“Pollution of water bodies with domestic wastewater. Classification of domestic wastewater and methods of its treatment

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute

Faculty of Biology and Chemistry

Coursework

Sewage pollution

Completed:

2nd year student, group 521

Yastrebkova S. Yu._________

Scientific supervisor:

______________________________

Ussuriysk, 2001 Contents:

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..…3

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters…………………4

I .2. Release of wastewater into water bodies ……………………………………..7

II.1. Methods of wastewater treatment…………………………………….…9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….11

Application …………………………………………………………………13

References ……………………………………………………..22

Introduction

Water is the most valuable natural resource. It plays an exceptional role in metabolic processes that form the basis of life. Huge value water is used in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures.

The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, the intensification of agriculture, a significant expansion of irrigated land areas, improvement of cultural and living conditions and a number of other factors are increasingly complicating the problems of water supply.

The demand for water is enormous and is increasing every year. Annual water consumption for globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km3. Moreover, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

The chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy consume a lot of water. Energy development also leads to sharp increase water needs. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the household needs of the population. Most of the water, after being used for domestic needs, is returned to rivers in the form of wastewater.

Fresh water shortage is already becoming a global problem. The ever-increasing needs of industry and agriculture for water are forcing all countries and scientists around the world to look for various means to solve this problem.

On modern stage such areas of rational use are determined water resources: more full use and expanded reproduction of resources fresh water; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water.

Protection of water resources from depletion and pollution and their rational use for the needs of the national economy is one of the most important problems that require urgent solutions. In Russia, environmental protection measures are widely implemented, in particular for the treatment of industrial wastewater.

One of the main areas of work to protect water resources is the introduction of new technological production processes, the transition to closed (drainless) water supply cycles, where treated wastewater is not discharged, but is reused in technological processes. Closed loops industrial water supply will make it possible to completely eliminate the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies, and use fresh water to replenish irreversible losses.

IN chemical industry It is planned to introduce more widely low-waste and non-waste technological processes that give the greatest environmental effect. Much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment.

It is possible to significantly reduce the pollution of water discharged by an enterprise by separating valuable impurities from wastewater; the complexity of solving these problems at chemical industry enterprises lies in the variety of technological processes and resulting products. It should also be noted that the majority of water in the industry is spent on cooling. The transition from water cooling to air cooling will reduce water consumption in various industries by 70-90%. In this regard, the development and implementation of the latest equipment that uses a minimum amount of water for cooling is extremely important.

The introduction of highly effective wastewater treatment methods, in particular physical and chemical ones, of which one of the most effective is the use of reagents, can have a significant impact on increasing water circulation. The use of a reagent method for treating industrial wastewater does not depend on the toxicity of the impurities present, which is of significant importance compared to the biochemical treatment method. Wider implementation of this method, both in combination with biochemical treatment and separately, can to a certain extent solve a number of problems associated with the treatment of industrial wastewater.

In the near future, it is planned to introduce membrane methods for wastewater treatment.

For the implementation of a set of measures to protect water resources from pollution and depletion in all developed countries, appropriations are allocated, reaching 2-4% of national income, approximately, using the example of the United States, the relative costs are (in%): protection of the atmosphere 35.2%, protection of water bodies - 48.0, solid waste disposal - 15.0, noise reduction -0.7, other 1.1. As can be seen from the example, most of the costs are the costs of protecting water bodies. The costs associated with the production of coagulants and flocculants can be partially reduced through the wider use for these purposes of waste from various industries, as well as sediments generated during wastewater treatment, especially excess activated sludge, which can be used as a flocculant, more precisely a bioflocculant.

Thus, the protection and rational use of water resources is one of the links in the complex global problem of nature conservation.

APPLICATION

Article 250 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Water pollution

1. Pollution, clogging, depletion of surface or groundwater, sources drinking water supply or any other change to them natural properties, if these acts entailed causing significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture, - is punishable by a fine of one hundred to two hundred minimum sizes wages or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two months, or deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for a period of up to five years, or correctional labor for a term of up to one year, or arrest for a term of up to three months.

2. The same acts that entailed harm to human health or mass death of animals, as well as those committed on the territory of a nature reserve or sanctuary or in a zone of environmental disaster or in a zone of environmental emergency, are punishable by a fine in the amount of two hundred to five hundred times the minimum wage or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of two to five months, or correctional labor for a term of one to two years, or imprisonment for a term of up to three years.

3. Acts provided for in parts one or two of this article, resulting in the death of a person through negligence, are punishable by imprisonment for a term of two to five years.

1. The object of the crime in question is public relations in the field of water protection and environmental safety. The subject of the crime is surface water, including surface watercourses and reservoirs on them, surface reservoirs, glaciers and snowflakes, groundwater (aquifer, basins, deposits and natural outlet of groundwater).

Inland sea waters, the territorial sea of the Russian Federation, and the open waters of the World Ocean are not the subject of this crime.

2. Objective side the crime consists of pollution, clogging, depletion or other change in the natural properties of the above components of the hydrosphere with untreated and non-neutralized wastewater, waste and waste or products that are toxic or aggressive in relation to the quality of the environment (oil, petroleum products, chemicals) industrial, agricultural, municipal and other enterprises and organizations.

In accordance with Art. 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation, adopted State Duma October 18, 1995, blockage water bodies– discharge or otherwise entering water bodies, as well as formation in them harmful substances, which deteriorate the quality of surface and groundwater, limit the use or negatively affect the condition of the bottom and banks of such objects.

Clogging of water bodies is the discharge or otherwise entry into water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and complicate the use of such objects.

Water depletion is a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.

The quality of the environment and its main objects, including water, is determined using special standards - maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (MPC). Discharges of untreated wastewater, industrial and agricultural waste into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other inland water bodies sharply increase the maximum permissible concentration in water sources and thereby significantly reduce their quality. Discharge - the entry of harmful substances in wastewater into water body determined by GOST.

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 2000

in the Ussuriysk region

Ussuriysk district

With. Vozdvizhenka

Vozdvizhenskaya KECH

With. Novonikolskoe

MPZHKH Ussuriysk region

Table No. 1

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:



Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanical (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)

Dry residue (tons)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Nitrates (in kg)
Nitrites (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)

Total discharge onto the terrain in the Ussuri region in 2000.

Ussuriysk district

With. Vozdvizhenka - 2,322 ARZ

Table No. 2

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:
Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters)
Insufficiently purified (thousand m3)
Standard clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters)
Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanically (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)
Suspended solids (tons)
Aluminum (in kg)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Iron (in kg)
Copper (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)
Chromium (in kg)
Zinc (in kg)

Total discharge onto the terrain in the city of Ussuriysk in 2000.

Ussuriysk

JSC "Dalenergo - Central Electric Grids"

Ussuriysk water supply distance and STU

OJSC "Primornefteprodukt"

JSC "Primagroremmash"

Ussuriyskaya KECH

State farm "Yubileiny"

Table No. 3

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:
Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters)
Insufficiently purified (thousand m3)
Standard clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters)
Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanically (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)
Suspended solids (tons)
Dry residue (tons)
Aluminum (in kg)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Iron (in kg)
Copper (in kg)
Nitrates (in kg)
Nitrites (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Tetraethyl lead (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)
Chlorides (tons)
Zinc (in kg)

Total discharge into surface water bodies in the city of Ussuriysk in 2000

Ussuriysk

Novonikolskoe Regional Energy District (branch of Ussuri Raipo)

JSC "Primorsky Sugar"

Ussuriyskaya KECH

CJSC UMZHK "Primorskaya Soya"

Table No. 4

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:
Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters)
Insufficiently purified (thousand m3)
Standard clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters)
Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanically (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)
Suspended solids (tons)
Dry residue (tons)
Aluminum (in kg)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Boron (in kg)
Iron (in kg)
Fats, oils (in kg)
Copper (in kg)
Nitrates (in kg)
Nitrites (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Hydrogen sulfide (in kg)
Sulphates (tons)
Tetraethyl lead (in kg)
Tannin (in kg)
Titanium (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)
Chlorides (tons)
Chromium (in kg)
Zinc (in kg)

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 1999

in the Ussuriysk region

Ussuriysk district

With. Vozdvizhenka

Vozdvizhenskaya KECH

With. Novonikolskoe

MPZHKH Ussuriysk region

Table No. 5

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:
Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters)
Insufficiently purified (thousand m3)
Standard clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters)
Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanical (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)
Suspended solids (tons)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Nitrates (in kg)
Nitrites (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)

Total discharge into surface water bodies in the city of Ussuriysk in 1999

Ussuriysk

Ussuriysk Raikoopzagotprom

JSC "Primorsky Sugar"

Ussuriysk Vodokanal Administration

Ussuriysk Tank Repair Plant (military unit 96576)

Ussuri Cardboard Mill

Ussuriyskaya KECH

JSC "Dalsoy"

Ussuriysk refrigerated car depot (VChD-7)

Motorcade 1273

Oil depot in Ussuriysk

Table No. 6

WASTEWATER DISPOSAL:
TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters)
including:
Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters)
Insufficiently purified (thousand m3)
Standard clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters)
Regulatory-cleared:
biologically (thousand m3)
physico-chemical (thousand cubic meters)
mechanically (thousand cubic meters)

BOD total (tons)
Petroleum products (tons)
Suspended solids (tons)
Dry residue (tons)
Aluminum (in kg)
Ammonium nitrogen (in kg)
Boron (in kg)
Iron (in kg)
Fats, oils (in kg)
Copper (in kg)
Nitrates (in kg)
Nitrites (in kg)
Surfactant (in kg)
Hydrogen sulfide (in kg)
Sulphates (tons)
Tannin (in kg)
Titanium (in kg)
Phenols (in kg)
Total phosphorus (in kg)
Chlorides (tons)
Chromium (in kg)
Zinc (in kg)

REFERENCES

1. Karyukhina T.A., Churbanova I.N. “Water quality control” M: Stroyizdat, 1986.

2. Karyukhina T.A., Churbanova I.N. “Water chemistry and microbiology” M: Stroyizdat, 1983.

3. Protection of industrial wastewater and disposal of sludge Edited by V.N. Sokolova M: Stroyizdat, 1992.

4. Turovsky I.S. “Treatment of sewage sludge” M: Stroyizdat, 1984.

5. Sergeev E. M., Koff. G. L. “Rational use and protection of the urban environment.” -M.: graduate School, 1995

6. Novikov Yu.V. “Environmental Protection” M.: Higher School, 1987.

One of the sources of pollution of natural water bodies is wastewater. This is the name for any water, including that falling in the form of precipitation, which is removed from the territory of populated areas and industrial enterprises. Most large settlements are equipped centralized systems wastewater collection, disposal and treatment. Let's figure out what wastewater is and its classification according to certain criteria.

All drains contain contaminants, so they need to be cleaned. What is the composition and properties of wastewater? The nature of contaminants contained in wastewater may vary.

Thus, household wastewater discharged from residential buildings contains mainly organic inclusions, while industrial wastewater can have various chemical and radiation contamination. This means that different purification methods must be used for such waters.

Types of contaminants in wastewater

Wastewater is classified according to the types of pollution, they are:

Mechanical. These are impurities and debris undissolved in water; such contaminants contain surface wastewater.

Advice! Storm or surface wastewater discharged from the territory of industrial enterprises may contain not only mechanical, but also chemical impurities.

Chemical. This type of pollution includes wastewater with the presence of dissolved or suspended organic or inorganic chemicals. Chemical contaminants may or may not be toxic.
Biological. This type of contaminant implies the presence in water various bacteria, fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms.
Radioactive. This is wastewater contamination with radioactive substances.

Classification of wastewater by its origin

The characteristics of wastewater by method of origin make it possible to divide it into three groups. Main types of wastewater:

Atmospheric or rain. The composition of wastewater is determined by where the rainwater falls. Water flowing from roofs, asphalt and concrete surfaces of streets and squares carries with it a variety of debris, so such drains also need to be cleaned.
Industrial wastes are generated at various enterprises, where water is used in the production cycle.
Domestic wastewater from residential buildings. This is water drained from plumbing fixtures - bathtubs, toilets, sinks, etc.

Advice! If the composition of atmospheric and domestic wastewater is more or less stable and well known, then industrial waters can contain a wide variety of contaminants depending on the range of substances and technologies used in the production cycle.

Composition of contaminants

Rainwater runoff is considered the cleanest, that is, containing the least amount of contaminants. As a rule, in this case, wastewater is filtered, that is, mechanical impurities are separated.

Industrial effluents may have varying degrees pollution. Among the cleanest is the water that is used to cool units and pipelines. Industrial wastewater may contain only inorganic or, on the contrary, organic impurities, or a combination of both types. Therefore, careful treatment of wastewater is required. Moreover, the quality of treated wastewater must be high. Ideally, industry should reuse wastewater.

Advice! One of the most dangerous organic pollutants organic type is phenol. This substance is part of the wastewater from coke and petrochemical industries.

The composition of domestic wastewater is quite stable. They contain mainly organic impurities, as well as various types bacteria, including pathogenic ones.

Assessing the degree of pollution

Since wastewater has complex composition, it is extremely difficult to assess the content of each pollutant. Therefore, when conducting analyses, indicators are chosen that can characterize the overall properties of water without isolating and identifying individual substances.

For example, when assessing organoleptic indicators (color, smell), each substance that gives color or smell to water is not isolated. To determine the composition, a summary sanitary-chemical analysis of wastewater is used, which includes chemical, physico-chemical and sanitary-biological tests.

When conducting a full sanitary-chemical analysis, the following indicators are assessed:

Temperature, smell, color, transparency.
Acidity level (pH), dry residue, suspended solids content.
Chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), content of nitrogen compounds, phosphates, sulfides, chlorides.
Presence heavy metals, radioactive and toxic substances.
Content of surfactants, petroleum products, dissolved oxygen.
Determination of microbial number, presence of coliform bacteria, helminth eggs.

Advice! In addition to standard analyzes at municipal wastewater treatment plants, additional studies may be carried out to determine the content of a group of substances that may be contained in wastewater discharged from local industrial enterprises.

Wastewater quantity accounting

To charge for the use of sewerage, it is necessary to account for wastewater, that is, measure its quantity. This is very important for large manufacturing enterprises where wastewater discharge is high.

For quantification are used special devices accounting - high-tech products that provide a high degree of measurement accuracy.

Cleaning methods

In nature, everything is provided for, so the water in reservoirs has the ability to self-purify. However, this process does not occur quickly, therefore, with a large flow of waste natural methods cleansing won't do the job. For this reason, wastewater disposal without preliminary treatment is prohibited.

Safe disposal of wastewater is treatment to remove it from water maximum quantity pollution. Organization of wastewater treatment and disposal is important task, which must be solved when constructing a building. The methods by which wastewater is treated can be divided into several groups:

Mechanical;
Physico-chemical;
Chemical;
Biological.

Each of these methods can be used separately, but best result can be achieved using a combination of several methods.

Mechanical methods

When using mechanical cleaning, two methods are used:

Advocacy;
Filtration.

In the first case, wastewater settling tanks are used. Here, substances are divided into fractions depending on their specific gravity. For filtration, various filters are used that allow you to separate large inclusions.

When using mechanical method removal of 65-70% of impurities from domestic wastewater and approximately 95% of impurities from storm water can be achieved. Therefore, settling or clarification is only the first stage, then domestic wastewater needs additional treatment.

Most often, wastewater treatment is carried out using biological methods. Additionally, wastewater disinfection can be applied using ozonizers or ultraviolet light.

Chemical methods

When using chemical methods Specially selected chemical reagents are added to the cleaned environment. These substances react with contaminants to form insoluble substances that settle to the bottom of the sump. When using a chemical method, it is possible to remove about 95% of contaminants dissolved in water and about 25% of undissolved substances.

Physico-chemical methods

When using these methods, wastewater is subjected to special treatment, allowing you to remove both dissolved and undissolved contaminants. The most commonly used methods are:

Coagulation. In this case, special substances are introduced into the drain, under the influence of which small suspended particles stick together, forming large aggregates that settle to the bottom.
Flocculation. This process has the same principle as coagulation, but the reagents used when using it are different.
Extraction. This is a method of extracting certain substances from a liquid. It is quite expensive, so it is used when the extracted substances can be reused.
Ultrafiltration. Ultrafilters are used in industrial systems sewerage, if the system provides for the use of recycled water. Ultrafiltration allows you to separate high molecular weight compounds from low molecular weight ones.

As a rule, physicochemical methods are used to process industrial wastewater, since they may contain large number various chemicals.

Bioremediation methods

For the processing of domestic wastewater containing a lot of organic matter, it is used biological methods. They are based on the use of naturally occurring bacteria, which are used in natural self-cleaning processes. During their life, bacteria process organic inclusions, decomposing them into safe components.

The most simple methods biorefineries are used in cesspools and septic tanks. Here, organic waste that has settled to the bottom undergoes anaerobic fermentation, that is, it is processed by microorganisms that can exist without oxygen.

Modern treatment plants additionally use aerobic cleaning, for this in work area air oxygen is supplied. Aerobic processes are much faster and allow more contaminants to be removed. The biorefinery station has elements such as aerators and electric pumps, that is, it is volatile and requires a power supply.

Discharge of purified water

When creating a sewerage system, you need to think about how wastewater will be discharged. The simplest option is gravity drainage. However, such wastewater discharge is possible only if the soil has good absorbency. Otherwise, forced pumping of wastewater will be organized.

To organize forced pumping, it is necessary to use additional equipment. The purified liquid is discharged into a container in which a pump is installed for pumping. The volume of the container depends on the volume of water consumption and the performance of the septic tank.

A household drainage pump can be used to pump out wastewater. It is not advisable to use a fecal pump for pumping, since the use of this equipment is required when the liquid contains large inclusions, and if purification has already been carried out, then there are no such inclusions in the water.

The system is equipped with a float sensor, which will turn on the submersible wastewater pump after the liquid level reaches a certain level. Having finished pumping, the pump will automatically turn off.

So, wastewater is the result of water used in everyday life or in production. Wastewater discharge without pre-treatment is prohibited, so sewerage requires treatment. Cleaning methods are selected depending on the degree and composition of contaminants.

Thus, to clean household wastewater they use mechanical and biological species cleaning. Bioremediation of wastewater removes organic contaminants, but does not disinfect wastewater.

For this purpose, ultraviolet irradiation or ozonation of wastewater is carried out. Such disinfection of wastewater is necessary if the water is planned to be reused for technical purposes. Industrial wastewater may require the use of physicochemical and chemical treatment methods.

General information.

Wastewater - contaminated with household waste and industrial waste and removed from the territories of populated areas and industrial enterprises by sewerage systems. Wastewater also includes water generated as a result of precipitation within the territories of populated areas and industrial facilities. Contained in wastewater organic matter, getting into water bodies in significant quantities or accumulating in the soil, can quickly rot and worsen the sanitary condition of water bodies and the atmosphere, contributing to the spread of various diseases. Therefore, the issues of purification, neutralization and disposal of wastewater are an integral part of the problem of nature conservation, improvement of the human environment and ensuring the sanitary improvement of cities and other populated areas.

Classification and composition of wastewater, depending on the origin, composition and qualitative characteristics of contaminants (impurities), wastewater is divided into 3 main categories:

household (household and fecal),

production (industrial),

atmospheric.

Domestic wastewater includes water removed from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, baths, laundries, canteens, and hospitals. They are polluted mainly by physiological waste and household waste. Industrial wastewater is water used in various technological processes (for example, for washing raw materials and finished products, cooling thermal units, etc.), as well as water pumped to the surface of the earth during mining.

Industrial wastewater from a number of industries is contaminated mainly with industrial waste, which may contain toxic substances (for example, hydrocyanic acid, phenol, arsenic compounds, aniline, copper salts, lead, mercury, etc.), as well as substances containing radioactive elements; some waste has a certain value (as secondary raw materials). Depending on the amount of impurities in industrial wastewater. divided into:

contaminated, subjected to before release into the reservoir (or before reuse) pre-cleaning,

conditionally clean (slightly contaminated), released into a reservoir (or reused in production) without treatment.

Atmospheric wastewater - rain and melt water (formed as a result of melting ice and snow) water. According to the qualitative characteristics of pollution, water from watering streets and green spaces also falls into this category. Atmospheric wastewater, containing predominantly mineral contaminants, is less dangerous in sanitary terms than domestic and industrial wastewater.

The degree of pollution of the sewage system. is estimated by the concentration of impurities, i.e. their mass per unit volume (in mg/l or g/m3).

Composition of household S. century. more or less monotonous; the concentration of contaminants in them depends on the amount of tap water consumed (per inhabitant), i.e., on the water consumption rate. Pollution of household S. c. usually divided into:

insoluble, forming large suspensions (in which particle sizes exceed 0.1 mm),

suspensions, emulsions and foams (in which particle sizes range from 0.1 mm to 0.1 µm),

colloidal (with particles ranging in size from 0.1 microns to 1 nm), soluble (in the form of molecularly dispersed particles less than 1 nm in size).

There are different types of household wastewater pollution:

mineral,

organic,

biological.

Mineral contaminants include sand, slag particles, clay particles, solutions of mineral salts, acids, alkalis and many other substances.

Organic contaminants are of plant and animal origin. Vegetables include the remains of plants, fruits, vegetables, paper, vegetable oils, etc. The main chemical element of plant pollutants is carbon. Pollutants of animal origin are physiological secretions of humans and animals, remains of animal tissue, adhesive substances, etc. They are characterized by a significant nitrogen content.

Biological contaminants include various microorganisms, yeast and mold fungi, small algae, bacteria, including pathogens (pathogens typhoid fever, paratyphoid, dysentery, anthrax, etc.). This type of pollution is characteristic not only of domestic wastewater, but also of some types of industrial wastewater generated, for example, in meat processing plants, slaughterhouses, tanneries, biofactories, etc. In terms of their chemical composition, they are organic pollutants, but they are isolated in separate group due to the sanitary hazard created by them when released into water bodies.

Domestic wastewater contains about 42% of mineral substances (of the total amount of pollutants), organic substances - about 58%; precipitating suspended solids account for 20%, suspensions - 20%, colloids - 10%, soluble substances - 50%. The amount of household wastewater depends mainly on the drainage rate, which, in turn, is determined by the degree of improvement of buildings.

The composition and degree of contamination of industrial wastewater is very diverse and depends mainly on the nature of production and the conditions of use of water in technological processes.

The amount of atmospheric water varies significantly depending on climatic conditions, terrain, the nature of urban development, the type of road surface, etc.

Maximum concentration limits for pollutants in wastewater discharged into sewers in cities.

Ingradient	Units of measurement	Permissible concentration
Biochemical oxygen demand
Suspended solids
Ammonium salt nitrogen
Sulfates

Nitrate nitrogen
Petroleum products

Chrome general




General phosphorus

Methods and methods for determining the content of pollutants in wastewater:

Biochemical oxygen consumption is measured by a BOD tester.

Suspended solids - determined by filtration through a membrane filter. Glass, quartz or porcelain, paper are not recommended due to hygroscopicity.

Nitrogen ammonium salts - the method is based on the interaction of ammonium ion with Nessler's reagent, resulting in the formation of mercury iodide - ammonium yellow:

NH 3 +2 (HgI 2 + 2 K) + 3 OH=3 HgI 2 + 7 KI + 3 H 2 O.

Sulfates - the method is based on the interaction of sulfate compounds with barium chloride, resulting in the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which is then weighed.

Nitrates - the method is based on the interaction of nitrates with sulfasalicylic acid to form a yellow complex compound at pH = 9.5-10.5. Measurements are carried out at 440 nm.

Petroleum products are determined by the gravimetric method, after pre-treating the test water with chloroform.

Chromium - the method is based on the interaction of chromate ions with diphenylcarbazide. As a result of the reaction, a compound is formed purple. Measurements are carried out at λ=540 nm.

Copper - the method is based on the interaction of Cu 2+ ions with sodium diethyldithiocarbonate in a slightly ammonia solution with the formation of copper diethyldithiocarbonate, colored yellow-brown.

Nickel - the method is based on the formation of a complex compound of nickel ions with dimethylglyoxin, colored brownish-red. Measurements are carried out at λ=440 nm.

Zinc - the method is based (at pH = 7.0 - 7.3) on the combination of zinc with sulfarsazene, colored yellow-orange. Measurements are carried out at λ = 490 nm.

Lead - the method is based on the combination of lead with sulfarsazene, colored yellow-orange. Measurements are carried out at λ=490 nm.

Phosphorus - the method is based on the interaction of ammonium molybdate with phosphates. A solution of stannous chloride is used as an indicator. Measurements are carried out on KFK - 2 at λ=690-720 nm.

Nitrites - the method is based on the interaction of nitrites with Griess reagent to form a yellow complex compound. Measurements are carried out at λ=440 nm.

Iron - the method is based on sulfasalicylic acid or its salts (sodium) form complex compounds with iron salts, and in a weakly acidic environment, sulfasalicylic acid reacts only with Fe +3 salts (red color), and in a weakly alkaline environment - with Fe +3 and Fe +2 salts ( yellow color).Pollution of the World Ocean. Cleaning sewage waterLesson summary >> Ecology

Element of the global life support system. However pollution sewage waters industrial enterprises, cities, coastal tourism... more than 90% is eliminated pollution organic substances. Household sewage water may contain pathogenic...

Sewage water (2)
Coursework >> Ecology
In accordance with the rules for the protection of surface water from pollution sewage waters); Pollutants Possible concentrations in household..., as well as objects,. Subject to strong pollution sewage waters enterprises, household wastewater, as well as...
Sewage water and their brief description
Abstract >> Ecology
Maximum permissible. Various degrees pollution sewage water and the nature of their formation... Possibility of reducing volumes contaminated sewage water due to the device... protection of water sources from pollution sewage waters are the development and implementation...
Sewage water. Methods of neutralization and cleaning sewage water
Abstract >> Ecology
In paint and varnish and some other areas of industry. Contaminated sewage water They can also be cleaned using ultrasound, ozone...

The main pollutants in industrial wastewater are phenols, sulfates, nitrates and iron compounds. Untreated wastewater is a source of elements toxic to humans and animals (salts of heavy metals, pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms).

Atmospheric precipitation and water discharged from the territories of industrial enterprises and populated areas through the sewerage system or by gravity are called wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains substances that affect the general sanitary condition of the reservoir, changing organoleptic indicators water and containing substances toxic to humans and animals. What is the difference between storm, industrial and domestic wastewater? And how is the filtrate of industrial wastewater subsequently used?

Types of industrial wastewater

Wastewater from industrial enterprises can be divided into several groups based on the content of chemical components, environmental reaction and source. Depending on the type and nature of the wastewater, a system for purifying products of processed liquid raw materials from industrial production is also selected.

Based on the reaction of the environment, wastewater is divided into:

Non-aggressive (pH 6.5-8);

Slightly alkaline (pH 8-9);

Slightly acidic (pH 6-6.5);

Highly alkaline (pH greater than 9);

Strongly acidic (pH less than 6).

In the composition of all wastewater, two main groups of pollutants can be distinguished - conservative (not biodegradable) and non-conservative (easily decomposed during the process of self-purification of the reservoir).

Main pollutants

Industrial wastewater may include petroleum products, heavy metals, soil particles, ores, fungi, bacteria, yeast and organic matter. The most common compounds found in water bodies are phenols, zinc and copper compounds, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, aniline, potassium xanthate, methyl mercaptan, lignin, etc. Depending on the source of wastewater formation, it is possible to a large share probability of guessing the nature of wastewater pollution (Table 1).

Table 1. Types of pollutants

Source of pollution	Types of pollutants
Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy factories	minerals, non-ferrous metals, sulfates, sulfuric acid, iron sulfate.
Oil refineries	petroleum products, suspended substances, hydrogen sulfide, iron compounds.
Coke and chemical enterprises	suspended substances, rhodanide,
Pulp and paper industry	Dissolved organic matter
Machine-building and automobile factories
Textile enterprises	Dyes,

After appropriate treatment, the effluent can be used as process water or recycled products. One of the most promising methods for recycling industrial wastewater enriched with nitrogen, potassium or phosphorus is the use of waste industrial products for irrigation of agricultural land and pastures.

Sources used:

1. Popov A. M., Rumyantsev I. S. Environmental protection structures.

2. Sokolova V.N. Protection of industrial wastewater and disposal of sludge.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ussuri State Pedagogical Institute

Faculty of Biology and Chemistry

Coursework

Sewage pollution

Completed by: 2nd year student of group 521

Yastrebkova S. Yu._________

Scientific supervisor:

______________________________

Ussuriysk, 2001

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..…3

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland waters…………………4

I.2. Release of wastewater into water bodies……………………………………..7

II.1. Methods of wastewater treatment…………………………………….…9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….11

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………13
References……………………………………………………..22

Introduction

Water is the most valuable natural resource. It plays an exceptional role in metabolic processes that form the basis of life. Water is of great importance in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures.

The demand for water is enormous and is increasing every year. The annual water consumption on the globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km3.
Moreover, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

The chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy consume a lot of water. Energy development is also leading to a sharp increase in water demand. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the household needs of the population. Most of the water, after being used for domestic needs, is returned to rivers in the form of wastewater.

At the present stage, the following directions for the rational use of water resources are being determined: more complete use and expanded reproduction of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water.

I.1. Sources of pollution of inland water bodies

Water pollution refers to any changes in physical, chemical and biological properties water in reservoirs in connection with the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances into them, which cause or may create inconvenience, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage to the national economy, health and safety of the population

Pollution of surface and groundwater can be divided into the following types: mechanical - an increase in the content of mechanical impurities, characteristic mainly superficial types pollution; chemical - the presence in water of organic and inorganic substances of toxic and non-toxic effects; bacterial and biological - the presence of various pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae in the water; radioactive - presence radioactive substances in surface or underground waters; thermal - release of heated water from thermal and nuclear power plants into reservoirs.

The main sources of pollution and clogging of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises, large livestock complexes, production waste from the development of ore minerals; water from mines, mines, processing and rafting of timber; discharges of water and railway transport; waste from primary flax processing, pesticides, etc. Pollutants entering natural bodies of water lead to qualitative changes in water, which are mainly manifested in changes in the physical properties of water, in particular, the appearance of unpleasant odors, tastes, etc.); in changes in the chemical composition of water, in particular, the appearance of harmful substances in it, the presence of floating substances on the surface of the water and their deposition at the bottom of reservoirs.

Wastewater is divided into three groups: waste water, or fecal water; household, including drains from the galley, showers, laundries, etc.; sub-oil, or oil-containing. Fan wastewater is characterized by high bacterial contamination, as well as organic contamination (chemical oxygen consumption reaches 1500-2000 mg/l). The volume of these waters is relatively small. - Domestic wastewater is characterized by low organic pollution. This wastewater is usually discharged overboard the ship as it is generated. Dumping them is prohibited only in the sanitary protection zone. Subsoil waters are formed in the engine rooms of ships. They are different high content petroleum products(6)

Industrial wastewater is contaminated mainly with waste and emissions from production. Their quantitative and qualitative composition is varied and depends on the industry and its technological processes; they are divided into two main groups: containing inorganic impurities, incl. both toxic and containing poisons.

The first group includes wastewater from soda, sulfate, nitrogen-fertilizer plants, processing factories of lead, zinc, nickel ores, etc., which contain acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions, etc.
Wastewater from this group mainly changes the physical properties of water.

Wastewater of the second group is discharged by oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and enterprises organic synthesis, coke, etc. The wastewater contains various petroleum products, ammonia, aldehydes, resins, phenols and other harmful substances. The harmful effect of wastewater from this group lies mainly in oxidative processes, as a result of which the oxygen content in water decreases, the biochemical need for it increases, and the organoleptic characteristics of water deteriorate.

Oil and petroleum products at the present stage are the main pollutants of inland waters, waters and seas, and the World Ocean. When they get into bodies of water, they create different shapes pollution: oil film floating on the water, oil products dissolved or emulsified in water, heavy fractions settled to the bottom, etc. At the same time, the smell, taste, color, surface tension, viscosity of water changes, the amount of oxygen decreases, harmful organic substances appear, water acquires toxic properties and poses a threat not only to humans. 12 g of oil makes a ton of water unfit for consumption.

Phenol is a rather harmful pollutant in industrial waters. It is found in wastewater from many petrochemical plants. At the same time, the biological processes of reservoirs and the process of their self-purification sharply decrease, and the water acquires a specific smell of carbolic acid.

The life of the population of water bodies is adversely affected by wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. Oxidation of wood pulp is accompanied by the absorption of a significant amount of oxygen, which leads to the death of eggs, fry and adult fish. Fibers and other insoluble substances clog the water and degrade it. physical and chemical properties. Fish and their food - invertebrates - are adversely affected by moth alloys. Various materials are released into the water from rotting wood and bark. tannins. Resin and other extractive products decompose and absorb a lot of oxygen, causing the death of fish, especially juveniles and eggs. In addition, moth floats heavily clog rivers, and driftwood often completely clogs their bottom, depriving fish of spawning grounds and feeding places.

Nuclear power plants pollute rivers with radioactive waste.
Radioactive substances are concentrated by the smallest planktonic microorganisms and fish, then transmitted through the food chain to other animals.
It has been established that the radioactivity of planktonic inhabitants is thousands of times higher than the water in which they live.

Wastewater with increased radioactivity (100 curies per 1 liter or more) must be disposed of in underground drainless pools and special tanks.

Population growth, the expansion of old cities and the emergence of new cities have significantly increased the flow of domestic wastewater into inland water bodies. These drains have become a source of pollution of rivers and lakes with pathogenic bacteria and helminths. To an even greater extent, synthetic detergents, widely used in everyday life, pollute water bodies. They find wide application also in industry and agriculture. The chemicals they contain, entering rivers and lakes with wastewater, have a significant impact on the biological and physical regime of water bodies. As a result, the ability of water to saturate with oxygen is reduced, and the activity of bacteria that mineralize organic matter is paralyzed.

The pollution of water bodies with pesticides and mineral fertilizers that fall from the fields along with streams of rain and melt water is of serious concern. As a result of research, for example, it has been proven that insecticides contained in water in the form of suspensions are dissolved in petroleum products that contaminate rivers and lakes. This interaction leads to a significant weakening of the oxidative functions of aquatic plants.
Getting into water bodies, pesticides accumulate in plankton, benthos, fish, and through the food chain they enter the human body, having a negative effect on both individual organs, and on the body as a whole.

In connection with the intensification of livestock farming, wastewater from enterprises in this sector of agriculture is becoming increasingly noticeable.

Wastewater containing plant fibers, animal and vegetable fats, fecal matter, fruit and vegetable residues, waste from the leather and pulp and paper industries, sugar and breweries, meat and dairy, canning and confectionery industries are the cause of organic pollution of water bodies.

Wastewater usually contains about 60% of substances of organic origin; the same category of organic includes biological (bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae) pollution in municipal, medical and sanitary waters and waste from tanneries and wool washing enterprises.

Heated wastewater from thermal power plants and other industries causes
“thermal pollution”, which threatens quite serious consequences: there is less oxygen in heated water, the thermal regime changes sharply, which negatively affects the flora and fauna of water bodies, while favorable conditions arise for the massive development of blue-green algae in reservoirs - the so-called “bloom water". Rivers are also polluted during rafting and during hydropower construction, and with the beginning of the navigation period, pollution by river fleet vessels increases.

I.2. Release of wastewater into water bodies

The amount of wastewater released into sewage facilities is determined using the maximum permissible discharge (MPD). The MDS is understood as the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible for discharge with the established regime at a given point of a water body per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. The MPD is calculated based on the highest average hourly wastewater flow rate q (in m3/h) during the actual period of wastewater discharge. The concentration of pollutants S'st is expressed in mg/l (g/m3), and MPC - in g/h. The MAP, taking into account the requirements for the composition and properties of water in water bodies, is determined for all categories of water use as the product of:

Reservoirs are polluted mainly as a result of the discharge of wastewater from industrial enterprises and populated areas into them. As a result of wastewater discharge, the physical properties of water change (temperature increases, transparency decreases, colors, tastes, and odors appear); floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir, and sediment forms at the bottom; changes chemical composition water (the content of organic and inorganic substances increases, toxic substances appear, the oxygen content decreases, changes active reaction environment, etc.); The qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition changes, and pathogenic bacteria appear. Polluted water bodies become unsuitable for drinking, and often for technical water supply; lose their fishery importance, etc.

The general conditions for the release of wastewater of any category into surface water bodies are determined by their national economic significance and the nature of water use. After the release of wastewater, some deterioration in the quality of water in reservoirs is allowed, but this should not significantly affect its life and the possibility of further use of the reservoir as a source of water supply, for cultural and sports events, or for fishing purposes.

Monitoring the fulfillment of the conditions for discharging industrial wastewater into water bodies is carried out by sanitary-epidemiological stations and basin departments.

Water quality standards for water bodies for household, drinking and cultural water use establish the quality of water for reservoirs for two types of water use: the first type includes areas of reservoirs used as a source for centralized or non-centralized household and drinking water supply, as well as for water supply to food industry enterprises; to the second type - areas of reservoirs used for swimming, sports and recreation of the population, as well as those located within the boundaries of populated areas.

The assignment of reservoirs to one or another type of water use is carried out by the State Sanitary Inspection authorities, taking into account the prospects for the use of reservoirs.

The water quality standards for reservoirs given in the rules apply to sites located on flowing reservoirs 1 km above the nearest water use point downstream, and on non-flowing reservoirs and reservoirs 1 km on both sides of the water use point.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and elimination of pollution of coastal areas of the seas. The seawater quality standards that must be ensured when discharging wastewater apply to the water use area within the designated boundaries and to sites at a distance of 300 m to the sides from these boundaries. When using coastal areas of the seas as a recipient of industrial wastewater, the content of harmful substances in the sea should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations established by sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary and organoleptic limiting hazard indicators. At the same time, the requirements for wastewater discharge are differentiated in relation to the nature of water use. The sea is considered not as a source of water supply, but as a therapeutic, health-improving, cultural and everyday factor.

Pollutants entering rivers, lakes, reservoirs and seas make significant changes to the established regime and disrupt the equilibrium state of aquatic ecological systems. As a result of the processes of transformation of substances polluting water bodies, occurring under the influence of natural factors, water sources undergo a complete or partial restoration of their original properties. In this case, secondary decay products of contaminants may be formed, which have a negative impact on water quality.

Self-purification of water in reservoirs is a set of interconnected hydrodynamic, physico-chemical, microbiological and hydrobiological processes leading to the restoration of the original state of a water body. Due to the fact that wastewater from industrial enterprises may contain specific contaminants, their discharge into the city drainage network is limited by a number of requirements. Industrial wastewater released into the drainage network must not: disrupt the operation of networks and structures; have a destructive effect on the material of pipes and elements of treatment facilities; contain more than 500 mg/l of suspended and floating substances; contain substances that can clog networks or deposit on pipe walls; contain flammable impurities and dissolved gaseous substances capable of forming explosive mixtures; contain harmful substances that interfere with the biological treatment of wastewater or discharge into a body of water; have a temperature above 40 C. Industrial wastewater that does not meet these requirements must be pre-treated and only then discharged into the city drainage network.

II.1. Wastewater treatment methods

In rivers and other bodies of water, a natural process of self-purification of water occurs. However, it proceeds slowly. While industrial and domestic discharges were small, the rivers themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to the sharp increase in waste, water bodies can no longer cope with such significant pollution. There is a need to neutralize, purify wastewater and dispose of it.

Wastewater treatment is the treatment of wastewater to destroy or remove harmful substances from it. Removing wastewater from pollution is a complex process. It, like any other production, contains raw materials (wastewater) and finished products(purified water).

Methods of wastewater treatment can be divided into mechanical, chemical, physicochemical and biological; when they are used together, the method of wastewater treatment and neutralization is called combined. The use of a particular method in each specific case is determined by the nature of the contamination and the degree of harmfulness of the impurities.

The essence of the mechanical method is that mechanical impurities are removed from wastewater by sedimentation and filtration. Coarse particles, depending on their size, are captured by gratings, sieves, sand traps, septic tanks, manure traps of various designs, and surface pollution - by oil traps, gasoline oil traps, settling tanks, etc. Mechanical treatment makes it possible to separate up to 60-75% of insoluble impurities from domestic wastewater, and from industrial wastewater up to 95%, many of which are used as valuable impurities in production.

The chemical method involves adding various chemical reagents to wastewater, which react with pollutants and precipitate them in the form of insoluble sediments. Chemical cleaning a reduction of insoluble impurities up to 95% and soluble impurities up to 25% is achieved

At physico-chemical method treatment, finely dispersed and dissolved inorganic impurities are removed from wastewater and organic and poorly oxidized substances are destroyed; most often, coagulation, oxidation, sorption, extraction, etc. are used among physicochemical methods. Electrolysis is also widely used. It involves breaking down organic matter in wastewater and extracting metals, acids and other inorganic substances. Electrolytic purification is carried out in special facilities - electrolyzers. Wastewater treatment using electrolysis is effective in lead and copper plants, in paint and varnish and some other areas of industry.

Contaminated wastewater is also purified using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure; purification by chlorination has proven itself.

Among wastewater treatment methods, the biological method plays an important role, based on the use of the laws of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other bodies of water. There are several types of biological wastewater treatment devices: biofilters, biological ponds and aeration tanks.

In biofilters, wastewater is passed through a layer of coarse material coated with a thin bacterial film. Thanks to this film, biological oxidation processes occur intensively. It is this that serves as the active principle in biofilters.

In biological ponds, all organisms inhabiting the pond take part in wastewater treatment.

Aerotanks are huge tanks made of reinforced concrete. Here the cleansing principle is activated sludge from bacteria and microscopic animals. All these living creatures develop rapidly in aeration tanks, which is facilitated by organic substances in wastewater and excess oxygen entering the structure through the flow of supplied air. The bacteria stick together into flakes and secrete enzymes that mineralize organic contaminants. The sludge with flakes quickly settles, separating from the purified water. Ciliates, flagellates, amoebas, rotifers and other tiny animals, devouring bacteria that do not stick together into flakes, rejuvenate the bacterial mass of sludge.

Before biological treatment, wastewater is subjected to mechanical treatment, and after it, to remove pathogenic bacteria, it is subjected to chemical treatment, chlorination with liquid chlorine or bleach. Other physical and chemical techniques (ultrasound, electrolysis, ozonation, etc.) are also used for disinfection.
The biological method gives great results when treating municipal wastewater. It is also used for cleaning waste from oil refining, pulp and paper industries, and the production of artificial fiber._________________________________

Conclusion

In the chemical industry, a wider introduction of low-waste and non-waste technological processes that provide the greatest environmental effect is planned. Much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment.

The introduction of highly effective wastewater treatment methods, in particular physical and chemical ones, of which one of the most effective is the use of reagents, can have a significant impact on increasing water circulation. The use of a reagent method for treating industrial wastewater does not depend on the toxicity of the impurities present, which is of significant importance compared to the biochemical treatment method.
Wider implementation of this method, both in combination with biochemical treatment and separately, can to a certain extent solve a number of problems associated with the treatment of industrial wastewater.

In the near future, it is planned to introduce membrane methods for wastewater treatment.

For the implementation of a set of measures to protect water resources from pollution and depletion in all developed countries, allocations reaching 2-4
% of national income approximately, using the example of the USA, the relative costs are (in%): atmospheric protection 35.2%, protection of water bodies - 48.0, solid waste disposal - 15.0, noise reduction -0.7, other 1.1 . As can be seen from the example, most of the costs are the costs of protecting water bodies.
The costs associated with the production of coagulants and flocculants can be partially reduced through the wider use for these purposes of waste from various industries, as well as sediments generated during wastewater treatment, especially excess activated sludge, which can be used as a flocculant, more precisely a bioflocculant.
Thus, the protection and rational use of water resources is one of the links in the complex global problem of nature conservation.

APPLICATION

Article 250 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Water pollution

1. Pollution, clogging, depletion of surface or underground waters, sources of drinking water supply, or any other change in their natural properties, if these acts entailed causing significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture, is punishable by a fine of one hundred to two hundred minimum wages or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two months, or deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a period of up to five years, or correctional labor for a period of up to one year, or arrest for up to three months.

3. Acts provided for in parts one or two of this article, resulting in the death of a person through negligence, are punishable by imprisonment for a term of two to five years.

Internal sea waters, territorial sea of the Russian Federation, open waters

The world's oceans are not the subject of this crime.

2. The objective side of the crime consists of pollution, clogging, depletion or other change in the natural properties of the above-mentioned components of the hydrosphere with untreated and non-neutralized wastewater, waste and garbage or toxic or aggressive in relation to the quality of the environment products (oil, petroleum products, chemicals) of industrial , agricultural, municipal and other enterprises and organizations.
In accordance with Art. 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma
October 18, 1995, clogging of water bodies - the discharge or otherwise entering water bodies, as well as the formation in them of harmful substances that worsen the quality of surface and ground waters, limit the use or negatively affect the condition of the bottom and banks of such objects.
Clogging of water bodies is the discharge or otherwise entry into water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and complicate the use of such objects.
Water depletion is a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.
The quality of the environment and its main objects, including water, is determined using special standards - maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (MPC). Discharges of untreated wastewater, industrial and agricultural waste into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other inland water bodies sharply increase the maximum permissible concentration in water sources and thereby significantly reduce their quality. Discharge - the entry of harmful substances in wastewater into a water body is determined by GOST.

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 2000 in the Ussuriysk region

Vozdvizhenskaya KECh village Novonikolskoe

MPZHKH Ussuriysk region

Table No. 1
|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |1071.96 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |
|825,86 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |246.10 |

|Regulatory-cleared: |

|BOD total (in tons) |48,730 |
|Petroleum products (tons) |0.2694 |
|Suspended solids (tons) |36,870 |
|Dry residue (tons) |0.000 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 33657.180 |
|Nitrates (in kg) |820.160 |
|Nitrites (in kg) |158.740 |
| Surfactant (in kg) | 1252.170 |
|Phenols (in kg) |45.598 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |3376.660 |

Total discharge onto the terrain in the Ussuri region in 2000.

Ussuriysky district village. Vozdvizhenka - 2,322 ARZ

Table No. 2

|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |0.70 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |0.70 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |

|Regulatory-cleared: |

|BOD total (in tons) |0.017 |
|Petroleum products (tons) |0.0003 |
|Suspended solids (tons) |0.009 |
|Aluminum (in kg) |0.313 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 1,170 |
|Iron (in kg) |0.771 |
|Copper (in kg) |0/015 |
| Surfactant (in kg) | 0.110 |
|Phenols (in kg) |0.007 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |0.082 |
|Chrome (in kg) |0.03 |
|Zinc (in kg) |0.025 |

Total discharge onto the terrain in the city of Ussuriysk in 2000.

Ussuriysk
JSC "Dalenergo - Central Electric Grids"
Ussuriysk water supply distance and STU
OJSC "Primornefteprodukt"
JSC "Primagroremmash"
Ussuriyskaya KECH
State farm "Yubileiny"

Table No. 3

|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |98.80 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |82.21 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |16.59 |
|Standard-clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|Regulatory-cleared: |
|biologically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|mechanically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS |
|BOD total (in tons) |2,087 |
|Petroleum products (tons) |0.0301 |
|Suspended solids (tons) |5.654 |
|Dry residue (tons) |3,500 |
|Aluminum (in kg) |42,560 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 486.580 |
|Iron (in kg) |832,560 |
|Copper (in kg) |0.418 |
|Nitrates (in kg) |45.180 |
|Nitrites (in kg) |5.530 |
| Surfactant (in kg) | 29,080 |
|Tetraethyl lead (in kg) |0.132 |
|Phenols (in kg) |3.681 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |48.620 |
|Chlorides (tons) |0.720 |
|Zinc (in kg) |1,650 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in the city of Ussuriysk in 2000

Ussuriysk
Novonikolskoe Regional Energy District (branch of Ussuri Raipo)
JSC "Primorsky Sugar"

Ussuriyskaya KECH
CJSC UMZHK "Primorskaya Soya"

JSC "Primorskavtorans" convoy 1273

Table No. 4

|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |17805.35 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |5235.50 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |12569.85 |
|Standard-clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|Regulatory-cleared: |
|biologically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |

|CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS |
|BOD total (in tons) |207.975 |
| Petroleum products (tons) | 8.6101 |
| Suspended solids (tons) | 346.216 |
|Dry residue (in tons) |3,000 |
|Aluminum (in kg) |1665.310 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 58894.770 |
|Boron (in kg) |892,000 |
|Iron (in kg) |10009.630 |
|Fats, oils (in kg) |5562,000 |
|Copper (in kg) |218.920 |
|Nitrates (in kg) |89948.570 |
|Nitrites (in kg) |1049.830 |
| Surfactants (in kg) | 1687.770 |
|Hydrogen sulfide (in kg) |409,600 |
|Sulfates (tons) |0.300 |
|Tetraethyl lead (in kg) |0.049 |
| Tannin (in kg) | 43,500 |
|Titanium (in kg) |1411,000 |
|Phenols (in kg) |131.206 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |10384.760 |
|Chlorides (tons) |596,390 |
|Chrome (in kg) |21,900 |
|Zinc (in kg) |222.810 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in 1999 in the Ussuriysk region
Ussuriysky district village. Vozdvizhenka
Vozdvizhenskaya KECh village Novonikolskoe
MPZHKH Ussuriysk region

Table No. 5

|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |1060.30 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |836.70 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |223.60 |
|Standard-clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|Regulatory-cleared: |
|biologically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|mechanical (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|POLLUTANT CONTENT: |
|BOD total (in tons) |32,070 |
|Petroleum products (tons) |0.0670 |
|Suspended solids (tons) |27,400 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 13201.580 |
|Nitrates (in kg) |2413.250 |
|Nitrites (in kg) |151.560 |
| Surfactant (in kg) | 459.230 |
|Phenols (in kg) |8.420 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |905.020 |

Total discharge into surface water bodies in the city of Ussuriysk in 1999

Ussuriysk
Ussuriysk Raikoopzagotprom
JSC "Primorsky Sugar"
Ussuriysk Vodokanal Administration
Ussuriysk Tank Repair Plant (military unit 96576)
Ussuri Cardboard Mill
Ussuriyskaya KECH
JSC "Dalsoy"
Ussuriysk refrigerated car depot (VChD-7)
Motorcade 1273
Oil depot in Ussuriysk

Table No. 6
|WASTEWATER DISPOSAL: |
|TOTAL: (thousand cubic meters) |17240.90 |
|including: |
|Polluted without treatment (thousand cubic meters) |5283.50 |
|Insufficiently purified (thousand cubic meters) |11950.40 |
|Standard-clean (without purification) (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|Regulatory-cleared: |
|biologically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|physical and chemical (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|mechanically (thousand cubic meters) |0.00 |
|POLLUTANT CONTENT: |
|BOD total (in tons) |381,530 |
| Petroleum products (tons) | 5.7491 |
| Suspended solids (tons) | 317.424 |
|Dry residue (in tons) |2,700 |
|Aluminum (in kg) |671,270 |
| Ammonium nitrogen (in kg) | 79461.480 |
|Boron (in kg) |1486,000 |
|Iron (in kg) |11573.100 |
|Fats, oils (in kg) |615,000 |
|Copper (in kg) |264.850 |
|Nitrates (in kg) |32^965,000 |
|Nitrites (in kg) |8702,800 |
| Surfactant (in kg) | 1738.260 |
|Hydrogen sulfide (in kg) |8,000 |
|Sulfates (tons) |271,900 |
| Tannin (in kg) | 5332.100 |
|Titanium (in kg) |1459,000 |
|Phenols (in kg) |151.402 |
|Total phosphorus (in kg) |14477.740 |
|Chlorides (tons) |628.310 |
|Chrome (in kg) |150,000 |
|Zinc (in kg) |162.637 |