A blood test for sex hormones is one of the most important research when assessing the condition women's health. This test is one of the first to be prescribed for menstrual irregularities, infertility, miscarriage and other “women’s” problems. Undoubtedly, a doctor should prescribe and evaluate the test However, it is also useful for the woman herself to know why the level of certain hormones is assessed, what an increase or decrease in the level of a particular hormone indicates, and how to take the test correctly so that the results are not distorted. About this and we'll talk in this article.
The article does not provide content standards blood hormones, since they differ in different laboratories (due to different reagents and analysis methods), therefore necessary ask standard indicators exactly where you get tested. In addition, the norms depend on what day of the cycle the test is taken; they differ during pregnancy and menopause.
How to take a hormone test correctly
The rules for taking the test are approximately the same for all hormones. First, a blood test for hormones is given on an empty stomach. Secondly, the day before the test, it is necessary to exclude alcohol, smoking, sexual intercourse, and also limit physical activity. Emotional stress can also distort the results (therefore, it is advisable to take the analysis at rest) and taking certain medicines(primarily hormone-containing). If you are taking any hormonal medications, be sure to tell your doctor.
Various hormones are released into different days menstrual cycle (counting from the first day of menstruation).
FSH, LH, prolactin – on days 3-5 of the cycle (LH is sometimes tested several times during a cycle to determine ovulation).
Testosterone, DHEA-s – on days 8-10 of the cycle (in some cases allowed on days 3-5 of the cycle).
Progesterone and estradiol - on days 21-22 of the cycle (ideally 7 days after expected ovulation. When measuring basal temperature– 5-7 days after the temperature starts to rise. At irregular cycle may fail several times).
LH and FSH (luteonizing and follicle-stimulating hormones)
LH and FSH are secreted by the pituitary gland. FSH is responsible for the growth and development of follicles. LH, acting on the ovaries, stimulates the release of estrogen. This hormone also influences ovulation and formation corpus luteum.
An increase in LH is observed in polycystic ovary syndrome (the ratio of LH and FSH is 2.5), in ovarian wasting syndrome and in pituitary tumors. The increase may also be caused by emotional stress, fasting and intense sports training. A decrease in it may be due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland, genetic disorders(Klinefeiter syndrome, Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, etc.), obesity (and obesity can be both a cause and a consequence of hormonal imbalance). Normally, a decrease in LH occurs during pregnancy.
Lack of LH leads to infertility due to lack of ovulation!
An increase in FSH is observed with pituitary tumors and ovarian failure. In addition, FSH increases with alcoholism. An increase in FSH during menopause is normal. High levels are observed after exposure to X-rays. A decrease in FSH is observed in polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity.
An increase in FSH often leads to dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and a decrease may result in amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
Progesterone
Most progesterone is produced in the ovaries, plus not large number in the adrenal glands. During pregnancy up to 16 weeks, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta.
Progesterone called the pregnancy hormone because it responsible for preparing the uterine lining for egg implantation and then prevents the rejection of the fertilized egg, reducing contractile activity uterus. He also stimulates the growth of the uterus and affects the nervous system, tuning it for pregnancy and childbirth. Lack of progesterone can cause infertility or miscarriage, as well as menstrual irregularities (menstruation may be rare or scanty, and in some cases absent altogether). The reasons for the decrease in progesterone may be insufficiency of the corpus luteum of the ovaries, lack of ovulation, chronic inflammatory diseases internal genital organs.
An increase in progesterone is observed with tumors of the ovaries or adrenal glands and may manifest as uterine bleeding and menstrual irregularities. An increase in progesterone during pregnancy is normal.
Estradiol and Estriol
Estradiol and estriol belong to the group of female sex hormones estrogen. Estrogens are necessary for the normal functioning of the female reproductive system, they are also responsible for secondary sexual characteristics. Estrogens are produced in the ovaries (they are secreted by maturing follicles) and a small amount in the adrenal glands.
The most active hormone is estradiol, but during pregnancy estriol becomes of primary importance. A decrease in estriol during pregnancy may be a sign of fetal pathology.
An increase in estrogen levels can occur with tumors of the ovaries or adrenal glands. May manifest as uterine bleeding. An increase in estrogen levels is observed with excess body weight, since fat cells are hormonally active and can produce estrogens.
The reason for the decrease in estrogen levels may be the lack of ovulation. In this case, infertility, menstrual irregularities, dryness of the vaginal mucosa are observed; there may also be depression, apathy, and decreased performance.
Prolactin
Prolactin is a pituitary hormone. Its main function is stimulation of growth and development of mammary glands and establishment of lactation. When the level of prolactin in the blood increases, the synthesis of FSH is suppressed, so there is no maturation of the follicle and ovulation. In addition, prolactin plays important role in water-salt metabolism.
Normally, prolactin levels are elevated during pregnancy and lactation. The causes of a pathological increase in prolactin may be tumors or dysfunction of the pituitary gland, hypothyroidism (decreased function thyroid gland), polycystic ovary syndrome, autoimmune diseases ( rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), vitamin B6 deficiency, renal failure, liver cirrhosis. With an increased level of prolactin, milk or colostrum is released from the mammary glands, and there may be a disruption of the menstrual cycle, including the absence of menstruation. In addition, when elevated prolactin There may be no ovulation, which leads to infertility. Low level Prolactin may occur due to insufficiency of the pituitary gland.
Male sex hormones
Male sex hormones (androgens) include testosterone And DHEA-s(dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate).
At first glance, it may seem that we women do not need male sex hormones at all, but this is not so. They also benefit the female body, although of course everything is good in moderation.
Androgens are responsible for sexual desire in both men and women, therefore their decrease leads to impaired libido. The hormone testosterone affects activity various organs and systems: brain, musculoskeletal system, sebaceous glands. In addition, female sex hormones are formed from testosterone.
An increase in testosterone levels may indicate tumors of the adrenal glands or ovaries, hyperfunction of the adrenal glands(for example, due to their increased stimulation by pituitary hormones), polycystic ovary syndrome. Most often, if the cause is a dysfunction of the ovaries, testosterone increases more, and if the cause is a dysfunction of the adrenal glands, then DHEA-c. Testosterone levels can also be increased due to disruption of the formation of estrogen from male sex hormones. A decrease in androgen levels may be due to adrenal insufficiency, impaired renal function, and obesity. In addition, testosterone levels are reduced in vegetarians.
Increased androgen levels appear increased growth hair on the arms, legs, stomach, face (usually above upper lip), around the nipples, deterioration of the skin condition (acne vulgaris - acne), with a long-term elevated level of androgens (for example, with adrenogenital syndrome), a woman’s figure takes on masculine traits (narrow pelvis, broad shoulders, developed muscle mass). Elevated androgen levels can lead to infertility or spontaneous miscarriage.
It is quite rare to observe a change in the level of any one hormone, since the work of all endocrine glands (organs that secrete hormones) is coordinated, and a change in the level of one hormone affects others. That’s why you have to take several hormones at once, although this is quite expensive. When correcting hormone levels, it is important not only to normalize the hormone content in the blood, but to try to find and eliminate the cause that caused the hormonal imbalance (unfortunately, this is not always possible).
That's why consultation is required not only with a gynecologist, but also with an endocrinologist.
Read about the importance of hormones in diagnosing ovulation in the article
The human endocrine system controls the state of health, the ability to become pregnant and bear a child, appearance and even the woman’s mood. IN certain moment Every woman in her life receives a referral from a doctor for a test for sex hormones. In some cases this preventative measure, in others, a study is prescribed if a violation is suspected hormonal levels. Disorder in the endocrine system can provoke the development of serious pathological conditions.
Why is the analysis carried out?
The action of hormones begins with the intrauterine development of the fetus. Even then, the cells of the unborn child are actively growing under the influence various hormones and others biological substances. Blood carries oxygen through a closed system, nutrients and enzymes to the fetus. After birth, the baby's body will independently produce necessary substances. During the process of growth and puberty, which also depend on sex hormones, age-related changes, a person grows up.
The normal development and functioning of the body is ensured by the endocrine system:
- Testing is necessary when planning a pregnancy. Ideally, both future parents should undergo a medical examination, including hormonal testing, before trying to conceive a child. In practice, most often only the woman undergoes the examination when it comes time to register.
- If a woman complains of excessively painful or heavy periods, among other things, the doctor recommends donating blood for a hormonal test.
- Diagnosis of infertility begins with a study of hormones in women. The inability to get pregnant or carry a child suggests looking for a problem. Hormonal imbalances are brought into line with the norm using medication.
- Disruptions in the menstrual cycle or complete absence menstruation may be a consequence of the influence of hormones. Generally hormonal disorders always affect the menstrual cycle. Therefore, if you have any menstrual irregularities, you should consult a doctor.
- Lack of hormones can be a consequence of disorders caused by lack of nutrition. When diagnosing anorexia or malnutrition, hormonal levels are studied and tests are taken.
- The analysis can be prescribed by a gynecologist, mammologist or endocrinologist if there are complaints and symptoms of hormonal disorders. Indications may include pain, discharge and lumps in the chest area.
- Hair growth disorders manifest themselves as too much or insufficient hair growth.
- Hormone testing is used to monitor the effectiveness of prescribed hormonal therapy.
Loop Rules
A blood test for sex hormones is taken depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle. The process of egg maturation and a woman’s ability to conceive depends on the functioning of the endocrine system. Concentration biologically active substances changes with the day of the cycle and the norm for each period is different. Therefore, the doctor chooses a specific day for analysis:
- 3–5 days. During this period, luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormones are activated. The first stimulates the maturation of follicles, and the second promotes nutrition, development and growth of the follicle.
- 8–10 days. The study is carried out on the male hormone testosterone; if its concentration is increased during this period, there is a risk of miscarriage. The amount of intermediate hormones 17-OH progesterone, DEA sulfate and binding protein is also controlled.
- 20–21 days. Substances active during this period are estradiol and progesterone. These hormones are responsible for preparing the uterus for the embryo and subsequent pregnancy.
Preparing for analysis
Hormone analysis is usually not the only type medical examination, which is prescribed by the doctor, especially if we're talking about about family planning. For each test substance, its own standards have been adopted for preparation for analysis. But there is general list rules and medical recommendations that are universal for any blood test for hormones:
- Blood should be donated strictly on an empty stomach. You can't even drink tea in the morning. Eating a heavy dinner the night before is also not recommended. Digestion of food triggers processes in the body that can affect the action of the endocrine system and the analysis result will be incorrect.
- Before sending for a blood test, you should notify your doctor about all medications you are taking. Some may need to be canceled 2 weeks before the test.
- Before the analysis, you should not overwork your body with sports or fitness training.
- Before taking the test, you need to stop worrying and normalize your heartbeat. You can just sit in front of the office for 10 minutes and calm down.
Today there is a large choice medical institutions and methods of donating blood. You can take the test at a regular clinic or at commercial laboratory. Some institutions provide services for a laboratory technician to come to your home to take blood from a patient at home, in a comfortable, familiar environment.
Estrogens
The group of biologically active substances includes estrone, estriol and estradiol. These hormones are combined into one group, since each substance essentially performs the same functions, only with different intensities. The adrenal glands and ovaries are responsible for the production of estrogen. These substances stimulate metabolism, protect bone tissue from destruction, help reduce “bad” cholesterol, stimulate the development of the female genital organs, the maturation of the vaginal mucosa, maintaining the uterus in tone and the mobility of the fallopian tubes.
The rate depends on several factors. For healthy woman During childbearing age, estradiol levels are considered normal within the range of 13–191 pg/ml. With the onset of menopause, the production of sex hormones estrogen decreases significantly and the norm is 11–95 pg/ml.
Exceeding the permissible value may indicate the development of ovarian cysts, cirrhosis of the liver, or that the woman is taking hormonal contraceptives. A decrease in estradiol levels is observed with disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system, severe physical activity, sudden weight loss caused by lack of nutrition, insufficient fat consumption, veganism and some diseases.
Progesterone
This hormone is produced by the adrenal glands and the corpus luteum of the ovary. During pregnancy, progesterone is also produced by the placenta and its amount increases significantly, which is why it is also known as the “pregnancy hormone”. Thanks to this active substance, the inner lining of the uterus is prepared for the implantation of the embryo. The amount of the substance depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle. An excess of this hormone is observed during pregnancy; a lack of prolactin negatively affects the development of the fetus:
- Follicular phase: 0.32–2.23 nmo/l.
- Ovulation: 0.48–9.41 nmol/l.
- Luteal phase: 6.99–56.63 nmol/l.
- 1st trimester of pregnancy: 8.9–468.4 nmol/l.
- 2nd trimester of pregnancy: 74.5–303.1 nmol/l.
- 3rd trimester of pregnancy: 88.7–771.5 nmol/l.
High levels of progesterone are observed with the development of cysts, pathological conditions causing amenorrhea, uterine bleeding, irregular phases of the menstrual cycle, kidney or adrenal diseases, pregnancy, taking certain medications. Low content hormone is characteristic of the presence in the body inflammatory processes genitals of a chronic nature, insufficient development of the placenta during pregnancy, delayed fetal development, etc.
LH
A biologically active substance, which is often designated in tests as LH - luteinizing hormone. Produced by the pituitary gland and the concentration of the hormone increases if necessary. This substance is responsible for the maturation of the egg and stimulates the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum. Luteinizing hormone also stimulates milk production in women in labor.
- Follicular phase: 1.1–8.7 mIU/ml.
- Ovulation: 13.2–72.0 mIU/ml.
- Luteal phase: 9.0–14.4 mIU/ml.
High concentrations of LH occur with dysfunction of the gonads, the development of polycystic disease, neoplasms in the pituitary gland, brucellosis, gonorrhea and other diseases. Low levels of luteinizing hormone are typical for women who are obese, smokers, and have certain diseases.
Prolactin
This biologically active substance stimulates the development of sexual behavior, development and growth of the mammary glands. Prolactin also promotes metabolism, regulates water-salt metabolism and supports the overall immunity of the body. The normal level of hormone content for a healthy woman is 67–726 mIU/l.
Exceeding the permissible limit of the norm causes infertility in women and men.
Also violated normal functioning gonads. Excess prolactin may reflect problems with the pituitary gland. High levels of the hormone may be a consequence of pregnancy or breastfeeding. Also, the production of this hormone is stimulated by physical and psycho-emotional stress, diseases of the nervous system. high concentration Prolactin is caused by some autoimmune diseases and cancer.
FSH
This type of hormone affects the growth and development of the follicle that contains the egg. A test for follicle-stimulating hormone is prescribed for miscarriage, decreased sexual desire, delayed sexual development, etc. The norm depends on the stage of the menstrual cycle and luteinizing hormone. With a normal ratio of these two substances, the ratio of the amount of LH to FSH should be in the range of 1.5–2. A different ratio may indicate a hormonal imbalance or the development of a disease.
- Follicular phase: 1.8–11.3 mIU/ml.
- Ovulation: 4.9–20.4 mIU/ml.
- Luteal phase: 1.1–9.5 mIU/ml.
The presence of an excess or deficiency of any hormone in a woman’s blood means that the body is not working as it should. Sometimes the situation is caused by a hormonal disorder, disease or pathological process. Testing female sex hormones is a standard type of test as part of many routine health screenings. This informative method diagnosis of many diseases and pathological conditions. Interpretation of hormone test results should only be carried out by a qualified physician, taking into account all influencing factors.
Hormones are biologically active substances of organic origin. They are produced by cells of the endocrine glands. After this they enter the blood. Hormones regulate metabolism and physiological work organs and systems of the body. This effect is controlled by special receptors. Science knows more than 100 types of biologically active substances.
Hormone tests are a blood test that allows you to evaluate the concentration of components. An endocrinologist diagnoses and treats disorders.
What are hormones responsible for?
The biological effect of active substances has a number of features.
- Low concentration in the blood.
- The effects of hormones occur when the rate of metabolism, connection or combination of enzymes changes. However, hormones themselves are not enzymes.
- Substances act through signaling components (messengers) and protein receptors - molecules on the surface of the cell.
- The effect of hormones is controlled by the central nervous system. It is also the main link in their effect on the body.
- Hormones and endocrine glands have a direct and feedback relationship. This feature unites them into a common system.
Hormones influence all reactions occurring in the body.
Blood test for hormones in men
There are norms, deviation from which indicates an imbalance in the body. Even minor failures indicate illness. Most often, the test is taken when a man is suspected of being infertile. At the same time, it is necessary to check women's indicators. The endocrinologist evaluates the test results. If there are deviations, treatment is prescribed.
Other indications for hormone analysis in men:
- Suspicion of a tumor of any location;
- Testicular pathologies;
- Kidney diseases;
- Obesity;
- The appearance of acne that is not associated with adolescence;
- Inconsistency physical development in childhood;
- Enlargement of the gonads;
- Suspicion of thyroid disease.
Before the study, the man must describe in detail the symptoms of illness. After this, the specialist decides which tests to prescribe.
A blood test is performed to determine the level and ability to produce androgens - male hormones produced in the testicles. These substances make up 95-98% of male hormones. The remaining components are synthesized by the adrenal glands. Testing for androgens allows you to determine the level of biologically active substances.
| Hormone name | Functions | Normal for men | When is it prescribed? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Follicle stimulating (FSH) | Produced by the pituitary gland. Responsible for the ability to produce active sperm. FSH is involved in reactions that promote testosterone production. | 1.37-13.58 ng/ml. A deviation is considered to be both an increase and a decrease in FSH. | Blood is donated if a spermogram reveals a low number of healthy and motile sperm in the material. The study is indicated for decreased potency and sexual desire. |
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Work depends on the concentration of the substance prostate gland. The level of the hormone affects erection and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The main part is synthesized in the testicles. The rest is produced by the adrenal glands. | 250-990 ng/ml – men, 5-50 ng/ml – boys. It should be taken into account that in older men the indicators are lower than normal. | Suspicion of prostate tumor, endocrine disorders, neoplasms in the adrenal glands, impotence, excessive activity of the gonads. Main symptom exceeding the DHT norm – baldness. |
| Testosterone | The hormone promotes puberty. Testosterone concentration affects the level of sexual activity. The hormone is involved in the reactions of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The formation of muscle tissue and the development of sperm depend on it. The hormone is produced by the testes. | 345-950 ng/ml – the testosterone norm depends on the lifestyle, age of the man, bad habits, chronic diseases. | The test is taken for infertility, adrenal tumors, potency disorders, prostatitis, and osteoporosis. |
| Luteinizing (LH). | LH affects testosterone levels and is involved in sperm maturation. The hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. | 2-9 mU/l | Exceeding the norm may indicate pituitary tumors. The analysis is prescribed for kidney pathologies. A decrease in hormonal status is a sign of infertility. A decrease in concentration occurs with obesity, taking certain medications, and brain diseases. In old age, a hormone test is prescribed to check the functions of the pituitary gland. |
| Prolactin | The hormone controls reproductive function in men. | 2.5-16 ng/ml. In older men, the concentration of substances decreases. | Exceeding the concentration indicates liver disease, pituitary tumors, kidney disease, and thyroid disease. The proportion of prolactin in the blood increases when taking sedatives. |
| Estradiol | Estradiol is partially produced in the adrenal glands and under the influence of fat deposits. It affects the secretion of sperm. | 16-72 pg/ml | Blood tests are performed for swelling of the mammary glands, late or early puberty, brittle bones, and tumors of the genital organs. An increase in the hormone provokes obesity, taking anabolic steroids, liver cirrhosis. |
| Sex hormone binding agents (SHBG) | SHBG is a globulin protein. It binds sex hormones and distributes testosterone to organs and systems. | 13-70 nmol/l | Hormone analysis is carried out to identify the cause of decreased libido and decreased potency. Information about the concentration of SHBG is required to check the hormonal balance of a man with dysfunction of the sebaceous glands, androgen deficiency, and weakened immunity. |
Male hormonal levels affect all processes in the body.
Hormone testing in women
The study is carried out according to indications. When to donate blood female hormones? The analysis allows not only to identify pathologies, but also to calculate favorable days for conception. The examination is prescribed by a gynecologist. Why donate blood for hormones?
A woman is analyzed in several directions:
- For female and male sex hormones;
- Checking the concentration of active substances of the thyroid gland;
- Pituitary hormone levels.
The results of the analysis give a detailed picture. What does it mean? The doctor evaluates hormonal balance. The analysis is carried out for women on certain days of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, hormone levels should be checked in case of fetal pathologies.
Testing of sex hormones in women with suspected infertility.
| Hormone name | Norm | Effect on conception and gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Follicle stimulating (FSH) | 1.1-150 mU/ml. Indicators depend on age and day of the menstrual cycle. | Ensures the growth of the egg. |
| Luteinizing | 0.03-40 mU/ml. Hormone levels are related to age and menstrual cycle. | The hormone is synthesized by the pituitary gland and is responsible for the mature egg: it promotes its release from the follicle. |
| Prolactin | 1.2-29.9 mU/ml | During pregnancy, reduces FSH levels; after childbirth affects a woman's milk production. |
| Estradiol (estrogen) | 51-570 nmol/l – depends on the day of the cycle. | Affects reproductive function. Produced by the adrenal glands and ovaries. |
| Progesterone | 1-30 nmol/l. The level of the hormone varies depending on the day of the menstrual cycle. | Responsible for the attachment of the egg in the uterus. Reduced level progesterone provokes miscarriage. |
| Testosterone | 0.4-2 nmol/l | An increase in male hormone leads to fetal rejection. Testosterone is produced in the ovaries. |
| DEA sulfate | 800-9000 nmol/l | Participates in the synthesis of testosterone and estrogens. An increase in the hormone leads to infertility. |
Interpretation of tests for hormones of the endocrine system
To identify thyroid diseases, blood is donated to be tested for the concentration of active substances.
| Hormone name | Norm | When is it prescribed? |
|---|---|---|
| Triiodothyronine (free T3) | 2.6-5.7 p mol/l | If there are signs of thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism. An increase in the hormone can signal thyroid tumors. The hormone is responsible for oxygen exchange in tissues. |
| Thyroxine (T4 free) | 0.7-1.5 ng/dl | The hormone affects protein synthesis in the body. The analysis is carried out if hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is suspected. |
| Antibodies to thyroglobulin | 0- 4.11 U/ml | The test is carried out to detect autoimmune diseases. |
Pituitary hormone test
| Hormone name | Norm | What does it affect? |
|---|---|---|
| Somatotropic | 1 – 5 ng/ml | The hormone is involved in protein synthesis reactions; responsible for growth tubular bones. Lack of the substance stops bone growth. Excessive concentration leads to great growth in humans. |
| Thyroid-stimulating | 0.4 – 4 mU/l | Stimulates the production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. An increase in concentration indicates a decrease in thyroid function. |
| Adrenocorticotropic | 9 – 52 pg/ml | Triggers the synthesis of adrenal hormones. |
The concentration of active substances from the reproductive system is determined in case of disorders of the reproductive system:
- Disruptions of the menstrual cycle;
- Overweight;
- Acne in adulthood;
- Pathologies of the mammary glands;
- Identification of benign and malignant tumors genitals.
The study is carried out to determine pregnancy on early stages, if necessary. Analysis for the content of human chorionic gonadotropin allows us to detect the fixation of the egg in the uterus from the 6th day of pregnancy.
Women are more susceptible to hormonal imbalances than men.
Such features are associated with reproductive function:
- Bearing a child;
- Lactation;
- Difficult childbirth;
- Menopause.
Hormonal imbalance is common in women. Most often, minor deviations pass without consequences. The gynecologist prescribes treatment aimed at restoring hormone levels. During pregnancy, an increase or decrease in the concentration of substances is dangerous for the development of the fetus.
Test for adrenal hormones
Deviation from the norm aggravates skin diseases, allergic reactions. The imbalance manifests itself as a malfunction of the kidneys, cardiovascular system, stomach.
Causes of hormonal imbalance
An imbalance is caused by unfavorable factors:
If there is genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases, the risk of imbalance increases.
Preparing for the study
What rules should you follow for donating blood? It is necessary to prepare for tests in advance.
The day before the study exclude:
- Alcohol;
- Nervous tension;
- Stressful situations;
- Physical activity;
- Sex.
Smokers should quit cigarettes an hour before the test. If a woman is taking hormonal pills, the doctor will stop taking them a week before the test. Some medications interfere with hormone test results. The doctor cancels them or prescribes a study after treatment.
The release of hormones into the blood depends on the time of day. Hormone tests are taken in the morning on an empty stomach.
On what days should a woman take the test? It depends on the purpose of the study. The specialist assesses the woman’s condition and complaints of malaise. Tests are taken on certain days of the menstrual cycle. Most often from 5 to 7 days. The countdown starts from the first day of menstruation. This rule is questionable if you have irregular periods.
Preparing to donate blood means following all the doctor’s recommendations. If you miss even one point, you will have to take the test again.
The test material is taken from a vein. Results are expected from 2 days to a week. It depends on the clinic and the examination method. The harmonogram is deciphered by an endocrinologist or gynecologist.
Price in rubles and hryvnias
The cost of the study depends on factors:
- Methodology for identifying the concentration of components;
- Reputation of the clinic;
- Type of hormone;
- Territorial features.
If you have a referral, you can get tested at a public clinic for free. In a private laboratory, test results are provided in a short time.
Hormone analysis price
| Name | Rubles | Hryvnia |
|---|---|---|
| T3 free | 370 | 160 |
| T4 free | 370 | 160 |
| Antibodies to TPO | 420 | 180 |
| TSH | 370 | 160 |
| Thyroglobulin | 740 | 320 |
| T3 general | 370 | 160 |
| Sex hormone binding globulin | 750 | 330 |
| Somatotropic | 560 | 250 |
| T4 general | 370 | 160 |
| Prolactin | 370 | 160 |
| Testosterone | 420 | 180 |
| Estradiol | 400 | 170 |
| Prolactin | 370 | 160 |
Hormone analysis is prescribed to diagnose disorders. The study allows us to identify deviations in early stage, When obvious symptoms are missing. Timely treatment prevents pathologies from progressing to severe stages.
Video
Hormonal system a person today works almost the same as primitive man. Technologically and socially we are developing much faster. But exactly trouble-free operation The hormonal system ensures the survival and adaptation of humanity as a species. Job internal organs, reproductive functions, the cycle of sleep and wakefulness, desire, pregnancy, childbirth - all this is under the control of hormones and it is almost limitless. Where are hormones synthesized? How does the hormonal system work? When to take hormone tests? Where can I get tested for hormones? How to decrypt them? The answers to these and many other questions are in this article.
Hormonal regulation in our bodies
Hormones- a group of biologically active substances that are secreted by endocrine glands and non-glandular tissues. Their purpose is to regulate the functioning of the body. Some affect all systems at once, others have specific target organs and target tissues and act only on them.
For example, prolactin, among other things, causes the growth of mammary glands, an increase in the number of lobules and ducts in the breast. This means that there are target tissues for prolactin in the breast. The body's hormonal system is called the endocrine system, which includes endocrine glands, which produce hormones.
Main organs of the endocrine system
Localization is vital important glands may be different. Part is located in the brain, such as the pineal gland, for example, part is concentrated in the chest, lower back, in the lower part of the body, like the ovaries or testes - the human gonads.
1. Pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus.
2. Thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas.
3. In women - the ovaries and during pregnancy - the placenta, in men - the testicles.
Although there is no thorough understanding of the mechanism of operation of most hormones, nevertheless, scientists have been able to develop hormonal contraceptives for women, as well as medications to restore healthy hormonal levels.
10 causes of hormonal imbalances in women and men
1. Stress. Hormonal imbalances can cause frequent releases of cortisol, the “stress hormone.”
2. Abuse of diets. Since estrogens are produced in fat tissue, thin girls almost certainly have an imbalance. In order for a woman’s hormonal background to be healthy, she must have at least some fat reserves.
3. Night shift work, lack of sleep or frequent flights between time zones cause a disruption in the daily schedule of hormone levels and general hormonal levels.
4. “Self-appointment” hormonal drugs(hormonal contraceptives for women should only be selected by a doctor).
5. A diet rich in phytohormones. Some foods and drinks contain substances that cause problems in women and men: for example, beer, when entering the female body, causes the masculinization of women and the feminization of men. This means that men's hormonal balance is disrupted and they become like women: their belly grows, fat is quickly deposited, their breasts become enlarged and begin to sag. In women, the disturbances are also noticeable: hair begins to grow above the lips and on the chin and in other undesirable places, the hips become narrower, and the shoulders become wider.
6. Intensive sports activities, physical overload. Disorders in women can begin even after such for a non-obvious reason. In addition, playing sports during menstruation can lead to endometriosis.
7. Heredity. Hormonal disorders in women and men in this case are difficult to treat.
8. Previous infections , especially sexually transmitted infections, can cause hormonal imbalance.
9. Living in an environmentally unfavorable region. Hormonal balance is violated 30% more often in residents of industrial, polluted regions.
Changes in the body, decreased or increased level hormones can cause the most various symptoms hormonal abnormalities: weight loss and weight gain, hair growth in the most unwanted places or hair disappearing from where it should be, acne and dry skin, as well as more serious ones - even infertility.
To the most common symptoms general hormonal imbalances include:
- Sudden weight gain or weight loss not associated with a change in diet;
- Problems with conception;
- Excessive body hair growth in women;
- Constant feeling feeling depressed without good reason or sudden changes mood;
- Irregular menstruation (menstrual irregularities).
- Severe premenstrual syndrome.
Disturbances in the production of certain hormones in women and men can be caused by:
- Diabetes mellitus;
- Sleep problems;
- Trembling fingers;
- Excessive sweating;
- Lethargy, apathy;
- Hair loss;
- Changing the timbre of the voice;
- Fast growth hands and feet;
- Changes in facial features.
Acne - acne - also indicates a disorder. In girls and women, it is caused either by too much androgens in the body, or by false hormonal imbalance- when the amount of male hormones is normal, but the receptors are too sensitive to them and behave as if there are a lot of androgens.
IN adolescence In a girl, hormonal imbalance can cause:
- underdevelopment of the uterus and mammary glands;
- lack of menstruation.
A woman experiences hormonal imbalances several times in her life: adolescence, during every pregnancy - even if an abortion was performed - and during menopause. The mechanism of how it works hormonal regulation, is not fully understood, but the most common reasons hormonal imbalances known in women and men.
List of Hormone Imbalance Tests
When assessing a blood test for hormones of the thyroid gland or other endocrine glands, different clinics and laboratories adhere to different standards and may be considered a deviation from the norm different meanings. Therefore, the interpretation of hormones may differ.
For various disorders, your doctor may prescribe tests for:
- Sex hormones;
- Thyroid hormones;
- Pituitary hormones.
Important to know!
If a couple is interested in planning a pregnancy, hormone tests are prescribed if disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine glands are detected.
In most cases, blood is taken for analysis, in some cases urine is taken.
Hormone tests during pregnancy
Hormonal disorders in women during pregnancy may have serious consequences, That's why hormonal tests All women pass. However, the list of tests differs and depends on the state of health of the pregnant woman and on past diseases. Changes in hormone levels occur before the mother and fetus begin to feel symptoms of hormonal imbalance, so a timely hormone test, the decoding of which showed deviations, helps prevent serious problems.
What tests are prescribed for everyone during pregnancy?
Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a female sex hormone that is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy. HCG level is the highest reliable way determine whether pregnancy has occurred. Appears in the blood a week after conception, in the urine one to two days later. Analysis of sex hormones at 16–20 weeks - hCG, estriol and AFP - allows you to evaluate possible deviations in fetal development.
Estradiol- female sex hormone, “responsible” for the normal course of pregnancy. Concentrations in the blood increase with each week of pregnancy, reaching a peak at childbirth.
Progesterone, like other female sex hormones, is produced in the ovaries and placenta and ensures the normal course of pregnancy. Its decrease indicates that there is a threat of miscarriage.
Free estriol secreted by the placenta. In this case, the analysis makes it possible to determine how developed and active the blood flow is in the umbilical cord and placenta. Like progesterone and some other female sex hormones, estriol can indicate post-term pregnancy. Also, its concentration is important in cases where there is a suspicion of a child’s developmental delay.
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP) is produced by the fetus. Its level may indicate fetal malformations.
Prolactin stimulates the absorption of calcium, milk production, and development of the mammary glands. An analysis of sex hormones, including prolactin, shows whether the pregnancy is post-term and how well the mother-placenta-fetus system works.
17-ketosteroids(17-KS) is a “processing product” of male hormones, which allows us to indirectly judge their level in the body. If tests for sex hormones show elevated levels of 17-KS, this indicates an excess of androgens, which can lead to fetal death or miscarriage.
Sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG) is a protein that, by binding sex hormones, reduces their activity. Testing for hormones is often accompanied by testing for SHBG. During pregnancy, its level helps to predict the likelihood of complications for the mother and child.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate(DEA sulfate). Hormone testing during pregnancy often includes determination of DHEA sulfate levels instead of 17-CS. Its concentration can warn doctors about fetal growth retardation, and from the 12th to 15th week it allows assessing the functioning of the placenta and blood flow in the umbilical cord.
Testosterone are taken to determine the presence of development of congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex.
Tests for thyroid hormones. The results of tests for the hormones produced by the thyroid gland - T3 and T4 - allow us to assess the progress of pregnancy and the development of the child as a whole. If a blood test for thyroid hormones shows a decrease in their concentration, the risk of fetal death increases.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced in the pituitary gland. Its target is the thyroid gland, where it stimulates the production of the hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid hormone testing often includes a TSH test, although it is not a thyroid hormone test. Analysis for TSH, T3 and T4 can be interpreted differently based on what standards the doctor adheres to (only in the USA there are now 4 standards recommended by various large organizations on health care).
Tests for sex hormones
If you take hormone tests in different laboratories, the interpretation will be different. This is due to the fact that different reagents and methods are used, so take the standard indicators where you took the test. A decreased or increased level does not necessarily indicate the presence of a disease or hormonal imbalances in women and men - just retake the tests in another place, taking into account the standards adopted in this laboratory.
Tests for hormones, the norm of which varies depending on age and the phase of the menstrual cycle, should only be interpreted by a doctor. Ask your doctor about where to get your hormones tested.
How and when to take hormone tests?
1.Tests are taken on an empty stomach.
2. One day before the test, you should not have sex, drink alcohol or smoke.
3.The day before the test, limit physical activity.
4. Stress can distort the results - it is best to take tests in a calm state.
5. Upon admission hormonal drugs, tell your doctor about this. Hormone tests are useless if the interpretation was made without taking into account the use of hormonal medications and other drugs that can artificially stimulate or suppress the production of hormones.
Female hormones: analysis
|
Hormone |
Hormone tests: when to take them |
Comments |
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Days 3–5 of the cycle |
If you have been assignedhormone tests, when to take themthem, check with your doctor - some endocrinologists and gynecologists prescribe other days |
|
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
Days 3–5 of the cycle |
|
|
Prolactin |
Days 3–5 of the cycle |
|
|
Testosterone |
8–10th day of the cycle |
|
|
DEA sulfate |
8–10th day of the cycle |
|
|
Progesterone |
Day 21–22 of the cycle |
Hormone test resultsprogesterone and estradiol are most accurate 7 days after ovulation |
|
Estradiol |
Day 21–22 of the cycle |
Thyroid hormone tests in men and non-pregnant women
There are only three thyroid hormones: T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and calcitonin. However, blood tests for thyroid hormones also include checking the concentration of other substances related to the functioning of this gland.
What tests are done for thyroid hormones? Analysis for thyroid hormones may include: analysis of thyroid-stimulating hormone, total T4, free T4, total T3, free T3, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroglobulin, analysis of antibodies to thyroglobulin, to thyroid peroxidase.
Blood test thyroid hormone levels may show:
- norm;
- hypothyroidism - too little is secreted;
- hyperthyroidism - secretes too much.
List of symptoms of hormonal imbalance in thyroid gland long, most symptoms are nonspecific, and in 80% of cases, patients do not feel any discomfort at all. Regular ultrasound once a year and a blood test for thyroid hormones can prevent the development of diseases.
It is especially important for children to undergo a blood test for thyroid hormones, since these substances are involved in the processes of tissue growth, the absorption of oxygen by cells, and the development of the body.
Testing for TSH, T3 and T4 is highly advisable for all residents living in regions with increased radioactive background: exposure radioactive iodine causes thyroid disease in the body.
A blood test for thyroid hormones in children helps prevent the development of serious abnormalities
- If a blood test has been performed on a newborn, thyroid hormones are not produced sufficiently, this may indicate the development of cretinism.
- In childhood, hypothyroidism inhibits the growth of the limbs (they become disproportionately short).
- If a teenager has had a blood test done, thyroid hormone production is low, which may explain delayed puberty and weight gain.
Normal hormonal levels for adults (men and non-pregnant women)
|
Hormone |
Hormone analysis: normal |
|
Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
0.4–4 µIU/ml |
|
General T4 |
58–161 nmol/L (4.5–12.5 μg/dL) |
|
Free T4 |
10.3–24.5 pmol/l |
|
General T3 |
1.3–2.7 nmol/L (82–179 ng/dL) |
|
Free T3 |
2.3–6.3 pmol/l (1.5–4.1 pg/ml) |
|
Thyroxine binding globulin |
259–573,5 nmol/l (14–31 μg/ml) |
|
Antibodies to thyroglobulin |
no more than 40 IU/ml |
|
Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase |
less than 35 IU/ml |
|
Thyroglobulin |
1.7–56 ng/ml |
Hormone analysis: explanation
If your values differ from those given in the table, you do not necessarily need hormonal restoration- ask for a table with standards in the laboratory where you took the test and check it. For staging accurate diagnosis The whole picture is important, not just the numbers in the analysis table.
A blood test (deciphering) for hormones should be performed by a doctor - do not try to independently determine what is elevated and what is decreased based on data from reference books. For assessment, analysis and treatment of such disorders, find good doctor, preferably one of the leading specialists.
Hormonal imbalance: treatment
In cases where the analysis of male or female hormones shows a hormonal imbalance, treatment, as a rule, involves taking medications based on synthetic analogues hormones. A woman’s hormonal background is stabilized by taking correctly selected COCs and progestin contraceptives - this is real hormonal restoration of the reproductive system. Hormonal imbalance in women, the symptoms of which are usually clearly visible, may be both the cause and consequence of serious systemic violations.
Hormonal imbalance in women, the symptoms of which are usually clearly visible, can be both a cause and a consequence of serious systemic disorders. Hormonal cycle women should work exactly like swiss watches: If you feel that something is wrong, do not hesitate to contact a gynecologist or endocrinologist. He will tell you what hormone tests you need to take and write out a referral.
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Operation of many systems female body depends on the production of hormones. Their quantity changes, which affects the skin, hair and well-being in general. For this reason, if there are abnormalities or if a disease is suspected, the doctor will prescribe a blood test to determine hormone levels. When and how does the procedure take place? The answer is in the instructions below.
Why do you need a blood test for hormones?
Hormonal disorders before and after childbirth or during menopause are considered normal, but even then the level of these substances in the body must be kept under control, because even the slightest deviations indicate problems in the body. The procedure for taking a test for hormones is not included in routine examinations and is prescribed to check the patient for pathologies of the endocrine system, diseases related to gynecology or other necessary cases:
- overweight, indicating a change in hormonal levels;
- failure of menstruation without good reason;
- problems with conceiving a child, i.e. infertility;
- suspicions of disturbances in fetal development in pregnant women;
- acne;
- pregnancy planning, when you need to prepare for conception;
- benign neoplasms in the chest, for example, fibrocystic mastopathy;
- decreased sexual desire;
- miscarriage;
- sexual infantilism;
- penchant for hereditary diseases;
- deterioration of hair or skin condition;
- blood pressure surges;
- heavy premenstrual syndrome;
- disorders digestive system;
- the presence of a tumor of the ovaries or uterus;
- establishing pregnancy;
- Excessive body hair.
Testing for hormones
Hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands, then after being absorbed into the blood they begin to regulate metabolism in the body useful substances, which include salts and proteins with fats and carbohydrates. After this, they are destroyed by special enzymes. The continuity of such a cycle ensures the constant functioning of biochemical processes. Hormone tests in women make it possible to identify imbalances in a timely manner in order to begin treatment and restore, i.e. lower or raise their level.
When to take it
The amount of the main hormones of the reproductive system in women changes, so you need to take tests for them strictly certain time, which is indicated only by the doctor himself. The quality of the research result and its interpretation depends on the right choice of day and proper preparation. Mostly, blood is taken in the morning on an empty stomach, unless otherwise directed by the doctor. The table shows the time suitable for taking tests.
| Hormone name | Time suitable for taking the analysis |
| Pituitary hormones |
|
| Adrenocorticotropic | |
| Thyroid-stimulating | Does not depend on menstruation (as prescribed by a doctor) |
| Prolactin | 3-5 days of the menstrual cycle |
| Follicle-stimulating | Days 3-5 or 19-21 of the menstrual cycle |
| Luteinizing | Days 4-7 or 19-21 of the menstrual cycle |
| Testosterone | 8-10 days of the menstrual cycle |
| Progesterone | After 22 days of the menstrual cycle Between days 5 and 9 of the cycle |
| Estradiol |
|
| Adrenal hormones |
|
| DHEA sulfate (dhea-s) | 8-10 days of the menstrual cycle |
| Cortisol | Does not depend on menstruation (as prescribed by a doctor) |
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone | 3-5 days of the monthly cycle |
How to donate blood for hormones
| Hormone name | Effect on the body | How to test hormones in women |
| Pituitary hormones |
||
| Adrenocorticotropic | Affects the adrenal cortex, which is necessary to stimulate the production of cortisol, estrogens and androgens. The production lies on the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
|
| Thyroid-stimulating | Promotes the synthesis of thyroid hormones: T3 and T4, the deficiency of which causes hypothyroidism, and the excess causes hyperthyroidism |
|
| Prolactin | Responsible for ovulation, and also for the release of milk after childbirth. |
|
| Follicle-stimulating | Responsible for the production of follicles in the ovaries and estrogen |
|
| Luteinizing | Promotes progesterone synthesis |
|
| Testosterone | Provides reproductive function. |
|
| Progesterone | Participates in the development of the corpus luteum of the ovaries, and during pregnancy, the placenta. |
|
| Estradiol | One of the estrogens. Thanks to him reproductive system is formed by female type. Responsible for stabilizing the menstrual cycle, development and growth of the egg or uterus during pregnancy. |
|
| Adrenal hormones |
||
| DHEA sulfate (dhea-s) | In combination with testosterone, they support the level of female libido. Excess leads to signs of hirsutism - excessive body hair. |
|
| Cortisol | Participates in the production of antibodies, synthesized in response to stressful situations. An excess of it may indicate a cyst on the ovaries. |
|
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone | Normalizes menstrual cycle and sexual function |
|
What is the price
Directly at the appointment, the endocrinologist or gynecologist determines based on symptoms what hormone tests women need to take, and often prescribes a urine test. You can either contact public clinic, or to a private institution, for example, the Hemotest laboratory. The cost of analysis for female sex hormones for Moscow is about 500-600 rubles, so it is better to do it right away comprehensive examination, which will require about 1.5-2 thousand rubles, but about 5-6 studies will be carried out at once. This way you won't have to visit the clinic many times.
Normal sex hormones in women
Women are characterized by changes in the amount of sex hormones produced. This is due to the specific phase of the menstrual cycle:
- Follicular. The beginning refers to the 1st day of menstruation, and the end refers to the formation dominant follicle, i.e. until about 14 days.
- Ovulatory. This includes a period of 3 days after the dominant follicle leaves the egg. This is 14-16 days.
- Luteal. Includes the time from ovulation to the next menstruation, i.e. from 16 to 28 days.
Ratio of FSH and LH
Before the onset of puberty, the balance of FSH and LH is 1:1. As you grow older, this proportion gradually becomes 1:1.5, i.e. the amount of luteinizing agent becomes greater. This ratio remains in the normal state of health of a woman until the onset of menopause - the FSH norm in women is approximately 1.5 times less than the amount of LH.
Hormone progesterone
Estradiol
Testosterone levels in women
When analyzing the hormone testosterone in women, 2 types are examined: total and free. The first indicates the level of this substance, associated and not associated with protein transport. The latter indicator is indicated by free testosterone. The total level is 0.26-1.3 ng/ml. Quantity free testosterone has a dependence not on the phase of the cycle, but on the age of the woman.
Prolactin
Acceptable level The hormone prolactin is determined by clinics using individual methods, so even the units of measurement are different. In general, an amount from 4 to 33 ng/ml is considered normal. The number changes during each specific phase of the menstrual cycle. It is normal for pregnant women when the hormone prolactin has high level: its value can range from 34 to 386 ng/ml, and it increases gradually with fetal development.
Hormone DHEA
Under the abbreviation DHEA lies the name “ steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone." In women, it is produced by the ovaries, but only in an amount of 5%. The remainder is synthesized by the adrenal glands. For people under 35 years of age, the level of this substance varies from 2660 to 11200 nmol/l. In each trimester, a hormone test in women should show the following DHEA values:
- in 1 – 3.12-12.48 nmol/l;
- in 2 – 1.7-7.0 nmol/l;
- in 3 – 0.86-3.6 nmol/l.
Video: hormones during pregnancy
