All types of activities that do not produce material goods are grouped into non-industry sectors. production sector, which is also called the tertiary sector of the economy, the first two being mining and processing. Until the mid-90s in the world, and in Russia even before the transition to capitalism in the mid-90s, the sector was considered auxiliary, since it did not produce a significant social product. It is now a full-fledged and increasingly important sector of the economy. It is believed that the development of the non-manufacturing sector is the main catalyst for economic growth.

Main difference

The main difference between the goods of the industrial sector and the non-productive sector is that the goods of the first can be produced in one place and consumed in another, while the goods of the second are produced and consumed in one place. If the same consumer goods from China are bought all over the world, then you can only take part in the tea ceremony directly in a Chinese or Japanese tea house. And it is difficult to imagine where, other than during a fire, the work of firefighters might be needed; in some countries, the fire department provided paid services, for which it was necessary to pay directly, and not through taxes.

True, with the development of non-production industries, especially those related to information services, not everything is so simple, and some services are already provided regardless of distance.

Further from nature

For simplicity, the first researchers in the non-production sector of the economy included everything that does not relate to mining and processing natural resources. These are all types of human activity that produce intangible goods and services aimed at directly satisfying material, spiritual, social and other needs. That is, the non-productive sphere does not have a direct connection with nature and serves to organize human consumption and maintain his habitat and mainly redistributes what is extracted and processed in the first two sectors of the economy.

What other features

Simplification does not always help, so the definition that all industries that produce something intangible belong to the non-productive sphere had to be supplemented. A number of features characteristic of the non-production sector have been identified. The most obvious thing is that there must be a direct connection between the manufacturer and the consumer of the product, which also often implies an individual approach. It is difficult to imagine that the same hairdressing or translation services can be provided differently. But with development information technology everything is no longer so simple, the same translation can occur without direct contact between the consumer and the service provider, and by 2024, according to UN forecasts, artificial intelligence will be able to do this.

Another feature of the non-production sphere is that the final product is often not materialized. When you listened to music or rode public transport, your consumption will end there, although the consequences may be felt for a long time. Now we can safely say that a significant share of intellectual and creative work is a feature of the industry, which is associated with the digital revolution and the emergence of a large number of new types of services using high-tech technologies and artificial intelligence. Even in the largest non-manufacturing industry - trade, where a lot of low-skilled labor is used, online platforms and offline stores are playing an increasingly important role. In China, Japan, and Korea, entire chains of stores began to operate that do not employ people.

What industries are included?

Since the beginning of time, when people developed the rudiments public consciousness, certain types of activities also appeared, which were subsequently classified as non-production industries. The first leaders, warriors, shamans, if we draw an analogy with the current terminology, are government, security, social services and, partly, healthcare, which are also in demand in modern conditions.

Non-production sectors include: all types of trade, management and security, healthcare and education, science and consulting, transport and utilities, household and hotel services, financial and information services, art and culture.

Non-production products

To begin with, when economists realized that non-productive industries are a serious and independent area of ​​the economy, all products of the sector were divided into tangible and intangible services. Material services include all industries that ensure the consumption of material goods: hotel services or, more broadly, hospitality services, trade, and have now added e-commerce, household and transport services. Intangible services include all types related to the satisfaction of cultural, religious, spiritual needs and activities related to the creation of an external environment for human life, safety, security environment to religious worship, health care, education and the arts.

Products of non-production sectors in lately They also began to divide into services and intellectual products. Products of creative and intellectual activity have been valued at all times, but in a post-industrial society, where almost all activities are based on knowledge, the value of intellectual products increases like an avalanche, as does its share in non-production industry. Because of this, it is now proposed to allocate all activities related to the production of knowledge into the quaternary sector - the intellectual sector.

There will be more to come

In developed countries, non-production sectors already occupy up to 80 percent of the economy, and more than two-thirds of the employed population work there. In developing countries, including Russia, about 50 percent. Not only is the sector’s share in the economy increasing, but also new types of services are emerging, especially in industries related to digital technologies. Products are also acquiring new quality characteristics, such as the ability to be stored, accumulated and transmitted over distances. Very soon we will have to give new definitions to the non-production sphere, its features and characteristics.

Objective regularity modern development world civilization is the priority of social aspects, a set of phenomena, trends and proportions emerging in the social sphere.

The economic paradigm, which dominated domestic and foreign management systems for a number of decades, focused attention on predominantly material aspects of the problem, assigning them the role of dominant social development. Thus, the opinion has become stronger that it is economic growth and economic development are the key to meeting growing human needs. As evidence, we considered an increase in the level of well-being in a number of social systems, actively developing economically. However, at the present stage, “purely economic” ideology has begun to lose its leading position. The experience of a sufficiently large number of countries was summarized, indicating that rapid economic growth sometimes does not allow even the basic material needs of a significant part of the population to be satisfied, to create a favorable socio-spiritual climate, or to solve problems of culture, morality, public morality and ethics.

Modern science shapes new approach to management problems. Placing the existence of a person, social groups and society as a whole at the forefront, she puts them forward as target guidelines for socio-economic development, defining the entire complex of transformations, covering the interrelation of economic, social and environmental aspects.

The level of development of the non-production sector is one of the most important indicators development of the socio-economic complex of any country. Formed under the influence of complex social processes, it reflects the entire set of socio-economic problems, their dynamics and prospects.

The development of the non-production sphere can also be considered as a promising global trend of humanization of social relations, a transition from the production of things to the “production of people.”

The non-production sphere at the present stage is developing at a faster pace than the production sector.

The practice of statistical accounting presupposes a general division of the national economy into two parts: material production and the non-productive sphere. At the same time, to the sphere material production include all types of activities that create material benefits in the form of products, energy and in the form of moving goods, storing products, sorting, packaging and other functions that are a continuation of production in the sphere of circulation.

The remaining types of activities, in the process of which material wealth is not created, form in their totality the non-productive sphere of activity.

The non-production sphere includes:

• * housing and communal services and consumer services for the population;
• * transport and communications for servicing non-production organizations of the population;
• * geology and subsoil exploration (minus deep exploratory drilling for oil and natural gas);
• * health care, physical education and social Security;
• * education;
• * culture and art;
• * science and scientific services;
• * financial, credit and insurance services;
• * management;
• * public organizations.

In this case, there is a simple, formal consolidation of what spontaneously developed among practitioners symbol the term “non-production sphere” refers to a set of industries not included in material production.

In modern socio-economic literature, the same list of industries is not always used to characterize the non-production sphere. In a number of cases, geology and subsoil exploration, as well as science and scientific services, are excluded from it, but trade, supply and sales, procurement, and housing construction are added. At the same time, the theoretical legitimacy of using the terms “non-production sphere”, “public service sector”, “service sector” as invariants is emphasized.

The concept of the service sector has the greatest terminological instability. The traditional approach assumes the inclusion in this area only of passenger transport, public services systems, communications (serving non-material production and the population), healthcare, physical education and sports. In some cases, this includes a system of types of social activities - lending, insurance, management, security public order, social security, activities of public organizations. At first glance, contradictions regarding the names or presence of certain industries and types of activities in a particular area are not fundamental. However, behind them lie the contradictions of the socio-economic content of the process of structuring social reproduction and the categorical insecurity of this process.

It is obvious that the structure of social production is not something forever given. It is a multidimensional concept located in constant development and combining the processes of differentiation and integration. At the same time, various criteria can be used to distinguish the non-production sphere and material production. The following criteria are widely known:

• 1. Participation of industries and activities in the creation of wealth.
• 2. Direct (consuming) impact on nature. If the activity of an industry is aimed at transforming the substance of nature in order to adapt it to human needs, it refers to material production. The non-productive sphere includes those activities in which the product is exchanged and consumed.
• 3. Materialization of the results of labor.

If there is no such materialization, the activity belongs to the non-productive sphere.

It is difficult to say which of the criteria most closely corresponds to the principles of differentiation of the economic complex. They have a different economic nature, highlight different qualities of activity and are not without theoretical validity. At the same time, in modern conditions, a new approach to the division of spheres of social reproduction is being formed, highlighting social aspects. The non-productive sphere is presented as complex system, the development of which is aimed at meeting the social needs of society.

It is not difficult to notice that the very concept of the non-productive sphere is increasingly acquiring a “social connotation”. In recent years, concepts such as “ social sphere», « social infrastructure", "social, cultural and everyday sphere", etc. Changing names is informal. It brings the non-productive sphere closer to man, orienting it towards creating living conditions that meet modern realities.

Focusing on social characteristics, we can define the non-productive (or social) sphere as a complex of economic sectors that perform service functions, satisfy the material and spiritual needs of the population, and create the most favorable living conditions.

If we consider organizations in the social sphere from the point of view of classical economics, then it is obvious that they have all the economic parameters inherent in the functioning of any enterprises, organizations and institutions. Non-production sectors perform certain socio-economic functions, use fixed assets, material and labor resources, require investment support, etc., that is, they have properties that allow them to be considered as organized production. Therefore it is social criteria acquire decisive significance in this case. The non-productive sphere is an element directly related to a person, and a feature that allows us to distinguish the non-productive sphere into a single, independent complex is its social orientation.

The purpose of development of the non-productive sphere is the direct satisfaction of human needs. But material production also aims to satisfy human needs. However, such satisfaction is not realized directly. It has several steps and stages, separated in time and space. The non-production sphere operates in conditions of coincidence of production and consumption. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is not just a part of social production, but an element that directly shapes socio-economic conditions. It is in the non-productive sphere, its proportionality and level of development that the quality of life of the population, the degree of its well-being and living conditions are reflected.

The most complete definition of the non-productive sphere can be formulated as follows: the non-productive sphere is the sphere of application of labor, in which, within industrial relations both tangible and intangible services are produced, and servicing of the consumption process is also organized in order to satisfy the population’s demand for these services.

With a certain degree of convention, the terms “service sector”, “social sphere”, “service sector” can be used to denote it.

The socially-oriented approach to the division of spheres of social production has its own specifics. There is no strict connection with the industry structure, since the industry structure is dynamic and subject to change. In the course of its development, both separate independent industries and new types of activities constantly arise and form. This process reflects the evolution of the non-production sphere. Initially, services were included in the direct process of material production, and then, as the social division of labor developed, they became isolated into independent sectors and sub-sectors of the economy.

A similar trend is typical for modern stage social development. An example of this is the emergence of the communication and information field.

The dynamics of the sectoral composition brings to the fore other socio-economic criteria that are not related to the structural characteristics of the non-production sphere, and first of all its social orientation, target orientation towards meeting the needs of the population.

The sectoral structure of the non-production sector depends on the functions it performs. The following functions can be distinguished:

• * distribution and exchange;
• * consumer services;
• * public health protection;
• * education;
• * management and protection of public order.

Each of the functions includes a number of types (industries, sub-industries), the purpose of which is to provide certain social services. The range of such types of activities is extremely wide and varied. Moreover, in modern conditions it is constantly expanding, replenished and modified.

The changes taking place in it are expressed in a clearer fixation of the socio-economic content, goals, functions and characteristics of individual industries and types of activities as objects of entrepreneurship. Thus, recreational activities aimed at providing services in recreation and leisure activities have received a clear delineation and specific independence; tourism activities aimed at satisfying the educational demand of the population; entrepreneurship in real estate and a number of others. But with all the diversity of traditional and relatively new services, a number of common features can be identified that unite them into one area. These include:

• 1. Unified social orientation of services. The provision of services aims to directly satisfy human needs.
• 2. Historical community of origin and development of services. It is associated with the process of segregation of services into independent industries during the development of the process of social division of labor.
• 3. Similarity of conditions for production and consumption of services. The production of many services coincides with their consumption in temporal and spatial terms, forming a symbiotic form of “consumer production”. This phenomenon causes the lack of tangible results of service production and complicates the process of consumer choice. The consumer can evaluate the usefulness of a service only after the act of “production - consumption” and in advance has only an indirect opportunity to assess its quality. This property is extremely important for marketing, as it determines the special significance of its communicative element.
• 4. Similarity of services regarding the possibility of their storage and transportation.

Services are not subject to storage or transportation. This property increases the degree of business risk in all service sectors (especially in unstable market conditions), and also poses the task of more accurately taking into account the factor of time and seasonality, “peak” loads during the day or other period of time.

The non-preservation of services places special demands on the quality of marketing activities. The services market requires more careful coordination of supply and demand, special flexibility and adaptability of production, which is forced to adapt without delay to changes in consumer demand.

• 5. Similarity of services in relation to their connection with the producer. The service does not exist separately from the manufacturer. During its production there is always personal contact between the manufacturer and the consumer. At the same time, the importance of the qualifications of the service provider increases. From him professional skills, knowledge, abilities and communication skills depend on the competitiveness of a company producing services. Moreover, with the increasing individualization of consumer requests and the expansion of the range of services, the role of personal contacts between the consumer of services and their producer increases.
• 6. Similarity of services in terms of breadth of quality characteristics.

In conditions of coincidence of production and consumption of services and the dependence of the results of the activities of a non-production enterprise on the qualifications of personnel, it is impossible to guarantee the constancy of the quality of services. The service exists as a type human activity, and its quality can vary widely. This necessitates the need to minimize the influence of quality variability. To this end, a service enterprise solves the problems of improving the personnel structure, improving the qualifications of personnel, introducing modern technical means and effective technologies.

The complex economic nature of the non-productive sphere gives a specific character to the economic relations developing in it. Firstly, there are economic relations of material production at work here. They dominate in the sphere of so-called “productive” services, i.e. those services whose production conditions are closest to the conditions of material production. Production services include services from such industries as transport for public services, communications, trade, catering, some household services. The economic relations formed in these industries are essentially no different from the relations of material production.

Secondly, the development of the non-production sphere is based on the relationship of reproduction of services and intangible goods, which creates the basis for the exchange of activities between the service sector and material production. non-productive service social sphere

Finally, thirdly, economic relations in the non-productive sphere include the formation of socially necessary labor inputs.

Character economic relations in the non-production sphere and its specificity make it possible to consider this sphere as an integral, independent and unique socio-economic object. The market concept of development of the non-production sphere involves the use of the entire set of marketing methods aimed at ensuring a balance between supply and demand.

This is a conventional name for economic sectors, the results of which primarily take the form of services.
The non-production sphere includes:
housing, communal and consumer services for the population;
passenger transport;
communications (services to organizations and non-productive activities of the population);
healthcare, physical education;
education;
culture;
science and scientific services;
lending, financing and insurance;
control;
public organizations.
The leading place in the economic structure of any region of Russia belongs to industry. This is determined primarily by the fact that, providing all industries with tools and new materials, it serves as the most active factor scientific and technological progress and expanded reproduction in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and area-forming functions.
Industry is divided into:
mining, which includes industries related to the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as the extraction of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
processing, which includes enterprises for processing products of the mining industry, semi-finished products, as well as for processing agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials.
Manufacturing industries form the basis of heavy industry. During the period of economic reforms, significant changes occur in the structure of the mining and manufacturing industries.
According to their economic purpose, industrial products are divided into two large groups:
group "A" C production of means of production;
group "B" C production of consumer goods.
Along with the sectoral structure, the region also has a territorial one.

More on the topic Non-production sector:

1. 1. Contents and specifics of non-production finance
2. 2. Features of budget planning and financing in the non-production sphere.
3. 2. Features of budget planning and financing in the non-production sphere
4. 15. Basic production and non-production assets. Fixed capital of the enterprise
5. 14.2. Audit of production costs in auxiliary and auxiliary industries, maintenance of non-production facilities included in the balance sheet of construction organizations

Industry− a separate sphere of science, knowledge, production. Branch of the economy - a set of enterprises producing (extracting) homogeneous or specific products using similar technologies.

All sectors of the national economy are divided into two large areas:production And non-productive. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

Enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth belong to the industry of the production sector. Organizations in this group also sort, move, etc. Exact definition The production sphere is as follows: “A set of enterprises that produce a material product and provide material services.”

The production sector plays a very significant role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of intangible production. There are the following main branches of the production sector: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade and catering, logistics.

1 Industry. This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, equipment manufacturing, energy production, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations that are a major part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. Sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

− electric power industry. Enterprises included in this group, are engaged in the production and transmission electrical energy, as well as control over its sales and consumption. The production of products of any kind without organizations carrying out similar activities is impossible.

− metallurgy. This industry, in turn, is divided into two sub-sectors: non-ferrous and ferrous. The first includes enterprises engaged in the extraction of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum), diamonds, copper, nickel, etc. Ferrous metallurgy plants produce mainly steel and cast iron.

− fuel industry. The structure of this industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction of coal, oil and gas.

− chemical industry. Technological production products of this type are produced by the most for various purposes. The latter can be divided into four main categories: basic and specialty chemicals, consumer goods, and life support products.

− forest industry. This group includes enterprises that harvest logs, produce lumber, as well as paper, pulp, matches, etc.

− mechanical engineering and metalworking. Factories in this area are engaged in the manufacture of equipment, tools and machines.

− light industry. Enterprises of this group produce mainly consumer goods: clothing, shoes, furniture, etc.

− building materials industry. The main activity of factories and combines in this industry is the production of products intended for the construction of buildings and structures (concrete mixtures, bricks, blocks, plasters, insulation, waterproofing, etc.

− glass industry. The structure of this industry also includes factories for the production of porcelain and earthenware. Enterprises in this sub-industry produce dishes, sanitary ware, window glass, mirrors, etc.

All industrial enterprises classified into two large groups:mining– mines, quarries, mines, wells; processing– combines, factories, workshops.

2 Agriculture. This is also a very important area of ​​the state’s economy, falling under the definition of “production sector”. Branches of the economy in this area are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: livestock farming And crop production.

The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

− cattle breeding. Raising large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important products food like meat and milk.

− pig farming. Enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.

− fur farming. The skins of small animals are mainly used to make wearable items. A very large percentage of these products are exported.

− poultry farming. Agricultural enterprises of this group supply the market with dietary meat, eggs and feathers.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

− growing grains. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of production sphere are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree of provision of the population with such important products as bread, flour, and cereals depends on how effectively this industry will be developed.

− vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms. Fruit growing and viticulture. Developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. Agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Sub-sectors such as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc. also belong to plant growing.

Industry and agriculture are considered the main sectors of the production sector. However, no less important role Enterprises and other groups that are in close interaction with them play a role in the country's economy.

3 Construction. Organizations of this group are engaged in the construction of buildings and structures. These can be objects for domestic purposes, as well as cultural, administrative or industrial. Besides this, construction organizations develop projects of buildings and structures, carry out their reconstruction, expansion, major renovation etc.

Absolutely all other branches of the production sector interact with groups of enterprises of this type. Construction companies can work both on government orders and on behalf of specific organizations or individuals.

4 Transport. Organizations in this area of ​​the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industrial sectors:

− road transport . Companies in this group mainly deliver goods over short distances.

− marine. This type of transport mainly carries out foreign trade transportation (oil and petroleum products). In addition, maritime companies serve remote areas of the country.

− rail transportation. Within the developed economic zone, trains are the main transport that delivers goods over long distances.

− aviation. Companies in this area of ​​the transport industry are mainly engaged in the transportation of perishable products.

The success of the functioning of enterprises in such industries as agriculture, industry, construction, etc. directly depends on the efficiency of the transport group companies. In addition to those discussed above, this area of ​​the production sector includes organizations transporting oil, its refined products, gas, etc.

5Trade. An equally important role in the country's economy is played by such industrial sectors as: wholesale trade; retail; catering.

Its subjects are enterprises and organizations involved in the sale of goods produced by industry and agriculture, as well as related work and services. Catering establishments include canteens, kebab shops, cafes, restaurants, pizzerias, bistros, etc.

6 Logistics support. The main activity of the subjects of this branch of the production sphere is providing for industrial enterprises, agriculture, etc. working capital: components, containers, spare parts, wear-out equipment and tools, etc. The logistics group also includes organizations involved in supply and sales. Thus, the branches of the production sphere, the definition of which was given at the beginning of this article, are the most important components of the national economy. The effectiveness of the development of the country’s economy as a whole and, as a consequence, the growth of the well-being of its citizens directly depends on the success of the activities of their enterprises.

In the non-production sector, two groups of industries can be distinguished:

1. Industries whose services satisfy the general, collective needs of society:

− geology and subsoil exploration and water management (except for those activities that were classified as material production);

− authorities: administrative apparatus, court, prosecutor's office;

− defense;

− party and public organizations;

− science and scientific services;

− finance;

− lending and state insurance.

2. Industries whose services satisfy the cultural, everyday and social needs of the population:

− housing and communal services;

− institutions and enterprises providing consumer services to the population (passenger transport, baths, hairdressers, etc.);

− education (schools, secondary and higher educational institutions, libraries, etc.);

− cultural and art institutions (museums, theaters, cinemas, palaces, cultural centers, etc.);

− communications regarding services to the population and non-production sphere;

− institutions for medical care population (clinics, hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.);

− physical culture and sports institutions;

− institutions for social welfare of the population.

Workers employed in the non-productive sphere of the national economy do not produce material goods, but their work is necessary for society and is socially useful work.

Sometimes outside the classification of industries in the production and non-production spheres, the industry "Public services" distinguished as a collecting industry, which includes enterprises included in the branches of the production and non-production spheres. From the production sector, this includes industrial enterprises that manufacture and repair personal items according to individual orders of the population, and construction organizations that construct and repair housing according to individual orders of the population. From the non-production sphere, the collective sector of consumer services for the population includes non-production activities that have the nature of purely consumer services for the population (baths, hairdressers, etc.).

Cholinergic system

x cholinergic system. This system consists of neurons that release acetylcholine, its neurotransmitter. Cholinergic neurons are quite widely represented in the brain, but its central areas are the cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal), hippocampus, caudate and Meynert's nucleus (basal nucleus of Meynert), the functions of which are related to cognitive processes, including memory.

The functioning of the cholinergic system is determined by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Ml and M2, which differ in secondary intracellular processes (secondary messenger systems). The latter makes them similar to histamine receptors.

Target: understand the concept, characteristics of industries, prerequisites for their emergence, stages of formation and classification; study the production and non-production spheres of the national economy, its sectoral structure, as well as the structure of industries in the production and non-production spheres.

National economy is a functional and territorial production system, including intersectoral and sectoral links, regions, complexes, organizations and enterprises.

In the sectoral structure of the country’s national economy, two large groups of industries are distinguished:

1. Industries in the sphere of material production.

2. Branches of the socio-cultural sphere.

The first group includes the following industries:

· industry;

· agriculture;

· construction;

· transport;

· trade and public catering, logistics and sales, procurement.

The second group includes the following industries:

· housing and communal services and non-productive types of consumer services for the population;

· healthcare, physical education and social security;

· education;

· culture and art;

· finance, loans, insurance;

· management;

· public associations.

It must be taken into account that although trade and transport traditionally belong to the sphere of material production, their final product is not a material good, but a service. At the same time, these industries have much in common with other branches of material production, and therefore can be considered in the context of both spheres. It is important to note that currently the concept of social production includes not only the process of creating material goods, but also services (the term “production of services” is found). Thus, social production is the process of creating material goods and providing services by sectors of the national economy. In a narrower sense, production (not social) is the process of manufacturing goods necessary for the consumer using labor force and means of production.

Of great importance for the development of the national economy is its sectoral structure, which is understood as the relationships and proportions between industries, inter-industry complexes, and areas of activity.

Industry is a set of organizations, enterprises and industries that are characterized by the following signs:

· similarity in the purpose of the products produced;

· homogeneity of consumed materials;

· common technical base and technological processes;

· special professional composition of personnel;

· specific working conditions.

Industries can be united into inter-industry complexes. An intersectoral complex is a complex intersectoral system that differs high level integration between elements along the flows of manufactured goods, information and is highly cost-effective and resistant to the influence of external factors.

The leading sector in the sphere of material production is industry. Industry as a branch of the national economy, in turn, consists of a number of interrelated sectors.

Question No. 3 Industry as the leading sector of the national
economy of the Republic of Belarus

Target: study the sectoral structure of industry of the Republic of Belarus, priority directions for industrial development; characterize the features of other sectors of the production sector (construction, agriculture, transport, communications).

Industry occupies a leading place in the national economy of the country, and this is facilitated by the following factors:

· industry produces tools that are used in other sectors of material production and the socio-cultural sphere;

· creates a significant share of GDP and national income;

· a significant number of the active population is employed in industry;

industry determines the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, contributes to innovative development the country's economy;

· the state of the environment depends on the technologies used by industry;

· the social sphere, working conditions and quality of life of the population depend on the level of industrial development;

· national security and defense capability of the country is determined by the level of industrial development.

Thus, industry determines the economic, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country.

Economic efficiency industry largely depends on its sectoral structure.

Industry structure- this is the composition of industries, their quantitative ratio, based on mutual production connections and characterized by the share of individual industries and complexes in the total volume industrial production.

Industry includes the following sectors:

· electric power industry;

· fuel;

black and non-ferrous metallurgy;

· chemistry and petrochemistry;

· mechanical engineering and metalworking;

· forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries;

· building materials industry;

· light;

· food, etc.

The structure of industry is dynamic and depends on many factors, among which are the following:

activation level innovation activity and development of scientific and technological progress;

· economic policy of the state;

· consumption structure of society;

· availability in the country of natural resources necessary for the development of industries;

· traditionally established specialization and development of integration processes.

For quantification The sectoral structure of industry and its dynamics use the following indicators:

1. The share of individual industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change over time.

2. The share of progressive industries (electric power, mechanical engineering, chemical industry) in the total volume of industrial production and its dynamics.

3. Lead coefficient (the ratio of the growth rate or production index of a particular industry to the growth rate or production index of the entire industry).

4. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries.

Based on the magnitude of these indicators, it is possible to assess the state of industrial sectors and determine the main tasks and directions of their development.

Question No. 4 Organization (enterprise), its functions, structure,
goal and objectives

Target: understand the concepts of “enterprise”, “organization”, “firm”; determine the purpose and objectives of the creation and functioning of an industrial organization.

Organization (enterprise) is an independent economic entity created in accordance with current legislation to produce products, perform work and services in order to meet the needs of specific consumers, as well as to ensure the functioning of the organization (enterprise) itself and its employees.

An organization can also be considered:

· How property complex, used to implement entrepreneurial activity;

· as an independent economic entity created to produce products, perform work or provide services, which is a legal entity;

· as a separate specialized unit that uses means of production and labor to obtain products of the appropriate profile and range required by consumers.

In conditions market economy The goal of an operating commercial organization is to maximize profits. To achieve this goal the following is required:

· maximizing production volume;

· ensuring the competitiveness of products;

· stability and stability of functioning;

· maintaining market positions;

· provision high efficiency production.

For non-profit organization the most important goal is the satisfaction of social needs, which, in principle, also does not exclude making a profit. However, it should be remembered that achieving the maximum possible profit for a commercial organization is impossible if it does not take into account social needs. Therefore, goals such as profit maximization and meeting social needs should be considered in close connection.

Every organization should have the following types unity:

· production and technical;

· organizational;

· economic.

The basis for the formation of an enterprise is production process. It is a system of actions for converting raw materials into finished products. The production process includes the following private processes:

1. Basic production processes where objects of labor are transformed into finished products.

2. Auxiliary and service processes, creating conditions for the normal execution of the main process.

3. Management processes who organize, direct and coordinate the progress of production.

Each group of private production processes organizationally formed into the relevant divisions (shops and farms), which form industrial organization structure.

There are production and general structures of the organization.

Production structure includes the following:

· main production (workshop);

· auxiliary production (workshop);

· service farms;

· management bodies of the organization.

The divisions of the production structure and the organization for servicing the collective of employees of the enterprise (housing office, libraries, clubs, sports organizations on the balance sheet of the enterprise) together form general structure industrial organization.

The production structure reflects the following:

· size of the enterprise;

· number and composition of workshops and services;

· number and layout of areas in workshops;

· the nature of the division of labor between workshops and their cooperative connections in the production process.

The primary link in industrial organization is workplace. The set of workplaces at which technologically homogeneous work is performed forms a production site. In large and medium-sized organizations, areas are combined into workshops. In small organizations with relatively simple technological process A shopless structure is used, the main link of which is the production site. The main workshops at all enterprises are different, auxiliary goals are usually the same.

Question No. 5 Classification of industrial organizations
(enterprises)

Target: consider the classification of industrial organizations (enterprises) according to various signs; study the organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations.

Organizations are classified according to the following main characteristics:

1. By industry:

· industrial;

· agricultural;

· transport, etc.

2. By type of ownership:

· state;

· private.

3. By organizational and legal forms:

· partnership enterprises;

· enterprises-societies;

· unitary enterprises;

· production cooperatives, etc.

4. According to the objectives of the activity:

· commercial;

· non-profit.

5. By type of activity:

· material production enterprises;

· service sector enterprises.

6. By the number of types of products produced:

· universal (multidisciplinary);

· specialized;

highly specialized.

7. By degree of concentration:

· large;

· average;

8. By the nature of the impact on the subject of work:

· mining;

· processing.

9. According to the economic purpose of the product:

· producing means of production;

· producing consumer goods.

10. If possible, year-round work:

· seasonal;

· non-seasonal.

11. By the nature of the product, i.e. producing:

· work;

· service.

12. According to the dominant factor in the cost of production:

· material-intensive;

· labor-intensive;

· energy-intensive;

· capital-intensive, etc.

13. Regarding the participation of foreign capital:

· joint;

· foreign.

Each classification has a certain practical significance. There are other criteria by which organizations are classified.

Question No. 6 Economic environment for the functioning of industrial
organizations (enterprises)

Target: understand the economic environment of the functioning of an industrial organization (enterprise), its essence, factors, subjects, properties, indicators, dynamism; study the problems of state regulation of production and economic activities of an industrial organization (enterprise).

The quality of an organization's functioning depends on its internal and external environment.

The external environment of an organization is determined by all those economic entities with which it is connected: suppliers, consumers, business partners, competitors, state and local governments, public organizations, as well as parts of the market infrastructure (exchange).

The organization's relationship with the external environment is dynamic and determined by its vertical and horizontal connections. Vertical The organization’s connections are those determined by law, i.e., mandatory (with all governing bodies). Horizontal communications are the connections between an enterprise and suppliers and customers, business partners and competitors.

In external environment There are macrolevel (macroenvironment) and microlevel (microenvironment). At each of these levels, the organization is influenced by its own specific factors.

At the macro level, the following factors have a significant impact:

· natural;

· environmental;

· socio-demographic;

· political.

At the micro level, the organization is influenced by:

· market conditions;

· form and closeness of partnerships;

· relations with suppliers and consumers;

· degree of development of market infrastructure.

All environmental factors can be divided into factors of direct and indirect impact.

Direct impact factors include:

· state;

· suppliers;

· labor market;

· legal space;

· consumers;

· competitors;

· public structures (trade unions).

Indirect impact factors can be broadly grouped into the following four groups:

1. Situational (reflect the economic situation in the country and the world, interstate relations).

2. Innovative (form the potential of the enterprise for its successful development).

3. Socio-cultural (include a complex life values, traditions, customs of the country).

4. Political (reflect the policies of the administrative bodies of the state).

The main elements of the external environment are:

economic environment ( interest rates, taxes);

· political situation;

· legal environment;

· technological environment;

· socio-cultural environment;

· natural and climatic environment;

· geographical environment;

· demographic situation.

The external environment has a strong influence on the enterprise, which, in turn, can influence external environment only indirectly.

Internal environment An enterprise is a set of relationships between its divisions, i.e. workshops, sections, services.

The elements of the internal environment of the organization are the following:

· organizational structure;

· structure functional responsibilities;

· structure of exchange of services;

· information structure;

· structure of labor resources;

· organizational culture, i.e., the totality of relationships between members of the work team.

To achieve the main goal, the internal environment of the organization must be adaptive. The level of adaptability can be judged by indirect indicators, which include:

· time from the moment of increase in prices for raw materials and materials until the moment of increase in prices for products manufactured by the organization;

· time to develop new products or technologies compared to main competitors;

· time for preparing documents necessary to assess the creditworthiness and solvency of the enterprise.

External and internal environmental factors are interconnected. Taking into account their influence on the activities of the organization (enterprise) requires its high adaptability, which is necessary to ensure competitiveness.