Territory.

Georgian mineral waters

The list of names of alkaline mineral waters of the Caucasus is headed by Borjomi. This name was familiar to every resident of the Soviet Union. Moreover, products with such a label were exported and were in great demand in Europe. Today, there are several factories producing Borjomi in Georgia, most of which are supplied to Russia.

The share of hydrocarbonate salts in Borjomi reaches 90%, the remaining 10% comes from substances such as bromine, fluorine, sodium, magnesium and calcium. Borjomi had a close to optimal mineral composition of water and a salt concentration of 6 g/l an indispensable tool in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the digestive system.

Also, two more types of alkaline mineral water are produced in Georgia - “” and “”. They were named after the place of extraction and, although from the point of view mineral composition and the healing properties of these brands are inferior to Borjomi, their regular use can also bring great benefits to the body.

Speaking about Caucasian mineral waters, one cannot fail to mention large deposit located on the territory of Armenia – Dilijan. The name of this small town was once immortalized by the hero of the film “Mimino”, who said that the water that flows in Dilijan from a simple tap ranks second in quality in the world. Rubik, of course, got excited about such a high position, but Dilijan brand water has unique properties, that’s a fact.

Ukrainian alkaline mineral waters

The first in the list of names of alkaline mineral waters extracted on the territory of Ukraine is a brand no less famous than Borjomi. In any case, among experts and fans, water " Luzhanskaya" is rated quite highly. Its deposit is located in Transcarpathia, the characteristic features of “Luzhanska” are low mineralization with a high concentration of salts - over 7.5 g of bicarbonates per liter of water.

Saturation with hydrocarbonates, depending on the specific source, can reach from 96 to 100%, therefore Luzhanskaya" is often used as a mild antacid, that is, a natural means of neutralizing high acidity - it helps well with regular heaviness in the stomach, bloating, and heartburn. It should be noted Almost instant effect when drinking this water.

Water " Polyana Kvasova"Also almost 100% consists of hydrocarbonate salts, but at the same time, compared to Luzhanskaya, it is characterized by a higher degree of mineralization. She helps well with such complex diseases, How diabetes mellitus and obesity. You can take it both before and after meals - with different effects observed.

The products of Ukrainian manufacturers are good because they contain water of medium mineralization - “ Svalyava" It is characterized by a high concentration of boron, which provides a healing effect on the liver, kidneys and bile ducts.

The list of names of alkaline mineral waters given here is, of course, not complete - it can be supplemented by another two dozen names. We have tried to list only the most famous brands with an impeccable reputation and the most remarkable healing properties.

Mineral waters. Compound. Purpose. Main types

Mineral waters are complex solutions in which the components are in the form of ions, undissociated (unbound) molecules, colloidal particles (finely crushed, mixed in solution) and dissolved gases. Their chemical composition is precisely known, but the artificially selected composition of the same water is not equivalent to the natural one. Mineral waters contain all the same substances that are present in human body, and them healing effect consists in replenishing disturbed balances.

Mineral waters are characterized by the following main indicators.

Compound. Mineral water is dissolved salts, therefore they consist of ions - cations and anions. Among them are:

a) according to the predominant anion - chloride, hydrocarbonate, sulfate;

b) according to the predominant cation - sodium, calcium, magnesium;

The composition of mineral waters is usually indicated on bottle labels and on display boards in spas.

Mineralization is the sum of substances dissolved in water without gases (measured in g/l, denoted M).

In principle, all waters, including fresh ones, have one or another degree of mineralization (except for distilled water - H 2 O in pure form). It is believed that mineral waters include waters with a mineralization of more than 2 g/l.

Based on the degree of mineralization, waters for drinking and balneological purposes are distinguished (“balneo” - bath).

Drinking water:

a) medical dining rooms:

Low mineralized, M< 2 г/л,

Low mineralized, M = 2-5 g/l;

b) medicinal drinking water - moderately mineralized, M = 5.1-10 g/l.

These waters can only be used as prescribed by a doctor. Moreover, you need to know how to take it: before, after, during meals; their temperature is also very important. Cold water stimulates the motor function of the intestines (used for constipation); when warm, it inhibits peristalsis (used for gastritis and colitis). In addition, water causes changes in water-salt and other metabolic processes in the human body, acid-base balance, functions of various organs.

Mineral waters at a resort are usually discharged into a pump room (a spring or a special water supply from a source to a pump room). In addition, they are bottled and sold in pharmacies, stores, and resorts where mineral waters of this type are not available.

Therapeutic effect mineral waters for drinking purposes is manifested by the activity of their ionic composition or by the action of specific biologically active microcomponents. When using them, it is very important to know their acidity (pH). This indicator is taken into account when treating a specific patient.

Balneological waters (M > 10.1 g/l) are divided into:

Ø highly mineralized, M = 10.1-35 g/l;

Ø brine, M = 35.1-150 g/l;

Ø strong brines, M > 150 g/l;

Ø very strong brines, M > 600 g/l (they are usually diluted with fresh water until normal mineralization).

Balneotherapy. When taking baths, the human body is affected by the chemical composition of the water, its temperature, and the mechanical factor - hydrostatic water pressure, which can be enhanced by hydromassage (underwater shower-massage, vibration units and cascades in swimming pools).

Therapeutic baths prescribed for diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, skin, gynecological, etc.

The temperature of the water is important for the preservation of gases dissolved in the water (the higher the temperature, the faster the gases evaporate). Based on temperature, natural mineral waters are divided into:

Ø cold, t< 20 о C;

Ø warm, t = 21-36 o C;

Ø hot (thermal), t = 37-42 o C;

Ø very hot (high thermal), t > 42 o C.

In nature, there are outlets of high-thermal waters, the temperature of which reaches more than 90 o C. In sanatorium practice, when releasing baths, a temperature of no higher than 38 o C is allowed.

It is very dangerous to self-medicate in sources of high-thermal mineral waters. Uncontrolled use can cause serious illness.

The characteristics of the most common mineral waters are given in table. 1.

Table 1.

Main types of mineral waters

Water type	Distribution and famous resorts	Action	Indications
Sodium chloride brines	Leningrad region (Sestroretsk), Novgorod region. (Staraya Russa), Pskov region. (Khilov), Tver region. (Kashin), Moscow region. (Dorokhovo).	Normalization of metabolism and activity of the central nervous system.	Diseases of the joints, gastrointestinal tract, osteochondrosis, chronic venous insufficiency.
Sulfide*	Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Sochi), North. Caucasus (Goryachiy Klyuch, Sernovodsk Caucasian), Middle Volga region (Sergievskie Min. Vody), Baltic states (Kemeri), Cis-Urals (Ust-Kachka), Sea of ​​Azov (Yeysk).	Normalization of the activity of the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system**, the cardiovascular system (due to the expansion of capillaries), metabolism (activation of oxidative processes).	Diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous systems, musculoskeletal system (arthritis, osteochondrosis, spondylosis), radiculitis, trauma, skin diseases (psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis).
Carbon dioxide	North Caucasus (Kislovodsk), Armenia (Arzni, Hankavan), Baikal region (Arshan, Darasun), Far East(Shmakovka).	Normalization of the activity of the cardiovascular system.	Diseases: coronary disease, hypertension and hypotension, rheumatism.
Iodine-bromine	Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Sochi-Kudepsta), North. Caucasus (Nalchik), Azov coast (Yeysk), Cis-Urals (Ust-Kachka), Central Asia (Chartag), Moldova (Kahul).	Normalization of the activity of the nervous system and thyroid gland; increased oxygen metabolism; more soft action on the cardiovascular system (beneficial for older people) compared to sulfide waters.	Diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular systems, gynecological, thyroid gland (Graves' disease), metabolic disorders.
Radon	They are distributed locally in places where the crystalline basement is fractured. Radon gas emerges from the bowels of the earth through fault cracks, passing through groundwater and enriching it. Radon has a short half-life, so radon water cannot be transported. Distribution: Kola Peninsula and Karelia (no resorts), Northern. Caucasus (Pyatigorsk), Transcaucasia (Tskaltubo), Altai (Belokurikha), Donetsk region. (Khmelnik), Kyrgyzstan (Jety-Oguz).	Radioactive radiation from radon and its decay products has an analgesic effect, normalizes the functions of the endocrine system (endocrine glands), and prevents heavy loads on the heart.	Joint diseases, hypertension, ischemia, neurosis with cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the thyroid gland.
Nitrogen-siliceous thermal	In mountainous areas where active mining processes (young mountains) are taking place: the Caucasus (Goryachiy Klyuch, Isti-Su), southern Siberia (Kuldur, Goryachinsk), Kamchatka (Nachiki), Sr. Asia (Jalal-Abad, Obi-Garm, Khaja-Obi-Garm, Arasan-Kapal, Alma-Arasan).	Low mineralized. Normalization of central nervous system activity; anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiallergic effects.	Diseases of the cardiovascular system, gynecological, respiratory organs.
Arsenic	Slightly distributed: Caucasus (Sochi-Chvizhepse), Sakhalin (Sinegorsk Min. Waters), Carpathians (Mountain Tissa).	The trace element arsenic activates metabolic processes.	Diseases: ischemia, gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Fresh organocontaining (such as “naftusya”)	Identified in Russia in the Volga region (resort Undory, Chuvashia), in Komi, in the Central region and in the Baikal region	Normalize the activity of the kidneys and urinary tract.	Kidney stones and urolithiasis.