Main reason disorders of potassium metabolism in the body, including hyperkalemia, is chronic disease kidney

Hypokalemia is quite rare in patients and is usually caused by too low sodium intake, with the simultaneous use of diuretics.

A more common problem is hyperkalemia, which is characterized by a serum potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mmol/L.

Causes of hyperkalemia

In people suffering from chronic renal failure, as a result of decreased renal secretion, potassium removal through the gastrointestinal tract increases. In such individuals, hyperkalemia is common.

I'll have to give up bananas...

TO causes of hyperkalemia include:

• excessive intake of potassium in the diet in patients with renal failure;
• disorders of potassium excretion through the kidneys;
• disruption of intracellular potassium transport;
• massive release of potassium from damaged cells, crash syndrome;
• water-electrolyte imbalance;
• intense protein catabolism;
• tissue hypoxia;
• hemolysis.

The most common form of the disease is drug-induced hyperkalemia caused by taking medications that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Typically, these drugs are widely used in the treatment of hypertension, they block sodium channels in the kidneys.

Drug-induced hyperkalemia can also result from interruption of renin production through the use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Sometimes an increase in potassium levels in the blood can occur as a result of the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone.

An increase in the concentration of potassium ions in the blood is also promoted by: dehydration, strychnine intoxication, treatment with cytostatic agents, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex (Addison's disease), hypoaldosteronism, constant hypoglycemia or metabolic acidosis.

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Clinically, hyperkalemia is distinguished:

• light (5.5 mmol/l);
• moderate (from 6.1 to 7 mmol/l);
• severe (more than 7 mmol/l).

Symptoms of the disease often appear only with severe hyperkalemia, and include mainly disturbances in the action of skeletal muscles, central nervous system and hearts.

Symptoms of hyperkalemia also include muscle weakness or paralysis, tingling sensations, and confusion. Hyperkalemia also impairs the functioning of the heart muscle and can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias - bradycardia or additional contractions, which can be easily determined based on the ECG recording.

You can often see on an ECG increase in T wave amplitude, as well as its wedge-shaped shape. In the case of a higher stage of the disease, the PR interval undergoes expansion, like the QRS duration. In addition, P waves become flatter and ventricular conduction is weaker. The QRS and T waves eventually merge and the ECG waveform takes on a sinusoidal shape.

In such a situation, there is a danger of camera flickering and, as a result, slowing down blood circulation. The diagnosis of the disease is made based on clinical picture and laboratory measurements of serum potassium levels.

Treatment of hyperkalemia

Treatment of hyperkalemia consists in eliminating its causes, for example, withdrawal of drugs that cause it, as well as taking drugs that reduce the concentration of potassium in the blood serum.

Potassium concentration blood serum levels are reduced by: calcium, glucose with insulin, bicarbonate, beta mimetics, ion exchange drugs, laxatives and hemodialysis. When no remedies are available, you can use an enema.

In the treatment of hyperkalemia, 10-20 ml of 10% calcium gluconate or 5 ml of 10% calcium chloride is used. Calcium salt administration requires constant ECG monitoring. Glucose with insulin must be administered intravenously or used as an infusion.

Kidney disease is often accompanied by acidosis. If it occurs, taking bicarbonate brings many benefits. In order to avoid alkalosis, it is best to constantly monitor the pH level. Bicarbonate should not be given when a person already has pulmonary edema, hypokalemia, or hypernatremia.

Ion exchange resins are used orally or rectally, and the standard dosage is 25-50 g. They retain potassium in the colon, which leads to a decrease in potassium concentration throughout the body. The use of laxatives increases the volume feces. Thus, the amount of potassium released through the gastrointestinal tract also increases.

The use of a drug from the group of B2-mimetics is carried out through inhalation of therapeutic doses of salbutamol, which causes the transition of potassium into blood cells. If these treatment methods do not bring the expected results, and hyperkalemia remains high (more than 6.5 mmol/l), hemodialysis is recommended.

As you can see, there are many ways to treat hyperkalemia, and what will be effective in a particular person primarily depends on clinical condition patient. Prevention of the disease involves reducing the amount of potassium in the diet, stopping medications that increase potassium levels, and taking diuretics such as furosemide. The decision on one or another treatment method should be made at an appointment with a doctor.

ABOUT elevated level Potassium in the body is said when the amount of potassium in the blood exceeds 5 mmol per liter. This condition is called hyperkalemia. Excess potassium is very dangerous for the human body, as it leads to disruption of the heart, kidneys, and nervous system disorders. Therefore, if hyperkalemia is detected, it is necessary to urgently take measures to remove potassium from the body. What exactly needs to be done? Let's figure it out together.

First of all, let's define the signs. The main symptoms of excess potassium in the body are:

• Heart rhythm disturbance.
• Weakness, loss of strength, decreased performance.
• Irritability, nervousness, mood swings.
• Decreased sensation, such as numbness in the arms or legs.
• Frequent urination.

How to detect hyperkalemia? A slight increase in potassium in the body is practically asymptomatic and is unlikely to force you to see a doctor. But when undergoing a regular medical examination and taking a blood test, this problem can be discovered by chance. This problem is also revealed when performing an electrocardiogram (ECG): high T-waves appear on the ECG, the ORS and P-R intervals increase, visible ventricular tachycardia. High levels of potassium in the body pose a serious threat to the functioning of the heart. Often, it is in connection with a disturbance in the functioning of the heart that patients consult a doctor, after which the search for the cause of the existing problems begins. An ECG helps to suspect hyperkalemia, but a definitive diagnosis can only be made based on the results of a blood test.

Why does excess potassium occur? The most common causes are diseases of the kidneys and adrenal glands, as a result of which potassium excretion is disrupted, the intake of certain medicines, poor nutrition, serious injuries or burns.

After identifying hyperkalemia, taking a blood test and finally confirming the diagnosis, it is necessary to remove excess potassium from the body. All actions must be carried out exclusively under the supervision of a doctor. The simplest and most effective way is to remove potassium through the urine: the patient is prescribed diuretics (diuretics). Although, as a rule, the matter is not limited to diuretics alone, and if the kidneys are not able to perform the functions assigned to them in full, then you will have to stop taking diuretics altogether.

If the cause of the increase in potassium levels is the use of a certain medication, then it is necessary to reduce its dosage, replace the drug, or completely abandon it. It is necessary to stop taking vitamin complexes containing potassium and replace them with simpler vitamin preparations.

Foods containing large amounts of potassium should be limited or even eliminated from the diet. These products include legumes (beans, soybeans, peas), potatoes, carrots, watermelon, melon, banana, dried fruits (especially dried apricots), honey, almonds, pine nuts, bran, rye bread, millet porridge, apple cider vinegar. The consumption of milk, beef and fish should be minimized. Drink more water. Proper nutrition will help remove potassium from the body naturally, which will speed up treatment and reduce the duration of use for the treatment of droppers and injections.

Drug treatment of hyperkalemia with a slight increase in potassium levels and healthy kidneys begins with diuretics, which are prescribed both in tablet form and intravenously. A cation exchange resin is also prescribed, which has the ability to absorb potassium and remove it through the intestines along with feces. This resin is administered orally and is not absorbed by the body. Typically, intravenous calcium is also prescribed at a dosage of 500-3000 mg, and if necessary, additional insulin injections are performed.

In severe cases, as well as in cases of renal failure, hemodialysis is used to remove excess potassium from the body. This is a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products and toxic substances. Essentially, this is a last resort when the kidneys are unable to perform their functions.

After completing a course of treatment for hyperkalemia, you should not relax; you must constantly monitor the level of potassium in the blood so that it is within the normal range. This requires regular blood tests and an ECG to monitor your heart function. As practice shows, a repeated increase in the level of potassium in the body, even a slight one, seriously affects the functioning of the heart, so it is necessary to carefully monitor the slightest changes in blood counts - this often helps save the patient’s life.

21/09/2017 19:39

IN periodic table Mendeleev is chemical element, without which the very fact of human existence would be highly controversial. We are talking about an alkali metal called potassium.

In this topic, we will find out why the role of potassium is so important for the body, what consequences its lack can have, and how to replenish the reserves of this substance in a timely manner.

The role of potassium in the body

The importance of potassium for a person cannot be overestimated - it directly determines how correctly all systems in the body will function:

• With the direct participation of this element, intracellular metabolic processes occur.
• Potassium deficiency affects mental clarity as this substance helps provide oxygen to the brain.
• Potassium is deservedly called the “heart” element, playing decisive role in the work of the main muscle of the body - the heart. The contraction of fibers in the myocardium directly depends on it.
• This metal is responsible for conducting nerve impulses, thereby affecting the activity of the entire nervous system.
• Its level in the body affects muscle activity.
• Potassium salts affect the condition of all soft tissues.
• The uninterrupted operation of the excretory system and the prevention of tissue swelling are the merit of our element.
• Support for optimal blood pressure depends on the level of potassium in the body.
• Potassium prevents the accumulation of salts of its antagonist, sodium, in blood vessels, thereby fighting atherosclerosis.

Potassium deficiency - symptoms and causes

The cells of the human body contain an average of 220-250 grams of potassium. It is not able to accumulate, so it is necessary to constantly replenish its reserves.

Doctors have determined the approximate rate of microelement intake into the body during the day - there is no universal indicator, all calculations are individual.

In his recent recommendations World organization Health (WHO) clarified balance the amount of potassium intake and its antagonist sodium towards decreasing the amount of the latter - from 5 to 2 grams per day, and increasing the average daily requirement of potassium - at least 3.5 grams.

Potassium deficiency - alarming symptoms:

The first signs indicating a lack of this element in the body will be disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. People lacking potassium often complain of arrhythmia, tachycardia, and surges in blood pressure.

In addition, pathological potassium deficiency is indicated by:

• Feeling of muscle weakness;
• Shortness of breath, shallow and rapid breathing, wheezing;
• Frequent urination;
• Excessive fatigue and apathy, turning into depression;
• Spasms of various nature;
• Blood pressure surges;
• Dry skin, disturbances in the regeneration of damaged areas;
• Frequent neuralgic pain;
• Violations by gastrointestinal tract.

The level of potassium in the body depends on three components: intake, absorption and excretion processes.

The main causes of potassium deficiency in the body:

• Lack of this substance in foods that make up the main diet;
• Potassium leakage from the body due to disruptions in the digestive system - diarrhea, vomiting, frequent use laxatives;
• Element leaching due to problems in the functioning of the excretory organs - active use of diuretics, kidney and urinary tract diseases;
• Reception hormonal drugs also capable of triggering the excretion of potassium;
• Nervous overload, depression, severe emotional shock;
• Heavy physical activity;
• Excessive passion for exhausting starvation diets or, conversely, abuse of sweets.

If you don't notice in time alarming symptoms, potassium deficiency will eventually lead to serious problems. One of the first to suffer cardiovascular system. There may be a malfunction in the functioning of the heart muscle. This situation is one step away from heart attack. Additionally, surges in blood pressure will aggravate the problem. In addition, the condition of all mucous membranes of the body will worsen.

If there is insufficient supply of this much-needed element from food, the body first tries to regulate its level on its own, trying to reduce the excretion of potassium. However, sooner or later there will come a time when there is simply nothing to compensate for the lack of an element.

How to replenish potassium deficiency - foods and drinks,
who will help

To replenish the reserves of this valuable element, it is not necessary to take special drugs. The problem can be easily solved in the process of everyday nutrition.

Let's consider which products are the leaders in potassium content.

Foods and drinks that will help replenish potassium deficiency:

*According to USDA - United States Department of Agriculture.

Obviously there is a wide choice. From the proposed set of products you can create a complete and varied menu.

Potassium content in products during heat treatment

The heat treatment process changes the composition of many products:

• When boiled in water, potassium in large quantities passes from the product into the decoction. For example, when boiling vegetables, the content of this element decreases by almost 70%. Even more valuable substances lost during frying.
• Vegetables and fruits should be eaten raw. If heat treatment cannot be avoided, give preference to baking in the oven.
• The less liquid used during cooking, the less potassium loss. Do not cook, but simmer the food in a small amount of water.
• Simmer juicy foods without adding water - the juice released when they are heated is sufficient.
• An excellent alternative to boiling is steaming.
• If possible, boil and bake vegetables with their skins on. Thus, boiled potatoes cannot compare in potassium content with baked ones.

Use the property of potassium to go into a decoction - for example, use water after boiling as a basis for preparing soups and sauces.

Here are some simple cooking options delicious dishes, which will replenish potassium reserves in the body:

• The preferred side dish in all potassium diets is baked potatoes. In this case, it is better to cook it without salt. Preheat the oven to 220 degrees, cut the washed and dried potato tubers into 4 parts, place on a baking sheet covered with foil, sprinkle with rosemary and chopped garlic, and drizzle with olive oil. For aroma, you can randomly arrange thyme sprigs. Cover the top with a second sheet of foil and place the dish in the oven until cooked - about 30-40 minutes, depending on the oven power. You can add other vegetables to potatoes - carrots, beets, celery, pumpkin. Improvise!
• A dessert rich in potassium will not leave adults and children indifferent - we are preparing apples baked with raisins and cinnamon: Remove the stem from clean fruits and use a small knife to get rid of the core, fill the middle of the apples with raisins, and sprinkle cinnamon on top. Those with a sweet tooth can lightly drizzle the apples with honey. After 20 minutes, remove the fragrant, healthy dessert from the oven.
• And of course you can’t do without drinks that saturate the body with potassium: since dried fruits are significantly higher in potassium content than fresh fruits, and we remember the property of this element to turn into a decoction during the cooking process - let’s prepare them delicious compote. We use dried apricots, prunes, dried apples and pears, raisins, and rose hips in any proportions. Cook the compote over low heat, then leave covered for several hours. Cocoa is also very healthy, and if you add a little milk to it, any child will happily drink this potassium-rich drink!

What promotes the absorption of potassium in the body?

Our body is designed in such a way that potassium is well absorbed in the intestines, but it is just as easily excreted in the urine.

Potassium absorption is directly related to the amount of sodium and magnesium in the body. So, if there is too much sodium, potassium is less absorbed and excreted faster, therefore during the period acute shortage potassium, salt intake should be limited. And to improve the absorption of potassium, it is worth paying attention to sufficient consumption of another mineral - magnesium. – read in our special topic.

Facilitates the absorption of potassium and vitamin B6. But coffee, alcohol, sugar interfere with the normal absorption of this substance.

Potassium deficiency during pregnancy

During this period, the favorable course of pregnancy directly depends on the sufficient presence of potassium in the body.

With a lack of potassium in pregnant women, the following occurs:

• Painful cramps in the legs, especially at night;
• Edema;
• Blood pressure surges;
• Rapid weight gain caused by fluid accumulation in tissues;
• Fatigue, weakness, nervous excitability.

Trying to prevent recruitment excess weight, pregnant women before going to antenatal clinic take diuretics. This further provokes the removal of calcium from the body, exacerbating the problem. Ultimately, the risk of premature birth and the development of pathologies in the fetus increases.

It is vitally important for a woman and her unborn child to get tested and recognize the deficiency of this most important element in time!

Potassium deficiency during growth in children

IN childhood Potassium deficiency usually develops against the background of long-term infectious diseases, surgical interventions or as a result of poor nutrition.

In the process of growth and formation of the body, potassium is vital. Its deficiency in children, in addition to general negative consequences, contributes to a slowdown in physical and mental development.

Finally

Make sure your daily diet is rich in microelements necessary for full life. After all, the contents of our plates directly affect the vital functions of the body.

Be healthy!

It dissolves relatively well in mercury, forming amalgams. It vigorously forms peroxides with oxygen, reacts with most nonmetals, and is soluble in liquid ammonia. When potassium (as well as its compounds) is added to the burner flame, it colors the flame in a characteristic pink-violet color.

Due to its high chemical activity, potassium does not occur in nature in a free state. It is a constituent of many minerals, most of which are water-insoluble aluminosilicates. Soluble potassium minerals are potassium sulfates and chlorides. sea ​​water contains on average 0.06% potassium chloride.

Potassium was first obtained in 1807 by the English chemist Davy by electrolysis of caustic potassium. He called him POTASSIUS. In 1809, Gilbert proposed a new name - POTASSIUM, which became more common.

ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN THE BODY

The adult body contains from 160 to 250 grams of potassium. 98% of it is inside cells. Main role intracellular potassium is the preservation normal functioning cell walls. This is achieved due to its harmonious balance with sodium. Potassium is found inside cells and sodium is found outside. All tissues are characterized by a certain concentration ratio between potassium and sodium, which is found mainly in the extracellular environment.

Intracellular potassium in the body is in balance with that found outside cells. 2% extracellular potassium is very important for providing electrical nerve impulses, for controlling muscle contraction and for maintaining blood pressure consistency.

Another, also very important, role of potassium in the body is to maintain concentration and physiological functions magnesium, which is a major macronutrient for the heart. If the blood level of one of these minerals is low, the level of the other will also be low. Potassium in the human body performs the following functions:

1. Supports the functioning of cell membranes.

2. Maintains the constancy of the composition of cellular and intercellular fluid.

3. Maintains acid-base balance.

4. Potassium in the body regulates water balance.

5. Participates in the work of nervous and muscle cells.

6. Improves oxygen supply to the brain.

7. Participates in the nervous regulation of heart contractions.

8. Potassium in the body helps reduce blood pressure.

9. Acts as a catalyst in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins.

10. Affects the concentration and activity of magnesium.

11. Provides excretory function of the kidneys.

12. Potassium in the body is also necessary for physical strength and endurance and for wide range other functions.

Due to the lack of ability to deposit, significant fluctuations in the potassium content in the human body immediately affect the intracellular state.

Daily requirement WEFT

The daily potassium requirement for a child is 16–30 mg per 1 kg of body weight. For an adult, 1.5 – 2.5 grams, with the required minimum being 1 gram. During pregnancy, the need for it can increase to 3.5 grams per day. For intense physical activity The need for potassium also increases. Besides profuse sweating helps remove it from the body. The potassium content in the body is affected by seasonal changes - there is especially little potassium in the spring, and in the fall its amount doubles. Toxic dose for humans is 6 grams, and lethal is 14 grams.

POTASSIUM IN PRODUCTS

Potassium in products is found in the form of inorganic salts and in organic compounds. Inorganic potassium salts are carbonate, sulfate and chloride. Organic potassium in foods is represented by citrate, fumarate and gluconate. To increase the intake of potassium in the body, it is necessary to include daily intake in the diet raw vegetables and fruits. Good source potassium is millet cereal. One serving of her porridge replenishes a significant portion of the body’s potassium needs throughout the day. The cereal needs to be calcined, but it should not lose color. Cook over low heat, adding a minimum of salt.

1. Only ripe fruits should be eaten.

2. Vegetables and fruits during their natural ripening season have maximum nutritional and taste qualities.

3. Potassium in plant foods is better preserved if stored in a cool, dry place.

5. Vegetables or fruits should be peeled immediately before consumption.

6. When purchasing products, you must pay attention to the integrity of the peel, the absence of damage or crushed parts, and the density of the structure.

Lack of potassium in the body

When potassium levels in the body are low, there is a greater risk of life-threatening arrhythmias, heart failure and stroke. Weakness and fatigue are the most common indicator of potassium deficiency in the body.

The main causes of potassium deficiency:

1. Insufficient potassium content in food.

2. Dysregulation of potassium metabolism.

3. Increased excretion of potassium from the body as a result of taking hormonal drugs, diuretics and laxatives.

4. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex and the anterior pituitary gland.

5. Mental, nervous and physical overload.

6. Excessive intake of sodium, thallium, rubidium and cesium into the body.

7. Introduction large quantities liquids that do not contain potassium.

8. Diabetes mellitus.

9. Magnesium deficiency.

10. Taking large amounts of alcohol, coffee, sugar, chronic fasting.

The main manifestations of potassium deficiency in the body:

1. Mental exhaustion, feeling tired, indifference to the environment, depression, decreased performance, muscle weakness.

2. Decline mental activity, intelligence, indecisiveness, uncertainty, memory impairment, psychosis.

3. Exchange and functional disorders in the myocardium, changes in heart rate, the occurrence of heart attacks, heart failure.

4. Deviation of blood pressure from the normal level.

5. Bad dream. Excitability or drowsiness.

6. Impaired lung function, rapid and shallow breathing.

7. Sensitivity to cold, preference for warm food over cold food, often freezing hands and feet.

8. Increased incidence of colds.

9. Exhaustion of the adrenal glands, decreased adaptive capabilities of the body.

10. Impaired kidney function, frequent urination.

11. Periodic lack of appetite, sometimes nausea and vomiting, constipation, severe thirst.

12. Erosive gastritis, peptic ulcer.

13. Recurrent rashes on the skin, acne, itchy skin, calluses on the soles of the feet.

14. Dry skin, brittle hair.

15. Night muscle cramps, especially in the legs. Periodic joint pain.

17. Cervical erosion, infertility.

If muscle pain, swelling in tissues due to bruises or any tumor occurs, it is necessary to introduce potassium into the body by rubbing it into the muscle tissue apple cider vinegar. You can add honey to it. Apple cider vinegar is easily absorbed and contains a lot of potassium, which will help you. If there is a deficiency of potassium in the body, it is necessary to normalize the nutritional system and achieve mineral balance for the full functioning of all organs. To do this, you need to eliminate the consumption of unnatural drinks such as Fanta, Pepsi, Coca-Cola and lemonades, eliminate coffee and alcohol, reduce sugar consumption and table salt, limit your intake of pharmaceuticals and increase your consumption of foods high in potassium: dairy products, nuts, green vegetables, bananas, apricots, prunes, parsley, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, raisins, cocoa and black tea.

In order to support normal level potassium in the blood, I recommend drinking 1 glass through a straw daily between meals boiled water, adding 1 teaspoon each of honey and apple cider vinegar. It is also necessary to avoid emotional stress and physical overload.

Excess

Excess potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia (at a concentration above 0.06%) and leads to severe poisoning, accompanied by paralysis of skeletal muscles. Severe damage to cells may occur, acid shift alkaline balance towards acids, kidney dysfunction, dehydration, indigestion and duodenal ulcer, drowsiness and weakness, disorientation and arrhythmia. Increased excitability, irritability, restlessness, sweating, intestinal colic, frequent urination, tendency to develop diabetes. When the concentration of potassium in the blood exceeds 0.1%, death occurs.

1. Intravenous administration of potassium against the background of renal failure.

2. Increased breakdown of cells and tissues.

3. Malignant tumors.

4. Renal dysfunction, renal failure.

7. Anaphylactic shock.

8. Hemolytic anemia.

10. Consumption of “bitters” mineral waters, permanent potato diet.

If there is an excess of potassium in the body, it is necessary to limit its intake from the outside, take measures to normalize the regulation of metabolism and treat concomitant diseases.

Potassium synergists and antagonists

Magnesium is a potassium synergist. Excessive consumption of alcohol, coffee, sugar, laxatives, cortisone drugs and colchicine interfere with potassium absorption. Vitamin B6 and sodium contribute to this process. Diuretics such as phenolphthalein increase the excretion of potassium by the kidneys. Sodium, rubidium, cesium and thallium have antagonistic properties towards potassium and can displace it from tissues. With a deficiency of sodium and potassium in food, the lithium content in the body increases.

Preparations containing potassium

There are special medications that can increase the potassium content in the body. But you can take them only as prescribed by a doctor, since they are too large doses potassium may cause toxic poisoning body.

Potassium chloride, when taken orally, has a strong irritant effect on the mucous membranes digestive tract and therefore often causes dyspeptic disorders. The administration of potassium chloride solutions intravenously (drip) must be done slowly, since with rapid administration the drug can cause depression of cardiac activity up to cardiac arrest. It is contraindicated in cases of adrenal insufficiency, decreased renal excretory function and hyperkalemia.

Asparkam tablets are used for arrhythmias, overdose of cardiac glycosides, myocardial infarction and hypokalemia. They contain 0.175 grams of potassium aspartate and magnesium aspartate and have properties similar to those of potassium chloride. But unlike it, they have a much less pronounced local irritant effect on the digestive tract and are better tolerated by patients. This is explained by the fact that they contain potassium in the form of an organic salt, which dissociates to a lesser extent compared to potassium chloride.

Panangin is a foreign drug, similar to tablets"Asparkam." It is used for arrhythmias caused mainly by electrolyte disturbances, primarily hypokalemia. The drug is indicated for rhythm disturbances associated with intoxication with digitalis drugs, for paroxysms of atrial fibrillation, recently appeared ventricular extrasystole. It is also used in the treatment of coronary insufficiency.

At correct use Potassium preparations help improve the body's health and improve health.

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How to replenish potassium deficiency in the body - foods and drinks that will help

In Mendeleev's periodic table there is a chemical element, without which the very fact of human existence would be highly controversial. We are talking about an alkali metal called potassium.

In this topic, we will find out why the role of potassium is so important for the body, what consequences its lack can have, and how to replenish the reserves of this substance in a timely manner.

The role of potassium in the body

• With the direct participation of this element, intracellular metabolic processes occur.
• Potassium deficiency affects mental clarity as this substance helps provide oxygen to the brain.
• Potassium is deservedly called the “heart” element, playing a decisive role in the work of the main muscle of the body - the heart. The contraction of fibers in the myocardium directly depends on it.
• This metal is responsible for conducting nerve impulses, thereby affecting the activity of the entire nervous system.
• Its level in the body affects muscle activity.
• Potassium salts affect the condition of all soft tissues.
• The uninterrupted operation of the excretory system and the prevention of tissue swelling are the merit of our element.
• Maintaining optimal blood pressure depends on the level of potassium in the body.
• Potassium prevents the accumulation of salts of its antagonist, sodium, in blood vessels, thereby fighting atherosclerosis.

Potassium deficiency - symptoms and causes

The cells of the human body contain an average of grams of potassium. It is not able to accumulate, so it is necessary to constantly replenish its reserves.

Doctors have determined the approximate rate of microelement intake into the body during the day - there is no universal indicator, all calculations are individual.

In its recent recommendations, the World Health Organization (WHO) clarified the balance of potassium intake and its antagonist sodium towards reducing the amount of the latter - from 5 to 2 grams per day, and increasing the average daily intake of potassium - at least 3.5 grams.

In addition, pathological potassium deficiency is indicated by:

• Feeling of muscle weakness;
• Shortness of breath, shallow and rapid breathing, wheezing;
• Frequent urination;
• Excessive fatigue and apathy, turning into depression;
• Spasms of various nature;
• Dry skin, disturbances in the regeneration of damaged areas;
• Frequent neuralgic pain;
• Gastrointestinal disorders.

The level of potassium in the body depends on three components: intake, absorption and excretion processes.

• Lack of this substance in foods that make up the main diet;
• Potassium leakage from the body due to disruptions in the digestive system - diarrhea, vomiting, frequent use of laxatives;
• Element leaching due to problems in the functioning of the excretory organs - active use of diuretics, kidney and urinary tract diseases;
• Taking hormonal drugs can also provoke potassium excretion;
• Nervous overload, depression, severe emotional shock;
• Heavy physical activity;
• Excessive passion for exhausting starvation diets or, conversely, abuse of sweets.

If warning signs are not noticed in time, potassium deficiency will lead to serious problems over time. The cardiovascular system will be one of the first to suffer. There may be a malfunction in the functioning of the heart muscle. This situation is one step away from a heart attack. Additionally, surges in blood pressure will aggravate the problem. In addition, the condition of all mucous membranes of the body will worsen.

If there is insufficient supply of this much-needed element from food, the body first tries to regulate its level on its own, trying to reduce the excretion of potassium. However, sooner or later there will come a time when there is simply nothing to compensate for the lack of an element.

How to replenish potassium deficiency - foods and drinks,

To replenish the reserves of this valuable element, it is not necessary to take special medications. The problem can be easily solved in the process of everyday nutrition.

Let's consider which products are the leaders in potassium content.

Foods and drinks that will help replenish potassium deficiency:

*According to USDA - United States Department of Agriculture.

Obviously there is a wide choice. From the proposed set of products you can create a complete and varied menu.

Potassium content in products during heat treatment

• When boiled in water, potassium in large quantities passes from the product into the decoction. For example, when boiling vegetables, the content of this element decreases by almost 70%. Even more valuable substances are lost during frying.
• Vegetables and fruits should be eaten raw. If heat treatment cannot be avoided, give preference to baking in the oven.
• The less liquid used during cooking, the less potassium loss. Do not cook, but simmer the food in a small amount of water.
• Simmer juicy foods without adding water - the juice released when they are heated is sufficient.
• An excellent alternative to boiling is steaming.
• If possible, boil and bake vegetables with their skins on. Thus, boiled potatoes cannot compare in potassium content with baked ones.

Use the property of potassium to go into a decoction - for example, use water after boiling as a basis for preparing soups and sauces.

• The preferred side dish in all potassium diets is baked potatoes. In this case, it is better to cook it without salt. Preheat the oven to 220 degrees, cut the washed and dried potato tubers into 4 parts, place on a baking sheet covered with foil, sprinkle with rosemary and chopped garlic, and drizzle with olive oil. For aroma, you can randomly arrange thyme sprigs. Cover the top with a second sheet of foil and place the dish in the oven until cooked - about a minute depending on the power of the oven. You can add other vegetables to potatoes - carrots, beets, celery, pumpkin. Improvise!
• A dessert rich in potassium will not leave adults and children indifferent - we prepare apples baked with raisins and cinnamon: remove the stem from clean fruits and use a small knife to get rid of the core, fill the middle of the apples with raisins, sprinkle cinnamon on top. Those with a sweet tooth can lightly drizzle the apples with honey. After 20 minutes, remove the fragrant, healthy dessert from the oven.
• And of course, we cannot do without drinks that saturate the body with potassium: since dried fruits are significantly higher in potassium content than fresh fruits, and we remember the property of this element to turn into a decoction during the cooking process, we will prepare a delicious compote from them. We use dried apricots, prunes, dried apples and pears, raisins, and rose hips in any proportions. Cook the compote over low heat, then leave covered for several hours. Cocoa is also very healthy, and if you add a little milk to it, any child will happily drink this potassium-rich drink!

What promotes the absorption of potassium in the body?

Our body is designed in such a way that potassium is well absorbed in the intestines, but it is just as easily excreted in the urine.

Potassium absorption is directly related to the amount of sodium and magnesium in the body. So, if there is too much sodium, potassium is less absorbed and excreted faster, so during periods of acute potassium deficiency, salt intake should be limited. And to improve the absorption of potassium, it is worth paying attention to sufficient consumption of another mineral - magnesium. How to replenish magnesium deficiency in the body - read in our special topic.

Facilitates the absorption of potassium and vitamin B6. But coffee, alcohol, sugar interfere with the normal absorption of this substance.

Potassium deficiency during pregnancy

During this period, the favorable course of pregnancy directly depends on the sufficient presence of potassium in the body.

With a lack of potassium in pregnant women, the following occurs:

• Painful cramps in the legs, especially at night;
• Edema;
• Blood pressure surges;
• Rapid weight gain caused by fluid accumulation in tissues;
• Fatigue, weakness, nervous excitability.

Trying to prevent excess weight gain, pregnant women take diuretics before going to the antenatal clinic. This further provokes the removal of calcium from the body, exacerbating the problem. Ultimately, the risk of premature birth and the development of pathologies in the fetus increases.

It is vitally important for a woman and her unborn child to get tested and recognize the deficiency of this most important element in time!

Potassium deficiency during growth in children

In childhood, potassium deficiency usually develops against the background of long-term infectious diseases, surgical interventions, or as a consequence of poor nutrition.

In the process of growth and formation of the body, potassium is vital. Its deficiency in children, in addition to general negative consequences, contributes to a slowdown in physical and mental development.

Finally

Make sure your daily diet is rich in microelements necessary for a full life. After all, the contents of our plates directly affect the vital functions of the body.

Maintaining potassium levels in the body

There are several ways to maintain potassium levels in the body. The safest is to eat foods rich in potassium. For most people this will be enough (except for people with liver disease).

Limiting salt intake will also help maintain potassium levels in the body. Additional sources may be salt substitutes containing potassium chloride. However, people who take potassium supplements should consult their doctors before taking salt substitutes.

Taking medications is good decision to increase potassium levels in the body, however, this option carries a large number of side effects. This may be irritation of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, bleeding, ulcer, perforation. It is necessary to limit the use of such drugs to those who eat enough foods containing potassium, but at the same time have a slight deviation from the norm in its content in the body. There are several types of drugs containing potassium.

This form of the drug is safer than tablets, since after its use, potassium is evenly distributed throughout the human gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing the risk of irritation of the mucous membranes of the digestive organs. The liquid and powder form must be dissolved in half a glass of water before use, then slowly drink.

This type of drugs has also become quite widespread, since they do not have bad tastes inherent liquid form. However, sometimes the tablets cause ulcers and irritation of the digestive tract if they do not dissolve properly or come into contact with the walls of the mucous membranes. This may result in pain, nausea, diarrhea and heartburn.

This type of medication should be avoided as the coating on these tablets is not durable enough and can lead to stomach bleeding.

First of all, this type of drug is prohibited for use by elderly people. They can lead to fatal side effects: kidney failure, increased potassium levels in the body, and cardiac dysfunction. Studies have proven that simple drugs containing potassium are much more effective than potassium-sparing diuretics.

Also, you should not take a salt substitute or drugs containing potassium together with a diuretic. Too high a level of potassium in the body is a dangerously fatal condition and most often occurs too quickly and is completely asymptomatic.

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Hyperkalemia (excess potassium in the body): causes, signs, treatment

The feeling that goosebumps are crawling all over your body or that your arms or legs suddenly begin to become “woody” can hardly seem pleasant. When such a state becomes almost habitual, a person begins to look for the reason. Often such patients already have some kind of pathology - kidney problems, diabetes mellitus or something else, that is, they usually form a group of “chronics”. However, everything should not be attributed to a chronic disease; the cause of such troubles can be determined by a biochemical analysis, which can reveal an increased level of potassium in the blood.

Hyperkalemia occurs due to various reasons, but in most cases it is associated with serious diseases that resulted from it.

Causes of high potassium concentration in the body

physical activity - possible reason physiological hyperkalemia

The reasons for an increase in the level of potassium in the blood serum, excluding intense physical activity, which gives transient hyperkalemia, are usually diseases, of which there are many:

1. Severe injuries.
2. Necrosis.
3. Intracellular and intravascular hemolysis, which normally occurs constantly as red blood cells “age” and are destroyed, but in the case of many pathological conditions infectious, toxic, autoimmune, traumatic nature, the breakdown of red blood cells occurs faster, and there is a lot of potassium in the blood.
4. Starvation.
5. Burns.
6. Tumor disintegration;
7. Surgical interventions.
8. Shock (the addition of metabolic acidosis significantly aggravates its course).
9. Oxygen starvation of tissues.
10. Metabolic acidosis.
11. Lack of insulin in hyperglycemia.
12. Increased breakdown of proteins or glycogen.
13. Increased permeability of outer cell membranes, allowing potassium to leave the cell (in anaphylactic shock).
14. Decreased excretion of potassium ions excretory system(kidney damage - acute renal failure and chronic renal failure, decreased diuresis - oliguria and anuria).
15. Hormonal disorders (impaired functional abilities of the adrenal cortex);

Thus, excess potassium in the body is due either to the breakdown of cells, causing excessive release of potassium from them, or to a decrease in potassium excretion by the kidneys at any time. renal pathology, or (to a lesser extent) for other reasons (administration of potassium supplements, taking medications, etc.).

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Symptoms of hyperkalemia depend on the level of potassium in the blood: the higher it is, the stronger the symptoms and clinical manifestations pathological condition:

• Muscle weakness, which is caused by depolarization of cells and a decrease in their excitability.
• Heart rhythm disturbances.
• Too high a level of potassium in the blood can result in paralysis of the respiratory muscles.
• The state of hyperkalemia threatens cardiac arrest, which most often occurs in diastole.
• The cardiotoxic effect of the element is reflected in the ECG. In this case, in the electrocardiogram recording one can expect a lengthening of the PQ interval and expansion of the QRS complex, AV conduction is inhibited, and the P wave is not recorded. The widened QRS complex merges with the T wave, resulting in a line similar to a sine wave. These changes lead to ventricular fibrillation and asystole. However, as with hypokalemia, elevated potassium in the blood does not have a clear correlation with abnormalities on the ECG, that is, the cardiogram does not allow one to fully judge the degree of the cardiotoxic effect of this element.

Sometimes, getting the result laboratory research, absolutely healthy person notices an excess of potassium concentration in the blood serum (usually high performance underlined in red). It is extremely undesirable to make a diagnosis yourself, since in laboratory work this analysis is considered “capricious”. Incorrect performance of venipuncture (tightened tourniquet, squeezing of blood vessels by hand) or further processing of the sample taken (hemolysis, untimely separation of serum, long-term storage blood) can lead to pseudohyperkalemia, which is present only in vitro and not in the human body, and therefore does not give any symptoms or signs.

Treatment of hyperkalemia

Considering that an increase in the level of potassium in the blood is caused by other diseases, eliminating the cause is not the least important in the treatment of hyperkalemia. Therapy includes the use of mineralocorticoids, the fight against metabolic acidosis, and a diet low in potassium.

Unfortunately, sometimes the potassium concentration indicator gets out of control, and situations are created when an excess of this element becomes a life-threatening condition (K + in plasma above 7.5 mmol/l). Severe hyperkalemia requires rapid response and management emergency measures, the purpose of which is to regulate up to normal indicators the level of potassium in the patient’s blood, which implies the transport of K + into the cells and its excretion through the kidneys:

1. If the patient has received medications that contain this element or contribute to its accumulation in the body, they are immediately discontinued.
2. To protect the heart muscle, 10% calcium gluconate in a dose of 10 ml is slowly administered intravenously, the effect of which should appear after 5 minutes (on the ECG) and last up to an hour. If this does not happen, that is, there are no changes in the ECG record after 5 minutes, calcium gluconate should be administered again in the same dose.
3. Insulin is used to force potassium ions into the cells and thus reduce its content in the plasma. fast action(up to 20 units) with glucose to prevent hypoglycemia (if blood sugar is high, do without glucose).
4. Introducing only glucose to stimulate the production of endogenous insulin will also help reduce K+, but this process is lengthy, so it is not very suitable for urgent measures.
5. The movement of potassium ions is facilitated by β-2-adrenergic stimulants and sodium bicarbonate. The latter is undesirable for use in chronic renal failure, due to its low effectiveness and the threat of sodium overload.
6. Loop and thiazide diuretics (with preserved kidney function), cation exchange resins (sodium polystyrene sulfonate orally or in an enema) help remove potassium from the body.
7. The most effective way to quickly cope with severe hyperkalemia is considered hemodialysis. This method is used in case of ineffectiveness measures taken and is indicated for patients with acute or chronic renal failure.

In conclusion, I would like to once again draw the attention of patients who are receiving potassium-sparing diuretics for a long time, which pose a threat of hyperkalemia, especially if the patient has renal failure, therefore the use of drugs receiving this element should be excluded, and the use of foods containing it in large quantities– limit.

These foods are best avoided:

Laboratory tests are not always available at home; in addition, potassium can be removed quickly on our own may not work out, even if all the necessary things are at hand medicines to provide emergency care. Sometimes the heart just fails...

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Scientists believe that the chemical composition of fluids in the human body is similar in composition to the composition of prehistoric seas.

For the normal functioning of our body, the ratio of microelements in these liquids must be maintained in a certain balance - both quantitative and qualitative.

The value of potassium for humans

Potassium salts are one of the most important components of the normal functioning of the human body. They take part in the work of muscles (especially the heart muscle), as well as blood vessels and capillaries. Potassium is necessary for normal operation liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, nerve cells and fibers. In addition, potassium is an essential component of bone tissue, hair, nails, and teeth. The regulation of water balance in the body and the rhythmic functioning of the heart entirely depends on potassium and sodium, and a violation of the ratio of these elements leads to disruption of the functions of muscle and nervous tissue - causing convulsions. The removal of fluids from the body depends on potassium salts; with their deficiency, urinary retention and swelling begin, and in pathological cases– ascites (dropsy).

What are the dangers of potassium deficiency?

A significant lack of potassium, or a violation of the sodium-potassium-magnesium balance, threatens our body with disruption of the functioning of nerves and muscles. Loss required level potassium may cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) or prolonged diarrhea or vomiting. That is why in case of poisoning accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting, that is, loss of fluid (and with it potassium and sodium), the patient is first prescribed the drug rehydron, which helps restore water-electrolyte metabolism.

How to increase your potassium content

If you notice increased swelling, bruising and swelling in areas of injury, you can use folk remedy combating edema, which increases the level of potassium in the blood and lymph. To do this, rub apple cider vinegar into the bruises, which is absorbed very well through the skin. You can also add some honey to it.

Pharmaceutical potassium preparations

Most often, potassium is included in combination drugs vitamins with microelements, which provide a person’s daily need for microelements.

Products containing potassium

If you experience muscle pain or are experiencing unreasonable cramps, increased fatigue, frequent pressure changes, bruises and swelling do not go away for a long time, capillaries burst easily - most likely you do not have enough potassium in your body. What foods should you eat to restore your potassium balance?

Potassium salts are necessary for the normal functioning of all our soft tissues: blood vessels, capillaries, muscles and, especially, heart muscle, as well as cells of the brain, liver, kidneys, nerves, endocrine glands and other organs. Just as calcium is indispensable for our bones, teeth and nails, that is, for all hard tissues, so potassium is necessary for all our soft tissues. It is part of intracellular fluids (50% of all water in our body is potassium).

Together with sodium, potassium regulates water balance in the body and normalizes heart rhythm. (Potassium acts inside the cells, and sodium directly outside). The functions of nerves and muscles are affected by disturbances in the sodium-potassium balance. Hypoglycemia ( low level blood sugar) leads to potassium loss, as does prolonged or severe diarrhea, heavy, prolonged periods, and excessive sweating.

Potassium is one of the main intracellular cations. In the human body, about 98% of potassium is found inside tissue cells. All tissues are characterized by a certain concentration ratio between potassium and sodium, which is found mainly in the extracellular environment.

• maintains osmotic pressure,
• maintains acid-base balance,
• participates in the work of nerve and muscle cells (especially affects the functioning of the heart).

• in the blood - 38.4-64.0 mmol/l,
• in plasma - 3.4-5.3 mmol/l,
• in erythrocytes - 79.8-99.3 mmol/l.

Determination of potassium content is carried out using a plasma photometer.

• with insufficient potassium content in the daily diet,
• with increased excretion of potassium in the urine,
• with hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary gland,
• with primary and secondary aldosteronism,
• with increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone,
• when using corticosteroids,
• when using potassium-depleting diuretics,
• when administering large amounts of liquid that does not contain potassium, with vomiting and diarrhea,
• with diabetes mellitus.

Hyperkalemia is observed in the following cases:

• at intravenous administration potassium due to renal failure,
• with renal failure (decreased potassium excretion),
• with increased breakdown of cells and tissues:
• hemolytic anemia,
• malignant tumors,
• necrosis,
• when dehydrated,
• with anaphylactic shock,
• hypofunction of the adrenal cortex (Addison's disease).

Potassium is essential for healthy cells, nerves, normal contraction muscles and much more. If you have pain in the muscles, swelling in the tissues due to bruises, bites and bruises as a result of ruptured capillaries, any tumors - potassium will always help you, which can easily be introduced into the body by rubbing apple cider vinegar into the muscle tissue (it is well absorbed without any pressure) . You can add honey to apple cider vinegar. Do not forget to lubricate any inflammation and swelling with honey or apple cider vinegar.

According to D. Jarvis, apple cider vinegar and honey are the foods richest in potassium.

Main sources of potassium: spinach, cucumbers, potatoes, carrots, lettuce, parsley, asparagus, horseradish, dandelion, garlic, black currants, bananas, cabbage, grapefruits, radishes, tomatoes, dried apricots, raisins, prunes, all legumes, lentils, peas, beans, beans, rye bread, oatmeal, kiwi, potatoes, avocado, broccoli, liver, milk, nut butter, citrus fruits, grapes. There is a lot of potassium in fish and dairy products.

The potassium content in the adult human body is A large proportion of its content is found in the spleen and liver. The daily requirement for this mineral is from 2 to 5 g. When playing sports, as well as during intense physical activity, the need for potassium increases significantly. In addition, excessive sweating and taking diuretics help remove potassium from the body.

Black molasses 1760

Wheat bran 1160

Pine nuts 780

Sunflower seeds 710

Brazil nuts 660

Jacket potatoes 630

Walnuts 450

Fried trout 410

Canned tuna in oil 260

Whole milk 140

All fruits and most vegetables contain tens or even hundreds of times more potassium than sodium. Therefore, the importance of increasing the proportion of these foods in our diet should be obvious to each of us.

Legumes such as kidney beans, lima beans and lentils also contain a lot of potassium and protein. All legumes make wonderful soups.

You can mix several types in a mixer fresh fruit and make yourself a potassium-rich breakfast or snack. Such aromatic puree will be an unsurpassed “potassium cocktail” to meet the body’s needs for this element.

Fruits and vegetables contain a lot of water, dietary fiber and potassium - that is, the most important components in the battle against cellulite.

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Potassium is one of the most important minerals present in human body. It helps maintain normal water-salt balance and has great value For proper operation muscles and nervous system.

The concentration of potassium in the human body changes along with the level of sodium present. When sodium levels rise, the amount of potassium in the blood decreases and vice versa, when potassium rises, sodium goes down. In addition, the level of potassium in the human body is regulated by a special adrenal hormone - aldosterone.

The level of potassium in the blood depends on many factors - on the proper functioning of the kidneys, on acid-base balance body, on how much potassium a person consumes with food. It can even be affected severe vomiting or taking certain medications, such as diuretics or those containing potassium. Some methods of treating malignant oncological diseases, destroying cancer cells in the body also lead to increased potassium levels.

Many foods are rich in this important element: Orange juice, potatoes, bananas, spinach. If your diet is balanced, then you meet your body's potassium needs every day. However, with a low concentration of potassium in the body, restoring the desired balance will require certain time. In addition, you need to take into account the fact that potassium is constantly excreted in the urine, which means that you need to consume much more of it.

Both a decrease and an increase in the concentration of potassium in the body can lead to quite serious consequences. Deviations of potassium from the norm in one direction or another can cause symptoms such as general weakness, muscle cramps, dehydration, frequent urination, diarrhea, irritability, low blood pressure, attacks of vomiting and nausea, confusion, heart rhythm disturbances.

As a rule, potassium levels are measured simultaneously with the levels of other electrolytes - sodium, calcium, chlorides, magnesium and phosphates.

Norm of potassium in the blood. Explanation of the result (table)

A potassium blood test is usually performed as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel. However, if the doctor deems it necessary, he may order a separate blood test for potassium levels as part of a regular check-up or for some other reason, for example:

• to monitor the electrolyte balance of the patient’s body,
• identifying the causes of high blood pressure,
• diagnosis of heart diseases,
• control of the use in treatment of medications that affect the level of potassium in the body, in particular diuretics or drugs for high blood pressure,
• diagnosis or monitoring of treatment of kidney disease,
• monitoring metabolic acidosis,
• diagnosis of alkalosis.

A blood test for potassium levels helps determine whether there are abnormalities in the patient's body. Blood is drawn from a vein, usually in the morning and on an empty stomach.

Norm of potassium in the blood ordinary people and pregnant women:

If potassium is elevated, what does this mean?

Hyperkalemia. High level potassium is considered when it goes beyond the established norm. Moreover, if potassium reaches values ​​of 7.0 mmol/l or higher, this can be dangerous not only to health, but also to life. Some increase in potassium is possible due to the following reasons:

• excess potassium intake from food,
• blood transfusion,
• diseases in which red blood cells are destroyed,
• infectious diseases,
• diabetes,
• dehydration of the body,
• tissue damage,
• respiratory acidosis is a condition in which too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the lungs, causing the acidity of body fluids to increase,
• metabolic acidosis is a pathology in which the acidity of the blood increases due to a decrease in bicarbonates in it or the kidneys cannot cope with removing acid from the body,
• hyperkalemic periodic paralysis,
• renal failure,
• hypoaldosteronism is a disease caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the hormone aldosterone,
• Addison's disease is a disease of the adrenal glands in which they do not produce enough hormones.

An increase in blood calcium levels can also be caused by taking certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics.

Incorrect blood sampling, for example if the patient's fist remains clenched during the procedure, can lead to a false increase in potassium levels.

If potassium is low, what does this mean?

A condition in which the level of potassium in the blood deviates from normal is called hypokalemia. It may occur for the following reasons:

• insufficient intake of potassium through food,
• disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, diarrhea,
• diabetes – a condition after taking insulin,
• stenosis renal artery – insufficient blood supply kidneys due to narrowing of the artery approaching them,
• hyperaldosteronism - excessive production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands,
• renal tubular acidosis,
• Cushing's syndrome.

The level of potassium in the blood can decrease as a result of the use of diuretics, corticosteroids, some antibiotics and antifungals. Excessive use of paracetamol can significantly reduce potassium levels.

Shaking the blood sample tube or delaying transportation to the laboratory can lead to falsely low test results.