The reproductive system of a man is a set of internal and external structures of the small pelvis that are responsible for the sexual and reproductive function of the male. hallmark of these structures is an external location and a simpler anatomical structure. The reproductive system is responsible for the duration species, the production of hormones and the fertilization of a woman's egg. In order to avoid violations of the functionality of this system, it is necessary to regularly visit a urologist and diagnose organs using ultrasound, MRI or radiography.

The male reproductive organs are divided into internal and external. The anatomical structure of the entire system is much simpler than in women, since most of the organs are located outside the body.

External include:

1. The penis or penis is a key organ in the entire system that is responsible for the excretion of urine, genital contact and the transport of sperm directly into the female uterine cavity. Located on the penis a large number of nerve endings to make it easier for a man to cause an erection. The opening of the urethra is located in the head of the penis, covering foreskin. The penis consists of a root, the part that connects to the frontal area. The body or trunk is a part that consists of three components (two cavernous bodies and the urethra). The head is covered by the foreskin and consists of a spongy body. At birth, the foreskin may be removed to reduce the chance of infection.
2. The scrotum is a skin formation in the form of a small pouch located under the penis. The testicles are located in the scrotum, responsible for the production of secretions and reproductive cells. In addition, it contains a large number of nerve clusters and blood vessels that provide a regular supply of nutrients to the genitals. Muscle tissue wraps around the scrotum to prevent cooling or overheating. This process is important in the production of sperm, as it is created under certain conditions. temperature conditions. At low temperature environment these muscles move the testicles closer to the body, and vice versa in hot weather.
3. Testicles - paired organ resembling a small oval. They are located right in the scrotum, communicating with other structures through the seminal canal. At healthy man two testicles, and in cases congenital pathology this number is subject to change. Main function testicles - production of testosterone (male sex hormone), secretions and spermatozoa. In the middle of the structure contains a large number of seminiferous tubules that are involved in the production of spermatozoa.

If we consider the external organs from an anatomical point of view, then the penis has the shape of a cylinder and consists of a large number of spongy bodies that fill with blood during erection. When all the cavities are filled with liquid, the penis increases in size several times and hardens. If a man has erection problems or certain infections genitourinary system, hardness of the penis is not observed.

Since the top layer of the skin is easily stretched and takes different shape, the increase in the size of the penis is painless. With the onset of an erection, the penis is ready to penetrate the woman's genitals and perform intercourse. In this process, the exit of urine from the urethra becomes impossible, since the prostate gland blocks its excretion.

During intercourse, a secret is secreted from the urethra, the function of which is to prepare the penis for intercourse. The secret containing spermatozoa enters the vagina with the onset of orgasm in a man.

To the organs that are located inside abdominal wall, include:

1. The epididymis are curved tubes that extend from the back of each testicle. They play an important role in the preparation of spermatozoa and their maturation. From the testicles, spermatozoa enter the appendages, where they mature and stay until the climax occurs. During strong excitement and approach to the climax, the secret, together with the reproductive cells, is excreted into the vas deferens.
2. The vas deferens - tubes that start from the curved tubes of the appendages and pass into the pelvic cavity, where they are located near Bladder. During sexual arousal, these ducts transport mature spermatozoa to the urethra.
3. Ejaculatory ducts - these ducts are a continuation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Therefore, after maturation, sperm enters the ejaculatory or ejaculatory ducts, which direct it to urethra.
4. The urethra or urethra is a long tube that runs through the entire cavernous body of the penis and ends at the urethral opening. Through this channel, the man is emptied and the seminal fluid is erupted. Despite the same transport, these two liquids do not mix due to blocking prostate.
5. Seminal vesicles are small capsules that are located in close proximity to the bladder. They are connected to the vas deferens and provide reproductive cells with long life. This process is associated with the production of a special liquid fructose, which is saturated with carbohydrates. They are the main source of energy reserves of spermatozoa and components in seminal fluid. Fructose allows germ cells to actively move and keep alive long time after entering the vagina.
6. The prostate gland or prostate is a small oval-shaped structure that is responsible for the energy saturation of spermatozoa and ensuring their vital activity. In addition to these properties, the prostate gland serves as a barrier between urine and semen. The fluid that comes from the prostate is rich in carbohydrates, phospholipids and other nutrients.
7. Cooper's glands are small capsules located on both sides of the urethra near the prostate. The glands secrete a special secret that has antibacterial properties. The secret is used during the processing of the urethra after the excretion of urine, and also as a lubricant before intercourse.

All organs are connected through hormones produced by the endocrine glands.

Diseases of the reproductive system

Diseases of the genitourinary system can occur due to exposure to external factors(decreased immunity, diabetes mellitus, infection during unprotected sex, and others) and structural changes in the genitals.

In adulthood, men are more susceptible to structural changes in soft tissues. This is especially true of the prostate gland, which begins to change with age.

Inflammation of the organs of the genitourinary system occurs due to hypothermia, trauma or urogenital infections. Among all diseases, prostatitis is distinguished, which affects a large number of men every year. This pathology affects individuals of a young age and men after 45 years.

The main symptoms of prostatitis are frequent urination, pain during urination and decreased erection. In order to get rid of the disease and prevent the occurrence of relapses, a man must apply for medical care to the doctor. The specialist will diagnose and determine etiological factor, after which assign proper treatment.

infectious diseases

This type of pathology is the most common, as the number of patients with sexually transmitted diseases increases every year. Unprotected sex causes infection for both males and females.

The main diseases transmitted in this way include:

• candidiasis - a disease caused by fungi of the genus Candida and occurs in people with weakened immune systems;
• chlamydia is a disease caused by chlamydia;
• gonorrhea is a pathology that affects the mucous membranes of the penis, rectum and the membranes of the eyes;
• ureaplasmosis - rare disease, the causative agent of which are gram-inactive microorganisms without a cell wall;
• syphilis - venereal disease which strikes skin, nervous and skeletal system person.

If these pathologies are ignored, the patient has a serious defeat of all functional systems, up to lethal outcome.

With infertility caused infectious diseases or structural changes in the pelvic organs, many patients begin to worry about how to improve the reproductive functions of a man and achieve the desired conception.

Male infertility can be caused by several reasons:

• low activity spermatozoa;
• crashes hormonal background;
• inflammatory processes in the organs of the genitourinary system;
• structural changes in the vas deferens responsible for the transport of seminal fluid.

To start treatment male infertility, it is necessary to find out the etiological factor. To do this, the doctor takes a swab from the urethra and conducts a large number of tests for bacterial cultures and hormonal levels.

Oncological formations

Allocate benign and malignant formations in the organs of the genitourinary system. Prostate adenoma or benign hyperplasia is the most common form of pathology that occurs in males with the onset of 50 years. This is the growth of glandular tissue, which is accompanied by the formation of tumors. This affects many parts of the prostate and adjacent structures, including the urethra.

This gives rise to the following symptoms:

• pain during urination;
• discomfort in the groin area;
• violation of sexual function;
• frequent urge to go to the toilet.

In order to identify the pathology in time, a man must regularly check the health of the reproductive system and pay attention to the first signs of the disease in time.

In case of formation malignant tumor a long course of chemotherapy is observed, during which the doctor monitors the improvement of the patient's condition. With full recovery, there is a small chance of repeated relapses, so a man should be regularly examined by a doctor.

Man lives according to certain laws of nature. Being a biological species, it also has the ability to prolong its genus.

For this there is special system inside the body - reproductive. It is complexly designed to recreate an exact biological copy of an adult human. The human reproductive system has been studied for a very long time, since the conception of a child is a very delicate and complex process.

Sometimes we meet couples who would like to have children, but have not been able to get pregnant for several years. The reason for this is the disruption of the functioning of this very reproductive system person. There are several reasons why women and men have problems with procreation. Let's try to figure them out.

What is reproduction?

The human reproductive system is a set of organs and processes in the body aimed at the reproduction of a biological species. This system, unlike other body systems, develops for quite a long time and differs by gender. It's no secret that women have one sex organs, men others. It is this difference that complements each other in the process of conception and the birth of a child.

Reproductive system of a woman

This system is complicated due to the fact that it is the woman who is destined to bear and feed the child in the first years of life. Therefore, the fair sex live in cycles so that all processes in the body proceed correctly. Here we are talking about the release of special hormones in different days cycle different bodies reproductive system.

The reproductive system of women is represented by the following organs:

• hypothalamus;
• ovaries;
• adenohypophysis;
• uterus;
• the fallopian tubes;
• vagina;
• mammary gland.

All of them are aimed at supporting the process of formation and growth of another small life.

The hypothalamus determines the work of the entire cycle of a woman from the beginning of the formation of an egg until the end of its function.

The adenohypophysis is responsible for the production of hormones of the reproductive system.

The ovaries perform two main functions: ensuring ovulation from start to finish, and also cyclical release of the main female hormones.

Uterus - main reproductive organ women, since the child is formed in her, she is also responsible for the proper flow of menstruation and synthesizes receptors for the main female hormones.

That is why the fallopian tubes are named so, as they transport the fertilized egg to a safer and more convenient place for the embryo - the uterus.

The vagina as a pathway for sperm to ovum, and it is also an extension birth canal at the birth of a child.

The mammary glands are needed in order to feed and nurture the child.

male reproductive system

In contrast to the complex female reproductive system, men have a slightly simpler system for reproducing their own kind. This is due to the fact that their task is only fertilization, but not the bearing and birth of children.

The male reproductive system is represented by the following organs:

• penis;
• the scrotum containing the testicles;
• prostate;
• seminal vesicles.

In addition, male sexual behavior is controlled by hormones. They are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. A man is also not simple in the device of the reproductive system. It turns out that when a man ejaculates, about 300-400 million spermatozoa are released. This indicates a complex hormonal work occurring in the body of the stronger sex. Naturally, not all spermatozoa reach the egg, but those "lucky ones" who succeeded determine the sex of the unborn child.

The influence of negative factors on the reproductive system of women and men

Our body is arranged very correctly, and we must support its vital activity in order to provide them with basic functions. The reproductive system, like other systems in our body, is affected by negative factors. These are external and internal causes failures in her work.

Ecology has an impact on the reproductive system. If the air in the region is bad, cases of infertility in couples or miscarriages will often be observed. Especially in summer time cities with industrial enterprises are covered with a gray haze - smog, which can consist of almost the entire table chemical elements Mendeleev. Accordingly, a person breathes this air, substances (formaldehydes, nitrogen, sulfur, mercury, metals) are absorbed into the blood. As a result, for the conception of a child, oxygen and other substances may simply not be enough, and also due to poor ecology, changes may occur in the internal genital organs of a woman and a man.

It should be noted the great influence of alcohol on the reproductive system. We have heard many times about the danger alcoholic beverages, but people often think that they will not be affected by the consequences of a wrong lifestyle. Alcohol can lead to deformities of the child. Children whose mothers consumed alcoholic beverages during pregnancy are likely to have weak immunity pathologies may occur. internal organs, delayed psycho-speech development and so on. Immediately, the consequences of a wrong lifestyle may not appear. The female reproductive system is more susceptible to the negative effects of alcohol. Since a man releases sperm with every sexual intercourse, alcohol does not linger for long in the genetic material, which is then passed on to the child. The egg cycle is at least 30 days. All these days, toxins from alcoholic beverages remain in it, exerting their effect on the body of a woman and a child.

The reproductive system can also be damaged sedentary image life. It has little effect on a woman (although overweight often causes miscarriage). But a man can be very seriously affected by constant sedentary work or unwillingness to exercise. It's about about prostatitis, which we will discuss below, and a decrease in the speed of spermatozoa. The mobility of these cells is very important, they move towards the ovum like conquerors. If their movement is weak, not intense, then pregnancy will not occur.

Pathologies of the functioning of the reproductive system

The human reproductive system, as we have already learned, is subject to various negative influences environment and beyond. As a result of these influences, pathologies arise in the work of the organs of this system. We will talk about them.

Cervical erosion

Occurs when it loses its outer cells - the epithelium. There are two types of this disease: true erosion and false. The first occurs when the epithelium is desquamated. This process is influenced various factors, in particular, pathological discharge from the cervical canal. Sometimes it is not desquamation, but the replacement of this epithelium, then the pathology will be characterized as false. Erosion of the cervix can occur as a result of ruptures during childbirth, with various manipulations, in particular abortion, and also with eversion of the mucous membrane. With this pathology, only the female reproductive system suffers.

Chlamydia

This pathology occurs when a sexually transmitted infection enters. It may be asymptomatic, but may be accompanied by sharp pains and specific secretions after sexual intercourse. The disease is dangerous inflammation inside the pelvis, fallopian tubes, ovaries. This inflammation does not go away without a trace. If the disease is not treated in time, there may be constant pain, arise ectopic pregnancy or develop infertility.

Herpes

This disease is typical for both men and women. It can be transmitted sexually, and may occur due to other reasons: hypothermia, trauma to the skin, pathology of the functioning of the endocrine glands.

Genital herpes is characterized by sharp pains, itching, tingling. Then a spot appears on the genitals - the basis for rashes. These are several bubbles that first contain clear liquid, and then purulent crusts or constantly wet erosion may occur. V difficult cases the person may have chills, muscle pain, and weakness.

uterine fibroids in women

This disease also occurs due to infection or malfunction. Frequent abortions, curettage, poor ecology in the region, and heredity are also common. But you can't throw it all away external causes which do not depend on us. We must take care of our bodies to prevent such pathologies.

Myoma can manifest itself through pain in the lower abdomen, changes in the cycle of menstruation. With this disease, whole blood clots can be released, there can be a lot of it.

Candidiasis or thrush

This disease worries almost half of the entire population of women. To date, it is not completely known why some suffer from it more, while others do not. The main symptoms of thrush are:

• pain during urination;
• itching in the vaginal area;
• pain during intercourse;
• discharge, in appearance resembling cottage cheese;
• permanent discomfort in the genital area.

Candidiasis is difficult to cure, so with all these symptoms you need to see a doctor. The main causes of thrush are: sexually transmitted infections, long-term use antibiotics, pregnancy, weak immunity, diabetes. Men also often have thrush.

The development of polycystic ovaries in women

This disease originates from disorders in the endocrine system. Polycystic ovaries can lead to infertility, so it needs to be treated immediately. The disease manifests itself through amenorrhea, frequent and thick hair growth, obesity. It is important to consult a doctor in time for advice, because you cannot prescribe adequate treatment for yourself.

Prostatitis as a way to male infertility

The impact on the reproductive system of men of various infections can lead to the fact that they become infertile. Therefore, men should take care of their lifestyle. It is important for them not to give themselves a slack and warm up physically. Common diseases reproductive system are complemented by purely male. One of the most common is prostatitis.

This disease occurs when inflammation appears in the prostate area. Sometimes the disease goes unnoticed, which causes more harm to the work of the male reproductive system. This occurs due to violations of the function of the genital organs and spermatogenesis. These pathological processes lead to reduced potency. Prostatitis can be complicated by vesiculitis, that is inflammatory process in seminal vesicles. This insidious disease affects up to 80% of men, especially in adulthood, when all processes in the body slow down.

The male reproductive system can suffer from bacterial and non-bacterial prostatitis. Quite often it goes into chronic form. This condition is very difficult to treat, as the bacterium becomes resistant to drugs. Prostatitis is manifested by frequent and painful urge to urinate, pain may accompany sexual intercourse. This disease can lead to kidney disease. It is important to take preventive measures.

in men

Adenoma is benign tumor in the region of the bladder neck. The disease is typical for older men - 50-60 years. It has several stages, the sooner it is recognized, the more you can warn yourself against complications.

This disease may not immediately make itself felt. The first symptom is minor violations urination. This can manifest itself in a decrease in jet pressure, a person may often want to go to the toilet at night, there is a feeling that the bladder is not completely emptied. In addition, blood may appear in the urine and there may be loss of appetite, and the man is prone to constant fatigue.

All diseases of the reproductive system can be prevented by taking care of your health.

Anatomy Tickets..(((

1 .Reproductive function: The reproductive function of women and men is for the continuation of the human race. According to statistics, for a normal reproduction of the population, it is necessary that half of the families on the planet have two or three children.

What is the human reproductive function? Roughly speaking, the reproductive system is a complex of systems and organs that provide the process fertilization and conception, and this, in turn, contributes to human reproduction.

Reproductive function of men

In the male body every 4 months, new spermatozoa are produced - male germ cells. Thus, from the moment of puberty, for the rest of his life, a man produces billions of spermatozoa. They are ejected at the end of intercourse along with the semen from the penis. Once in the female vagina, they can live there for 48-62 hours, waiting for the release of the egg to fertilize it.

Reproductive function of women

In the female body decisive role ovaries play. Conception is possible only if a mature egg is present. And the maturation of the egg occurs precisely in the ovaries under the influence of pituitary hormones, which sends a signal about the need to start the menstrual cycle when girls reach puberty.

From birth, the ovaries contain the entire life set of eggs - there are hundreds of thousands of them. Each cycle, one egg matures, and if it does not find the male germ cell, then it dies and menstruation occurs.

2 .The structure of the female genital organs: The female genital organs are divided into outdoor and internal. The external female genital organs include the large and small labia, the clitoris, the vestibule (entrance) of the vagina, as well as some glands. Large labia are two skin folds with a rich subcutaneous fat layer, venous plexuses. The large labia limit the slit-like space - the genital slit. They contain large glands of the vestibule (Bartholin's glands), located on the border of the anterior and middle thirds of the lips. In front, the labia majora are connected by a commissure - the anterior commissure of the lips, from behind, merging, they form the posterior commissure of the lips. The labia majora on both sides cover the labia minora, their outer surface is covered with hair. Small labia are thin skin folds located under the labia majora, between them. The front edge of each labia minora splits into two legs in front, forming the foreskin of the clitoris when merged above the clitoris, the posterior legs of the labia minora, when merged under the clitoris, form the frenulum of the clitoris. Clitoris is a rudimentary analogue of the penis. During sexual arousal, an erection occurs, it becomes elastic, filled with blood, increases in size. The clitoris, like the penis, consists of the cavernous bodies, foreskin, head, but all this is much smaller than in men. Vestibule (entrance) of the vagina- the space bounded from above by the clitoris, from below and behind - by the posterior commissure of the labia majora, from the sides - by the labia minora, the bottom of the vestibule is the hymen, which is a membrane of connective tissue and separates the internal female genital organs from the external ones. Sometimes the hymen may not have a hole - hymen atresia. With this anomaly during puberty, menstrual blood accumulates over the hymen. This requires surgery. Crotch not directly related to the external genitalia. However, she plays important role for support of the internal genital organs and participates in the birth act. The perineum is located between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the coccyx, it is a plate consisting of skin, muscles and fascia. The pubis is located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall and is a triangular area with a well-developed subcutaneous fat layer and hairiness. Pubic hair in women looks like a triangle, pointing down - this is the female type of hair, due to the action of female sex hormones. At elevated content male sex hormones tend to male type hair growth - hair grows up to the navel, becomes stiffer and thicker.

The internal genital organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Vagina is an organ in the form of a tube 8-10 cm long. Its lower end is located under the hymen, and its upper end covers the cervix. During sexual intercourse, seminal fluid is poured into the vagina. From the vagina, spermatozoa move through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity, and from it into the fallopian tubes. The walls of the vagina consist of mucous and muscular layers capable of stretching and contracting, which is important during childbirth and sexual intercourse. The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ that serves to develop and carry the fetus during pregnancy and expel it out during childbirth. The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the bladder in front and the rectum in the back. Outside of pregnancy, the uterus has a length of 7-9 cm, a width of 4.5-5 cm, the thickness of its walls is 1-2 cm, the mass of the uterus is on average 50-100 g. During pregnancy, the uterine cavity can increase 20 times! In the uterus, the fundus, body, and cervix are distinguished. The cervix has 2 parts: vaginal (goes into the vaginal cavity) and supravaginal (located above the vagina). The body of the uterus in relation to the neck is located at an angle, usually facing forward. In the body of the uterus there is a slit-like space - the uterine cavity, and in the cervix - the cervical canal. bottom corner the uterine cavity passes into the cervical canal (in obstetrics, the transition site is called the internal os). The cervical canal opens into the vagina with an opening called the orifice of the uterus (external uterine os). The opening of the uterus is limited by two thickenings of the cervix - the anterior and posterior lips of the cervix. This hole is nulliparous woman has a rounded shape, in a woman giving birth - the appearance of a transverse slit. The cervical canal contains a mucous plug, which is the secret of its glands. The mucous plug prevents the penetration of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus. The wall of the uterus consists of three layers:- the inner layer - the mucous membrane (endometrium), in which 2 sublayers are distinguished: basal (germ layer, the functional layer is restored from it after menstruation) and functional (which undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle and is rejected during menstruation); - middle layer - muscular (myometrium) - the most powerful layer of the uterus, consists of smooth muscle tissue; - the outer layer - serous (perimetry) - consists of connective tissue. The uterus also has ligaments ( ligamentous apparatus), which perform a suspension, fixing and supporting function in relation to the uterus. The uterine ligaments, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are appendages of the uterus. In violation of intrauterine development, the uterus can be bicornuate, saddle-shaped. An underdeveloped uterus (small in size) is called infantile. On both sides of the uterus, the fallopian tubes depart, opening into the peritoneal cavity at the surface of the ovary. The fallopian tubes(right and left) are in the form of a tubular organ 10-12 cm long and 0.5 cm thick and serve to carry eggs into the uterus (one of the names of the tube is the oviduct). The fallopian tubes are located on the sides of the uterus and communicate with it through the fallopian tubes. The fallopian tube has the following parts: interstitial part (passes through the wall of the uterus); isthmus (isthmic department) - the most narrowed middle part; ampulla (expanded part of the pipe) and a funnel, the edges of which look like fringes - fimbriae. Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube, after which it moves to the uterus due to undulating contractions of the tube and flickering of the cilia of the epithelium, which lines the inside of the tube. Ovary- paired organ, female sex gland. The ovaries are almond-shaped and whitish-pink in color. Average length of the ovary adult woman is 3.5 - 4 cm, width 2 - 2.5 cm, thickness 1 - 1.5 cm, weight 6 - 8 g. Oocyte maturation occurs from the time of puberty to menopause. The ovaries also produce sex hormones (endocrine function).

3 The structure of the male genital organs:

There are internal and external male genital organs. The internal genital organs provide the beginning of a new life (conception), and the external ones are involved in sexual intercourse. In a man, this division is somewhat arbitrary: the scrotum is classified as an external genitalia, and the testicles in it are classified as internal. The external male genital organs include the male penis and scrotum. Penis serves to remove urine and seminal fluid. It distinguishes: the front thickened part - the head, the middle part - the body, the back part - the root. The size of the penis ranges from 6-8 cm at rest to 14-16 cm when erect. Body of the penis covered with skin and consists of one spongy and two cavernous bodies, the cavities of which are filled with blood during sexual arousal. A complex system valves in these sections allows blood to enter the cavity, but prevents its outflow. At the same time, the penis sharply increases (2-3 times) and becomes elastic - an erection occurs. In the future, the inflow and outflow of blood is regulated until ejaculation occurs, after which the valves ensure the outflow of blood, the erection stops. Inside the spongy body passes the urethra, through which urine and semen are excreted. The ducts of the glands open into the canal, the secretion of which increases with sexual arousal. These secretions moisten the channel, and in a healthy man a drop of mucous secretion can always be isolated from the external opening. Head covered by the foreskin - a skin pouch, which can be of different sizes. In some nations (by tradition or for religious reasons), the foreskin is removed in childhood. This is probably due to the fact that in a hot climate, inflammation of the head and foreskin often occurred due to the accumulation of glandular secretions (smegma) between them, and the removal of the foreskin eliminated possible inflammation. Inflammatory diseases of the glans caused by unhygienic maintenance of the penis can cause serious diseases such as penile cancer or cervical cancer in a woman, so it is extremely important for a man to follow the rules of personal hygiene - daily wash the glans penis and inside foreskin to prevent the decomposition of smegma. Sometimes the opening of the foreskin is not larger than the diameter of the glans penis, and it cannot exit through such an opening. This pathology is called phimosis. Scrotum- a multi-layered muscular sac in which the testicles (testes) are located, performing a number of functions. Sermatozoa are produced in them, hormonal function is carried out.

A special muscle of the scrotum reacts subtly to the temperature of the surrounding air. At high temperatures, it relaxes, and then the scrotum increases, sags, at low temperatures, on the contrary, it contracts. The temperature of the skin of the scrotum is approximately 3-4 °C lower than the temperature of the internal organs. A prolonged increase in temperature in the perineum can adversely affect the function of the testicles, for example when overheated. The internal male reproductive organs include the testicles with appendages, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands. Testicle- is a paired male gonad. In the testicles, male sex cells - spermatozoa - multiply and mature and male sex hormones are produced. The testicle is located in the scrotum and has an appendage in which spermatozoa accumulate and mature. In shape, the testicle is an oval, slightly flattened body, the average weight of which in an adult male is 25 g, and the length is 4.5 cm. The left testicle in all men is located in the scrotum lower than the right one, and slightly larger. The testis is divided into 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 lobules with the help of partitions, in which there are thin tubules - convoluted seminiferous tubules, which then pass into straight convoluted tubules. Straight convoluted tubules form the network of the testis. From the network of the testicle, 1 2 - 1 5 efferent tubules of the testis emerge, which flow into the duct of the epididymis, and then into the vas deferens. Among the anomalies in the development of the testicles, in which their function is impaired, it should be noted the underdevelopment of one testicle or its absence - monorchism and delayed descent of the testicles into the scrotum - cryptorchidism. In case of violation of the activity of the testicles, it not only becomes impossible to carry out the reproductive function, but eunuchoidism is observed. If the activity of the testicles was reduced even before the onset of puberty, then the man has high growth, long legs, underdeveloped genitals, a pronounced subcutaneous fat layer, and a high voice. Prostate gland (prostate) located in the lower part of the bladder, at the very beginning of the urethra. She develops a secret and at the time of ejaculation is sharply reduced, releasing it into the sperm. It is believed that without this secret, sperm could not reach the external urethra. Inflammatory processes or other diseases of the prostate gland can have an adverse effect on a man's sexual performance.

4 structure of the tooth.3 signs of the tooth

Tooth structure all living organisms are the same, and the structure of the human tooth is no exception. The tooth consists of the following parts:

1) crown - a thickened part protruding from the alveolus of the jaw;

2) neck - the narrowed part, the place where the crown passes into the root;

3) root - this is the part of the tooth, located inside the bone, ends with an apex (apex of the tooth root). Depending on their functional group, teeth have different quantity roots - from one to three.

The crown is anatomical and clinical - it protrudes above the edge of the gum, they also distinguish between the anatomical root and the clinical one - it is located in the alveolus of the teeth and we do not see it. Due to age-related changes or atrophy of the gums, the clinical root decreases, and the clinical crown increases.

Any tooth has a small cavity - the pulp chamber, it is different in shape in all teeth and repeats the outlines of the crown. In the pulp chamber there are:

The bottom smoothly passes into the root canals, the canals can meander and branch in every possible way, the canals end with holes in the root apex;

Roof. In the roof, as a rule, small outgrowths are noticeable - these are the horns of the pulp, they correspond to the masticatory tubercles.

The cavities of the teeth are filled with pulp - a loose fibrous connective tissue of a special structure, it includes many cellular elements, nerves and blood vessels. In accordance with the parts of the tooth, the pulp of the root and crown is isolated.

Basic concepts and key terms: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. Female reproductive system. Male reproductive system. Remember! What is reproduction?

Interesting

The symbols of Mars and Venus are symbols of ancient astrology. female sign Venus is depicted as a circle with a cross pointing down. It is called the "mirror of Venus", and it symbolizes femininity, beauty and love. male sign Mars is depicted as a circle with an arrow pointing up and to the right. This symbol is called the "shield and spear of Mars." In biology, these symbols were introduced by Carl Linnaeus to indicate the sex of plants.

What are the features of human reproduction?

Reproduction is physiological function, providing self-reproduction of the view. It is characteristic of man sexual reproduction, in which germ cells, or gametes that have half the set of chromosomes, participate. These cells are formed by the sex glands of two types - the ovaries and testicles. They are located in the body of individuals of different sexes. Man is dioecious with the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism.

Human reproduction is provided by the REPRODUCTIVE (SEXUAL) SYSTEM (from Latin reproductio - reproduction) - a set of genital organs that provide sexual reproduction. Distinguish between the male and female reproductive systems.

All hereditary information about the human body is encoded in the DNA contained in the chromosomes. There are 46 of them in humans. Before reproduction, gametes are formed from the cells of the sex glands, in which there are 23 chromosomes and a half set of hereditary information. Shortly after fertilization and fusion of germ cell nuclei, a complete set of hereditary information is restored. That is why children have characteristics of both parents.

Human reproduction becomes possible with the onset of sexual and physical maturity. But man is a biosocial species, therefore, the mental readiness of future parents, the social conditions of their life and social norms of behavior play an important role in its reproduction.

A person may experience early puberty, which is associated with acceleration (acceleration individual development and height of children and adolescents compared to previous generations).

Table 50. FEATURES OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION

So, human reproduction is provided by the reproductive system and differs in male and female organisms.

What is the importance of the female reproductive system?

The reproductive system of a woman is formed by the external genital organs (labia and clitoris), internal genital organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina), mammary glands (paired organs in which a secret is formed for feeding babies).

The main reproductive organs in women are two ovaries. These are paired oval-shaped organs located at the funnel-shaped ends of the fallopian tubes. They contain immature eggs, which are formed in the body of a woman even before she is born. The maturation of eggs in the ovaries of a woman occurs from the end of puberty to the end reproductive period. Each woman ovulates every month - one of the eggs reaches full maturity and leaves the ovary. After the egg is released, it enters the fallopian tube, along which it moves to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, menstruation occurs. In addition to eggs, the ovaries have secretory cells that secrete sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone).

The fallopian tubes are paired organs that connect the ovaries with the

uterine cavity. The total length of the fallopian tube is about 12 cm. Capturing a mature egg from the ovary, the fallopian tubes provide its nutrition and movement to the uterus. In the fallopian tubes, fertilization also occurs with the formation of a zygote.

The uterus is a hollow unpaired muscular organ in which the embryo and fetus develop from the zygote during pregnancy. It distinguishes between the body of the uterus, to which the fallopian tubes fit, and the cervix, which is the narrow end of this organ. The uterus passes into the vagina, through which the sperm enter the female body.

So, the female reproductive system is a set of organs that provide the formation of eggs, the secretion of female sex hormones, fertilization and intrauterine development.

What is the structure and function of the male reproductive system?

The reproductive system of a man is formed by the external genital organs (scrotum and penis), internal genital organs (testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct), prostate gland. Unlike the female, the male reproductive system is located almost entirely outside. This structure is due to the fact that the maturation of spermatozoons requires a temperature below 36.6 °C.

The main genital organs of men are two testicles. These are paired organs located in the skin sac - the scrotum. The testicles are made up of sinuous seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa. In addition, testicular cells synthesize male sex hormones androgens, in particular testosterone. Next, the spermatozoons enter the epididymis, where they reach maturity and are stored until they are excreted. From each of the epididymis, the vas deferens begins, which connects to the duct of the seminal vesicles. These paired organs secrete fluid to provide sperm nutrients. The ducts of the epididymis and the ducts of the seminal vesicles merge into a common ejaculatory duct, which opens into the canal of the penis. Under bladder around the urethra is the prostate gland (prostate). It forms a secret that protects male gametes and maintains their mobility.

So, the male reproductive system is a set of organs that provide the formation of spermatozoons, the secretion of male sex hormones and insemination.

ACTIVITY

Learning to know

Independent work with the table

Apply the comparison method and determine the signs of similarity and difference between the female and male reproductive systems.

Biology + Chemistry

The body of an adult contains about 2-3 g of zinc, almost 90% of its total amount is concentrated in muscles and bones. A significant amount of this trace element is found in the prostate gland and seminal fluid, which indicates its importance for reproductive health person. Also, this trace element has a significant impact on the state immune system. Zinc is an activator of the activity of T-lymphocytes, the synthesis of cytokines by lymphocytes that regulate the immune response and act as a growth factor for the immune system. How does zinc enter the human body? In which food products does it contain zinc?

Biology + Mythology

In ancient Roman mythology, Cupid is a winged boy, a small god of lovers, a satellite of Venus. He is armed with a golden bow and arrows, which hits people's hearts, causing people to feel love. Hence the expression "to be wounded by Cupid's arrow" - to fall in love. Try to find a physiological connection between sex hormones, heart function and love. What role does endocrine system in the regulation of human reproduction processes?

RESULT

This is textbook material.

The human body is a complex of physiological systems (nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, etc.) that ensure the existence of a person as an individual. Violation of any of them leads to disorders, often incompatible with life. The functions of the reproductive or reproductive system are primarily aimed at the continuation of the existence of man as a biological species. All life-supporting systems function from the moment of birth to death, the reproductive "works" only in a certain age period corresponding to the optimal rise in physiological capabilities. This temporal conditionality is associated with biological expediency - the bearing and rearing of offspring requires significant resources of the body. Genetically, this period is programmed for the age of 18–45 years.

Reproductive function is a complex of processes that covers the differentiation and maturation of germ cells, the process of fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation and subsequent care of offspring. Interaction and regulation of these processes are provided by the system, the center of which is the neuroendocrine complex: hypothalamus - pituitary gland - gonads. The central role in the implementation of the reproductive function is played by the reproductive, or genital, organs. The reproductive organs are divided into internal and external.

The structure and age features of the male reproductive system

In men, the internal genital organs include the gonads (testicles with appendages), the vas deferens, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral (Cooper) glands; to the external genital organs - the scrotum and penis (Fig. 9.2).

Fig. 9.2.

Testicle - a paired male sex gland that performs exo- and endocrine functions. The testicles produce spermatozoa (external secretion) and sex hormones that influence the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics (internal secretion). In shape, the testicle (testis) is an oval, slightly compressed laterally body, lying in the scrotum. Right testicle larger, heavier and located above the left.

The testicles are formed in the abdominal cavity of the fetus and before birth (at the end of pregnancy) descend into the scrotum. The movement of the testicles occurs along the so-called inguinal canal - an anatomical formation that serves to conduct the testicles to the scrotum, and after the completion of the lowering process - to locate the vas deferens. The testicles, having passed the inguinal canal, descend to the bottom of the scrotum and are fixed there by the time the child is born. Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) leads to a violation of its thermal regime, blood supply, trauma, which contributes to the development of dystrophic processes and requires medical attention.

In a newborn, the length of the testicle is 10 mm, the weight is 0.4 g. Before puberty, the testicle grows slowly, and then its development accelerates. By the age of 14, it has a length of 20–25 mm and a weight of 2 g. At 18–20 years, its length is 38–40 mm, and its weight is 20 g. Later, the size and weight of the testicle increase slightly, and after 60 years, slightly decrease.

The testicle is covered with a dense connective tissue membrane, which forms a thickening at the posterior edge, called mediastinum. From the mediastinum inside the testicle, radially located connective tissue septa extend, which divide the testis into many lobules (100–300). Each lobule includes 3–4 closed convoluted seminiferous tubules, connective tissue, and interstitial Leydig cells. Leydig cells produce male sex hormones, and the spermatogenic epithelium of the seminiferous tubules produces spermatozoa, consisting of a head, neck and tail. The convoluted seminiferous tubules pass into the direct seminiferous tubules, which open into the ducts of the testicular network located in the mediastinum. In a newborn, the convoluted and straight seminiferous tubules do not have a lumen - it appears by puberty. In adolescence, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules doubles, and in adult men it triples.

The efferent tubules (15–20) emerge from the network of the testis, which, strongly wriggling, form cone-shaped structures. The combination of these structures is an appendage of the testicle, adjacent to the upper pole and the posterolateral edge of the testicle, in which the head, body, and tail are distinguished. The epididymis of a newborn is large, its length is 20 mm, its weight is 0.12 g. During the first 10 years, the epididymis grows slowly, and then its growth accelerates.

In the region of the body of the appendage, the efferent tubules merge into the duct of the appendage, which passes into the region of the tail into vas deferens , which contains mature but immobile spermatozoa, has a diameter of about 3 mm and reaches a length of 50 cm. Its wall consists of mucous, muscular and connective tissue membranes. At the level of the lower pole of the testicle, the vas deferens turns upward and, in the composition spermatic cord, which also includes vessels, nerves, membranes and the muscle that lifts the testicle, follows the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity. There it separates from the spermatic cord and, without passing through the peritoneum, descends into the small pelvis. Near the bottom of the bladder, the duct expands, forming an ampulla, and, having accepted the excretory ducts of the seminal vesicles, continues as ejaculatory duct. The latter passes through the prostate gland and opens into the prostatic part of the urethra.

In a child, the vas deferens is thin, its longitudinal muscle layer appears only by the age of 5. The muscle that lifts the testicle is poorly developed. The diameter of the spermatic cord in a newborn is 4.5 mm, at 15 years old - 6 mm. The spermatic cord and vas deferens grow slowly until the age of 14–15, and then their growth accelerates. Spermatozoa, mixing with the secretion of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland, acquire the ability to move and form seminal fluid(sperm).

seminal vesicles are a paired oblong organ about 4-5 cm long, located between the bottom of the bladder and the rectum. They produce a secret that is part of the seminal fluid. The seminal vesicles of a newborn are poorly developed, with a small cavity, only 1 mm long. Up to 12–14 years old, they grow slowly, at 13–16 years old, growth accelerates, the size and cavity increase. At the same time, their position also changes. In a newborn, the seminal vesicles are located high (due to the high position of the bladder) and are covered on all sides by the peritoneum. By the age of two, they descend and lie retroperitoneally.

prostate (prostate) ) is located in the pelvic area under the bottom of the bladder. Its length in an adult man is 3 cm, weight - 18-22 g. The prostate consists of glandular and smooth muscle tissues. The glandular tissue forms lobules of the gland, the ducts of which open into the prostate part of the urethra. Prostate mass in a newborn

0.82 g, at 3 years - 1.5 g, after 10 years there is accelerated growth gland and by the age of 16 its mass reaches 8–10 g. By the end of the pubertal period, the internal opening of the urethra shifts to its anterior superior edge, the glandular parenchyma and prostate ducts are formed, the gland acquires a dense texture.

bulbourethral (Cooper's) gland - a paired organ the size of a pea - located in the urogenital diaphragm. Its function is to secrete a mucous secretion that promotes the movement of sperm through the urethra. Excretory duct its very thin, 3-4 cm long, opens into the lumen of the urethra.

Scrotum is a receptacle for testicles and appendages. In a healthy man, it is reduced due to the presence in its walls of muscle cells - myocytes. The scrotum is like a "physiological thermostat" that maintains the temperature of the testicles at a lower level than the body temperature. This necessary condition for the normal development of spermatozoa. In a newborn, the scrotum is small in size, its intensive growth is observed during puberty.

Penis has a head, neck, body and root. The head is the thickened end of the penis, on which the external opening of the urethra opens. Between the head and the body of the penis there is a narrowed part - the neck. The root of the penis is attached to the pubic bones. The penis consists of three cavernous bodies, two of which are called the cavernous bodies of the penis, the third - the spongy body of the urethra (the urethra passes through it). The anterior part of the spongy body is thickened and forms the head of the penis. Each cavernous body is covered on the outside with a dense connective tissue membrane, and inside it has a spongy structure: thanks to numerous partitions, small cavities (“caves”) are formed, which fill with blood during intercourse, the penis swells and comes into a state of erection. The length of the penis in a newborn is 2-2.5 cm, the foreskin is long and completely covers its head (phimosis). In children of the first years of life, the state of phimosis is physiological, however, with a pronounced narrowing, swelling of the foreskin can be noted, leading to difficulty urinating. A whitish sebaceous substance (smegma) accumulates under the foreskin, produced by glands located on the glans penis. If personal hygiene is not followed and infection is added, smegma decomposes, causing inflammation of the head and foreskin.

Before puberty, the penis grows slowly, and then its growth accelerates.

Spermatogenesis - the process of development of male germ cells, ending with the formation of spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis begins under the influence of sex hormones during the puberty of a teenager and then proceeds continuously, and in most men - almost until the end of life.

The process of sperm maturation occurs inside the convoluted seminiferous tubules and lasts an average of 74 days. On the inner wall of the tubules are spermatogonia (the earliest, first cells of spermatogenesis), containing a double set of chromosomes. After a series of successive divisions, in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved, and after a long phase of differentiation, spermatogonia turn into spermatozoa. This happens by gradual elongation of the cell, changing and elongating its shape, as a result of which the cell nucleus forms the head of the spermatozoon, and the membrane and cytoplasm form the neck and tail. Each spermatozoon carries a half set of chromosomes, which, when combined with a female germ cell, will give a complete set necessary for the development of the embryo. After that, mature spermatozoa enter the lumen of the testicular tubule and further into the epididymis, where they are accumulated and excreted from the body during ejaculation. 1 ml of semen contains up to 100 million spermatozoa.

A mature, normal human spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, body, and tail, or flagellum, which ends in a thin terminal filament (Fig. 9.3). The total length of the spermatozoon is about 50–60 µm (head 5–6 µm, neck and body 6–7 µm, and tail 40–50 µm). In the head is the nucleus, which carries the paternal hereditary material. At its anterior end is the acrosome, which ensures the penetration of the spermatozoon through the membranes. female egg. Mitochondria and spiral filaments are located in the neck and body, which are the source of motor activity sperm. An axial filament (axoneme) departs from the neck through the body and tail, surrounded by a sheath, under which 8–10 smaller filaments are located around the axial filament - fibrils that perform motor or skeletal functions in the cell. Motility is the most characteristic property of the spermatozoon and is carried out with the help of uniform blows of the tail by rotating around its own axis in a clockwise direction. The duration of the existence of the sperm in the vagina reaches 2.5 hours, in the cervix - 48 hours or more. Normally, the spermatozoon always moves against the flow of fluid, which allows it to move up at a speed of 3 mm / min along the female genital tract until it meets the egg.