Epilepsy is a disease characterized by brain dysfunction. Unfortunately, epilepsy is quite common in dogs. In this article you will learn what are the causes of this disease, what are its symptoms, how to treat and help the animal at home.

The causes of epilepsy can be different, but, as a rule, they are divided into primary and secondary nature. The first includes hereditary predisposition. In the case of a genetic predisposition, pets do not experience disturbances in the structure of the brain, because an epileptic seizure occurs as a result of a disruption in the processes of inhibition and excitation. It appears in dogs from six months to 5 years of life.

Secondary causes are not related to genetics and include:

• The presence of chronic diseases of the liver, kidneys, heart, thyroid gland.
• An epileptic seizure can develop as a result of diseases such as encephalitis and plague.
• Head injuries, and these may include those received in utero or during childbirth.
• Toxin poisoning.
• Unbalanced diet insufficient quantity Magnesium, vitamins B, D can provoke a similar condition.
• Sometimes the basis for epilepsy lies in nervous disorders animal.
• Tumor conditions of the brain.
• Hormonal disorders.
• Worms.
• Hit electric shock.
• Snakebite.

Most often, an attack in dogs begins at night or early in the morning.

Breeds at risk

Epilepsy occurs in dogs of all breeds, but most often it occurs in:

• Tax.
• Boxers.
• German and Belgian Shepherds.
• Collie.
• Poodles.
• Husky.
• St. Bernards.

Symptoms

Epilepsy in dogs manifests itself in several stages and has the following symptoms:

1. The first symptoms of an attack are some nervousness. The dog begins to salivate excessively, he whines, hides, sways, as if he cannot find a place for himself. This stage can last from a few seconds to several days. Unfortunately, the owner does not always notice these signs.
2. Signs of the second stage: the pet loses consciousness, its muscles tense, it seems to be petrified. At the same time, his head is thrown back to the side, his eyes are rolled up, his pupils are dilated. After which convulsive phenomena of the head and limbs appear. The dog has severe and rapid breathing and spraying foam from oral cavity. Her paws move involuntarily, and the rectum and bladder are automatically released. Then the seizures begin to slow down and stop. The seizure lasts from 1 to 5 minutes.
3. Then comes the recovery stage, characterized by increased salivation, blurred vision, disorientation. This phase can last for several days.

If the attack does not end within half an hour, then it is necessary to urgently call a veterinarian.

Types of epileptic seizures

An epileptic attack in dogs always causes fear in its owner, especially if it is the first one. Epileptic seizures are divided into 4 types:

1. Complete, during which the spasm overwhelms the entire body of the pet. This type is characteristic of a genetic predisposition to the disease.
2. Minor, when the spasm is short in duration and rare in frequency. There are times when the owner does not even notice the pet’s condition.
3. Partial, when twitching of certain muscle groups occurs. It occurs in a secondary form of the disease.
4. A partial form that is characterized by hallucinations, fear, and changes in the behavior of the animal.

The dog sometimes loses consciousness, and sometimes he doesn’t. Also, all attacks have a time difference, the average duration of which is 2 minutes.

If you notice that your pet has started to get nervous and show restless behavior, then it is better to go to the clinic, get tested, and there they will help him, thus, it is possible to prevent an attack.

Treatment

Before starting to treat your pet, the doctor will conduct necessary diagnostics, which includes:

• A conversation with the owner about previous diseases, vaccinations, the duration and frequency of attacks.
• Blood and urine analysis.
• Biochemical blood test.
• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs.
• X-ray of the skull.

Diagnostics is necessary in order to understand what condition the pet is in and discharge it necessary medications. Epilepsy in dogs is usually treated with the following medications:

• Phenobarbital.
• Diazepam.
• Phenotoin.
• Primidon.
• B vitamins.
• Magnesium.
• Manganese.

Medicines are available only by prescription; they will not only make your pet’s life easier, but also reduce the number of seizures. It is necessary to take the medications strictly; you cannot change the dosage yourself, because this not only may not help your pet, but may even worsen its condition. If you suddenly change medications or stop taking them, then attacks may become more frequent. Withdrawal occurs slowly, gradually reducing the dosage. During your appointment medicines You need to periodically do blood tests to rule out renal failure. In case of suspicion, the veterinarian will prescribe other remedies that are similar in action.

Even a single attack is a reason to visit a specialist, because this is a serious test for the dog’s nervous system.

As a rule, epilepsy in dogs requires quite long-term treatment, during which the pet has a risk of gaining overweight. This is related to the use of antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the animal’s diet. It is better to give a dog suffering from epilepsy natural food rather than dry food. Veterinarians recommend sticking to low calorie diet with the necessary content of vitamin and mineral composition.

Food containing potassium bromide should be excluded from the animal’s diet, because this element can lead to an epileptic attack.

How to help an animal during an attack?

If a pet has a seizure, then it needs the support of its owner. So, what to do in such a situation:

• First of all, you need to open all the windows to provide access to fresh air.
• You should try to put drops of Corvalol on your tongue. It is necessary to keep your fingers away from the animal’s mouth, because it can involuntarily close its mouth with great force.
• If you are at home, then put a pillow under your head; if you are outside, then something soft. You need to make sure that the head is not thrown back, otherwise the pet runs the risk of choking on saliva, and the tongue will block the flow of air.
• There is no need to hold the animal's body, the main thing is to pay attention to the head, while affectionately calling the dog by name.
• After the attack ends, you need to pet and calm the dog, talk to it, and pour water. She will be confused for some time, not understanding what is happening to her.
• During an attack, it is necessary to remove children and other family members from the room.
• During a seizure, you can give your pet anticonvulsant injections, which ones your veterinarian will recommend.

An epileptic dog is a special case, and great responsibility for its well-being lies with the owner. The right therapy can cure it unpleasant disease. If you notice the approach of an attack in a timely manner, you can significantly alleviate your pet’s condition.

Epilepsy is common in dogs, with symptoms of loss of consciousness and seizures lasting more than 30 minutes or repeated seizures at intervals of up to 30 minutes without full recovery of consciousness.

Etiology of epileptic seizures

The source of seizure activity is thalamocortical neurons. The spread of hyperactivity to certain areas of the brain or to the cerebral cortex leads to paroxysmal disorganization of one or more brain functions, and also determines the type of seizure. The most common cause of the disease is brain damage. However, seizures can also occur secondary to certain diseases. internal organs, complicated by metabolic encephalopathy. With more frequent attacks, the likelihood of neuronal damage and the likelihood of status epilepticus increase.

Risk factors include any brain disease that affects the thalamocortical region. Ketamine and acepromazine can increase brain seizure activity and induce seizures in clinically normal animals.

Diagnosis of canine epilepsy - symptoms and research

The clinical manifestations of seizures depend on the location and extent of the focus of hyperactivity. Epileptic seizures are divided into generalized and partial. Generalized seizures are convulsive or may manifest moderate impairment consciousness with mild motor signs (non-convulsive seizures). Generalized seizures are most common in dogs; characteristically bilateral and symmetrical involvement of the body muscles.

Partial seizures occur locally and are characterized by asymmetry of motor activity. If at the same time consciousness is preserved, they are called simple partial; if it is disrupted, they are called complex. partial seizures. They are accompanied by stereotypical behavioral disorders (automatisms).

Extracranial causes

Occur when metabolic disorders(hypoglycemia in insulinoma, hypocalcemia in eclampsia, idiopathic parathyroidism: renal or hepatic encephalopathy) and exposure toxic substances(eg metaldehyde).

Intracranial causes:

• degenerative diseases and pathological processes (storage diseases, hypoxia, vascular disorders);
• developmental abnormalities (for example, hydrocephalus);
• neoplasms;
• inflammatory processes (bacterial, mycotic, viral, protozoal);
• rickettsial diseases (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis);
• idiopathic and immune-related diseases (granulomatous and eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis, canine encephalitis);
• traumatic brain injury.

Epilepsy is classified into primary (idiopathic, genetic) or secondary (caused by postencephalitic or posttraumatic glial scar). Idiopathic epilepsy most often affects dogs from 6 months to 5 years. The disease in animals under 2 years of age is often severe, and treatment is ineffective.

Differential diagnosis

In case of disturbances of consciousness, it is necessary to differentiate a convulsive attack from fainting. In epilepsy, a fall is preceded by a convulsive seizure with involuntary tonic and clonic muscle contractions. A convulsive attack in the falling phase is accompanied by impaired consciousness, drooling, involuntary urination or defecation.

Fainting occurs when there is a sudden loss of consciousness and muscle tone decreases, which causes weakness, lethargy and falling. Recovery after fainting is quick and complete, in contrast to a convulsive seizure, after which residual effects are observed: polydipsia or polyphagia, a state of confusion, confusion, disorientation, temporary blindness. Epilepsy may also manifest as goal-directed obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Convulsive seizures caused by extracranial causes are characterized as generalized; No lateralized neurological deficit is detected. When intoxicated, the convulsive syndrome in an animal without treatment progresses with the transition of tonic seizures (like shaking, tremor) to clonic (convulsions) and status epilepticus, which can be fatal. If there is a sudden onset of frequent epileptic seizures(more than two in current l-th weeks of the disease), their partial nature, neurological deficit between attacks and, when excluding extracranial causes, one should look for organic changes in the brain that form the epileptic focus.

Idiopathic epilepsy is the most common cause of seizures in dogs. At differential diagnosis it is necessary to take into account the age, breed of the animal, the nature of the seizures, their type and frequency of occurrence, as well as laboratory test data.

Instrumental methods for studying epilepsy and seizures in dogs

Normal test results are typical for primary disease brain. Their changes in comparison with the anamnesis data, clinical examination and the nature of the seizure indicate a possible extracranial cause.

Severe cluster seizures and status epilepticus are often accompanied by metabolic acidosis. At the same time, hyperglycemia in early stage may be followed by hypoglycemia late stage, which is especially typical for small breeds dogs. A moderate or marked increase in creatine kinase activity, possibly in combination with myoglobinuria, may be a consequence of muscle necrosis.

If hepatic encephalopathy is suspected, determine the content bile acids. Seizures with this type of lesion are rare; behavioral disturbances (dementia, aimless walking) are noted during the interictal period. To identify viral, mycotic, bacterial, protozoal infections, serological tests are indicated.
X-rays of the skull rarely have diagnostic value. To identify the location, nature and extent organic damage of the brain, CT and MRI are the most informative.

If you suspect organic disease Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is carried out in the brain. EEG can detect pathological changes in the brain, but they are usually nonspecific.

Treatment of status epilepticus in dogs

Patients with infrequent seizures can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospitalization and emergency intensive care are indicated for dogs with acute cluster seizures or status epilepticus. The nature and duration of treatment depend on the frequency and severity of seizures.

The animal owner must be explained the importance of conducting a full examination if metabolic disorders or organic brain disease are suspected, since treatment with anticonvulsants in this case will be symptomatic and not etiological.

Treatment with phenobarbital

Indicated for the development of cluster seizures and status epilepticus. If no more than one seizure is noted over a period of 6-8 weeks, long-term maintenance therapy with phenobarbital (2-5 mg/kg orally twice daily) is prescribed to prevent seizures. The dose of the drug is increased to establish optimal level in blood serum (15-45 mg/ml). In puppies, unlike adults, the breakdown time of phenobarbital is shorter, so an initial dose should be prescribed (5 mg/kg twice a day) and the level of the drug in the blood should be determined every 5 days before selecting a maintenance dose.

Epilepsy attack in a dog video

Patients who have seizures history, currently or there is a potential risk of their occurrence, acepromazine, ketamine, aminophylline, xylazine and other drugs that increase the convulsive readiness of the brain should not be prescribed. Abrupt withdrawal of phenobarbital can also provoke an increase in seizure activity.

When treating status epilepticus, it is possible to simultaneously use phenobarbital and diazepam in order to potentiate their effect (one should remember the danger of inhibition respiratory center and cardiovascular system). Phenobarbital, used simultaneously with cimetidine and chloramphenicol, disrupts its metabolism and increases the concentration of phenobarbital in the blood to a toxic level. When prescribing other drugs during treatment with phenobarbital, their interactions should be taken into account.

Features of assistance in severe cases

For severe cluster seizures or status epilepticus, diazepam is prescribed (0.5-1.0 mg/kg intravenous bolus). If expressed motor activity persists, after 5 minutes the administration is repeated and the infusion of a freshly prepared solution (prepared in the previous 1-2 hours, since diazepam is adsorbed on
plastic walls of the infusion system). If convulsions continue, phenobarbital (2-5 mg/kg intravenous bolus) should be administered, and then phenobarbital 2.0-6.0 mg/kg-hour should be added to diazepam in the infusion system.

If the convulsions are stopped and do not recur within 4-6 hours, the infusion rate is reduced over several hours. Oral phenobarbital is prescribed as early as possible. In some cases, dexamethasone 0.25 mg/kg 1-3 times a day is additionally used (contraindicated in case of infection).

For long-term antiepileptic therapy, potassium bromide is indicated as a second-line drug. Infusions of diazepam and phenobarbital may immobilize and anesthetize the animal. It is advisable to conduct EEG monitoring at this time to help monitor the stage of anesthesia.

Follow-up care for a dog with epilepsy

In case of encephalitis it is necessary to carry out repeat tests cerebrospinal fluid to assess the effectiveness of treatment. With long-term therapy with phenobarbital, its content in the blood plasma is determined after 2 weeks. after the start of treatment, maintaining the optimal concentration (15-45 mcg/ml).

Twitching of the eyelids and lips in an animal in a state of deep anesthesia indicates continued seizure activity. Normalization of the condition after status epilepticus usually occurs within 7-10 days. Vision is the last to be restored.

If seizures do not recur within 6 months, antiepileptic drugs are gradually withdrawn (over several months). If the frequency of seizures is more than one over a period of 6-8 weeks, therapy should be adjusted.

The use of phenobarbital can lead to liver damage if the therapeutic serum concentration is exceeded for a long time (>45 mcg/ml). It is also possible to develop acute neutropenia during the first weeks of treatment. It is necessary to constantly ensure that there is no side effects.

Despite adequate treatment, seizures may continue due to the development of drug refractoriness. In some cases, residual signs of status epilepticus are constantly noted: blindness, behavioral disturbances, cerebellar signs. If convulsive seizures persist, the development of status epilepticus or death is likely.

Status epilepticus can lead to the development of hyperthermia, disturbances of the acid-base state and water-electrolyte balance, the development of hypoxia, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, aspiration pneumonia, renal and cardiovascular failure and death.

Epilepsy - serious illness, which affects not only people, but also animals. Epilepsy also occurs in dogs. Moreover, representatives of any breed can suffer from epilepsy, without a clearly defined dependence on pedigree and age. IN total number Epilepsy accounts for 5% of visits to the veterinarian for dog diseases.

Types of epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease neurological pathology, manifested by paroxysmal convulsions. Seizures are triggered by temporary disturbances in the functioning of the brain, which arise due to excessive activity of brain neurons and an imbalance between the processes of excitation and inhibition.

There are 4 types of epilepsy:

• Idiopathic or true epilepsy. The most incomprehensible and insidious. The causes of its occurrence cannot be determined and are not characterized by the presence of any pathologies, structural or concomitant. This type of epilepsy also lacks an infectious onset. Veterinary neurologists find it difficult to say why seizures of idiopathic epilepsy develop. But a hereditary predisposition of some breeds to this type of disease has been identified: retrievers, Labradors, terriers, St. Bernards, poodles, dachshunds, German shepherd, collie, setters, cocker spaniel. It has been noted that idiopathic epilepsy most often occurs in dogs aged from one to 5 years. Seizures usually occur at night or during daytime rest.
• Symptomatic. It is associated with brain pathologies, which are both congenital (for example, hydrocephalus) and acquired - trauma, hemorrhage, neuroinfection. Seizures of symptomatic epilepsy occur in young dogs under the age of one year or in those who have crossed the 5-year mark.
• Cryptogenic. Also associated with brain damage but not identifiable on MRI. The cause of this type of epilepsy can be birth trauma, prolonged hypoxia during anesthesia. More often it develops either before one year or after 5 years of age;
• Reactive epilepsy. The type that has the most favorable prognosis for healing. Occurs due to toxic or metabolic effects on the brain, without its structural damage. Reactive epilepsy is a concomitant factor of the underlying disease and disappears after it is cured.

Idiopathic epilepsy does not manifest itself between attacks

Cryptogenic epilepsy may be unresponsive to drug therapy anticonvulsants. In this case, she falls under refractory epilepsy, that is, a form of the disease when drug treatment does not help cope with epileptic seizures. About 15% of dogs suffering from epilepsy, unfortunately, have a refractory type of epilepsy.

Causes

The causes of the disease can be many and quite diverse:

• genetic predisposition - in purebred dogs the disease is diagnosed more often than in half-breeds;
• tumors, brain injuries - blows to the head, birth injuries;
• infections - encephalitis, plague, tetanus;
• long-term metabolic disorders;
• chronic liver and kidney diseases;
• diseases cardiovascular system, arrhythmia;
• decreased glucose concentration;
• lack of vitamin B1 or B6;
• poisoning with lead, arsenic, strychnine;
• insect or snake venom due to bites;
• intoxication caused by helminths.

Often the appearance of epilepsy is provoked stressful situations that the animal experiences, physical and emotional fatigue, hormonal imbalances. Therefore, this disease is more common in females than in males, as well as in neutered dogs.

Symptoms

An epileptic seizure is the most severe and characteristic manifestation of the disease. But not all attacks are the same.

There are 3 types of epileptic seizures:

• generalized convulsions - such an attack in the form of convulsions/convulsions occurs with the head thrown back, muscle tension, dilated pupils and rapid, noisy breathing. At the peak of the attack, the following symptoms are observed: rolling of the eyes, foam from the mouth, “rowing” with paws and spontaneous urination or defecation, possible loss of coordination, manege movements (in a circle), loss of consciousness, hallucinations, aggression. Such attacks are characteristic of idiopathic and reactive epilepsy;
• scarlet epileptic seizures or absence seizures (from the French “abser” - “to be absent”). They are characterized by a short loss of consciousness without convulsions;
• partial seizures - they are characterized by convulsions not of the whole body, but of individual muscles, with twitching of the limbs, jaws, and strange turning of the head. Such attacks, as a rule, accompany secondary epilepsy and foreshadow the transition to severe form- to generalized convulsions.

During attacks, the dog howls and experiences fear

Diagnostics

If a dog has had at least one such attack, it must be examined. Ideal option- a visit to a veterinarian-neurologist or epileptologist.

A diagnosis of epilepsy is possible only after comprehensive examination dogs. It includes a complete medical history and neurological examination of the animal:

• fundus examination;
• laboratory diagnostics: general and biochemical analysis blood, blood test to determine glucose levels, general analysis urine, feces (for helminthiasis), thyroid hormone analysis, cerebrospinal fluid analysis;
• blood pressure measurement;
• X-ray/MRI of the skull;
• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
• electroencephalogram.

When examining your dog, it is important to describe in detail to the veterinarian the attacks, as well as previous and subsequent sensations, indicating the date and time.

Additionally, the dog's pedigree is studied to identify a hereditary predisposition to epilepsy. This is done to determine the form of the disease - congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary) - and to differentiate provoking factors.

A comprehensive examination will allow you to separate epilepsy from other diseases with similar symptoms- pathologies vestibular apparatus, cerebellar diseases and problems with the auditory nerve.

Treatment

Epilepsy is a disease that is completely impossible to get rid of, but it can be kept under control. Proper therapy can reduce the number of attacks and significantly improve the dog’s quality of life. By competently prescribing a treatment regimen and carefully following it, long-term (up to 6 years) remissions are achieved. Treatment tactics depend on the type of epilepsy.

In idiopathic epilepsy, when the seizure trigger is not obvious, treatment is reduced to therapeutic control. If attacks occur once a month or more often, anticonvulsants with a sedative effect (phenobarbital, diazepam, primidone and bromides) are prescribed.

When selecting an anticonvulsant or sedative drug, they are guided by the presence of pathologies other than epilepsy. For example, phenobarbital is not prescribed for liver disease.

The use of anticonvulsants is always strictly dosed and controlled. Once a quarter, blood is given for analysis to determine the level of medication in it.

Permanent and long-term use medications for epilepsy leads to the development of renal failure; elderly dogs are at particular risk

In intensive care, when the animal is in the status of an epileptic seizure, seizure relief is achieved by administering anticonvulsants through injections. In this case, hexamidine, tazepam and sibazon are indicated. At acute conditions Corvalol or Valocordin are also used. They are dripped under the dog's tongue, this helps to relax the muscles.

Prescribing magnesia is possible only after an accurate diagnosis has been established, otherwise the drug may worsen the dog’s condition.

Self-prescribing your dog's medications and choosing the dosage can cause much more harm than no treatment.

Most sedatives has side effects, and therefore alternative medicine methods are used for treatment:

• acupuncture - impact on 10 points. Treatment is carried out in courses over a month. The duration of one session is 20 minutes;
• homeopathy - taking Aconite and Belladonna in homeopathic doses between series of seizures. The result is observed after taking 3-4 doses. Effective for acute conditions, convulsions;
• the use of Omega-3 semisaturated fatty acids can reduce the frequency of attacks (for example, fish oil);
• B vitamins in the form of injections;
• folk remedies - charcoal solution (cleansing effect) or valerian tincture (1 teaspoon per glass of boiling water, leave for 2 hours) - calming effect.

All these methods have more of a preventative effect and do not guarantee relief from the dog’s condition, especially when it is having an attack.

The dog should be protected from emotional and physical stress. The animal must be treated under the strict supervision of a veterinarian. Rest is indicated, no exhibitions, competitions, matings or intense training! Recommended and special diet. Limiting meat and salt in your dog’s diet and increasing foods containing magnesium, manganese and vitamin B6 will help alleviate the animal’s condition. Food is given warm and according to a set schedule.

Products useful for epileptic dogs:

• legumes;
• millet porridge;
• boiled carrots;
• cabbage;
• sea ​​fish fatty varieties(boiled and boneless).

The best option is to switch the dog to ready-made high-quality food containing quickly digestible proteins.

Attack

The attack is unpredictable in nature and duration. It can last seconds or minutes, occur with or without loss of consciousness, and occur in a dog that is both awake and asleep.

And yet, all epileptic seizures have something in common - certain stages of development, according to which an attentive owner can spot the impending danger and prepare his pet for it.

Signs

The owner of a sick animal needs to know the signs of an upcoming epileptic attack in a dog.

The precursor to an epileptic seizure (prodromal stage) has different durations- from an hour to several days. Accompanied general weakness animal, lethargy.

Then comes the next stage - the aura. It always doesn't last long. Its time is calculated in seconds and minutes. The dog is looking for shelter or, conversely, the owner, is worried, trembling, whining. There may be vomiting. Profuse drooling and muzzle twitching begin.

Then comes the attack of convulsions - ictus.

Epilepsy in dogs requires treatment; every owner of an epileptic animal needs to know how to stop seizures.

How to stop

During an epileptic seizure in a dog, its owner needs not to worry himself and calm the sick animal, observing the following algorithm of actions:

• find a cool and quiet dark place;
• remove objects from the animal that could injure him during convulsions;
• Place soft bedding under the dog. Turn your head to the side so that the animal does not choke if it vomits;
• Do not try to unclench the dog’s cramped jaws. You can injure both the animal and yourself;
• measure the exact time of the onset of the seizure. This will help control the duration of the attack. Seizures lasting more than 10 minutes are fatal. In this case, you should immediately take the dog to a veterinary clinic or call veterinary help at home.

If you don’t have a syringe at hand, you can pour difenin directly into the mouth

The anatomical feature of the attachment of a dog’s tongue is such that it does not fall back during convulsions and cannot cause suffocation.

If a dog has an attack while walking, an ampoule of diphenine in the form of an injection will help.

If a seizure occurs in a sleeping animal, then chloracone or phenobarbital should be administered.

If the dog is awake, the seizures can be controlled with benzene or hexamidine.

If cramps recur regularly and continuously, a chloral hydrate enema should be used. This will simplify the animal's convulsive readiness.

Animal behavior after an attack

After a seizure, the dog continues to have problems with coordination and concentration for some time. Disorientation and slight drooling are observed. The animal is very weak. All he needs during the post-ictal stage of the attack is peace and quiet. Recovery may take several days if the attack was severe.

Possible complications

Physical injury to a dog during an epileptic seizure is very likely if everything is left to chance and precautions are not taken.

Excessive nervous irritation during a seizure, it can provoke a malfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs and systems.

Abrupt withdrawal of one drug can cause new signs of pathology, and in some cases causes an attack

During an attack, nerve cells consume a huge supply of nutrition, which leads to a subsequent decrease in brain activity dogs.

But the most terrible and irreversible consequence of an epileptic seizure is that the animal can die from asphyxia.

How long do dogs with this disease live?

A dog diagnosed with epilepsy can live a long time if it regularly and on time receives the prescribed medication in the right dosage. Sometimes it is even possible to stop attacks completely. But it should be remembered that this disease requires lifelong therapeutic measures.

The life expectancy of a dog with epilepsy is influenced by a number of factors:

• time of appearance of the first attacks;
• causes of epileptic seizures and type of epilepsy;
• the animal’s reaction to antispasmodic therapy;
• severity of seizures.

Epilepsy is not a sentence, but a diagnosis. With it, the dog is not doomed and can live a long and happy life under the supervision of an attentive and caring owner.

Epilepsy occurs not only in humans; animals are also susceptible to this disease.

Seizures of epilepsy in a dog can occur due to neurological dysfunction, arising in the cerebral cortex. Causes of occurrence of this disease quite a lot.

Dogs most susceptible to epileptic seizures

According to statistics, the most common dogs that suffer from epileptic seizures are dachshunds, German and Belgian shepherds, golden retrievers, boxers, poodles, cocker spaniels, beagles, miniature schnauzers, collies, Siberian huskies, Labradors, Irish setters and wire-haired terriers.

If pet does not belong to one of the listed breeds, this does not mean that he will definitely not have this disease. Any dog ​​can suffer from epilepsy.

Most often, the first seizures of epilepsy in dogs occur before the age of one year. But not always. Older animals can also suffer from this disease.

Primary epilepsy

Congenital, or primary epilepsy, can appear in a pet from six months to five years. The main symptoms of the disease are tonic-clonic convulsions, accompanied by flow of saliva, involuntary urination, and loss of consciousness. The attack lasts several minutes. After it, the dog experiences a lack of coordination, dullness of attention and changes in behavior.

As a rule, attacks of such epilepsy recur once every 3-4 weeks. Between them the dog feels great.

Primary epilepsy is caused by heredity. Most often it affects spaniels, boxers, schnauzers, fox terriers, St. Bernards, Siberian huskies and collies.

Secondary epilepsy

Diseases leading to epilepsy

Dogs have epilepsy for many reasons. This disease can be inherited. If a dog has a genetic predisposition to the disease, the likelihood of seizures is very high.

Another factor in the occurrence of the disease is disturbances that occur during the fetal development of the pet. Often this disorder becomes hydrocele of the brain.

Idiopathic epilepsy affects dogs aged 1 to 3 years. It occurs when the amount of neurotransmitters in tissues is much less than normal. Nerve impulses often do not reach their target; they accumulate, which leads to severe overstrain of the nervous system.

Seizures of epilepsy can also occur in dogs over 4 years of age. They are caused by tumors in the brain, metastases or metabolic disorders.

Transferred infectious diseases can also give impetus to the development of the disease. Such diseases include canine distemper and encephalitis.

Hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia, even a violation of glycoprotein metabolism can lead to epileptic seizures.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system, arrhythmia, renal and liver failure- all these are factors that can lead to epileptic seizures in a dog.

The presence of helminths in a pet's body can also trigger seizures, especially if he has a predisposition to the disease. During their life, helminths release toxins that negatively affect nervous system animal.

External factors that can trigger the development of the disease

The causes that contribute to the appearance of a disease such as epilepsy in dogs can be very different. The owners of their four-legged friends are not even aware of some of them.

Even Not proper nutrition may lead to the development of the disease. First of all, it is extremely important to feed your pet correctly and in a balanced manner so that he receives all the macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals he needs. You should ensure that the dog eats as much as it needs; you should not overfeed the pet. You should also not underfeed him. The food must be of high quality.

Excessive stress on a pet, not only physical, but also nervous, can also lead to the development of the disease.

The dog may be poisoned by toxins, heavy metals or chemicals. Most often, attacks begin after substances such as strychnines and organophosphorus compounds.

Trauma that causes brain damage can also lead to epilepsy. These include severe blows to the head, injuries during childbirth, and improper handling of the puppy.

Epilepsy attacks can occur due to electric shock to the dog. If your pet is bitten by insects or snakes whose venom affects the nervous system, this can also lead to illness.

Types of epileptic seizures

Epilepsy seizures in a dog can occur in four various types which are important for all owners of four-legged friends to know.

• The pet loses consciousness. There are no cramps at all, or they are very weak.
• Generalized motor tonic-clonic seizures. As a rule, they spread throughout the body, and the animal may even lose consciousness.
• Focal motor seizures. They can be with or without generalization. In this case, a spasm occurs in one part of the body, and then moves to the neighboring one. The spasm does not always cover the entire body of the pet.
• Partial complex seizures. One of the main symptoms of this type is a change in the pet's behavior. Unusual behavior is noted. Most animals begin to catch the insects they see in the air. This type of attack can occur either without convulsions at all, or they can cover the entire body of the pet.

Symptoms of epilepsy

It is important to correctly identify an epileptic seizure and not confuse it with ordinary seizures, since they do not always indicate this disease.

Often, seizures are signs of some kind of illness. By correctly diagnosing and treating the pet, the owners will also relieve it of involuntary muscle contractions.

• Anxiety. The pet may begin to whine, run around looking for cover, or try to hide in a quiet place. It is worth paying attention to salivation. It will be enlarged.
• Convulsions will follow. They are almost always accompanied by emptying the bladder and bowels. Often, due to seizures, the pet may bite its tongue or cheek, causing it to whine or squeal.
• Then the cramps go away, but salivation remains increased, sometimes the drool can even foam. The dog may be depressed or overly excited.

The first signs of epilepsy in dogs are twitching of the muzzle muscles. Gradually the cramps spread to the whole body. The pet may lose consciousness. An increase in body temperature is often noted. The animal's paws are constantly in motion, its jaws are tightly closed, its head is thrown back, its eyes are rolled back, and its pupils are greatly dilated. The dog's breathing at this moment is noisy and very heavy.

Most often, attacks of the disease occur at night and morning time. Experienced owners who know what epilepsy is in dogs can predict the symptoms of an approaching attack long before its onset. The dog becomes lethargic, has slight tremors, and also tries to retire.

Can epilepsy be cured?

There is no cure for epilepsy. But you can make life easier for your pet. Gradually, owners learn to detect the approach of an attack several hours or even days in advance. During medications taken will help your pet avoid an epileptic seizure.

We treat epilepsy

It should be remembered that if epilepsy is detected in a pet based on its symptoms, treatment in dogs is different than in people. Drugs prescribed to humans have an effect on animals toxic effect, giving them to your pet is dangerous.

First, you need to urgently contact a specialist. Only a veterinarian can correctly determine the presence of a disease such as epilepsy in dogs (the symptoms and treatment of which we describe in detail in our review). After examining the animal, he will prescribe the required anticonvulsants.

At the vet

When dog breeders are faced with a phenomenon such as “epilepsy” in dogs, treatment, how to stop seizures are the main questions that interest them. But self-medication is dangerous. You need to contact your veterinarian immediately.

All medications are selected individually. First you need to take an anamnesis.

The veterinarian must know the dog's breed, its gender and age, all vaccinations, as well as the symptoms of the disease. It is important to indicate what kind of convulsions there were and when exactly it happened.

After collecting an anamnesis, a full examination of the pet is prescribed. The veterinarian may also order a cranial examination to see if there has been any head trauma, and an examination of the musculature to look for areas of atrophy.

The doctor carefully examines the animal’s reflexes, its vision and the pupils themselves, and examines the cranial nerves and tactile senses. Blood and urine tests are prescribed, and sometimes an MRI and x-ray of the skull are done.

After all procedures have been completed and the diagnosis of epilepsy in dogs has been confirmed, treatment is prescribed on an individual basis. The doctor prescribes medications, determines their dosage and frequency of administration, and explains how to provide first aid to your pet for seizures. He also gives advice on normalizing the animal’s nutrition.

Drugs

The drugs that veterinarians prescribe for primary epilepsy in a dog are anticonvulsants. The most popular are several medications:

"Fentonine." It is highly effective and has no side effects. But the medicine is eliminated from the body quite quickly, causing thirst and, as a result, frequent urination.

"Phenobarbital". It is also a highly effective and fast-acting medicine. Of the minuses: increased diuretic effect, causes thirst, increases irritability of the pet.

"Primidon". Highly efficient fast-acting drug, which also makes the dog thirsty and increases appetite. Available only in tablet form.

"Diazepam." A fast-acting remedy without side effects. The effect of the drug is short-term. Increases the animal's irritability and nervousness.

If neither type of medication helps, veterinarians usually prescribe phenobarbital with sodium or potassium bromide.

If there is a disease such as epilepsy in dogs (we have described the symptoms and treatment similarly), owners should remember: this disease is incurable, drugs and their dosage cannot always help the first time. It is important that the pet is fully examined. Only in this case will the veterinarian be able to select the most effective medicine.

Attack. What to do?

During an attack, it is advisable to hold your head and turn it to the side so that the pet does not choke on its saliva. Sometimes the animal does not allow you to turn your head. In this case, it is better to leave everything as is and just follow.

There is no need to try to hold your tongue or open your mouth with your hands or any object. You still won’t be able to open your jaws, and your tongue won’t stick in anyway.

There is also no need to try to give your pet medications or give him something to drink during an attack.

It is advisable to place the pet's head on a soft bedding. You can, of course, try to put his head on your lap, but there is a chance that the animal will simply bite the owner.

Make sure there are no objects nearby that could injure your pet during convulsions. Provide fresh air by opening a window or vent.

Also, at the time of the attack, there should be no children or other animals in the room.

If the attack lasts half an hour or is accompanied by an increase in temperature, you should take your pet to the veterinary clinic. For transportation, the animal must be wrapped in a blanket. Or you can call a doctor at home.

A dog needs privacy after an epileptic attack; provide it with complete rest.

In conclusion

There can be many causes for this disease, both congenital and acquired. There is no need to be afraid if epilepsy is diagnosed in dogs. Treatment, how to stop attacks, what to do next and how to help your pet - the answer to all these questions can be found out from your veterinarian.

It is necessary to fully examine the pet, decide on the necessary medications and monitor it. Over time, the owner will be able to see signs of approaching seizures and give the pet the right medications in a timely manner, thereby saving it from suffering.

Epilepsy in dogs is quite common. The reason is a disorder of the brain. Due to changes in neurological cells, uncontrollable, repetitive actions occur that are not characteristic of an animal.

In severe cases, loss of consciousness occurs; it is incurable. Most often, signs appear in dogs before they are one year old, but it also happens in adulthood. How to relieve your pet's suffering? How to behave during an attack? This is what our article is about.

Signs

Currently, a number of signs have been identified that indicate a possible disease of epilepsy. Accurate diagnosis installed only after full examination dogs.

Collection of animal blood, identification concomitant diseases heart, brain, endocrine system, a form of epilepsy can be established - true or symptomatic - caused by pathological processes occurring in the body.

If the pet owner observes any of the following signs in behavior, under no circumstances should they independently engage in treatment. First of all, you need to quickly show the sick animal to a specialist.

Only in this case can you count on a complete recovery of your pet or optimal relief of its condition (in the true form).

Signs can appear in any individual, regardless of age, gender and breed.

In severe cases:

At the first stage (tonic) - this is when the animal instantly loses consciousness. The paws, cramped, are stretched straight, it is impossible to bend them. Observed temporary stop breathing. This stage lasts no more than 45-60 seconds.


The second (clonic), when an animal in an unconscious state begins involuntary movements and muscle contractions. The eyes are closed and do not react to anything. Uncontrolled urinary, bowel and salivary secretions occur.

Coordination problems

The animal’s movements become uncertain and its gait becomes “staggering.” The dog may “not fit into turns” - because of this, its nervousness increases sharply.

This sign can also indicate injuries and tumors of the brain, diseases of the vestibular apparatus.

Loss of consciousness

It is short-term in nature and is observed during an epileptic attack. If we consider the same symptom without reference to epilepsy, then it will talk about malfunctions of the heart and lungs.

During an epileptic seizure, loss of consciousness is accompanied by severe muscle tension and a short-term “stop” of the dog’s breathing.

After this period, chaotic movements of the limbs occur against the background of increased salivation and involuntary emptying of the intestines and bladder.

Convulsions and seizures

We all know what they look like. The animal is tense and does not respond to external stimuli. A feature of epilepsy is the period of its manifestation, which begins with six months of the animal’s life.

It is at this time that the puppy may experience involuntary movements that look like convulsions. This is not considered a disease, but a consequence rapid growth young body. Many of us have already watched similar manifestations while your pet is sleeping.

It's like running - the dog "dreams" about hunting. If you wake him up, he will immediately come to his senses and look at you with a meaningful look. During an epileptic attack, this behavior is never observed.

Preliminary diagnosis directly depends on the severity of the symptoms. The stronger and more active the symptoms of epilepsy are, the easier it is to diagnose the disease.

Among the subtle epileptic seizures there are the so-called partial and partial ones. Epilepsy must be considered in its entirety. Thus, nervousness can be caused by the presence in the house strangers or host disease.

But if the animal is restless, tries to hide in a dark, secluded place (“burrow effect”) and constantly “complains” about being unwell, then there is an impending attack.

If you find anything resembling this in your dog’s behavior, play it safe and visit a specialist. Perhaps a timely visit to the veterinary clinic will be the key to full recovery your pet.

So, sick heart dogs, which may cause signs similar to epileptic symptoms, will not be able to wait long for your help.

How it manifests itself

It cannot be called a separate disease. This is a consequence pathological processes, in the body of an animal, causing disturbances in the functioning of the brain.

There are more than 40 types of epilepsy that arise from for various reasons. Not in all cases it is possible to establish the idiopathic (true) cause of seizures.

Careful observation of the animal’s behavior helps in more than half of the cases to establish the cause of attacks and control their occurrence

Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs - a hereditary change in work nerve cells cerebral cortex. Appears between 6 months and 3 years of age. It has no cure, but with the right selection of medications, it can be brought under control.

The remission period may last for a long time, the number of attacks is reduced to 2-3 per year. There is secondary epilepsy.

An animal that is prone to seizures appears completely healthy. The exception is secondary causes in acute form ( severe poisoning, infection).

Before an attack begins, animals behave differently:

• Changes in behavior, the dog that was running can stop, looks at one point.
• Causeless excitement, glassy gaze.
• More often the attack begins without any symptoms. Can happen at any time, even in a dream.

Reasons

• Severe bruises or head injuries.
• Infectious or viral diseases.
• Diseases of internal organs (heart, kidneys, liver).
• Tumors and severe intoxications.

Epilepsy can occur in any animal as a result of stress, hypothermia, and temporary (passing).

It is incurable, but the signs must be distinguished from seizures, which occur in dogs for a number of reasons ( high temperature, sharp pain for renal colic). Only a doctor can distinguish this. The symptoms of both are very similar.

What does it look like

• The animal falls on its side.
• The limbs are shaking from spasms, they are stretched, the body is stiff, the muscles are very tense.
• The eyes look at one point, seem glassy. In some cases they rotate randomly.
• Involuntary emptying of the urinary and intestinal tract occurs.
• Vomit and foamy saliva flow from the mouth.
• The duration of the attack varies from a few seconds to 5-15 minutes. After it, the animal is disoriented and scared.

Some immediately fall asleep, others greedily pounce on food or water. At this time, it is better not to touch the animal if you can try to calm it down.

Seizures

Small

The animal carries it on its feet. The duration is several seconds, during which the dog freezes and his eyes may roll back.

The owner rarely manages to notice that something is wrong, since she quickly comes to her senses and her subsequent behavior is practically no different from usual.

Partial

Signs are observed only in one part of the dog's body, for example, on the right. They look like fossilized muscles and chaotic movement of limbs.

Partial

Its diagnosis is quite difficult, as it is associated with hallucinations. Animals experience extreme fear and will try to kill themselves, as if to escape.

The dog begins to hit the wall, jump out of the window or throw itself under the wheels of a car.

This happens anywhere. The muscles of the limbs, neck, and face of the dog contract.

Behavioral

It received this name due to the fact that the animal behaves unusually:

• The dog suddenly begins to whine or howl.
• Shows inexplicable aggression towards everyone, even towards its owner.
• Involuntary movements of the jaw (smacking).
• Attempts to hide.
• Loss of orientation in familiar places.

In addition to unusual behavior, this may be accompanied by physiological abnormalities:

1. Involuntary discharge from the stomach and bladder.
2. Thirst, constant hunger.
3. Painful spasms in the peritoneum.
4. Salivation.
5. Temporary loss of vision.
6. The duration of this state is from a minute to several hours.

Owner actions

It is necessary to secure the place where the sick animal is located. In this state, the dog cannot control himself and may get hurt by something.


You need to take the animal’s head and lift it, turn it to the side so that it doesn’t choke on the vomit or get stuck on its tongue.


You need to be careful around the mouth. The dog may involuntarily close its jaws on your hand, and it will be very difficult to release it.


You cannot press the animal’s body to stop the attack. It will go away on its own in a few minutes. If it lasts longer, you should consult a doctor.

Treatment

It consists in selecting a specific medicine and dosage. It depends on the frequency and intensity of the attack. Has an individual character. We must remember that the disease cannot be treated, you can only reduce the frequency of attacks and their intensity.

In your absence, provide a safe place for your pet in case of an attack, so that it does not get hurt. It's good to have a syringe with anticonvulsant if it lasts longer than usual.

It is useless to drink using folk remedies. You can only increase remission.

Goals

Improving the condition of a sick animal and increasing its lifespan without side effects.

Reducing the risk of recurrent seizures and reaching the stage long-term remission without concomitant use medical supplies, relieving animal convulsions.

Treatment in mandatory begins with a visit to the veterinary clinic. The pet owner is not able to accurately diagnose and determine the cause of the disease.

The animal needs to limit physical activity, as it can provoke an attack.

The dog needs more rest. It is necessary to select a place for restoration. It should be warm, without bright lighting and away from the movement of people and animals.

Diet has great value. Meat consumption should be limited and foods with artificial flavors should be excluded from the diet.

Medicines

Attention! All medications listed below (this is part of the commonly used medications) are used strictly as prescribed by the treating veterinarian. Only he can correctly and optimally choose the most suitable drug and calculate its single dose.

Also frequency and duration of administration. His decision will directly depend on the cause of epilepsy (form), age and gender of the dog, weight and concomitant diseases.

• Phenobarbital is an anticonvulsant, and Primidone is also used.
• Sibazon - administered intravenously. It relieves anxiety and at the same time relaxes muscles.
• Tazepam – oral. It is an anticonvulsant, relieving the symptoms of neurosis.
• Hexamidine is a drug that fights all manifestations of epilepsy.
• Valium – used for status epilepticus.
• Adrenaline – 0.1% and Novocaine – 0.5%. They are administered through the dog's cerebrospinal fluid.
• Vitamin compositions. For example, B6 deficiency causes seizures even in humans.

Important to know

Treatment of epilepsy in dogs is complete only in the secondary or symptomatic form. In this case, treatment is mainly aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease:

With a true (genetically inherited) form of the disease complete cure impossible. But with correctly selected medications and periodic examinations of the animal, remission becomes long-lasting – up to 6 years.

Bottom line

If the disease is allowed to develop and no steps are taken to treat it, the dog may experience so-called status epilepticus.

In this case, a huge load falls on the animal’s heart, hypoxia and cerebral edema occurs, coma and respiratory arrest occurs. death.

Treating epilepsy is your response to their love and devotion. Be afraid of not having time to get ready in time and begin full-fledged treatment that will save the life and health of the dog.

Epileptics are not uncommon. Especially purebred animals suffer from the disease. If an attack occurs, but the dog was healthy before it, most likely this attack is associated with a completely different disease.

After the attack

Usually the animal is tired, exhausted, if the convulsions lasted for a long time. If it is short, the dog may begin to behave inappropriately; it is better that there is no one in the room at this moment except the main owner.

Be sure to open the window, let into the room fresh air, calm down with kind words.

If a dog has epilepsy, it is impossible to cure it, but it is possible to reduce seizures to a minimum. The doctor will prescribe medications; they must be taken at certain times.

Negligent treatment

What consequences can there be if you do not pay attention to the animal? The dog's life is in your hands, take treatment seriously. Usually the doctor prescribes medicines in the form of tablets, and must indicate correct technique drug.

The prescription has been received, the medications have been purchased, now focus on treatment. It will be difficult, you need to choose convenient time for taking medications, there may be several of them.

If you violate the doctor’s instructions, that is, first give drugs according to the specified plan, and then violate it, by such actions you doom the animal to suffering.

As a result of your laziness, epilepticus may begin - these are attacks that occur with great frequency, prolonged convulsions.

You cannot stop giving the drug without permission or increase or decrease the dose. This step can cause physical dependence.

After an attack, the dog will experience repeated convulsions, the disease will greatly deplete the body and lead to death. Don’t allow this, a dog is a member of the family, take care of it as you would your relatives.

Nutrition

Epilepsy complex disease, requires careful treatment. The dog should only receive healthy food. In general, you need to completely exclude all dry additives from the diet and start feeding only dietary dishes.

The dog should not eat a lot of salt; try to prepare food with a low salt content. It is contraindicated, but food without this product is extremely tasteless, you still want to pamper it.

Do not give smoked meats, meat, fish. Legumes should also not be present in the diet. Drink in moderation, but there is no need to limit it. After an epileptic attack, your dog must be given some water.

Veterinarians say that taking medications and proper nutrition help reduce epileptic seizures to a minimum. This will make life easier for the animal.

What is possible

Food should be rich in fiber, milk, a little meat 1 or 2 times a month, also fish products. It must be boiled, do not give it raw to the animal.

To ensure that your dog with epilepsy leads a normal life and does not differ from its relatives, careful care is required. A dog after an epileptic attack should receive more attention than usual.

Try to follow a diet, usually a veterinarian should prescribe it, but in our clinics this is a luxury, few people prepare diets for dogs, so you can use what is presented in the article without fear.

Pet owners who follow all the doctor’s instructions claim that, indeed, taking medications can reduce seizures and eliminate them from the dog’s life.

There is evidence, observations have been made of dogs receiving drugs as prescribed and those whose owner reduced the dose without the consent of the doctor.

The first lived a whole year without seizures. The one whose required dose was reduced experienced attacks twice in 9 months. As we understand, it all depends on your patience and desire to help your pet.

An animal is not a toy; if you get a pet, you take on huge responsibility for its life and health.

One story

Our friend shared this. It is associated with epilepsy. Six months ago, Julia, my dwarf dachshund, fell ill. It all started like this. She became restless, whined and tried to crawl under the sofa. When I pulled her out of there, I noticed that she was drooling profusely.

As soon as I laid the dog on the bedding, she began to have convulsions, and I saw that the white fabric had turned a reddish color. It turns out that the poor thing bit her tongue.

During the attack, she wet herself, and after it she lay lethargic and indifferent for a long time. Of course, Julia and I immediately rushed to the doctor.

At the clinic

I learned a lot about this disease from the veterinarian. It turns out that it can be inherited - a genetic factor is triggered. The reasons for this failure are poorly understood.

In this case, attacks are observed regardless of acquired diseases and appear at a young age and are repeated throughout the dog’s life.

This is real or true epilepsy and there is no cure. We only cope with its manifestations and make life easier for our pet.

The veterinarian really made me happy when he said that as soon as the heart problems went away, these terrible symptoms would disappear.

Another patient

While I was sitting in line, I got into a conversation with the woman who owned the miniature Pekingese girl. Her dog also had epileptic seizures. They appeared immediately after childbirth and lasted about two months.

The cause was a decrease in calcium in the blood. As soon as its level was normalized with calcium-containing medications (which the doctor prescribed after tests), the dog returned to normal.

Knowledge

It's not as scary as it seems. You just need to visit a veterinarian and thoroughly examine your pet. After determining the cause of the disease - congenital or acquired, the most optimal treatment will be prescribed.

This will include the use of drugs to relieve seizures. The type of medication and its dosage are determined based on the dog’s weight and its general condition - age, pregnancy, concomitant diseases.

The veterinarian (thanks to him) warned me that under no circumstances should I self-medicate, and that there were deaths when too “smart” owners took on this mission.

He also explained to me that in case of epilepsy it is necessary to reduce physical activity and follow a diet containing moderate intake meat products. What stories happened to your pet?