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INTRODUCTION
1 Diagnosis of lobar pneumonia in animals
2 Treatment methods for lobar pneumonia
3 Prevention of lobar pneumonia in animals
CONCLUSION

Introduction

Diagnosis, methods of therapy and prevention of lobar pneumonia in animals

Fragment of work for review

Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center or cardiovascular failure. Diagnosis of the disease. The diagnosis of lobar (fibrinous) pneumonia is based on the analysis of clinical and epidemiological data, fluoroscopy data (darkness is recorded in the lesions), pathological anatomy and the results of laboratory studies. With lobar pneumonia, one lung is most often affected, less often both. Transitions of percussion sounds from tympanic to dull and dull and back to clear pulmonary make it possible to monitor the development of the inflammatory process. In horses, the upper limit of dullness in lobar pneumonia is arched or broken and the convexity is directed upward. When the resorption of fibrinous exudate increases, areas of the lung with a clear pulmonary sound increase, but in other places there are also foci where dull and tympanic sounds persist. This makes it possible to control the course of the inflammatory process in lobar pneumonia and is important for the prognosis. Percussion sounds in lobar pneumonia change so characteristically that they make it possible to differentiate this disease. For diagnostic purposes, you can also resort to a test puncture and plegaphony. Lobar pneumonia “often develops in animals due to specific infections, being one of the most important elements of the disease process in contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, peri-pneumonia of large cattle, and often swine fever.” The outcome of lobar pneumonia, i.e. the further process in the inflamed areas depends on the degree of filling of the alveoli with fibrin and the associated disturbance of blood circulation in them. The outcome in yellow hepatization is expressed by the cleansing of the alveoli from fibrin and the restoration of their function. Under the influence of proteolytic enzymes released during the breakdown of leukocytes, fibrin is liquefied, resorption, and removed with sputum. In this case, the inflamed area appears still baked, but acquires a yellowish color. The outcome of carnification (Latin sago - meat) is characterized by the germination of fibrin with connective tissue and blood vessels, as a result of which the pneumonic areas resemble meat in color and consistency. This outcome is observed when the resorption of fibrin is delayed, and the affected areas of the lungs, overgrown with connective tissue, can no longer return to their normal state. The outcome in sequestration is associated with the necrosis of the inflamed areas, their separation from the surrounding tissue (lat. sequestra - separate). This occurs in severe cases of lobar pneumonia, when fibrin accumulates in the alveoli in such quantities that blood circulation in them stops, lymphatic vessels often undergo thrombosis. Melting of the dead section of the lung occurs at its border with living tissue, and a connective tissue capsule often develops here. When opened, the sequester can be completely removed and the outlines of lobules, bronchi and other structures of the lung can be discerned in it. The outcome of sequestration is sometimes observed in cattle that have suffered from widespread pneumonia. The stages of lobar pneumonia alternate only in the specified order. At any stage of lobar pneumonia, with its rapid development with damage to several lobes of the lungs, death is possible. The non-simultaneous development of stages in different lobes of the lung gives the organ a resemblance to variegated marble. This similarity increases due to severe swelling interlobular septa, which in the form of grayish gelatinous stripes are especially pronounced in the lungs of cattle and pigs. Thus, the main pathological signs of lobar pneumonia are: 1) the vastness of pneumonic areas (lobar lesions); 2) hepatization - compaction to the consistency of the liver; 3) marbling - the similarity of inflamed areas with a marble pattern; 4) a dry, sometimes fine-grained cut surface due to the accumulation of fibrin protruding from the alveoli. “Lobar pneumonia is more often observed in adult animals. In young animals, it is less common and has some features: it covers small areas of the lung, less fibrinous exudate accumulates in the alveoli and, therefore, hepatization is less pronounced.” This peculiarity of lobar pneumonia in young animals is explained by the reduced reactivity of young animals.2 Methods of treating lobar pneumonia With lobar pneumonia, not only the lungs are affected. As a rule, fibrinous pleurisy develops. It is manifested by swelling (edema) and hyperemia of the pleura and the formation of fibrin layers on it. Serous-fibrinous exudate accumulates in the pleural cavity. The combination of lobar pneumonia with fibrinous pleurisy is called peripneumonia or pleuropneumonia. “The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged, juicy on section, hyperemic (serous lymphadenitis). The spleen is enlarged and softened. Parenchymal organs (heart, liver, kidneys) are in a state of granular degeneration.” In addition to these most common types of pneumonia (bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia), other pathological processes associated with the accumulation of edematous fluid (transudate) in the alveoli can occur in the respiratory parts of the lung ), water, blood, vomit, with overfilling of the alveoli with air or their airless state. The goal of treatment is to stabilize the general condition of the patient so that owners have the opportunity to treat their pet at home, since the duration of therapy is several weeks. If the animal has a good appetite, it is prescribed antibiotics in tablets with food, a course of physiotherapy and periodic x-ray examinations to monitor the dynamics of the disease. Animals isolated with lobar pneumonia are considered as suspected of an infectious disease. Therefore, they are placed in a separate isolated room or isolation ward, and the room from which the patients are isolated is disinfected. Until the exact diagnosis is determined, no new animals are introduced into this room. In calm weather, patients are kept in the summer under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Green grass is introduced into the diet of herbivores best quality, hay, fodder carrots. Drinking water is not limited. Main goal drug treatment– impact on pathogenic bacterial microflora, aimed at its destruction and inhibition of reproduction. In the case of inpatient treatment, the patient is prescribed the following therapeutic measures: 1. Antibiotic therapy. In hospital settings, antibacterial drugs are used in the form of injections. It is important that active substance the drug penetrated into pus and sputum; not all antibiotics are capable of this. Doctors try to prescribe a combination of antibiotics that complement each other's action to cover the entire spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In each specific case, “an antibiotic sensitivity test should be performed before starting antibiotic therapy. To do this, you need to obtain a tracheal wash. The procedure is performed under sedation.” The resulting secretion is sent to a bacteriological laboratory, where it is sown on nutrient media, a pure bacterial culture is isolated and titrated for sensitivity to antibiotics. In parallel with the washings, the histology of the bronchi is taken, which is important for the patient’s prognosis. Large animals are prescribed intravenous administration of 3-4 grams of novarsenol, which is dissolved in 60-80 ml of distilled water, as well as glucose essence; antibiotics are administered intramuscularly, and sulfonamides are administered orally. Cardiac activity is supported by injecting under the skin camphor oil, caffeine. Oxygen inhalations are prescribed, as well as drugs used for bronchitis and catarrhal bronchopneumonia.2. Physiotherapy. In this case, it is a special massage for better separation of phlegm. Quick tapping chest promotes the separation of secretions in the lungs and its removal into the lumen of the bronchi. Once in the respiratory tract, the discharge provokes a cough, which ensures the rapid removal of sputum. This procedure must be carried out at least 4 times a day and as long as the animal continues to cough. Mild motor activity also promotes more efficient secretion removal. It is recommended to avoid increased load due to respiratory failure. This issue requires an individual approach.3. Oxygen therapy. Its appointment is necessary for severe forms of respiratory failure. For the same reason it may be necessary artificial ventilation lungs. Room air contains about 20% oxygen, and the gas mixture during oxygen therapy contains 40%. Higher concentrations are not recommended due to toxic effects pure oxygen on lung tissue. The patient requiring this type of therapy is usually in an extremely critical condition.4. Infusion therapy (“drips”). Infusion therapy is carried out for animals that show signs of decompensation (shortness of breath, vomiting, loose stools, refusal to feed). Such therapy must be carried out in a hospital setting, since the condition of animals with respiratory failure is severe and it is important to carefully monitor such indicators as urine output per hour and increasing dyspnea. This cannot be done at home, as there is a risk of developing pulmonary or cerebral edema. On-site medical care for farm animals. Patients are isolated in an isolated room, they are given peace and the best zoo-hygienic conditions. In summer, it is advisable to keep animals outdoors, under a canopy, protecting them from wind, rain and dust. Patients are given small portions of fresh green food, good soft hay, oatmeal with the addition of table salt. Provide room water. temperature. Treat as prescribed by a veterinarian. Antibiotics are used (penicillin, streptomycin). Sulfadimezin, streptocide and expectorants - ammonium chloride, soda, anise seeds - are given internally. The chest is rubbed with a water emulsion of turpentine and wrapped in a blanket. Jars and mustard plasters are very useful. Lobar pneumonia is often accompanied by dysfunction of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, excretory and other systems. At the onset of the disease, cardiac activity is increased and the pulse is increased. With the development of dystrophic processes in the myocardium, signs of heart failure appear.

References

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1.Voronin, E.S. Infectious diseases of animals: Textbook / E.S. Voronin, B.F. Bessarabov. – M.: KolosS, 2007. – 671 p.
2. Dorosh, M. Diseases of horses / M. Dorosh. – M.: Veche, 2007. – 176 p.
3. Krupalnik, V.L. Infectious diseases of young farm animals / V.L. Krupalnik, A.N. Kurylenko. – M.: KoloS, 2001. – 284 p.
4.Sidorchuk, A.A. General epizootology: Tutorial/ A.A. Sidorchuk, E.S. Voronin, A.A. Glushkov. – M.: KolosS, 2004. – 300 p.
5. Internet resource: http://www.ya-fermer.ru/krupoznaya-pnevmoniya I am a farmer. Lobar pneumonia
6. Internet resource: http://ecology-portal.ru/publ/zhivotnye Environmental portal. Pneumonia in animals

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Pneumonia in animals, or inflammation of the lungs and bronchi, a disease that is accompanied by the formationm of exudate and filling the gaps in the lung tissue.According to the nature of inflammation, they are distinguished: serous, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, putrefactive, mixed.

By localization pathological process:

Alveolitis - damage to several alveoli occurs;

Acinous pneumonia - lesions on the terminal branches of the bronchi;

Lobular – damage to several lobes of the lung;

Confluent, lobar and segmental - when an entire lobe of the lung is affected;

Total is the most severe form of pneumonia, when the entire lung of the animal is involved in the pathological process.

The most commonly reported cases are lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia ( catarrh).

Forms of pathology

Primary form pneumonia occurs when an animal is hypothermic, especially in the heat in cold water bodies or when drinking ice water, as well as feeding frozen food. The prerequisites for the occurrence of pneumonia are poor maintenance and feeding, lack of vitamins and minerals.

Secondary form– occurs as a complication after infectious and some non-communicable diseases. Especially secondary pneumonia in cats is recorded in cases of chronic respiratory tract infections (chronic bronchitis), or in animals with weakened immune systems.

Nonspecific(catarrhal) bronchopneumonia is a disease that affects all types of animals, especially young animals. The bronchi and parenchyma of the lung tissue are involved in the disease process, with the formation of serous-catarrhal exudate and filling the alveoli and bronchi with it.

Pneumonia in dogs and cats occurs for the same reasons as bronchitis. It often accompanies bacterial and viral respiratory infections, such as infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza, viral diarrhea, adenovirus infection and many others.

Factors that contribute to the occurrence of the disease:

Failure to comply with zoohygienic standards and rules of keeping and feeding;

Stress factors;

Deficiency of essential nutrients.

Pneumonia in cats symptoms.

High temperature against the background of general depression of the animal. On the second day, rapid breathing, coughing, and wheezing are clearly evident. Nasal discharge of a mucopurulent nature appears. Cyanosis of the mucous membranes occurs when there is a lack of oxygen.

Pneumonia in dogs symptoms

The disease has an acute onset. The dog has a fever, chills, and a dry and hot nose. Lethargy, shortness of breath and fatigue are accompanied by difficulty breathing and increased heart rate. It is difficult for a dog to lie down, so longer time She sits so that air can pass into her lungs more easily.

A painful cough develops, loss of appetite and rapid development disease, especially when the entire lung is affected. In this case, there are only a few hours left to save the dog, since shortness of breath develops due to progressive inflammatory processes and general condition The animal as a whole is very poor.

General symptoms

Catarrhal bronchopneumonia often occurs in acute form and relatively easy. I note a slight fever and an increase in body temperature to 41 degrees. The animal coughs, there is slight shortness of breath and wheezing. The general condition is weakness and depression, lack of appetite and mucous discharge from the nasal openings.

Catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia is characterized by an acute and subacute course with cough, remitting fever and high fever. When listening, crepitating noises, wheezing in the lungs, focal or confluent dullness are noted. X-rays show shadowing of the apical and cardiac lobes and the bronchial tree. The chronic course occurs without high fever, and clinical signs appear slightly. Such animals are retarded in growth and development.

Treatment of pneumonia

As a rule, antimicrobial agents are used that regulate nervous trophism, relieve intoxication and eliminate oxygen starvation. Drugs are needed that help correct acid-base and water-salt metabolism, as well as improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system and increase the body’s immunobiological response.

Sick animals must be given rest and improved living conditions and all external factors that contributed to the onset of the disease are eliminated. Effective use of UHF, diathermy, heating with incandescent lamps, UV irradiation, expectorants, cardiac and other means.

Frequently asked questions to the doctor.

What research methods will be used to make a diagnosis of pneumonia?

A clinical examination of the animal, laboratory tests, x-rays, rhinoscopy and, if necessary, bronchoscopy are required.

How quickly can pneumonia be cured?

It all depends on the degree of neglect of the pathological process. If the disease is “caught” at the very beginning of its manifestation, then the healing process will be relatively short. When going to chronic form Periodic recurrences of the disease occur over a fairly long period.

Veterinary center "DobroVet"

Inflammatory processes in the lungs of pets are not uncommon. The cause of the disease is most often infection, foreign objects entering the respiratory system. As a result of the development of the pathological process, normal gas exchange is disrupted, which in severe cases can be life-threatening four-legged friend. Treatment of pneumonia is complex and should be carried out under the supervision of a veterinary specialist.

Read in this article

Causes

Many years of veterinary practice show that the main reasons contributing to the development of pneumonia in dogs are the following:

Factors that provoke pneumonia, according to veterinarians, are:

• Weakening of the body's immune system. Inability of local immunity to resist penetration into mucous membranes pathogenic microorganisms increases the risk of developing pneumonia. Veterinarians consider insufficient production of class A immunoglobulin to be one of the main immunological causes of pneumonia in animals.
• Sudden temperature changes. Long-term walks in the winter are dangerous for short-haired dog breeds.
• Unsatisfactory living conditions (damp, cold room with drafts).
• Injuries in the chest area.
• Contacts with relatives sick with infectious pathologies.
• Unbalanced. A diet poor in complete proteins, vitamins, and minerals weakens the body and increases the risk of inflammatory pathology.
• Ingress of pathogenic microorganisms with low-quality feed. Fungal pneumonia can develop due to contamination of food with pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus.

• Long-term use of some medicines, such as Digoxin.
• Chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms.
• Metabolic diseases (diabetes, uremia).

Puppies and older pets are most often susceptible to inflammation in the lungs due to a weak immune system. Hunting, guard and sled dogs, which due to the nature of their service have to deal with unfavorable environmental factors, are more often susceptible to pneumonia than other breeds.

Types of pneumonia

The variety of causes leading to pneumonia in domestic animals determines the types of pathology. Experts distinguish between infectious and non-infectious types of pneumonia in dogs.

Infectious

Pneumonia caused by the introduction of pathogenic microflora is an infectious type of disease.

The infectious agent can enter the dog’s body with food, water, through contact with a sick animal, as well as through the hematogenous and lymphogenous route during the underlying disease.

Aspiration

Aspiration pneumonia is a non-infectious form of the disease. The disease develops for several reasons: inhalation of small foreign objects, vomiting, paralysis and other neuromuscular diseases of the pharynx and esophagus, incorrect insertion of a tube for artificial feeding. Aspiration is often caused by medicine through the mouth.

Based on the nature of the inflammatory process in the lung tissue, veterinary specialists distinguish between catarrhal and lobar pneumonia.

Catarrhal

The catarrhal form of the disease is characteristic of bronchopneumonia, when the bronchi and alveoli are involved in the inflammatory pathological process. In this case, serous or serous-catarrhal exudate is formed, and the pathology is focal in nature. Puppies and older dogs are susceptible to the disease.

Krupoznaya

The most severe type of inflammatory process is lobar pneumonia. The pathology is associated with the fact that fibrin filaments, formed as a result of pathological inflammation, sweat into the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi. In addition to fibrinous exudate, erythrocytes and leukocytes are exuded.

In case of lobar pneumonia, veterinary specialists distinguish the stage of active hyperemia, red and gray hepatization and resolution. At the stage of red hepatization, fibrin fibers and red blood cells leave the capillaries. The gray hepatization stage is characterized by the migration of leukocytes. At the resolution stage, the exudate liquefies.

Symptoms in a dog

At the beginning of the disease, the owner usually observes general symptoms characteristic of many respiratory diseases:

• decreased appetite or complete refusal to feed, increased thirst;
• lethargic, drowsy, apathetic state of the pet;
• nose dry and hot to the touch;
• chills, indicating an increase in body temperature;
• nasal discharge of a mucopurulent nature.

With the development of inflammation, the symptoms become more characteristic of pneumonia:

The severity of the clinical picture largely depends on the severity of the inflammation and the state of the dog’s immune system.

Diagnostic methods

If pneumonia is suspected, the veterinarian will first perform lung percussion to detect areas of dullness and auscultation to assess breath sounds. Detection of wheezing, increased respiratory sounds, and attenuation of breathing in different areas of the lungs indicate a pathological process.

An informative diagnostic method is an x-ray examination of the animal's chest. Inflamed area lungs appears on the picture as a darkening with an uneven border.

Complex therapy for the disease includes antibacterial agents, vasodilators, expectorants and mucolytic drugs. Particular attention is paid to the maintenance and proper feeding of a sick pet.

Antibiotics prescribed by your doctor

Antibacterial drugs play a leading role in the treatment of pneumonia in animals.
therapy. Its effectiveness can be increased by performing preliminary tests of sputum or bronchial washings for sensitivity to a particular group of antimicrobial agents.

Antibiotics are most often prescribed for illness. wide range actions: Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Amoxiclav. Cephalosporin drugs are effective: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime. Cephalosporins are active against staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.

If the causative agent of pneumonia is chlamydia or mycoplasma, tetracyclines - Doxycycline, as well as macrolides, for example Sumamed, are used.

Vitamin therapy

An integrated approach necessarily includes vitamin therapy. On the recommendation of a veterinarian, a four-legged pet can be prescribed multivitamin preparations, as well as intramuscular injections of ascorbic acid and B vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamin A, which affects tissue regeneration processes, is useful for illness.

Home care and recovery

After the pet’s condition has been stabilized in the hospital, speedy recovery at home, the owner must provide competent care:

• The room should be warm, dry, without drafts
• A balanced diet must be enriched with vitamins and minerals.
• On the recommendation of a veterinarian, the owner can massage the chest to stimulate mucus production.
• At home, it is useful to use dry heat in the form of irradiation with a Sollux lamp.

Warming up a dog's chest with a Sollux lamp

• Strict compliance with the instructions of a veterinary specialist. Uncontrolled use of antitussive drugs, for example those based on codeine, is not allowed.
• Treatment should be carried out under the control of radiographic examination.

Disease prevention

The owner can prevent the development of pneumonia in a four-legged family member by following the following tips and recommendations from veterinary specialists:

Pneumonia in dogs is a common disease that affects the alveolar tissue. Inflammation usually occurs with the introduction of pathogenic microflora. Dogs are often diagnosed with the aspiration form of the disease. Diagnostics includes general clinical methods and chest x-ray.

Treatment is complex and based on long-term use antibacterial drugs and should only be carried out under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Useful video

For information on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in dogs, watch this video:

Respiratory diseases are serious pathologies that can threaten the health and life of pets. Pneumonia in cats can be especially dangerous, which is not only characterized by a rather severe course, but can also lead to the development of various complications, which in themselves are not “sugar.”

Basic information

As you probably know, pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. However, in nature such a “canonical” flow is extremely rare. Most often, the bronchi are involved in the inflammatory process. Scientifically, this is bronchial pneumonia: it occurs most often in cats. However, within the framework of this article we will not overload the material with unnecessary terminology.

Predisposing factors

In what cases is the disease more likely to occur? Firstly, banal hypothermia plays an extremely negative role in the development of pneumonia. Under these conditions, the conditionally pathogenic microflora “unfolds” to its fullest, causing the development of the disease. In addition, cats at risk include cats with chronic or acute bronchitis, which at any moment can “degenerate” into something more serious. It is not recommended to feed cats frozen foods or give them water straight from the tap, as this also often leads to serious consequences.

Proper and nutritious nutrition plays the most important role. If there are too few vitamins and microelements in a cat's diet, its immunity will inevitably be weakened. Accordingly, the same hypothermia is more likely to lead to the development of severe pneumonia or bronchitis. Constant exposure to dusty and wet areas will also not lead to good, sooner or later causing unpleasant pulmonary pathology. The entry of foreign bodies or liquids into the lungs often leads to the development of a disease (aspiration pneumonia in cats).

Classification

This disease has been known for a very long time, and therefore scientists managed to create a truly comprehensive classification.

Pneumonia in dogs - signs, diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia

Unfortunately, we often begin to think about the well-being of our pets only if something is clearly wrong with their health. This is very dangerous, since sometimes even professional veterinary care may not be able to help. Fortunately, such serious pathologies do not occur very often, but pneumonia in dogs often manifests itself so suddenly that every dog ​​breeder should know about its main signs.

What is this, why does it arise?

This is the name for pneumonia, or an inflammatory process that affects not only the pulmonary alveoli, but also the bronchial mucosa. In dogs, this pathology occurs quite rarely, but each case is very dangerous, since owners are not always able to immediately understand the seriousness of the current situation. What causes pneumonia in animals? Here are the main factors:

According to the type of exudate, it can be purulent or serous. Lobar pneumonia is also distinguished: in dogs this variety is quite rare, but the disease in this case is extremely severe, with quite high risk fatal outcome. By the way, what is this? This is the name of a severe pathology when the walls of blood vessels become so permeable that fibrin begins to flow from the blood into the lumen of the alveoli. The condition of the animal is so serious that without professional veterinary care the dog can die in just a couple of days. In the photo, such animals look extremely emaciated, extremely weakened.

Cattle diseases

Purulent pneumonia

Purulent pneumonia develop from catarrhal diseases, when they are complicated by pyogenic microbes or the introduction of microbes into the lungs from purulent foci of other organs (metastatic purulent pneumonia). This inflammation can be diffuse or in the form of ulcers of varying sizes containing creamy pus, separated from the lung tissue by a demarcation line, and in a chronic course - by a connective tissue capsule. Often a red rim of perifocal inflammation is visible around the capsule. Under a microscope, the abscess consists of degenerated leukocytes, in varying degrees of decay, remnants of molten lung tissue and a colony of microbes. Pus is separated from healthy tissue in initial stages a shaft of leukocytes and lymphoid cells, then fibroblasts appear and gradually a capsule is formed from them. The inner layer of the capsule contains many leukocytes and is called the pyogenic membrane.

Ichorous pneumonia is observed during aspiration of foreign bodies, ingestion of drugs, etc. It develops in the same way as a complication of other inflammations (usually fibrinous) in the presence of dead tissue, which is exposed to putrefactive microbes, causing its decay. Ichorous lesions brown, publish bad smell, their mass is semi-liquid, delimited from the surrounding tissue by a red or greenish rim.

Mixed pneumonia is often observed in animals. In one lung or part of it, two types of inflammation can be found. The combination of serous with fibrinous, fibrinous with purulent, purulent with ichorous, catarrhal with purulent, etc. In some cases this is caused by different pathogens, in others by different duration of the process, and in others by unequal conditions for supplying inflamed tissues with oxygen, nutrients, that is, different states of blood and lymph circulation.

Productive pneumonia observed in chronic diseases: tuberculosis, actinomycosis. The areas of the lungs are dense, lumpy on the surface, white or light gray in color. On a section they are granular, as if they consist of a large number of fused nodules. Under the microscope, the alveoli are filled with lymphoid, epithelioid and giant cells.

Purulent pneumonia in animals

Encyclopedia of Animal Husbandry

- Humanity is not determined by how we treat other people. Humanity is defined by how we treat animals.

- Man is the king of nature. - It’s a pity that the animals don’t know about this - they are illiterate.

Domestic livestock

Scientific approach

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia There are lobular (limited, lobular) - catarrhal (bronchopneumonia), purulent (metastatic), interstitial (interalveolar), hypostatic (stagnant), atelectatic, mycotic (fungal), putrefactive (lung gangrene), aspiration, silicosis (dusting of the lungs with flint dust) , anthracosis (dusting of the lungs with particles of coal) and lobar (spilled) - lobar, contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, widespread pneumonia of cattle, etc. However, catarrhal pneumonia is the most widespread, accounting for more than 80% of all pulmonary diseases. Let's stop looking at this pneumonia.

Economic losses from this disease consist of increased prices for feed, decreased animal weight gain, death, culling, costs of treating patients, etc.

Etiology. Catarrhal pneumonia in most cases is a secondary disease accompanying other diseases. Factors contributing to the occurrence of catarrhal pneumonia are weakening of the body due to anemia, rickets, dyspepsia, colds, inhalation of polluted air, etc. It usually accompanies canine distemper, hemorrhagic septicemia of sheep, foot and mouth disease, tuberculosis, helminthiasis, etc.

The leading microflora in catarrhal pneumonia is the one that is constantly in the respiratory tract, or the so-called conditionally pathogenic. Foreign bodies entering the alveoli lead to the development of a special catarrhal inflammation of the lungs, called aspiration pneumonia.

Symptoms. In sick animals, general depression, weakness, loss or decrease in appetite, an increase in general body temperature by 1-2 ° C (in old and emaciated animals may not be present), cough, nasal discharge, hard breathing, initially dry, and after 2 -3 days of moist rales in the lungs. Chronic catarrhal pneumonia is often accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular and digestive systems, kidneys, liver.

With a favorable course, the disease can end in 15-20 days, in chronic cases it can last several months. The prognosis for catarrhal pneumonia depends on the underlying disease, as well as on the age of the animals. For aspiration pneumonia due to possible development gangrene of the lungs - unfavorable.

Treatment. The animal is given rest in a warm, ventilated room and given substances that improve digestion. From the very beginning, antibiotics with a broad spectrum of action are used or they are selected after titration for the sensitivity of the respiratory tract microflora to them. You can simultaneously prescribe sulfonamide drugs (norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, sulfazole, sulfantrol) at 0.02-0.05 g per 1 kg of animal weight. To prolong the effect of norsulfazole, it is recommended to use a 30% emulsion of it in fish oil. It is used for calves at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of body weight once a week. In addition, a 50% solution of novarsenol is prescribed to the conjunctiva, 5 drops 2 times a day for 3 days in a row, nitrated 10% blood of the mother or a healthy horse is injected subcutaneously at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of animal weight 2-3 times per day for 5 days in a row. Piglets are administered subcutaneously horse blood serum at the rate of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of animal weight for 2 days in a row in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides. When cardiac activity weakens, camphor oil, caffeine, and glucose are administered. Hypovitaminosis is eliminated by prescribing vitamins A, D, C, E. Novocaine blockades are indicated (see Bronchitis), and after the temperature drops, irradiation of the chest with ultraviolet (PRK-2, 4, 5, 7, 8 lamps; EUV) and infrared rays ( Sollux lamps, infraruz, Minina), mustard plasters, warm wraps, diuretics. For mass treatment of sick animals in industrial livestock complexes, hydroaeroionization, as well as antibiotic aerosols, are used.

Prevention stems from the reasons causing catarrhal pneumonia, and is similar to that performed for bronchitis.

Pneumonia in dogs

Pneumonia – pneumonia. All breeds of dogs and all ages are affected. Based on the nature of the spread of the pathological process in the lungs, pneumonia is divided into lobar (focal, lobular) and lobular (focal, lobular). Lobar pneumonia is characterized by relatively rapid spread inflammatory process involving the entire lung or individual lobes.

Types of pneumonia

Dogs are more likely to suffer from pneumonia hunting dogs. Pneumonia is especially severe in puppies, as well as in old dogs.

Depending on the type of exudate formed, pneumonia can be purulent, serous, or fibrinous.

Causes of pneumonia in dogs

When pathogenic microorganisms (streptococci, staphylococci, mycoplasmas, chlamydia and others) enter the respiratory tract, dogs develop pneumonia.

With normal resistance of the dog’s body, the body successfully copes with them. But as soon as the dog’s immunity is weakened, these microorganisms intensify their activity and penetrate the lung tissue. Weakening of the body's resistance in dogs occurs as a result of a number of predisposing factors:

• Temperature changes. Walks with dogs in winter, especially for smooth-haired breeds, should be short.
• Poor living conditions for the dog (dampness and drafts).
• Poor quality and malnutrition(lack of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, macro- and microelements.).
• Contact with infected dogs.
• Injuries in the chest area.
• Weakness of the immune system (lack of immunoglobulin in the body).
• Diseases associated with metabolic disorders in the body (diabetes, uremia).
• Use of certain medications (aspirin, digoxin).
• Infectious tracheobronchitis.
• Chronic sinusitis, pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

Features of the development of pneumonia in dogs

The course of pneumonia in dogs, regardless of the forms and causes, has three stages:

• The primary stage of the disease lasts an average of five days. Pneumonia at this stage has mild symptoms. The general condition of the dog is often satisfactory.
• The secondary stage lasts no more than 10 days. At this stage, a rapid manifestation of all the symptoms of pneumonia occurs.
• The final stage. At this stage, either the dog recovers or dies as a result of irreversible changes in the lung tissue.

The course of pneumonia in dogs can be mild, moderate or severe. Inflammation in a dog can be acute or chronic.

Acute pneumonia can be caused by: traumatic injury to the respiratory tract and chest, pulmonary edema, filling of the lungs with fluid or blood, burns of the respiratory tract as a result of the dog inhaling smoke or chemical fumes, or sudden hypothermia of the dog.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence unfavorable factors, leading to inflammation of the bronchi and pulmonary lobules, their swelling, and venous stagnation in the capillary network. The barrier function of the bronchial epithelium is reduced, creating conditions for the development of opportunistic microflora. Exudate accumulates in the lumen of the bronchi and alveoli, local foci of atelectasis are formed, in which purulent microflora can multiply with the formation of foci of abscess formation and necrosis. Against the background of inflammation, redox processes and metabolism are disrupted, leading to disruption of trophism, blood and lymph formation and the function of the bronchi and pulmonary alveoli. In the initial stages of the disease, serous, serous-catarrhal or catarrhal inflammation occurs. As a result of the absorption of toxins and decay products from foci of inflammation into the blood and lymph, intoxication of the body is observed, gas exchange disorder due to a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs, and the degree of saturation of organs and tissues decreases.

Symptoms of pneumonia in a dog

Pneumonia in a dog is accompanied by:

• Cough. A sick dog coughs very loudly and experiences severe pain. Subsequently, the dog’s cough becomes muffled and soft.
• A sharp increase in body temperature. The dog refuses to eat, but because of thirst, it willingly drinks water.
• Fever. The dog alternates between high and normal body temperatures. Fever exhausts the dog. The dog loses its appetite (anorexia).
• Dehydration.
• Increased heart rate (tachycardia).
• Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Visible mucous membranes are cyanotic, the tongue protrudes from the mouth.
• It is difficult for the dog to lie on the side of the affected lung.

When auscultating the lungs, we note large-medium and small-bubbling rales. On percussion of the lungs there is a dull focus.

Differential diagnosis. Pneumonia in a dog must be differentiated from bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, inflammation of the nasal mucosa (runny nose in dogs), pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and lung abscess.

Treatment for pneumonia. A sick dog is prescribed a diet high in protein and energy. It is advisable to treat pneumonia in dogs, especially in severe forms, in a veterinary clinic. If this is not possible, then treatment under the supervision of a veterinarian is carried out at home. The course of treatment is carried out for 2 weeks.

The main task in the treatment of pneumonia is to stabilize their condition and rid the body of the pathogen as completely as possible.

A course of antibiotic therapy is carried out, which directly affects the cause that led to pneumonia. Before using an antibiotic, a culture of the microorganism is isolated from sputum in a veterinary laboratory (by inoculation on nutrient media to identify the causative agent of the disease and its sensitivity to a particular antibiotic is determined). Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in treatment, including modern cephalosporins. At the same time, gram-positive cocci are affected by gentamicin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxilav, flemoxin, solutab, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim - sulfadiazine, first-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone), as well as macrolides (sumamed, vilprafen). Gram-negative rods - amikacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline. Anaerobic bacteria - ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, clindamycin and second and third generation cephalosporins.

Mycoplasma and chlamydial pneumonia in dogs are treated with tetracycline antibiotics - doxycycline, macrolides - sumamed, vilprafen, and fluoroquinolones - ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin.

Legionella pneumonia is treated with macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Pneumonia caused by Escherichia coli is treated mainly with cephalosporin antibiotics.

The course of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated types of pneumonia should last at least 10 days. Treatment of mycoplasma, chlamydial and legionella pneumonia, even if the dog is in good condition, should be at least a month.

Before starting to use antibiotics, veterinary clinics conduct a test to determine the dogs’ allergic sensitivity to them.

Physiotherapy. This procedure is carried out to stimulate better separation of mucus from the lungs. Among these procedures, veterinary specialists perform chest massage. The massage is done as long as the dog has a cough.

In case of respiratory failure, which occurs in dogs with severe pneumonia, oxygen therapy is prescribed.

For diarrhea, vomiting, shortness of breath and starvation in a hospital setting, a sick dog should be treated infusion therapy, by administering rehydration solutions, droppers are administered intravenously to the dog.

If the dog's general condition improves, it should not be taken outside. Otherwise, such a walk may cause the dog to relapse or cause a sharp deterioration in the animal’s condition.

Cough suppressants cannot be treated. Periodically, it is necessary to carry out a special massage by tapping several times a day. Chest x-rays should be performed regularly.

Prevention of pneumonia. Prevention of pneumonia should be based on preventing the causes that can cause pneumonia in a dog.

Pet owners must provide timely treatment for diseases that can cause pneumonia in their dog. Eliminate areas chronic infection in the dog's body. Strengthen the dog's immune system. Avoid contact with animals sick with pneumonia. Conduct timely vaccination of dogs against viral infections that are widespread in your region.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Kursk State Agricultural Academy named after Professor I.I. Ivanov"

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Therapy and Obstetrics

COURSE WORK

In the discipline "Internal non-communicable diseases of animals"

on the topic “Lobar pneumonia in a horse”

Kursk - 2014

ANIMAL REGISTRATION

Type of animal: horse

Breed: Black

Gender: mare

Age: 7 years

Color and markings: black with a brown tint

Nickname and inventory number: Laska

Initial diagnosis: pneumonia

Final diagnosis: lobar pneumonia

Concomitant diseases: none

Outcome of the disease: recovery

ANAMNESIS

Information about life, conditions of detention, feeding, operation, foodToactivity, etc.

The animal is home-grown. The horse of the Black breed, at the age of 7 years, named Laska, was descended from a mare named Milka of the Oryol breed and the stallion Leonardo of the Black breed. Stall-pasture housing, in the summer it is kept on a pasture and on a walking area, in cold weather - in a stable along with other horses of different breeds, the conditions of which comply with veterinary and zootechnical requirements. Inadequate feeding. The diet includes the following feed: straw, chaff, hay, grain, bran, root vegetables, oats, etc. Water in unlimited quantities.

The animal serves in private households for plowing, to help the owner in the garden, field land, and also for moving on a cart in the countryside.

Information about the disease (time, circumstances and signs of the disease; whether treatment was used, what, when, by whom; are there other animals on the farm with similar signs diseases, information about previous diseases; veterinary, sanitary and epizootological condition x Ofarms, etc.)

As the owner noted, the horse’s mistress was found to have the first clinical manifestations illness 2-3 days ago. In this case, the following was established: a sudden increase in body temperature, constant fever, the animal is depressed, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes. The discharge from the nose is yellow.

About two days have passed since the first signs appeared. The presumptive diagnosis is pneumonia. A presumptive diagnosis was established on the basis of anamnesis and clinical signs (during percussion, the dull sound of the lungs in the affected areas is dull, the upper limit of dullness has a curved line; upon auscultation, bronchial breathing is heard). A hematological blood test showed an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. Before the arrival of veterinary specialists, the animal was provided symptomatic treatment, as a result of which the animal’s condition improved slightly. No animals have been reported with similar cases of the disease in the area at this time. Constantly carried out every spring before pasture - vaccination against brucellosis, anthrax, as well as treatment against gadflies with chlorophos, treatment against fascioliasis, in winter - tuberculinization, deworming.

The epizootic state of the private economy and the region as a whole regarding infectious and invasive diseases is favorable.

CLINICAL STUDY OF AN ANIMAL WITHPOSTPLAZY

1. GENERAL RESEARCH

1.1 Temperature: 38.5o C Pulse 62 beats/min

Breath 22 dpm

1.2 Habit:

body position in space: natural

fatness: average

temperament: phlegmatic

constitution: tender

physique: average correct

1.3 Coat, dew and hooves

1.4 Skin and subcutaneous tissueA

In areas with black fur, the skin is black, in brown areas (in the crotch area, inner thighs) it is dark brown. On palpation, local and general temperature not elevated, the skin over the entire surface of the body is warm. The smell is moderate. There are no rashes (erythema, spots, roseola, nodules, blisters, pustules, blisters, scales, scabs, erosions, cracks, ulcers, scars, bedsores). The skin is elastic, elastic, moist.

Subcutaneous tissue contains a moderate amount of fat. The subcutaneous tissue has an elastic consistency, weakly mobile, and there is no pain sensitivity. There is no swelling.

1.5 Lymph nodes (name and describe) The horse's submandibular, stifle folds and pudendal lymph nodes were examined. Lymph nodes are not enlarged, oval in shape, elastic consistency, moderately mobile, with normal temperature of the skin covering the node, pain sensitivity is not detected, the surface is smooth (knee folds, pudendal) and lumpy (submandibular), not demarcated from the surrounding tissues.

1.6 Conjunctiva Pale pink in color with a jaundiced tint, no discharge from the eyes. The conjunctiva is intact, no damage is observed. Humidity upon inspection and palpation is moderate. There is no swelling or hemorrhage. Integrity preserved. The sclera is icteric in color.

2. STUDY OF BODY SYSTEMS

2 .1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2.1.1 HEART

examination of the heart area: A slight fluctuation in the chest area was detected.

palpation (pain, heartbeat, its strength, localizationnity): the cardiac impulse is most intensely felt in the 5th intercostal space on the left, 7-8 cm below the line of the shoulder joint, over an area of ​​4-5 cm2. On the right it can be felt in the 4th intercostal space. The heartbeat is not strengthened, rhythmic, of medium strength, painless. No displacement of the heartbeat was noted during palpation.

percussion (heart borders and pain) The boundaries of the heart in a horse were determined by two lines, one of which, with the thoracic limb abducted as far forward as possible, goes from the posterior corner of the scapula to the ulnar tubercle, next to the anconeus; the second - from the elbow tubercle back and up towards the elbow at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The upper limit of the relative and absolute dullness of the heart was determined by percussion along the first line, starting from half the height of the chest, by the transition of a clear pulmonary sound to a dull sound, and the posterior limit - by percussion along the second line, by the transition of a dull sound to a clear sound. In a horse, the upper limit of the relative dullness of the heart is on the left slightly below (2-3 cm) the line of the shoulder joint, and the posterior limit reaches the 6th rib. The area of ​​absolute dullness of the heart has the shape of a triangle, its anterior border follows the line of the anconeus, the posterior border is directed from top to bottom and runs in an arcuate manner from the 3rd intercostal space to the lower edge of the 6th rib, and the lower border passes without a sharp border into the dullness of the sternum and its muscles. The height of the triangle in the 3rd intercostal space is 10-13 cm. The area of ​​absolute dullness of the heart on the right is much smaller in size than on the left, and occupies the lowest part of the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces. The area of ​​relative cardiac dullness is on the left,

and on the right it appears in the form of a strip 3-5 cm wide, surrounding the absolute dullness of the heart. Auscultation (heart sounds and their quality, changes, murmurs) During auscultation of the animal's heart using a phonendoscope, two tones were detected, the first and second, periodically replacing each other; Heart sounds are separated from each other by silent pauses.

When listening to the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, the tones are: clear, pure, loud, rhythmic (alternating between systole and diastole). Systole sounds louder and longer, while diastole is less loud, shorter and ends abruptly. After systole there is a short pause.

Semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery - on the left in the 3rd intercostal space at the level of the mitral (bicuspid) valve;

The tricuspid valve of the right ventricle is heard on the right in the 4th intercostal space at the level of the middle of the lower third of the chest.

When listening to the heart, we heard only heart sounds, there were no pathological noises.

Endocardial murmurs (ratio of murmurs to phases of cardiac activity; nature of murmurs: blowing, whistling, scraping, sawing, musical; intensity of murmurs; places where murmurs are heard with the greatest intensity; changes in murmurs when changing body position, before and after physical activity) are absent.

There are no extracardial murmurs (pericardial, pleuropericardial, cardiopulmonary).

2.1.2 BLOOD VESSELS

arterial pulse (rhythm, quality): The arterial pulse was examined by palpation on the median caudal artery (a. sossudea) and the saphena artery (a. Saphena). The pulse rate was 62 beats per minute. The pulse is rhythmic, periodic, moderately full, the pulse wave is small.

superficial veins of the body, jugular vein and its pulsation: examined the jugular vein (v. Jugularis), found: the integrity was not broken, negative venous pulse. The horse has medium-sized veins.

arterial blood pressure venous blood pressure: blood pressure measured with a mercury manometer connected to a cuff and an inflation device. We used the oscillatory method.

The maximum (systolic) arterial blood pressure in a horse is 120 mmHg, and the minimum (diastolic) is 40 mmHg. Art. Difference between maximum and minimum arterial blood pressure blood pressure The pulse pressure was 80 mm Hg. Art. Phlebotonometry was performed using the direct (bloody) method. Venous pressure in the jugular vein is 80 mmH2O.

2.1.3 FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE HEARTBY TESTING:

An auscultation test with apnea (according to Sharabrin) was performed, as a result of which a slight increase in cardiac activity was detected in the animal. It was not possible to determine other tests of cardiac function.

2.2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2.2.1 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ACCIDENTAL SEXESABOUTSTY FACES

exhaled air: the strength of the air stream from both nostrils of the animal is normal, the exhaled air is rhythmic, moderately symmetrical, odorless, upon examination, inhalation and exhalation are free, the integrity of the nasal passages is not impaired. We note snorting at the sight of a stranger.

nasal area and discharge, mucous membrane: nasal discharge and nasal cavity: nostrils are symmetrical, moderately widened, comma-shaped, smooth contours, pale pink mucous membrane, moderately moisturized; warm on palpation; There are no swellings, rashes, ulcerations, tumors, or mechanical damage.

Nasal discharge is released into large quantities, serous-purulent in nature, bilateral, saffron-yellow in color, unpleasant odor.

The nasal mucosa has a icteric tint, moderately moist, shiny, yellow discharge in large quantities of a serous-purulent nature, painless, the integrity of the nasal mucosa is preserved.

accessory cavities of the face: the contour lines of the sinuses are symmetrical, not changed, the local temperature of the maxillary and frontal sinuses is not increased, upon palpation their pain sensitivity is not revealed, the integrity of the bones is not impaired, the bones are not pliable. When percussing the sinuses, a dull sound is heard. The air sacs are not enlarged in size, elastic-soft consistency, painless, with normal local temperature.

larynx and trachea: During an external examination of the larynx, the head is lowered and there is no swelling. On external palpation, the skin in the larynx area is warm, there are no pathological changes in consistency, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, swelling, retraction, curvature, or displacement of the arytenoid cartilages. When auscultating the larynx, we listen to the sound of laryngeal stenosis, reminiscent of the pronunciation of the letter “X”; When auscultating the trachea, tracheal breathing is heard. During an internal examination of the larynx, the mucous membrane is pink and not deformed.

When examining the tracheal area, no swelling, changes in shape, curvature, or rupture of the rings were found. On palpation, the skin in the tracheal area is warm, the integrity is not broken, there is no pain, swelling or deformation, sensitivity is preserved. There are no sounds on auscultation, tracheal breathing.

cough and cough reflex: present. When an artificial cough appears, the last one is strong, rare, short, low, dull, painless.

2.2.2 GORE CELL (shape, development, respiratory functionsAnddyspnea and shortness of breath)

At external inspection The chest is not enlarged, wide, deep. Thoracic type of breathing. Breathing rhythm 1:1.8. Breathing is rapid and intense, of medium strength, moderately symmetrical, respiratory movements are increased, respiratory rate is 1 minute 22. Shortness of breath is present. On palpation of the chest, pain sensitivity is weakly present, the integrity of the chest is preserved, the ribs are not deformed.

2.2.3 LEGKIE (percussion and auscultation)

During percussion of the chest, the boundaries of the lungs and the nature of the percussion sound were established. The anterior percussion border begins from the posterior angle of the scapula, goes down along the line of the anconeus to the chest; upper - starts from the posterior corner of the scapula and runs caudally parallel to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, departing from them by the width of the palm; the posterior percussion border of the lungs of the supervised animal along the macular line is 17th (the norm is 16th); along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.

When percussing the horse's chest, a dull sound was detected in the affected areas; the upper limit of the dullness had a curved line.

During auscultation, increased mixed (bronchovesicular) breathing is heard.

Auscultation revealed small, homogeneous crackling sounds heard during inhalation.

There is no pleural friction noise.

There is no splashing noise in the pleural cavity.

2.2.4 PLEGOPHONY

Tracheal percussion (plegaphony) was used to identify and differentiate exudative pleurisy and lobar pneumonia. My assistant, having placed a plessimeter on the trachea of ​​the animal, struck it with a percussion hammer, rhythmically equal in strength. At this time, I listened to the chest in areas where a dull sound was established by percussion and the degree of audibility of the blows applied by the assistant to the animal’s trachea was determined. The sounds generated by percussion of the trachea are clearly audible on the chest in the area where a dull sound is detected by percussion. Exudative pleurisy not detected.

Breath-hold test. The nasal openings and oral cavity of the animal were closed and the time of its calm behavior without breathing was taken into account: for the animal it is 25 seconds.

2.3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2.3.1 Appetite, feeding and drinking, chewing, swallowing, belching, chewing gum, vomiting

The animal had little appetite, and the animal did not vomit at the time of examination. There is no pain when chewing food; the act of swallowing a bolus of food is free and painless. The need for water is not increased.

2.3.2 ORAL CAVITY (mucous membrane, condition of lips, gums, tongue and teeth)

Upon external examination, the mouth is closed, the lips fit tightly to each other. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink with an icteric tint, its integrity is preserved. The tongue is moist, without coating, dense, mobile, elastic. There are no pathological changes in the tongue. Salivation is moderate. Teeth - integrity is not broken, yellowish in color, motionless, painless. The smell is specific. The gums are pale pink in color, painless, integrity is preserved, there are no overlaps or ulcers. The incisors are moderately worn, the instability is insignificant.

2.3.3 PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS (pain, passage of foodewhat a coma)

On external examination, the head is slightly lowered, there is no change in volume, disruption of the integrity of tissues in the pharynx area and no salivation. On external palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the skin is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent. On internal examination, the mucous membrane is pale pink, moderately moist, the integrity is not broken. On internal palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the mucous membrane is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent.

An external examination in the area of ​​the esophagus revealed the free passage of the swallowed food bolus. On palpation there is no tenderness of the esophagus and surrounding tissues, the presence of foreign bodies is not detected.

2.3.4 ABDOMEN (volume, configuration, pain of abdominalenok)

The abdomen on both sides and behind is not increased in volume, the right and left abdominal walls are symmetrical, the lower wall of the abdomen is not changed, pain sensitivity during palpation is not detected, the local temperature in this area is not increased, the abdominal wall is of medium tension.

2.3.5 TREATSTOMACHES

According to physiological structure This type of animal has no organs.

2.3.6 STOMACH (Abomasum)

It is located along the macular line on the left in the area of ​​the 14th - 15th intercostal space. On deep palpation, the stomach is not painful, with normal local temperature of its adjacent tissues. Percussion revealed a dull sound. Peristaltic sounds can be heard well on auscultation.

2.3.7 PROBING

When probing the stomach through the probe, a small amount of its contents was released.

2 .3.8 INTESTINE (sections and loops)

External palpation of the location of the small and large intestines is difficult, so palpation through the rectum was used.

A rectal examination of the horse revealed the following: moderate sphincter tone, no pain in the area of ​​the large intestine, sensitivity preserved, integrity not compromised, rectal filling moderate, feces dense, mucous membrane slightly moist, warm, intact.

The section of the small intestines was percussed on the left, in the middle third of the abdomen, in the area of ​​the ileum and the left hungry fossa; at the same time, a dull sound was heard from the horse. In the lower third of the abdomen, the left ventral and dorsal positions of the large colon, and in the upper third, above the small intestine - the small colon. These parts of the intestines produce dull and dull sounds. The cecum was percussed on the right, in the area of ​​the right hungry fossa and ileum. Here various shades of dull-tympanic sound were identified. The right positions of the large colon were percussed on the right, and in the lower and middle third of the abdominal cavity. The sound during percussion is dull with various shades of dullness.

Auscultation of the horse's intestines was carried out using direct and instrumental methods. There are no peristaltic sounds in the small intestine. Peristaltic noises in the large intestine are faintly audible and resemble rumbling, distant rumble.

Pathological phenomena (clumps of mucus, films, fibrin threads in the rectum, bleeding, decreased intestinal lumen, swelling and thickening of the mucous membrane, intussusception, neoplasms, hernias, enlarged lymph nodes, ulcers, flatulence, intestinal displacement, adhesions of intestinal loops to each other and to other organs, ruptures of the intestinal walls, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, foreign objects and bezoar balls) are absent.

2 .3.9 RECTAL EXAMINATION

A rectal examination revealed no pathological changes in the horse.

2 .3.10 DEFECATION (frequency, position, duration, quantityequality and properties of feces) The act of defecation is free, painless, rare, the posture is natural, the passage of gases is not observed.

2.3.11 LIVER (borders, soreness) The liver does not extend beyond the pulmonary edge, so it cannot be palpated. The liver itself is located on the right in the area of ​​the 14-15th intercostal space, along the macular line.

Due to the fact that pathological changes were not identified during examination of the organ, functional study the liver was not performed.

2.3.12 SPLEN (borders, puncture and examination pointAta) Splenic dullness was discovered during percussion on the left in the area of ​​the upper part of the last intercostal space behind the posterior percussion lung boundaries. No pathological changes were detected during examination of the spleen; therefore, a biopsy was not performed.

2 .4 GINOROGENITAL SYSTEM

2.4.1 KIDNEYS

Examined by palpation and percussion.

On internal (rectal) examination, the left kidney extends from the last rib to the transverse processes of the 3rd-4th lumbar vertebrae. She is mobile, we could grab her with our fingers, palpate her, and in her mesentery we were able to palpate the renal artery. The right kidney is located in the area of ​​​​the transverse processes of the 2-3rd lumbar vertebrae on the right. The surface of the kidneys is smooth and painless to the touch. The left kidney is slightly displaced in the cranial direction, right kidney motionless.

During tapping, no pain was detected in the kidney area.

Test with indigo carmine. The paint began to ooze out after 10 minutes.

Zimnitsky test. The animal's total diuresis in relation to the water drunk is 22%. The chloride content in urine is 0.41%.

2.4.2 BLADDER

During rectal examination, the bladder is palpably located on the pubic bones, its bottom hangs into the abdominal cavity, pear-shaped, of medium filling, painless. Upon cystoscopy, the mucous membrane of the bladder is pink with a yellowish tint. It is slightly shiny, smooth with tree-like branched vessels.

2.4.3 ACT OF URINATION (frequency, posture, pain, type of urine)

The posture during urination is natural, characteristic of this animal, the frequency of urination is 7-8 times a day. The act of urination is painless and free. The presence of mucus, blood, pus and other impurities in the urine: no impurities were detected. The color is light yellow. The smell is weak, specific, musty, transparent.

2.5 NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.5 . 1 GENERAL SOSSTOINING (depression, excitement)

According to the owner of the animal, the horse showed the following clinical signs: depressed state, fatigue. He reacts poorly to the owner's response. When a stranger or a yard dog approaches an animal, the reaction is calm.

2.5.2 SKULL AND SPINAL COLUMN (shape, pain, condition of bones)

On external examination, there are no protrusions, neoplasms or traumatic injuries to the skull, no curvature spinal column none. On palpation, the shape of the bones is not changed, the bones are symmetrical, there are no curvatures, painless, the scalp is warm, the integrity of the bones is not impaired, there is no softening; there is no pain, fractures, displacement or deformation of the vertebrae, the skin in the spinal column is warm, sensitivity is preserved. Upon percussion, tumors, coenurous and echinococcal blisters, cerebral hemorrhages, and hydrocele of the cerebral ventricles were not detected; mechanical excitability of the muscles in the spinal column is preserved, there is no pain.

2.5.3 SENSE ORGANS (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

State of vision: vision preserved. Eyelid position - eyes open; violations of the integrity of the eyelids were not detected, painless. The palpebral fissure is not narrowed; the cornea is transparent, smooth, there are no wounds, ulcers or hemorrhages; the surface of the iris is smooth, the pattern is preserved; the pupil is round in shape.

Hearing is preserved: the animal responds well to familiar sounds. The integrity of the auricles is preserved, the ear canal is clean, painless, and there is no foreign content.

State of smell: sense of smell is preserved. Blindfolded, the animal sniffs and reaches for its favorite food; when cotton wool with ammonia solution is brought to the nostrils, the animal quickly turns away.

The taste is preserved, the reaction to taste stimuli is not impaired: when salt, mustard, lemon juice is applied to the tongue, the secretion of saliva increases, the animal shakes its head, sticks out its tongue, and chews with reluctance when given its favorite food.

general and local sensitivity (pain and tactile, deep): superficial sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes: tactile sensitivity in the studied animal is preserved: with light touches in the withers area, contraction of the skin is observed.

Pain sensitivity is preserved: at an imperceptible prick of the skin with the tip of a needle, the animal looks around and moves away. Tactile sensitivity is preserved: upon an imperceptible light touch to the hair in the area of ​​the withers, abdomen and auricle, the animal's subcutaneous muscles contract, it turns its head and moves its ears. Temperature sensitivity is preserved: the animal reacts to touching the skin with warm and cold objects by contracting the subcutaneous muscles and turning its head towards the irritant. Deep sensitivity is preserved: when moving the thoracic limb forward, the animal strives to return it to its original position.

reflexes - superficial and deep (describe them): skin reflexes are preserved: withers reflex - contraction of the subcutaneous muscle in response to a light touch on the skin in the withers area, abdominal reflex - when touching abdominal wall V different places- strong contraction of the abdominal muscles, tail reflex - pressing the tail to the perineum in response to touching the skin of the tail from the inner surface, anal reflex - when touching the skin of the anus - contraction of the external sphincter, corolla reflex - raising the limb when pressing on the corolla of the hoof, coffin bone reflex - when pressing on the hoof, the muscles of the forearm contract; ear reflex - when the skin of the external auditory canal is irritated, the animal turns its head and moves its ears.

Deep reflexes are preserved: knee reflex - with a light blow with a hammer on the straight ligaments of the kneecap - extension of the limb in knee joint, Achilles reflex - after flexion of the joints below the hock and a blow to the Achilles tendon, weak extension of the hock joint is observed.

2.5.4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Vegetative nervous system. Using the reflex method, you can establish the state of the autonomic nervous system.

Danini-Aschner oculo-cardiac reflex. After performing this reflex, the animal observed a decrease in the number of heart contractions after pressure on the eyeballs by no more than 1/4 compared to the initial number. Zakharyin-Ged zones were identified in the chest area - along the maklok line - 17th; along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.

Roget's ear-cardiac reflex: after twisting the animal's ear, the heartbeat increased greatly.

2.5.5 MOTION ORGANS

Muscle tone: moderately active, muscle motor ability is not changed, we do not observe disorders in the coordination of movements in the animal.

2.6 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL METABOLISM

Condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves and hornsTheightcoV.

The tail is straight. The rudiments of the vertebral arches are well expressed on the first vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae are not deformed. The horse has 18 pairs of ribs, the angles of the ribs are well defined. No damage was found. The hooves have the appearance of a durable, hard, horny shoe, without pathological changes.

3. LABORATORY RESEARCHABOUTVANIYA

3 .1 BLOOD TEST

INDICATORS		DATE OF STUDY AND RESULT
a) Physical properties
ESR, mm/hour
Hematocrit, %
Blood viscosity
Blood density, kg/l
b) Biochemical composition
Hemoglobin, g/l
Total protein, g/l
Total calcium, mmol/l
Inorganic phosphorus, mmol/l
Alkaline reserve, vol.% CO2
Carotene, mmol/l
b) Morphological composition
Red blood cells, 1012/l
Leukocytes, 10%
Leukogram and leukocyte profile
Date of study			NEUTROPHILS
Leukogram (%)
Leukoprofile (absolute number)

3.2 URINE ANALYSIS

INDICATORS	DATE OF STUDY AND RESULT
a) Physical properties
Quantity, ml
	specific	Specific
Transparency		The surface of the urine is covered with a thin lime film
Consistency	mucous membrane	Mucous
Specific Gravity
b) Chemical properties
	neutral	Slightly alkaline
Qualitative protein test	positively	Negative
Qualitative test for proteases	negative	negative
Qualitative sugar test	negative	negative
Qualitative test for ketone bodies	negative	negative
Qualitative test for indican	negative	negative
Qualitative test for blood pigments	negative	negative
c) Urine sediment
Organized precipitation	negative	negative
Unorganized precipitation	negative	negative

3.3 FECAL EXAMINATION

INDICATORS	DATE OF STUDY AND RESULT
a) Physical properties
Quantity
	In the form of a continuation oval-oval skibala	In the form of an oblong-oval skibala
Consistency
	Green-brown
	Specific	specific
Digestibility
Impurities (physiological and pathological)	straws	none
b) Chemical analysis
	neutral	neutral
Availability: blood	positively	negative
bilirubin	negative	negative
	negative	negative
starch	negative	negative
c) Microscopic studies
Mucus and cellular epithelium	negative	negative
Helminth larvae and eggs	negative	negative

3. 4 STUDY OF STOMACH JUICE

INDICATORS	DATE OF STUDY AND RESULT
a) Physical properties
Quantity
	brown
		Sourish-spicy
Transparency	transparent	transparent
Specific Gravity
b) Chemical analysis
Total acidity, units titer
Free HCI, units titer
Bound HCI, units titer
	negative	negative
	negative	negative

4. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH METHODS

X-ray, electrocardiographic, chemical-toxicological, bacteriologistAndchesical, etc.

Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate.

X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas) pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.

Electrocardiography was not performed.

CONCLUSION ON THE RESULTS OF CLINICAL, LABORATORY AND OTHER STUDIESABOUTVANIY

Based on the clinical, laboratory and additionalnitelbnew researchIt is necessary to justify the diagnosis of a diseaseOLevania.

Results of a urine test for physical and chemical properties showed that a small amount of protein was found in the urine (nitric acid test). In this regard, we can assume that there is a slight intoxication and inflammatory process in the body. A small amount of urobilin bodies was found in the urine, which is considered a physiological norm. In organized urine sediments, single erythrocytes and leukocytes were found, and in unorganized urine sediments, small amounts of urate, single cylindrites and large amounts of uric acid crystals were found.

In the blood, based on the analysis, leukocytosis was detected, an increase in the level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood.

According to the study of feces and gastric contents, it was found that no pathological changes were detected. Microscopic examination of the gastric contents sediment found single leukocytes And epithelial cells in the field of view of the microscope, which is the physiological norm.

Helminths and helminth eggs could not be detected when examined by the washing method, as well as by the Fulleborn method.

When making a diagnosis, the general condition of the sick animal and the nature of the onset of the disease (suddenness) were taken into account; the rise and type of temperature curve, the presence of cough, the type of sputum (rusty tint), changes in the lungs, determined by physical research methods. Symptoms such as dull tympanic sound on percussion, bronchial breathing, crepitus, ringing moist rales are reliable signs for diagnosis. X-ray examination lungs facilitated the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia. When diagnosing, laboratory data (blood, urine, etc.) were also taken into account.

				Course of the disease	Therapy, diet, maintenance regime, etc.
				General depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear.	The horse should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible foods, rich in vitamins, and low in volume. Improve the composition of feed rations. Mineral supplements and vitamins are introduced. First, it is recommended to carry out bloodletting (in horses up to 2-3 liters). At this stage, intravenous administration of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate in usual doses. With progressive intoxication of the body, hypertonic glucose solutions with ascorbic acid, sodium chloride or hexamethylene tetramine in therapeutic doses. Rp.: Sol.Glucosi 40% - 30 ml. D.S. Intravenously. Horses per administration.
				In the first days of the disease, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in areas of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic-tinged sound.	In summer, in good calm weather, patients are kept under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Green grass, vitamin hay, and fodder carrots are introduced into the diet of herbivores. Drinking water is not limited.
				Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected.	In the first 3-4 days of illness, pathogenetic therapy is prescribed in parallel with antibacterial drugs: unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes(alternately every other day on the right and left sides), rubbing the chest walls with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, calves and small animals cans on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall. Among antiallergic drugs, daily intravenous injections 5-6 days in a row of sodium thiosulfate at the rate of 300-400 ml of a 30% aqueous solution per administration, 10% calcium chloride at 100-150 ml per administration to an adult horse or cow. For this purpose, you can also use suprastin or pipolfen orally, 1.5-2 g per adult horse. As antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenous for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water.
				During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a tympanic or tympanic-tinged sound is detected in the areas of lung damage. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected.	As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. If these antibiotics do not provide an effect, it is advisable to use other antibiotics in maximum therapeutic doses (preliminary laboratory testing determines the most active antibacterial drug based on the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to it). Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol or similar dosages of sulfonamide drugs are given orally with food 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row at an average rate of 0.02-0.03 g/kg of distilled water. Rp.: Norsulfasoli 10.0 Ammonii chloridi 5.0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis Natrii chloridi aa 30.0 M. f. pulvis D. t. d. N 24 D.S. Orally no 1 powder 3 times a day for 8 days in a row.
				During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a duller tympanic sound or with a tympanic tinge is detected in the areas of lung damage. During auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, less severe vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected.	As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenous for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water.
				As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, a blunt percussion sound gives way to dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary.	Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenous for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water.
				The horse's condition is good, the cough has disappeared and the temperature has subsided. During percussion, the percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary	Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenous for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water.
				For prevention, animals should be prevented from hypothermia, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transport. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature.	To accelerate the resorption of exudate in the dissolution stage in the complex medicinal products expectorants and diuretics, autohemotherapy, diathermy, ultra-high-frequency therapy, warm wrapping of the chest, heating the chest with incandescent lamps and other means are used. Rp.:Inf. rad. Ipecacuanhae ex 2.0 300.0 Liquoris Ammonii anisati 10.0 Natrii iodati 30.0 M. D. S. Half a glass inside in the morning and evening.

TEMPERATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION GRAPH

T; P; D.

D A T A

ANALYSIS OF LITERARY DATA

horse diagnosis pneumonia treatment

A definition of the disease is given, and the causes, pathogenesis, pathological changes, symptoms, diagnosis and differential are described. ncial diagnosis, course, prognosis, treatment and prevention of the observed diseaseAnia.

Krabdominal pneumonia(Pneumonia crouposa )- acute febrile disease, which is characterized by fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the lobar type. Mostly horses are affected, less often sheep and young cattle. Among animals of other species, lobar pneumonia is rarely recorded. In specialized farms for raising heifers and fattening calves, in recent years a significant increase in the incidence of serous-fibrinous and fibrinous pneumonia has been recorded in calves 1-3 months of age.

Etiology. In the occurrence of lobar pneumonia, the primary role is given to two factors: pathogenic microflora and the allergic state of the body. Lobar pneumonia can be caused by virulent strains of pneumococci and diplococci. When examining nasal discharge, tracheal contents and material from pneumonic areas of the lungs, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella and other microbes are isolated. However, the listed types of microbes are sometimes isolated from healthy animals.

Most researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increase in the body's allergic reaction caused by a strong irritant - stressor. For example, such a condition can develop after sudden hypothermia of a horse that is hot after a competition, driving sheep in hot weather through cold mountain rivers, or quickly transferring cattle from a warm, stuffy room to a cold and damp one. Lobar pneumonia can occur after inhaling hot smoke or highly irritating gases.

Symptoms. In most cases, lobar pneumonia is acute. The disease occurs suddenly, without the appearance of general nonspecific symptoms. Among horses, this often occurs during work or training. In sick animals, general depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. Temperature of a constant type: from the first day of illness with a typical stage of development and until the stage of resolution, it remains at a high level regardless of the time of day; in a horse it is usually within 41-42°. The pulse is increased against the norm by 10-20 per minute. The heartbeat is pounding, the second heart sound is increased.

Symptoms of the lesion respiratory system are caused by the consistent development of the inflammatory process in the lungs. In the first days of the disease, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. The stage of red hepatization is characterized by one or two-sided outflow of brown or reddish-brown hemorrhagic fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in places of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic sound, and in the stage of hepatization there are areas of dullness or dullness with a border that is arcuately convex upward and located in the upper third of the pulmonary field. As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing are listened to, or the absence of respiratory sounds in the areas of hepatization is detected. If the course of the disease is favorable, which happens in typical cases and when medical assistance is provided in a timely manner, the resolution stage usually occurs on the 8-10th day from the onset of the disease. If vigorous treatment with antibacterial drugs is carried out from the first day of illness, the development of the inflammatory process may end at the stage of hyperemia or red hepatization.

In the atypical course of the disease, which most often occurs in cattle, sheep, weakened and emaciated animals, the clinical symptoms are very diverse. The duration of the illness can vary: from several days to several weeks. Fever can take on a remitting nature; after apparent recovery, relapses of the disease are often recorded in the animal.

Diagnosis diagnosed based on history and clinical symptoms. Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate. X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization. At differential diagnosis exclude acute infectious diseases, accompanied by symptoms of lung damage: contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, pleuropneumonia and rhinotracheitis of cattle, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, pasteurellosis, swine flu, etc. For this purpose, an analysis of the epizootic situation and a complex of special laboratory diagnostic studies, including the isolation and identification of microbial pathogens.

Upon exception lobular pneumonia It should be remembered that, unlike lobar, they occur with less pronounced symptoms of lung damage and do not have stages in the development of the disease. Pleurisy, pneumothorax and hydrothorax are excluded based on the results of percussion, auscultation and thermometry. IN necessary cases An X-ray examination or diagnostic puncture of the pleural cavity (pleurocentesis) is performed. Forecast cautious, with delayed provision of medical care, often favorable. PrOprevention is aimed at strengthening the body's resistance, compliance with maintenance technology and proper use of sports and working animals. Hypothermia of animals should be prevented, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature.

EPICRISIS (CONCLUSION ON THE ILLNESS HISTORY)

Substantiate the final diagnosis, describe the features of the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and course of the disease, analyze the edaily treatment and give recommendations on further care, feeding and professionalAndlactation of the disease.

Lobar pneumonia- a disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process. The disease is diagnosed mainly in horses, less often in cattle and sheep, and very rarely in other animal species.

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