Sneezing is a sudden sharp exhalation of air mainly through the nasopharynx. Why are we doing this? To protect the body from the entry of unnecessary elements, such as foreign particles and allergens, or to get rid of mucus that clogs the airways if you have a cold, for example. This is certainly a reflex act, and commanding yourself “give me a sneeze” will not work.
What happens during a sneeze
Sensitive nerve endings in the nasal cavity detect the presence of an irritating element and send impulses to that part of the gray matter that controls involuntary actions. The brain instantly sends commands further. As a result, the lungs fill with air, and the openings connecting the pharynx and mouth close, blocking the movement of air. Then the muscles of the chest and pharynx contract sharply, and a quick strong exhalation is made.
150 km / h - at this speed, air escapes from you with each "apchi", its pressure is about 100 mm Hg. Art.
Is it dangerous to sneeze?
There are rumors that during a sneeze, the heartbeat stops, and other processes in the body slow down. “But as far as I know, this is an intuitive statement, not yet supported by reliable scientific data,” says Natalya Romanova, Ph.D., cardiologist. Multidisciplinary clinic in Troparevo.
No matter how loud and often you sneeze, the fiery motor will not stop beating. Experts do not exclude, however, that due to changes in pressure in the chest, which affects the speed of blood flow, the heart can sometimes beat unevenly - perhaps this creates the illusion of stopping.
Why do eyes close when sneezing?
When you sneeze, you automatically squint, in extreme cases, you squint, but it doesn’t work in another way. Why? There is a version that the same air pressure is to blame - they say, if we didn’t cover our eyes, they would easily fly out of their orbits from stress. But this is doubtful. Rather, the point is that the control points for the muscles responsible for sneezing and closing the eyes are located in the same area of the brain, and therefore the former usually entails the latter.
Read also Test. Find out the character of a person by the way he sneezes
Incontinence while sneezing
Sometimes sneezing causes involuntary urination. By the way, such incidents happen to women more often than to men. The thing is that the reflex act also leads to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. And it, in turn, affects the performance in urethra. To avoid trouble
Physiological function sneezing as a protective unconditioned reflex is the removal of foreign particles ( such as slime or dust) from respiratory tract. The very act of sneezing is a forced, sharp exhalation through the nasopharynx, carried out after a deep short breath. It differs from coughing in that the tongue is pressed against the palate during sneezing, and a sharp exhalation occurs through the nose.The act of sneezing is carried out in the following way: a person feels itching in the nose, which precedes the appearance of a sneezing reflex, inhales deeply, filling the lungs with air; his soft palate rises, the arches of the pharynx are reduced, the surface of the tongue is pressed against the hard palate; eyes close involuntarily.
Then the intercostal, diaphragmatic, and abdominal muscles contract. The muscles of the larynx contract last, causing the glottis to close. All these reflex actions ultimately lead to the formation of increased intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic pressure.
After that, the air is vigorously exhaled. The speed of exhaled air passing at the level of the glottis can reach 50 - 100 meters per second, and its pressure is 100 mm Hg. Droplets of saliva and mucus from the nasal and oral cavities enter the air stream. Due to the forced air movement, these droplets spread over a distance of 3-5 meters.
Causes
The sneeze reflex occurs when irritation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity occurs. The causes of this irritation may be fluff, dust, pet hair ( so-called "dust agents"); mold, pollen, dead skin particles ( allergens).Another type of irritant that affects the mucosa of the nasopharynx and nose is volatile substances ( perfumes, cigarette smoke).
The appearance of a sneeze reflex can provoke a sharp change in temperature ( For example, when a person left warm room outdoors in sub-zero temperatures); or a sudden bright light that hits the eyes, causing them to close their eyes.
Appearance in bright sunlight
Sneezing, which occurs as a result of bright light hitting the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye, is called " reflective sneezing into light". An explanation of the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been found, although scientists have tried to find an answer to this question since ancient times. Aristotle, for example, believed that people sneeze in bright sunlight due to exposure to the sun's heat on the nose.In the 17th century the philosopher Francis Bacon conducted small experiments that showed that if you close your eyes and go out into a bright light, then the sneeze reflex will not work. bacon he explained this by the fact that under the influence of sunlight the eyes begin to water, and then this lacrimal fluid enters the nasal passages and causes irritation of the nose. And as a result, the sneeze reflex occurs.
However, modern science has rejected this hypothesis, since physiologists have proven that sneezing occurs too quickly after exposure to sunlight, and tear fluid does not have time to drain through the tear ducts into the nasal cavity.
Sneezing occurs as a result of irritation in the nasal cavity, and the trigeminal nerve is "responsible" for it. This nerve is close to the optic nerve. That, in turn, reacts to a bright sudden light that hits the retina. Right after that optic nerve sends a signal to the brain to constrict the pupils in order to regulate the amount of light entering the eyes. The trigeminal nerve perceives this signal as an impulse to irritate the nose. That's why we sneeze.
People whose pupils contract sharply almost always begin to sneeze. And it’s not always the case in bright light - after taking narcotic drugs, the pupils begin to narrow, so very often people suffering from drug addiction are also prone to sneezing attacks.
There are no official statistics, but according to unofficial observations, reflective sneezing occurs in 20 - 35% of people. But since this phenomenon is absolutely harmless, it has no special significance for medicine.
Surprisingly, some people who experience reflex sneezing consider it useful property. It happens that an unpleasant tickling sensation appears in the nose, but its strength is not enough to provoke sneezing. Therefore, such people are simply looking for a source of bright light ( fit a window or turn on a table lamp) and cause sneezing, which brings relief. And some people do not even need a light source, it is enough to imagine it in their imagination for the reflex to work. By the way, there are other reflexes that are triggered by an imaginary picture. Among them is the reflex of salivation to an acidic stimulus. In order to cause profuse salivation, it is enough to imagine a juicy, sour lemon, cut into slices, flowing with juice.
If surgery is performed in the eye area, then local anesthesia is required. In those people who are characterized by reflex sneezing, this reflex occurs during the injection. Therefore, before the introduction of anesthesia, such people are first injected sedatives. If this is not done, then the patient will sneeze when the doctor gives the anesthetic periocular injection, and he will be forced to stop the administration of the drug so as not to damage the eye.
Women of the European race are most susceptible to reflective sneezing, judging by medical data.
Another factor that affects the appearance of a sneeze reflex is the degree of fullness of the stomach. Shortly after eating a hearty meal, such people begin to sneeze repeatedly. It doesn't matter what kind of food it was.
Sneezing and sickness
People who sneeze frequently and for no apparent reason are definitely more sensitive than those who only sneeze in the midst of a cold. To roughly understand why you have prolonged bouts of sneezing, you should determine the body temperature and check the nasal cavity. If the nose itches, there is a strong itch in it, but there is no runny nose, then this is most likely an allergy. If the resulting itching in the nose is accompanied by subfebrile or high fever, then this is an acute respiratory disease ( or SARS).
Cold
Colds are associated with inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract. A cold occurs when hypothermia sets in. If the immune system is strong, then it will not allow a cold to develop. And if the immune system is weakened, and unable to resist the disease, then the disease develops very quickly.
Signs of a cold: fever, headache , unexpressed pain all over body, sneezing, runny nose, cough, sore throat.
Treatment of colds is divided into two stages, including symptomatic therapy and elimination of the very cause of the disease.
Symptomatic treatment is the fight against the consequences of the disease. And the suppression of the activity of bacteria and viruses is the elimination of the very cause of the disease. Of course, to alleviate the patient's well-being by giving him an antipyretic or expectorant is right, but the fight against the consequence will not eliminate the cause of the disease. Therefore, the most important thing in treatment is to strengthen the immune system, which in turn will lead to the suppression of the bacterial flora.
Measles
This is an infectious disease of viral origin, with acute course. The danger of the disease is that it is extremely contagious. Measles is characterized by signs of intoxication of the body, a sharp increase in temperature, a rash on the body, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, conjunctivitis .
Morbillivirus ( causative agent of measles), unstable in the environment, and quickly dies under the influence of disinfection measures ( boiling, treatment with disinfectant solutions, sterilization). However, there have been precedents where the measles virus has spread, for example, through the ventilation system in one building where large cluster of people. Morbillivirus survives best in low temperatures (from -15 to -20 degrees). Therefore, outbreaks of the disease occur mainly in the winter.
Morbillivirus is transmitted by air during coughing or sneezing, along with secretory mucus. Mostly children are ill. Adults get sick in the event that they did not get sick in childhood, and, accordingly, did not receive immunity. After recovery, immunity to this disease persists throughout life.
Newborn children receive short-term immunity from a previously ill mother, which persists during the first three months life. If the mother falls ill during pregnancy, then the child is at risk of transplacental infection with the measles virus.
Prevention of measles is total vaccination of children.
The entry gate for infection is the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract. Once inside, the pathogen begins to multiply and spread through the bloodstream. In the tonsils, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, intestines, lungs, inflammatory infiltrates are formed.
The next stage of the disease is the appearance of visible symptoms. There are catarrhal phenomena, runny nose, coughing, sneezing. Then rash spots appear on the body.
The virus infects the conjunctiva, larynx, pharynx, sometimes the bronchi or lungs. Inflammation can affect the central nervous system, which can lead to complications of the disease, such as meningoencephalitis and meningitis. Catarrhal inflammation in the affected organs, due to the multiplication of the virus and the production of antibodies against it by the immune system, takes on an infectious-allergic character.
The latency period for measles is 7 to 14 days. The course of the disease can occur in a typical form or in atypical.
There are three stages of the disease, which are manifested by the corresponding symptoms:
- catarrhal manifestations.
- Eruptions.
- Reconvalescence.
Visual inspection shows an increase in cervical lymph nodes. Dry rales are heard in the lungs. Some patients experience short-term diarrhea.
A few days after the appearance of the rash, the patient's condition is relieved. The temperature drops, but literally in a day or two it rises again. After a repeated increase in temperature, spots in the form of “semolina porridge” are found on the inner shell of the cheeks - white rounded rashes with a thin red border. It's bright clinical sign measles.
Symptoms of intoxication are growing, health is deteriorating. There are changes in the digestive system.
There are bright spotted rashes that can merge into one large spot. The rash first appears auricles, on the scalp, then goes to the neck and face. The next day after the onset of the rash, the spots move to the chest, torso and arms. After another day, spots appear on lower limbs, and those that were on the face become less bright.
This downward "spotting" is characteristic differential sign used by physicians to make a diagnosis. Adults suffer the disease much harder than children, and their rash is more abundant.
During rashes, catal phenomena intensify: runny nose, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation and photophobia. Examination reveals defects such as heart palpitations and a change up or down in "working" blood pressure.
convalescence ( the so-called period of pigmentation) is the third stage of the disease, which is characterized by an improvement in well-being, normalization of body temperature, and a weakening of catarrhal phenomena. Gradually, the spots of rashes turn pale and fade away. In their place, peeling is formed, which slightly stands out in color from the rest of the skin.
The course of measles can be complicated by pneumonia, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, stomatitis. Adults may develop meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and measles encephalitis.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox ( or chickenpox) is acute infectious disease which is spread by air. The virus that causes chickenpox can also cause herpes zoster at the same time. Chickenpox is the primary manifestation of an infection that affects children, and herpes is a secondary manifestation that usually occurs in adulthood.
The virus is not resistant to the external environment, it is sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation and disinfectants. Well kept in low temperature environment. Therefore, the incidence of chickenpox increases in winter.
The disease is considered highly contagious, transmitted through the air through sneezing or coughing. Mostly children are ill. Adults who have been ill in childhood retain lifelong immunity.
The virus enters the respiratory tract, multiplies and accumulates there, appears in the blood and lymph, and then enters the epithelium of the skin. From this, superficial necrosis is formed in the epithelium, which looks like characteristic rashes. Usually these rashes disappear without a trace. The exception is when the epithelium is damaged in the deep layer due to re-infection or when the integrity of the vesicles ( rashes) has been violated. Therefore, it is important to explain to sick children that they do not comb the rashes and do not peel off the crusts.
Disease periods:
- Latent period ( can last up to three weeks).
- prodromal period ( at this time, a person becomes contagious, that is, contagious to others).
- Period of appearance of vesicles ( the appearance of obvious symptoms).
General symptoms: rash, fever, malaise. Rashes appear on the face, then spread further through the body. They appear as single or multiple formations.
The prevention of chickenpox in the team where a case of the disease is detected is the isolation of the sick person, thorough disinfection of the premises, and, if possible, the establishment of quarantine. Chickenpox is vaccinated against children and adults who have not been ill before and work in conditions of increased risk of infection ( doctors, teachers, food workers).
Allergy
Allergic diseases are an increased reaction of the immune system, which is formed as a response to the influence of specific factors. external environment that the body considers dangerous or potentially dangerous.
The immune response of the body is formed as a complex protective mechanism, the role of which is to prevent hostile microorganisms from penetrating and multiplying.
Immunity in response to the invasion of microbes includes a mechanism for the production of antibodies that destroy specific substances that have entered the body - antigens.
Sometimes the body's reaction to harmless substances is distorted, and it perceives them as a threat. These reactions are hypersensitive, and the antigens that are responsible for the appearance of these reactions are called allergens.
The immune system can "remember" foreign substances, recognize them and produce antibodies to neutralize antigens. If a similar antigen enters the body again, then the immune system will be able to recognize it and attack it with already developed specific antibodies.
Allergic reactions manifest themselves in a variety of ways, and can affect different tissues and organs of the body. Severity allergic reaction varies widely.
Allergy symptoms appear when a person has been exposed to an allergen. Allergies often occur in those who are genetically predisposed to it. Itchy eyes and skin, runny nose, sneezing, hives are all common symptoms of allergies.
Sneezing is physiological way self-purification of the body from unnecessary substances or particles, which is somewhat modified during allergies. The sneeze reflex takes on a paroxysmal form - a person sneezes non-stop, every day. This is especially often manifested during the flowering period of plants whose pollen is a strong allergen.
With allergies, rhinorrhea is sometimes observed ( runny nose). If, with a cold, the mucous discharge from the nose usually has a thick consistency and a yellowish color, then with an allergy, the color is transparent and the consistency is watery.
Since the mucous membrane becomes inflamed and thicker during allergies, the nasal canal becomes blocked, which leads to poor outflow of mucous secretions. Blowing your nose does not help clear your nose.
An allergic rash is the most striking manifestation of the disease, which is characterized by the formation of reddish spots on the skin. different sizes. Spots can pour out on the hands, and on the face, and on the legs. Most often, the rash is accompanied by severe itching, causing serious discomfort to the sick person.
Itchy eyes are another symptom of allergies. Itching sensation occurs without any external causes, may continue long time; It is impossible for a person to remove it on his own. At the same time, the eyelids have an edematous, reddened, swollen appearance.
Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity - rhinitis - is one of the most common human ailments. Several clinical forms rhinitis, each of which has its own characteristics.
Vasomotor and allergic form rhinitis are very similar in their clinical manifestations:
- Labored breathing.
- Attacks of sneezing.
- Runny nose.
- Burning and itching in the nasal cavity.
Vasomotor rhinitis is also a chronic disease, but in this case, nasal hypersensitivity develops not under the influence of allergic factors, but as a result of nonspecific endogenous or exogenous factors.
When making a diagnosis and drawing up a treatment algorithm, it is necessary to find out the following points:
- Are there any anomalies in the structure of the nose, which can also give a clinical picture of rhinitis?
- Does the identified rhinitis have an infectious or non-infectious genesis? The answer to this question is the characteristic clinical sequence of symptom onset; character mucous secretions; the appearance of catarrhal phenomena in the larynx, pharynx, trachea.
- If rhinitis has a non-infectious origin, is it allergic or non-allergic? In favor of the fact that rhinitis is of an allergic origin, the following facts testify: during rhinoscopy, a poor gray shade of the mucous membrane is visualized; received positive reaction for special skin allergy tests; antibodies were found in the blood serum.
- If rhinitis is allergic, then what is the nature of its manifestation: seasonal, permanent? This data is obtained through the collection of anamnesis.
According to the severity of the course of rhinitis, there are:
- light form ( mild clinical symptoms rhinitis, which do not disrupt a person's daily activities and do not interfere with his sleep). The patient feels the presence of symptoms of the disease, but at the same time he can do without drug therapy.
- moderate form ( symptoms of the disease interfere with sleep, interfere with mental and physical activity; quality of life is seriously deteriorating).
- heavy form ( the symptoms are so pronounced that the patient cannot engage in any activity, cannot sleep normally if he does not receive appropriate therapy).
- Topical corticosteroids.
- Antihistamines, which allow you to stop allergy attacks. Most of these drugs eliminate attacks of constant sneezing, burning in the nose, runny nose.
There are other groups of drugs used to treat allergic rhinitis, but based on their effectiveness in relieving individual symptoms, the degree of risk of complications, and the cost of the course of treatment, then oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids can be considered as optimal therapy.
Treatment vasomotor rhinitis starts by defining all possible causes, which can lead to a nasal reaction.
Often, vasomotor rhinitis is formed due to the abnormal structure of the nasal septum. In this case, the treatment is carried out with the help of surgical intervention.
Drug therapy for vasomotor rhinitis consists in prescribing to the patient antihistamines (although they do not give the same effect as with allergic rhinitis ) and topical corticosteroids. Additionally, physiotherapeutic methods of treatment can be used ( e.g. intranasal electrophoresis) and acupuncture. Patients are shown general strengthening procedures - hardening, physical exercise.
If a conservative methods therapy do not bring a visible effect, then apply surgery. It consists in carrying out operations, as a result of which the size of the inferior turbinate is artificially reduced, which makes it possible to restore nasal breathing.
Rhinitis of pregnant women
Rhinitis that occurs in women on last dates pregnancy is a consequence of the fact that before childbirth in the body of a woman occur hormonal changes. In the blood, the amount of female sex hormones increases, and in parallel with this, the blood flow speeds up. Because of this, the mucous membrane swells, which leads to difficulty in breathing.
The course of rhinitis varies in different ways: from mild symptoms to complications that require medical treatment.
From the fact that the nose is stuffed up and breathing is disturbed, the lungs and heart suffer. In addition, the nose does not perform its main functions: it does not clean and warm the air that is inhaled, thereby exposing the lungs to harmful effects external environment.
For a pregnant woman, this condition creates a double danger - both for her and for the fetus. If there is no nasal breathing, then this leads to oxygen starvation of the mother, which will negatively affect the unborn baby. As a result of rhinitis, a woman undergoes a change in taste and smell, an allergy develops.
The complexity of rhinitis lies in the fact that vasoconstrictor drops cannot be used to remove it, because they have an effect on the entire body, including the vessels in the placenta through which the fetus feeds. Violation of placental circulation leads to fetal hypoxia.
In addition, these drugs can increase nosebleeds, which sometimes occur in pregnant women. And with prolonged use, they dry the nasal mucosa, and gradually cease to cope with their main function. Therefore, drops that relieve nasal congestion are contraindicated in pregnant women.
The severity of the treatment of rhinitis in pregnant women is that many medicines can affect the placental circulation, so the choice of drug should be approached very carefully. Ideally, drug treatment it's best not to use it at all.
One of the main remedies that is used to treat rhinitis of pregnant women is a nasal douche. This is a procedure in which the nasal cavity is washed. Thanks to washing, the nose and nasopharynx are cleared of microbes, allergens, mucus, dust. Swelling of the mucosa and inflammation is removed, which allows you to restore nasal breathing.
Sneeze reflex disorder
Sneezing is disturbed in people who suffer bulbar paralysis.Bulbar palsy is a pathology that appears when the nuclei of some cranial nerves are damaged ( vagus, sublingual, glossopharyngeal). Bulbar palsy manifests itself as a speech disorder ( the nerves responsible for articulation are affected) and swallowing disorder ( the structures responsible for swallowing are affected - the muscles of the tongue, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, soft palate).
Patients often choke on liquid food, and it happens that they are not able to make a swallowing movement. Because of this, saliva accumulates and flows out of the corners of the mouth. They cannot sneeze or cough. Speech becomes slurred, nasal, slow. The conversation noticeably tires the patients.
In seriously ill patients, as a rule, respiratory rhythm disorders and cardiac activity are disturbed, which can lead to death.
Bulbar syndrome is characteristic of genetic diseases (porphyria, Kennedy's disease), for oncological, for vascular, for inflammatory and infectious diseases.
Which doctor should I contact for sneezing?
Since sneezing can be provoked by various diseases, then apply when given symptom it is necessary to different specialists whose competence includes the diagnosis and treatment of the affected organ. That is, in each case, in order to understand which doctor to contact when sneezing, you need to assess which organ is affected and presumably provokes sneezing. And it is possible to suspect the defeat of a particular organ during sneezing based on the person's accompanying symptoms. Accordingly, in each case, the decision of the question of which doctor to contact depends on the symptoms associated with sneezing that a person has. If sneezing in an adult or child is frequent (several times within 2-3 hours), and there is an itchy nose, runny nose, pain, sore throat, general malaise or fever, and possibly redness of the eyes , cough, wheezing, then this indicates an acute respiratory disease (ARI), flu, colds. In this case, it is necessary to contact an adult general practitioner (make an appointment), and to children - to pediatrician (make an appointment).
If sneezing, in addition to the symptoms of acute respiratory infections, is combined with rashes on the body and face of any kind, quantity and nature, then an infectious disease is suspected (measles, rubella, chickenpox). In this case, it is recommended to contact either infectious disease doctor (make an appointment) or to a therapist.
If a child or adult for a long time (longer than 10 - 14 days in a row) suffers from a runny nose, which is accompanied by regular sneezing, but there are no additional symptoms, then most likely we are talking about chronic rhinitis (vasomotor, atrophic, etc.). In such a situation, it is recommended to contact otolaryngologist (ENT) (make an appointment).
If an adult or a child begins to sneeze often, but there is no runny nose or the discharge from the nose is transparent and watery, and other signs respiratory infection(pain, sore throat, general malaise or fever, etc.) are not observed, but there is severe stuffiness and itching of the nose, there may be a rash on the skin, redness of the eyes, itching of the skin and eyes, then, most likely, this indicates an allergic reaction. In such a case, you should contact allergist (make an appointment) or, in his absence, to a therapist.
If a person has frequent sneezing against the background of severely constricted pupils or any other signs of drug intoxication (for example, causeless gaiety or vice versa, insensitivity, lethargy, poorly coordinated movements, etc.), then drug addiction is suspected. In this case, it is recommended to contact narcologist (sign up).
If rhinitis with sneezing occurs in pregnant women on later dates, it is recommended to apply simultaneously to gynecologist (make an appointment) and otolaryngologist.
If a person cannot sneeze and cough, and at the same time his speech and swallowing movements are impaired, as a result of which the voice is nasal, slurred, and when eating and drinking they choke, saliva flows from the corners of the mouth, then it is suspected bulbar syndrome. In such a case, you should contact neurologist (make an appointment).
What tests and examinations can a doctor prescribe for sneezing?
Sneezing is provoked by diseases various bodies and systems, and, accordingly, in the presence of this symptom, the doctor can prescribe a variety of studies and analyzes, the specific list of which depends on the lesion of which organ is suspected by the specialist. Indeed, in order to detect diseases various organs apply various methods examinations, both laboratory (analyses) and instrumental ( Ultrasound (make an appointment), x-ray (book), endoscopy (make an appointment) etc.). When an adult or child sneezes frequently and, in addition to sneezing, there are symptoms of an acute respiratory disease, flu or colds (runny nose, pain, sore throat, general malaise or fever, as well as possible redness of the eyes, cough, wheezing), and possibly a rash on the body - the doctor suspects acute respiratory infections or an acute infectious disease (measles, rubella, chickenpox, etc.). In this case, it is usually assigned only complete blood count (make an appointment) and urine to assess the general condition of the patient. Other tests and examinations, as a rule, are not prescribed, since the diagnosis is made on the basis of a characteristic clinical picture. If there is a rash on the skin, if the doctor has doubts about the diagnosis, a blood test may be prescribed to identify pathogens for measles, rubella, chickenpox, etc.
When a sneeze is provoked by an existing long period runny nose, then suspected chronic rhinitis, and in this case, the otolaryngologist necessarily produces rhinoscopy (make an appointment)(examination of the nasal cavity with special tool- rhinoscope). If necessary, the doctor can also examine the pharynx and larynx with instruments. In the vast majority of cases, rhinoscopy is enough to make a diagnosis and start treatment, and therefore other examinations for chronic rhinitis, as a rule, are not prescribed. Laboratory tests in chronic rhinitis, they are usually not prescribed, since this disease does not provoke changes in any indicators of blood, urine or other biological fluid. But the doctor may prescribe a general blood and urine test to assess the general condition of the body, as well as a blood test for IgE levels to confirm the allergic nature of rhinitis (but this test is prescribed only if there is a suspicion of an allergic rhinitis).
However, if we are talking about rhinitis of pregnant women, then, in addition to rhinoscopy, the doctor may prescribe blood tests for the content of estriol, estradiol, progesterone, as well as an assessment of autonomic tone, since the data from these studies are necessary for the subsequent selection of the most efficient scheme therapy.
If chronic rhinitis exists for a long time (longer than several months), then the doctor may prescribe endoscopy and rhinopneumometry to assess the condition of the tissues of the nasal cavity. However, these studies are ordered and conducted relatively rarely.
If an adult or a child has constant sneezing, and at the same time the nasal cavity is dry or watery transparent contents are released from it, there are no signs of acute respiratory infections, but the nose itches, there is severe nasal congestion, a rash may appear on the body, the eyes turn red, the skin itches, then this indicates an allergic origin of sneezing. In this case, the doctor prescribes the following tests:
blood test, as well as an allergen sensitivity test by any method that a medical institution is able to produce. That is, depending on the technical capabilities, the analysis for sensitivity to antigens is performed either by the method of skin tests, or by determining specific IgE in the blood. The skin test method is less accurate, but simpler and cheaper, and therefore it is used most often. And the method for determining specific IgE in the blood is expensive, although very accurate, but is used more rarely due to the high cost of reagents.
A general blood test is necessary to assess the general condition of the body and confirm allergy readiness ( a large number of eosinophils). And an antigen sensitivity test is necessary in order to understand which substance provokes an allergic reaction.
A blood test for IgE concentration is not always prescribed, since it only reveals that a person is allergic to some substance. But the fact of the presence of an allergy can also be determined by a general blood test, therefore, with allergic rhinitis and sneezing, a blood test for IgE is rarely used.
When frequent sneezing is present against the background of severely constricted pupils or any other signs of drug intoxication (for example, causeless gaiety or vice versa insensitivity, lethargy, poorly coordinated movements, etc.), drug intoxication is suspected. In this case, the doctor prescribes a urine or blood test to determine the presence of various narcotic and psychoactive substances(eg opiates, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, cannabinoids, etc.).
When a person sneezes and coughs with difficulty, or cannot do it at all, although such an urge is felt, and at the same time his speech is nasal, slurred, slowed down, when he tries to swallow something, he chokes, and saliva constantly flows from the corners of the mouth, then it is suspected bulbar syndrome. In this case, the doctor performs neurological tests, which are sufficient to make a diagnosis. After that, the doctor prescribes the following examinations necessary to find out which disease led to bulbar paralysis:
- Study of cerebrospinal fluid;
- Computer (sign up) or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (enroll);
- X-ray of the junction of the skull with the spine.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.
Sneezing is an unconditioned expiratory reflex that ensures the patency of the airways, the access of oxygen to the lungs. This reflex is formed before birth, is expressed in the fetus as early as the 21st week of pregnancy, and exists throughout life.
Sneezing performs the most important protective function cleansing the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, while using the muscles of the mouth, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, rectus abdominis, lungs, sphincters.
The causes of sneezing have always interested people, the phenomenon was given special importance. Since the time of Hippocrates, many signs and fortune-telling have been associated with him.
The sound of sneezing and today determine the temperament, character of a person, his style of communication.
The most common sign of sneezing among all nations is confirmation of the truth of what has been said. A common custom when sneezing is to wish for health. The sneezing of a newborn was considered a sign that the baby was healthy.
It is believed that a person sneezes when someone remembers him. There is even a sneezer - the schedule will be accepted in case of sudden sneezing by day, hour of the week.
There are also bad omens associated with this phenomenon. In the Middle Ages in Europe, sneezing was perceived as dangerous signal, indicating the approach of the epidemic, pestilence.
In Europe, even now people do not want "Be healthy", as among the Slavic peoples, but "God save you", which shows how far folk signs go back.
Today, no less frightening prejudices are attributed to this reflex. Here and cardiac arrest during sneezing, and the death of brain cells. In fact, this phenomenon has a protective value for the body and does not carry any other meaning.
Causes of sneezing
Most often, sneezing serves early symptom, influenza, . Sneezing accompanies diseases such as measles, chickenpox.
The cause of sneezing can be an allergy to house dust, the smell of perfume, plant pollen, particles of animal hair. The presence of irritating substances in the air provokes an attack of sneezing in allergic patients, accompanied by a runny nose, lacrimation.
The smallest particles of dust that have fallen on the nasal mucosa, caustic vapors are capable of causing an attack of sneezing. chemical compounds, tobacco smoke.
Sneezing is observed when there is a violation of the ability of the nasal mucosa to self-cleanse with injuries of the facial bones, deviated nasal septum. A sharp change in lighting, air temperature can provoke sneezing.
Both adults, and children, and newborn babies sneeze. Sneezing in newborns occurs in response to irritation during feeding, runny nose. The reason for frequent sneezing in children can be dry indoor air, dust, the presence of an allergen.
At allergic rhinitis paroxysmal sneezing up to 10 or more times is usually noted. In infants and toddlers, sneezing is often a sign of an allergy.
Allergic sneezing and runny nose in adults are more common after sleep, usually without fever. At first, it feels like something tickles, itches in the nose. This is followed by a deep breath, and the sneeze reflex is triggered.
Alcohol can act as an allergen, some begin to sneeze after drinking alcohol. In such cases, it is useful to always have antihistamines with you.
Features of sneezing
Attacks of sneezing are noted during pregnancy at the end of the term, when high level hormones in the blood causes swelling of the nasal mucosa, makes it difficult to breathe through the nose, which leads to oxygen starvation, fetal hypoxia.
Frequent sneezing is a symptom of the disease and is observed with influenza, allergies, inflammatory diseases respiratory system.
A number of diseases of the paranasal sinuses are accompanied by paroxysmal sneezing - a phenomenon in which the patient sneezes in a row 10, 20 or more times.
The record for the duration of a sneeze belongs to Donna Griffiths, a resident of England, whose attacks lasted 977 days every 5 minutes. The respite was only during sleep, a sleeping person does not sneeze.
In persons with stomach diseases, sometimes when sneezing, it is noted bad smell clearly perceptible indoors.
With weakness blood vessels Kiesselbach's plexus, located in front of the nasal septum, when sneezing, blood inclusions can be observed.
With osteochondrosis, intercostal neuralgia, inflammation of the pleura, pain occurs when sneezing. Pain when sneezing can also occur during pregnancy before childbirth due to a sharp upward shift internal organs with reflex muscle contraction.
The process of sneezing
The mechanism is activated every time when mechanical or chemical stimuli enter the sensitive nerve endings in the nasopharyngeal mucosa.
Sneezing consists in an increased exhalation through the nasopharynx, eliminating the irritant from the mucous membrane.
The mechanism of the phenomenon
Irritation of the receptors of the nasal mucosa causes a reflex filling of the lungs with air. At the same time, the soft palate rises, the root of the tongue is pressed tightly against the hard palate, which isolates the nasopharynx and oral cavity, the glottis closes, and the eyes close reflexively.
At the same time, the intercostal muscles, the rectus abdominis, the muscles of the diaphragm, and the larynx contract. Sneezing creates positive pressure in the chest, which pushes blood out of the heart.
At the same time, the heart does not stop, cardiac activity is not disturbed.
This is followed by a powerful exhalation with the opening of the nasopharynx, while the teeth are closed. Air forcefully passes through the glottis, creating the sound of a sneeze. In slow motion video, all stages of sneezing are clearly traced, up to forced exhalation.
The air stream rushes with force from the lungs, the speed air flow in the respiratory tract reaches 120 m/s. Air with mucus, particles of saliva, dust is removed through the nose. Foreign inclusions are carried to a distance of up to 3 m.
The reflex mechanism in humans and animals is similar. The picture when sneezing a cat, a person, a dog is almost the same. Animals are noted closed eyes, similar facial expressions, and the reasons for the appearance of the reflex are the same as in humans - allergies, colds, internal infections.
Differences exist, of course. So, in some breeds of dogs, a reverse sneeze is noted, reminiscent of a sequence of convulsive short breaths.
Just like in humans, when animals sneeze, a lot of disease-causing agents spread around. The difference is that a person has developed special norms of behavior aimed at preventing infection of others.
According to the rules of etiquette, when sneezing, be sure to use a handkerchief to prevent splashing around droplets of saliva, mucus, viruses.
Can you stop sneezing
Holding back a sneeze is bad. Air, along with mucus, irritants, rushes into the paranasal cavities, the Eustachian tube, and the middle ear. Such high pressure that there is a risk.
With a cold, flu or other infection, restraining a sneeze contributes to the spread of inflammatory pathogens in the body, the occurrence,.
Reflex arc when sneezing
Irritation of the receptors of the nasal mucosa is transmitted to the trigeminal nerve, and then to the respiratory center.
The trigeminal nerve contains fibers involved in visual reflexes. That is why sneezing is sometimes observed in response to a visual stimulus.
Sneezing in response to a light stimulus has evolutionarily lost its significance, as well as the sneezing reflexes observed in rare cases in response to plucking the eyebrows, combing, touching the inner corner of the eye.
The sneeze reflex is sometimes observed during physical exertion due to hyperventilation of the lungs, leading to overdrying of the nasal mucosa.
Coughing and sneezing
Both coughing and sneezing are unconditioned reflexes. What is their role in protecting the respiratory organs, what is the difference between these processes?
Sneezing occurs in response to irritation of the receptors of the nasal mucosa, exhalation occurs through the nose. Cough provokes irritation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, larynx, trachea, lungs, exhalation is made through the mouth.
Sneeze disorders
The process of sneezing is disturbed in patients suffering from damage to the bulbar formation in medulla oblongata. With bulbar palsy, a person is unable to sneeze.
Simultaneously with the impossibility of sneezing, a person experiences difficulty in speech, swallowing. In such patients, the innervation of the tongue, muscles of the epiglottis, pharynx, soft palate, and larynx is impaired.
Food and food is not kept in the mouth, flows from the corners of the mouth, the voice becomes nasal. At severe lesions vagus, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal nerves, characteristic of bulbar paralysis possible death of the patient.
Due to the defeat of the bulbar center, the rhythm of breathing is disturbed, changes in the activity of the heart occur.
Treatment for sneezing
A single sneeze is a natural process that does not require treatment. Anxiety is caused by paroxysmal repeated sneezing, accompanied by lacrimation, watery secretions from the nose.
If sneezing is accompanied by nasal congestion, you can temporarily use Xymelin, Tizin. Antihistamines for allergies Zyrtec, Claritin.
Sneezing is often a symptom of an allergy, so you should not treat it yourself with home remedies. Folk methods treating sneezing is also not recommended due to the risk of increased allergies and deterioration of well-being.
Paroxysmal sneezing will cease to bother after identifying and eliminating the cause that causes this reflex.
The human body is a very complex combination of the most different systems, the work and interaction of which, at times, is not easy for us to understand even under the condition of a full-fledged study.
One of the little studied processes today is sneezing.
According to background information: “Sneezing is a sudden spasmodic sharp exhalation of air through the nasal sometimes mouth opening, and is defensive reaction body to external stimuli. Sneezing is the body's normal defense response to irritants or allergens. This protective reflex is characteristic of both humans and animals. Sneezing can also be a symptom of a number of acute respiratory and allergic diseases.
The speed of exhaled air when sneezing can reach about 160 kilometers per hour.
An interesting fact was established during the scientific research- in most cases, a person does not sneeze in a dream.
In the course of research, it was also found that the following happens in the process of sneezing: first, there is some tickling (irritation) in the nose; then the person takes a breath (often a deep short breath), and the lungs fill with air; then, when sneezing, the eyes are usually closed; the glottis closes; the intercostal muscles, the diaphragm, the muscles of the larynx and the rectus abdominis muscles contract, while the intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure sharply increases; finally, the glottis opens, and an energetic exhalation occurs with the opening of the nasopharynx. During sneezing, the eyes are reflexively closed, and the head and neck are thrown back, and sometimes the whole body shudders.
It is known that during sneezing, the airways can (reflexively) clear, and this clearing is deep.
Some observations in the course of research gave the premise to suggest that for a moment during a sneeze, the heart can stop, and not only the heart, but also some functional systems of the body. However, this remains speculation. It was found that a person who sneezes will not be able to fully feel the change in the rhythm of the heartbeat and other similar changes, since this happens in a very short period of time, lasting a fraction of a second. Cardiac arrest during sneezing has not been experimentally proven. It has been found that when coughing or sneezing, there is a positive pressure in the chest, which is the reason for such assumptions. The process of sneezing to a certain extent affects the work circulatory system by changing the pressure inside the chest. This pressure jump somewhat slows down the flow of blood to the heart, which in turn affects heart rate. Thus, the result of sneezing is a delay in one of the heartbeats, which is sometimes called a “missed beat”, although in reality the beat is of course not missed, but delayed by a fraction of a second. A wave of sneezing passes through the entire body, since the body is an interconnected system. It was found that after sneezing a person on a short time disorientation may occur, after which he usually feels somewhat more cheerful, pleasant sensations arise in the body.
AT modern medicine considered to be the most common causes sneezes are as follows:
- the influence of various allergens: plant pollen, which causes allergies in many people, as well as dust, mold, scales of the epidermis of humans and animals, dandruff, particles of animal hair and nails.
- action strong odors, including tobacco smoke, aerosols, perfumes, detergents and cleaners, airborne gases, etc.
- the presence of polyps in the nose (growths of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses).
– fast temperature change environment or cold, moist air can also cause sneezing.
- can sometimes cause sneezing physical exercise when hyperventilation (intense breathing) dries out the nasal passages and mouth.
Eye irritation from bright light, mostly sunlight. It has been found that approximately 18-35% of people sneeze from sudden bright sunlight. This phenomenon is called the "light sneeze reflex"
- in the cold season, sneezing can often be a symptom of colds, infectious diseases and diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
- Sneezing can also occur during pregnancy due to hormonal changes in a woman's body.
- It is believed that sneezing may be due to other factors. For example, severe sadness can provoke sneezing, intense fear, emotional shock. Such a response to powerful emotions arises from an attempt to restore balance in the nasal cavity.
Some scientists believe that sneezing is a process that is almost impossible to stop once it has already begun. The process of sneezing occurs involuntarily and cannot be controlled, that is, if it is started, then it is not possible to regulate its time and speed due to the speed of its development. Despite the benefits of sneezing in different times there were people who tried to stop this process by massaging the nose or by performing various other manipulations, but they did not always succeed. To stop sneezing caused by an illness or allergy is possible by eliminating the cause itself. That is, sneezing can be an indicator of a problem.
Sneezing helps eliminate germs, allergens and foreign bodies from the upper respiratory tract, which in turn contributes to the preservation of health. Based on scientific research, it has been found that suppressing a sneeze is harmful. If a person restrains a sneeze by pinching his nose with his fingers and closing his mouth, then he risks injuring eardrum, since the pressure from a sneeze is directed to Eustachian tubes connecting the nasopharynx with the middle ear. There have been cases where people who tried to prevent sneezing had ruptures blood vessels, nosebleeds, headache, and in rare cases even blindness, muscle pain in the abdomen, in addition, in this case, the direct function of the sneezing process (that is, deep cleansing of the airways) will not be performed. As a result of the observations, scientists concluded that it is not necessary to restrain sneezing.
Imam Al Bukhariy narrated that the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said that when the Prophet Adam, peace be upon him, was created, He sneezed and said "Alhamdulillah", and greeted the Angels.
It is known that it is Sunnah for a person who sneezes to say after sneezing:
الحَمْدُ للهِ
[Al-hamdu lillah], which means: "Praise be to Allah",
And also the Sunnah to answer:
يَرْحَمُكَ اللهُ
[Yarhamukyallah], which means: "May the Grace of Allah descend on you"
Then in response, the sneezer says:
يَهْدِينَا وَيَهْدِيكُمُ اللهُ
[Yahdina wa yahdikumullah], which means: “I ask Allah to grant you and me truthfulness”
or:
يَهْدِيكُمُ اللهُ وَيُصْلِحُ بَالَكُمْ
[Yahdikumullahu wa yuslih balakum], which means: “I ask Allah to grant you truthfulness and peace”
sneezing - This is a physiological phenomenon, which is an unconditioned protective reflex that contributes to the removal of foreign bodies from the respiratory tract.
What happens when you sneeze?
When sneezing, a person sharply forcefully exhales air through the nasopharynx, this happens after he takes a short and deep breath. Coughs and sneezes differ in that during sneezing, the tongue is pressed against the roof of the mouth, and air is quickly exhaled through the nose.
Before the sneeze reflex appears, a person has a sensation of overthrowing in the nose, they take a deep breath, after which the lungs fill with air. Then the soft palate rises, the pharyngeal arches contract, and the tongue is pressed against the hard palate. During sneezing, a person involuntarily closes his eyes, after which an involuntary contraction of the diaphragmatic, intercostal and abdominal muscles occurs.
Lastly, during a sneeze, the muscles of the larynx contract and the glottis closes. As a result of all the changes described, a strong intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure appears, and the person exhales air vigorously. Exhalation of air occurs at a speed of 50 - 100 meters per second, while the air pressure is 100 mm Hg. In the exhaled air, there are both particles of saliva and elements of mucus, which, when sneezing, can spread over several meters.
Why does sneezing occur?
The occurrence of a sneezing reflex is a consequence of irritation of the mucous membrane in the nose. The causes of sneezing can be quite varied. Closely related are sneezing and - this is the body's reaction to the effects of the so-called "dust agents" - dust, wool, fluff, pollen, mold. Volatile substances also irritate the mucous membrane - tobacco smoke, perfume aromas.
With a sharp change in temperature, the sneeze reflex also manifests itself very often. For example, a person may begin to sneeze when leaving the house on a bright sunny day or when exposed to frosty air. In this case, sometimes watery eyes when sneezing.
Women sometimes experience frequent sneezing during pregnancy just before childbirth. At the same time, the woman also notes difficult breathing through the nose. However, a runny nose during pregnancy can occur at any time, since hormonal changes in the body contribute to the appearance of such a symptom. And in early pregnancy, sneezing can be one of the symptoms that indicate interesting position women. Therefore, sometimes sneezing is defined as indirect sign pregnancy, one among many others.
The sneeze reflex defines a defense mechanism by which foreign particles are removed from the airways. However, the occurrence of sneezing in diseases that are transmitted by airborne droplets contributes to the transmission and spread of infection.
Sneezing in children most often occurs with colds. Sometimes a child can sneeze without a runny nose, but only because he has a lot of crusts in his nose. To stop this phenomenon, you only need to carefully clean the cavity of his nose.
Frequent sneezing in the morning is observed if the patient has developed vasomotor . Frequent sneezing and runny nose are sometimes also associated with the curvature of the nose due to trauma, difficulty breathing, and impaired self-cleaning of the nose. In the morning, a person can sneeze with a cold. Sneezing is often associated with the presence of polyps in the nose. Constant sneezing also manifests itself if the mucous membrane dries out due to congenital anomaly nasal septum in humans.
Those who sneeze frequently and for no particular reason have hypersensitivity body compared to people who only sneeze when they have a severe cold.
If, in addition to sneezing, a person has itching in the nose, but there is no runny nose, then most likely this is an allergic reaction. If a person also has subfebrile or high temperature, most likely, we are talking about acute respiratory viral infection. develops under the influence viruses
, and bacteria
. Sneezing with a cold is manifested by the defeat of the respiratory tract. Also, sneezing can be one of the symptoms. allergic rhinitis
, colds
.
Sneezing due to an allergic reaction specific factors environment appears quite often. Sneezing and other signs of allergy are present if the body is affected by an allergen. As a rule, people who have a genetic predisposition to it are susceptible to allergies. With allergies, a person sneezes in attacks - this process can continue without interruption for a long period of time. Most often, allergy-prone people sneeze during a period when different plants bloom and there is a lot of pollen around. An allergic reaction that manifests itself to plant pollen is called hay fever . Also, an allergic reaction of the body is often a runny nose, in which clear liquid. In addition to the symptoms described, with allergies, the patient's eyes itch and watery, a rash occurs. Several different forms allergic reactions. For allergic rhinitis chronic illness provoke inflammatory reactions occurring as a result of allergens entering the nasal mucosa. The development of vasomotor rhinitis is a consequence of the effect on the body non-specific factors — endogenous or exogenous .
In addition to these reasons, sneezing is manifested when it enters the nasal cavity foreign objects by inhaling polluted air.
How to get rid of sneezing?
If you want to restrain the sneeze reflex, it can only be suspended for a while, but it will not be possible to stop it completely. To stop the sneeze reflex, you need to strongly pinch the wings of the nose with your fingers and hold them like that for a little. But it should be remembered that a person whose sneezing is manifested as a result of any disease should not restrain himself. The fact is that in the process of sneezing, microbes, mucus, come out. And if all this lingers in the nasopharynx, then under the influence of pressure, microorganisms can get into the sinuses or into auditory tubes, which leads to development , .
To stop sneezing when you have a cold or SARS, it is important both to treat these diseases in time, and to take regular measures to strengthen the immune system. When you have a cold, you need to follow bed rest, drink plenty of warm liquids. It is especially important to follow these tips if the patient has a constant runny nose and sneezing.
With influenza, symptomatic treatment is practiced, in particular, taking antipyretic drugs if the body temperature exceeds subfebrile indicators. If at the same time there is a cough and runny nose, itchy eyes, itching in the nose, snot and sneezing, then the doctor may prescribe other drugs that alleviate these symptoms.
Also, with a cold, tears can constantly stand out from the eyes. Sometimes the patient even thinks about how to cause a runny nose if he has difficulty breathing. In this case, you should definitely consult a doctor. Severe runny nose, which lasts for several days and is accompanied by nasal congestion in the morning, requires application vasoconstrictor drops. However, it is still most important in the treatment of influenza and colds to eliminate the cause that provoked the disease.
sneezing at measles can be overcome only by the correct approach to the treatment of the underlying disease. This disease is highly contagious morbillivirus , which provokes the development of this disease, is transmitted by coughing and sneezing along with mucus. The disease mainly affects children, but if a person has not been ill with it in childhood, then it is mono to become infected and about adulthood. The course of the disease in adulthood is much more severe than in childhood. After treatment, immunity remains for the rest of life. At the first, catarrhal stage, a severe runny nose and sneezing manifests itself especially strongly, until high performance body temperature rises. The second stage of the disease is characterized by rashes on the face. If you suspect measles, you need to see a doctor who prescribes a treatment regimen to relieve symptoms.
Sneezing with chickenpox - one of the symptoms of this common disease. Due to the fact that the transmission of the disease takes place by airborne droplets, it is through coughing and sneezing that the causative agent of the disease will spread most often. Chickenpox mainly affects children, it is characterized by a rash on the skin. If a patient is diagnosed with chickenpox, then he must first be isolated from the team. Rashes are treated with a solution of potassium permanganate or a solution of brilliant green. In the presence of complications, the patient is shown, and in case of complication of the patient's condition bacterial infection practiced the use of antibiotics.
Treatment allergies
- very difficult process, requiring careful diagnosis and establishing the exact cause of an allergic reaction. With mild symptoms, drug therapy can be dispensed with, but exposure to the allergen should be avoided if possible. With more severe forms allergy, the patient is scheduled to receive
corticosteroids, and antihistamines. It is also important to lead a certain lifestyle - find time for regular hardening, exercise, eat food enriched with vitamins.
Sneezing in newborns - absolutely common occurrence which should not be feared. To reduce the frequency of its manifestation, you only need to ventilate the child’s room more often, do regular wet cleaning, and also clean the baby’s nose, in which mucus and crusts accumulate. In addition, the baby may sneeze after feeding, as well as with a cold. To remove mucus or clear the nose with a runny nose, it is recommended to drip a drug into the nose, which helps to soak the crusts and mucus.
It should be realized that trying to get rid of sneezing as single symptom it is forbidden. It is imperative to establish its cause and treat the disease that provokes this symptom.
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