The body's daily water requirement is: Water requirement

Water is the basis of life. When she's gone, everything freezes. But as soon as it becomes available to all living beings, and in large quantities, life begins to flourish again: flowers bloom, butterflies flutter, bees swarm... With a sufficient amount of water, healing processes and restoration of many functions also occur in the human body.

In order to provide the body with fluid, it is necessary not only to drink water pure form, either in the form of compotes, teas and other liquids, but also as products containing water in the maximum amount.

Water rich foods

The indicated amount is approximate amount per 100 g of product

General characteristics of water

Water is a liquid that has no taste, color or smell. By chemical composition it is hydrogen oxide. In addition to the liquid state, water, as we know, has a solid and gaseous state. Despite the fact that most of our planet is covered with water, the proportion of water suitable for the body is only 2.5%.

And if you consider that 98.8% of total number fresh water is in the form of ice, or hidden underground, there is very little supply of drinking water on Earth. And only careful use of this most valuable resource will help us save life!

Daily water requirement

As for the body’s daily need for water, it depends on gender, age, body constitution, as well as on the person’s place of residence. For example, for a person living on the coast, the amount of water consumed may be reduced compared to a resident of the Sahara. This is due to the fact that part necessary for the body water can be absorbed by the body directly from the moisture in the air, as is the case with residents of coastal areas.

According to the latest research in the field of physiology, the required amount of water for a person is 30 ml per 1 kilogram of body weight.

That is, if the weight of an adult is 80 kg, then they should be multiplied by the required 30 ml of liquid.

Thus, we get the following results: 80 x 30 = 2400 ml.

Then it turns out that for a full-fledged life, a person weighing 80 kg needs to drink at least 2400 ml. liquids per day.

The need for water increases when:

In case of high air temperature and low humidity. In such conditions, the body heats up, and in order to prevent exceeding the maximum permissible for human body temperature is 41°C, a person begins to sweat. Thus, body temperature decreases, but large number moisture that needs to be replenished.
The need for water increases with the consumption of excess salt. In this case, the body needs more moisture to normalize blood composition.
Experiencing various kinds illness (for example, fever), the body needs additional fluid to cool the body, as well as to quickly eliminate harmful substances.

The need for water decreases when:

First of all, this means living in a climate filled with water vapor. Examples of this type of climate include coastal areas, such as the Baltic coast, as well as tropical areas.
Secondly, the air temperature is low. In winter, we always want to drink less than in summer, when the body needs additional moisture to cool the body.

Water digestibility

Firstly, for complete absorption of water, a clean, unweighted water molecule is needed. Water intended for drinking should not contain various harmful impurities. “Heavy water” or deuterium in its chemical composition is an isotope of hydrogen, but due to a structure different from ordinary water, All chemical processes in the body, when it is consumed, they pass several times slower.

Therefore, it is worth remembering melt water, which is lighter and healthier. This water improves performance cardiovascular system, accelerates regenerative processes in the body, stimulates metabolism.

The second factor influencing the absorption of water is the body’s readiness for this process. Physiologists have described examples where the surface layers of the skin, deprived of moisture, prevented its penetration deeper. An example of such injustice is the skin of older people. As a result of dehydration, it becomes flabby, wrinkled and lacking tone.

The third factor influencing the digestibility of water is the state of human health. For example, with dehydration, there is a decrease in fluid absorption. (Dehydration is the loss of a large amount of moisture by the body. In adults, the critical indicator is 1/3 of the total volume of fluid in the body, in children up to 1/5). In this case, to combat the general dehydration, use intravenous infusion of saline solution. Also good results showed the solution Ringer-Locke. This solution, in addition to table salt, contains potassium chloride, calcium chloride, soda and glucose. Thanks to these components, not only the total volume of fluid circulating in the body is restored, but also the structure of intercellular partitions is improved.

Beneficial properties of water and its effect on the body

We need water to dissolve in it. useful substances necessary for transportation to various bodies and systems. In addition, the water plays important role in the formation and functioning of all systems of the human body.

Without water, all life processes will be reduced to a minimum. Since the removal of metabolic products is impossible without the presence of a sufficient amount of fluid in the body. During a water shortage, metabolism also suffers. It is the lack of moisture that becomes the culprit excess weight and the inability to quickly achieve the desired shape!

Water moisturizes the skin and mucous membranes, cleanses the body of waste and toxins, and is the basis joint fluid. With a lack of water, the joints begin to “creak.” In addition, water protects internal organs from damage, supports constant temperature body, helps convert food into energy.

Interaction of water with other elements

You are probably familiar with the expression: “Water wears away stones.” So, water, by its nature, is a unique solvent. There is no substance in the world that could counteract water. At the same time, the substance dissolved in water is, as it were, built into general structure water, occupying the space between its molecules. And, despite the fact that the dissolved substance is in close contact with water, water is only a solvent for it, capable of delivering most of the substance to one or another environment of our body.

Signs of lack and excess of water

Signs of lack of water in the body

The first and most important sign of low water content in the body is blood thickening. Without sufficient moisture, the blood is unable to perform its functions. As a result of this, the body does not receive enough nutrients and oxygen, and metabolic products cannot leave the body, which contributes to its poisoning.

But this sign can only be revealed by results laboratory research. Therefore, only doctors can determine the presence of a lack of fluid based on this sign. You can detect the following signs of lack of moisture in the body yourself.

The second sign of lack of water in the body is dry mucous membranes. IN in good condition, mucous membranes should be slightly moisturized. But if there is a lack of fluid, the mucous membranes can dry out and crack.

The third symptom worth mentioning is dryness, pallor and sagging skin , as well as hair fragility.

Confusion, irritability and even headaches can also occur as a result of not drinking enough fluids during the day and are the fourth most important sign of lack of fluid.

Acne, coating on the tongue and bad breath are important signals of lack of fluid and may indicate an imbalance in the water balance in the body.

Signs of excess water in the body

If a person is prone to being overweight and has an increased blood pressure and labile nervous system and also suffers profuse sweating, this all suggests that he has signs of excess fluid in the body.

Rapid weight gain, swelling in various parts body and disturbances in the functioning of the lungs and heart can result from excess fluid in the body.

Factors affecting body water content

Factors influencing the percentage of water in the body are not only gender, age and environment, but also body constitution. Studies have shown that the water content in the body of a newborn reaches 80%, the body of an adult man contains, on average, 60% water, and the body of a woman - 65%. Lifestyle and eating habits can also affect your body's water content. In the body of people with overweight The body contains much more moisture than asthenics and people with normal body weight.

To protect the body from dehydration, doctors recommend consuming salt daily. The daily norm is 5 grams. But this does not mean that it should be consumed as a separate dish. It is included in various vegetables, meats, and ready-made dishes.

To protect the body from dehydration in difficult natural conditions Excessive sweating, which disrupts the moisture balance, should be reduced. For this, special forces soldiers have next lineup:

Table salt (1.5 g) + ascorbic acid (2.5 g) + glucose (5 g) + water (500 ml)

This composition not only prevents moisture loss through sweat, but also supports the body in the most active phase life support. Also, this composition is used by travelers when going on long hikes, where the availability of potable water is limited and the loads are maximum.

Water and health

In order to support your body and prevent excessive loss of moisture, you must fulfill the following requirements:

1 Drink a glass clean water before each meal;
2 One and a half to two hours after eating, you should also drink a glass of water (provided there is no medical contraindications);
3 Eating dry food can have a negative impact on health, and therefore, as an exception, it is also recommended to drink water during such meals.

Water for weight loss

If you notice that you are starting to have problems with excess weight, take the advice of nutritionists and drink a glass warm water every time you “want something tasty.” According to doctors, we often experience “false hunger,” under the guise of which elementary thirst appears.

Therefore, the next time you wake up in the middle of the night to visit the refrigerator, drink a glass of warm water, which will not only relieve you of thirst, but will also help you get into shape in the future. It is believed that the process of losing weight is accelerated by consuming the optimal amount of fluid per day, calculated using the formula given above.

Water purity

Sometimes it happens that “drinking” water becomes dangerous to health and even life. This water may contain heavy metals, pesticides, bacteria, viruses and other pollutants. All of them cause diseases, the treatment of which is very difficult.

Therefore, in order to prevent such pollutants from entering your body, you should take care of the purity of the water. There are a huge number of methods for this, starting from water purification with silicon and activated carbon, and right up to filters that use ion exchange resins, silver, etc.

Water... Without it, our life would be completely impossible. It seems that we know almost everything about water. But we don’t know even more. Here are some famous and unknown facts regarding water. Now many people say that you need to drink as much as possible more water. However, in this matter you need to trust your own body and drink as much as it asks. Generally accepted standards for water consumption are relative and vary depending on a person’s age, gender, well-being, physical activity, availability various diseases and environmental conditions.

Some tips on this matter.

It is better to drink spring water. If you use tap water, it would be a good idea to either purify it, or boil it, or at least leave it for a few hours to remove the smell of bleach.

Babies under one year old who are on breastfeeding, thirst is quenched with mother's milk. Only in hot summers can they be given 20-30 ml of water between feedings

For 3-5 year old children, 300-400 ml is enough, for schoolchildren - 400-500 ml of water per day. An adult - on average 1.5-2 liters, but starting from 45-50 years old, this norm should be reduced to reduce the likelihood of edema

Men need more fluids because... they lose almost a liter more of it every day than women

It is better to drink water between meals, but it is not advisable to wash it down with food

A glass of water on an empty stomach is very beneficial for bowel function. You should drink 30-40 minutes before breakfast

You can drink a glass of warm water at night. This will help you calm down and will good remedy for insomnia

Caffeine and alcohol dehydrate the body, so try to drink a glass of water before drinking a cup of coffee or glass of wine.

Before a walk in the cold, it’s very good to drink a glass of water or hot tea, because... cold and dry air contributes to the loss of fluid by the body (remember the clouds of steam in the cold)

There are several calculation formulas daily consumption water. Here are some of them:

1. Two liters of liquid (or eight glasses) should be consumed by a person weighing 56 kg, and above that one glass should be added for every 20 kg of weight.

2. A person needs to drink 30-40 ml of water per 1 kg of weight.

3. For 1000 kilocalories received from food, you need to drink 1 liter of water.

4. According to many diets, you need to drink more water to dull the feeling of hunger. But here you need to be careful - you can get water intoxication. And unfortunately, the kilograms lost in this way are quickly gained

5. It is advisable to drink more during diarrhea, because her strong manifestation can cause severe and rapid dehydration

6. The need for fluid increases with more serious illnesses. For example, doctors advise people prone to developing kidney stones to drink at least 2.5 liters of water per day to avoid relapses. A lot of fluids are also needed for infections. urinary tract. However, in any case, it is better to consult your doctor, who will select the correct drinking regimen, taking into account your illness and the effect of the medications you are taking.

But you need to know how to use it correctly.

The need for water depends on the nature of nutrition and work, climate, health and other factors. Average daily requirement in the water of an adult living in a temperate climate - 2.5 liters. Of these, 1–1.5 liters of water should enter the body in the form of free liquid (soup, tea, compote, etc.), 1–1.5 liters - from food products and 0.3–0.4 l is formed in the body itself during metabolic processes.

Both excess consumption and lack of water are equally harmful to the body. For example, it has been established that dehydration, the loss of more than 10% of water by the body, threatens its vital functions, while excessive intake of fluid into the body impedes the functioning of the kidneys and heart, and causes edema.

It is generally accepted that excessive water consumption creates increased load on the heart and kidneys, excreted from the body minerals and vitamins. When water is limited, the concentration of urine increases, salts may precipitate in it, and the release of metabolic products from the blood decreases. In general, these provisions are true, but not for all people. Much depends on individual characteristics a specific person and the nature of his diet.

There's no point without medical indications Drastically increase or severely limit your water intake in hopes of achieving specific health benefits. Increasing fluid in the diet is recommended for intoxication, infectious diseases, high temperature body, pyelonephritis and cystitis, urolithiasis, gout, liver diseases and biliary tract. The amount of fluid is reduced (along with restriction table salt) for diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially those accompanied by edema, as well as for obesity, kidney diseases with impaired excretory function.

The loss of large amounts of fluid by the body is accompanied by thickening of the blood, which causes a feeling of thirst. However, this feeling sometimes does not coincide with the actual need for water, but is caused by dry mouth from decreased salivation. In such cases, it is enough to rinse your mouth.

Citric, malic and other organic acids contribute to increased salivation. Therefore, water acidified with lemon or ascorbic acid, water with lemon or the addition of sour juices of fruits and berries, sparkling water. Unsweetened decoctions of dried fruits and rose hips, fruit drinks, and green tea, low fat fermented milk drinks. To quench thirst, water should not contain more than 1–2% sugar. At temperatures above 15 degrees, water does not provide a refreshing effect.

Cold water drunk after taking fatty foods, leads to food being retained in the stomach, and drinking cold water immediately after eating raw fruits and berries usually causes increased gas formation and bloating. Drinking water or other liquids with meals should theoretically slow down digestion in the stomach somewhat by diluting gastric juices. However, recent studies conducted in the United States have not confirmed this position. Obviously, much depends on the nature of gastric secretion (concentration hydrochloric acid and enzymes) and food composition.

Among the peoples different countries Drinking liquids with meals has long been practiced. The differences lie only in the liquids consumed: water, diluted or undiluted wine, kvass, beer, tea, diluted fermented milk drinks. For example, the French drink table wine with meals, the organic acids of which stimulate digestion, while Americans drink cold water. In Japan, it is customary to drink tea before and during meals.

The issue of drinking water or other liquids during meals should be decided individually. The only exceptions are alkaline mineral waters, which to drink before, during and immediately after meals healthy people shouldn't.

Cold water drunk on an empty stomach enhances motor function intestines, which is used for constipation. Therefore, for those who suffer from this disease, it is useful to drink a glass of cold water every morning a few minutes before breakfast.

The need for water in a healthy or sick body is determined by the total amount of water excreted from the body through urine, through the skin, from the surface of the lungs, and with feces. For adults, the need for water is 40 ml/kg per day (V. A. Negovsky, A. M. Gurvich, E. S. Zolotokrylina, 1987), the daily need for sodium is 1.5 mmol/kg, for calcium - approximately 9 mmol (10 ml of 10% solution of gluconate or calcium chloride), and the daily requirement for magnesium is 0.33 mmol/kg. The amount of 25% magnesium sulfate can be determined by the formula:

Total daily requirement (MgSO4) in mmol: 2 = ml/day.

It is advisable to administer potassium chloride in a solution of glucose with insulin, but its concentration should not exceed 0.75% and the rate of administration 0.5 mmol/(kg hour). The total potassium load should not exceed 2-3 mmol/(kg day).

The physiological need for fluid is compensated with saline solutions and 5-10% glucose solution in a ratio of 1:2 or 1:1.

The next stage of the infusion program is to compensate for the deficiency of fluid and ions and current pathological losses in the patient’s body. It should be noted that this problem must be solved first, since this is where the success of treatment lies largely.

There are physiological and pathological losses. Thus, perspiration in adults is 0.5 ml/kg per hour. Loss through diuresis is normally 1 ml/kg per hour.

Knowledge of physiological losses is especially important and necessary when carrying out infusion therapy in patients with renal failure, since the given figures for daily fluid requirements already include physiological losses. It is equally important to take into account pathological losses, which can reach significant values. Thus, with hyperthermia (more than 37°) and an increase in body temperature by 1°, water loss increases by an average of 500 ml per day. Water excreted through sweat contains 20-25 mOsmol/L Na+ and 15-35 mOsmol/L SG. Losses may increase with fever, thyrotoxic crises, treatment with certain medicines(pilocarpine), high ambient temperatures.

Water loss in feces in an adult is normally about 200 ml/day. Digestion is accompanied by the release of about 8-10 liters of water with ions dissolved in it into the lumen of the stomach and intestines. IN healthy intestines almost all of this volume is reabsorbed.

IN pathological conditions(diarrhea, vomiting, fistulas, intestinal obstruction) the body loses a significant amount of water and ions. When absorption processes from the intestine are disrupted, transcellular pools are formed, sequestering large amounts of water and electrolytes. For an approximate correction, it is recommended to increase the volume of fluid by 20 ml/(kg day) with the development of stage II intestinal paresis. III degree- by 40 ml/(kg day). Corrective solutions must contain sodium, potassium, chlorine, etc. ions.

Frequent vomiting causes a water deficiency of an average of 20 ml/(kg day), and correction is best done with solutions containing chlorides and potassium.

For moderate diarrhea, fluid replacement is recommended at the rate of 30-40 ml/(kg day), for severe diarrhea - 60-70 ml/(kg day), and for profuse diarrhea - up to 120-40 ml/(kg day) with solutions containing ions sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium.

For hyperventilation, it is advisable for every 20 breathing movements above the norm, administer 15 ml/(kg day) glucose solution. When performing mechanical ventilation without adequate humidification, up to 50 ml/hour is lost, i.e. ventilation with a RO-6 type device during the day requires additional administration of 1.5 to 2 liters of fluid.

The most ideal and most competent way to correct pathological losses is to determine the composition of the lost media and their quantity. In this case, even using official solutions, existing violations can be corrected quite accurately.

When calculating and selecting various infusion media, some difficulties arise when converting the amount of a substance contained in a solution into mmol and vice versa. Therefore, below we present such ratios for the most commonly used substances.

So, 1 ml contains:

7.4% KCl solution - 1 mmol K+ and 1 mmol Cl‾

3.7% KCl solution - 0.5 mmol K+ and 0.5 mmol Cl‾

5,8% NaCl solution- 1 mmol Na+ and 1 mmol Cl‾

8.4% NaHCO3 solution - 1 mmol Na+ and 1 mmol HCO3‾

4.2% NaHCO3 solution - 0.5 mmol Na+ and 0.5 mmol HCO‾

10% CaCl2 solution - 0.9 mmol Ca++ and 1.8 mmol Cl‾

10% NaCl solution -1.7 mmol Na+ and 1.7 mmol Cl‾

25% MgSO4 solution - 2.1 mmol Mg++ and 2.1 mmol SO4 ²‾

1 mole is equal to:

For successful therapy, it is important to determine the ratio of glucose to saline solutions. This ratio will depend on the predominance of water or electrolyte loss. With isotonic dehydration, it is advisable to maintain the ratio of salt-free solutions to salt ones at 1:1, with water deficiency - 4:1, salt deficiency - 1:2.

The volume of colloids depends, firstly, on the severity of hemodynamic disorders and the state of volemia; secondly, from the need to administer blood substitutes according to vital signs(for example, in the presence of bleeding - administration of plasma, blood).

The choice of the so-called “starting solution” will also depend on the degree of dehydration and its form. Let's clarify this idea. The third degree of dehydration occurs with severe hemodynamic disturbances and should be considered as hypovolemic shock. In this regard, despite the form of dehydration, therapeutic measures you should start with drugs that create a volemic effect (albumin, rheopolyglucin, hemodez), after which you need to move on to the introduction of fluids, depending on the form of dehydration.

Thus, it is advisable to begin the treatment of extracellular dehydration (salt deficiency exicosis) with the administration of an isotonic solution of sodium chloride. Administration of 5% glucose is contraindicated, since its rapid movement into the intracellular sector can cause brain edema. On the contrary, for cellular dehydration, a 5% glucose solution is recommended as a starting solution. Causing some hypotonicity of the extracellular sector, it ensures the saturation of the intracellular space with water. In case of total (general) dehydration syndrome, it is recommended to begin therapy with an isotonic glucose solution, followed by a transition to the administration of isotonic saline solutions.

When performing infusion therapy during surgery caesarean section or during childbirth, it is necessary to remember that the administration of glucose solutions before the birth of the child is indicated only for women with initial low level Sahara. This is dictated by the fact that the supply of glucose to the fetus through the uteroplacental bloodstream causes hyperinsulinemia, which, after the fetus is removed and the supply of glucose from the mother is stopped, can cause hypoglycemia and deterioration of the condition of the newborn. After the baby is removed, glucose and saline are usually administered in a 1:1 ratio.

The total volume of fluid required to correct the deficiency and daily requirement depends on the degree of dehydration. An important criterion for its determination are clinical and laboratory data.

The next task that needs to be solved is determining the time during which it is planned to correct dehydration. It is advisable to adhere to the principle that the total volume of fluid administered (enterally and intravenously) should be within 5-9% of body weight and weight gain should not exceed these figures, because they indicate the limit of the compensatory capabilities of the cardiovascular and urinary systems.

According to V. M. Sidelnikov (1983), the deficit of water and salts should be compensated for in 24-36 hours, and 60% of the water deficit should be introduced within the first 12 hours. In patients with heart failure, this period can be increased to 3 - 5 days. Finberg (1980) recommends administering half of the daily requirement in 6-8 hours, and the rest, plus the volume of pathological losses, in the remaining hours before the end of the day.

Lysenkov S.P., Myasnikova V.V., Ponomarev V.V.

Emergency conditions and anesthesia in obstetrics. Clinical pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy

Each person has an individual water consumption rate per day. Experts believe that proper drinking regime ensures normal water-salt balance and creates favorable conditions for the life of the body.

People who take care of their health strive not to neglect not only the principles healthy eating, but also correct drinking regime during the day. It is important to provide the body required quantity water because it is involved in many vital processes.

Water balance implies that the human body consumes and releases the same amount of water in the process of life.

The role of water in human life:

performs the function of thermoregulation, that is, it helps the body cool down in the heat and prevent hypothermia at subzero temperatures;
helps preserve the structure of cells and supply them with oxygen;
maintains the balance of electrolytes (potassium, chlorine, sodium, minerals);
is a lubricant for joints;
helps the kidneys function, removes toxic substances from the body;
accelerates metabolic processes, thereby promoting weight loss;
Proper water consumption improves body reactions, concentration and brain processes;
maintains the balance of all systems and processes.

With insufficient intake of water into the body, body weight increases, blood viscosity increases, which disrupts the supply of oxygen and energy to tissues, subsequently body temperature rises, pulse and breathing become more frequent, thirst and nausea occur, and performance decreases.

Consequences of excess water in the human body

Drinking too much after meals impairs digestion and makes it too diluted. gastric juice. There is also additional stress on the heart due to excessive blood thinning. The body strives to compensate for the amount of incoming water by sweating more, and the load on the kidneys sharply increases.

At this process With sweat, valuable minerals for the body begin to be excreted through the kidneys more intensively. Even short-term water overload can lead to fatigue muscles and even cause cramps. For example, athletes never drink liquids during competitions, but only rinse their mouths with water.

It has been established that the daily water requirement of an adult is 30-40 g per 1 kg of body weight. On average, it is generally accepted that a person consumes a total of 2.5 liters of water per day and the same amount is excreted from the body.

Ways of water entering the human body

The main ways water enters the body are as follows:

in the form of food;
in the form of a liquid;
is formed in the body.

On average, an adult consumes about 1.2 liters per day in the form of free liquid (various drinks or liquid food). water, which is 48% daily norm. The rest is water that enters the body in the form of food - about 1 liter. water - 40% of the daily requirement.

Porridge contains up to 80% water, bread - about 50%, meat - about 58-67%, fish - almost 70%, vegetables and fruits - up to 90% water. In general, “dry” human food consists of 50-60% water.

A relatively small amount of water - about 0.3 liters. (3%) - is formed directly in the body as a result of biochemical processes.

Norm of daily water consumption per day for a person

Water is mainly removed from the body through:

kidneys - on average 1.2 liters per day or 48% of the total volume;
through sweating (0.85 l. - 34%);
when breathing (0.32 l per day - about 13%);
through the intestines (0.13 l - 5%).

	Daily water requirement, l.	Daily water requirement, l.	Daily water requirement, l.
Weight (kg)	At low physical activity	With moderate physical activity	At high physical activity
50	1.55 l	2.00 l	2.30 l
60	1.85 l	2.30 l	2.65 l
70	2.20 l	2.55 l	3.00 l
80	2.50 l	2.95 l	3.30 l
90	2.80 l	3.30 l	3.60 l
100	3.10 l	3.60 l	3.90 l