Oily (lipoid) pneumonia is an infectious inflammatory process of the lung mucosa (most often the alveoli), which develops as a result of ingestion of liquid.

This disease most often occurs in infants who are breastfed. In preschool and school age the disease may develop due to frequent use oil-based nasal drops.

As a rule, lipoid pneumonia develops in children with congenital pathology trachea, the esophagus of which is compressed by an abnormal vessel or neoplasm. Also, children who have weakened muscles of the pharynx and palate are premature because their swallowing reflex is poorly developed.

How does the disease begin?

The fluid enters the trachea through the nasopharynx and then into the lung. Either from the stomach the liquid passes through the throat into the trachea and then into the lung. Protective immune cells bind fats, forming lumps in the alveoli.

The lung begins to swell, cell growth. The mucous membrane is destroyed, microbes from the stomach or nasopharynx enter it. Sputum is produced. The airway is obstructed and it becomes difficult for the baby to breathe.

Symptoms oil pneumonia:

violation of the swallowing reflex;
shortness of breath;
dry and wet wheezing;
hacking cough with sputum;
fever.

Therapy

If you notice that your baby has swallowed milk, try to suck it out of the nasal or oral cavity. After this, feeding should be done on the side. If pathology has developed due to oil-based drops, you should stop using them.

Treatment of the disease includes taking antibacterial drugs, vitamins, blood transfusion. Do not overcool or overheat the child. Change your baby's position more often and give him plenty of fluids.

If you notice the first symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor.

is a lung disease caused by the irritant-toxic effect of vapors of volatile hydrocarbon compounds on alveolar tissue. The main clinical manifestations of the disease are paroxysmal cough, shortness of breath, fever, often combined with signs of gastritis, toxic hepatitis, focal nephritis, lesions nervous system. When making a diagnosis, anamnesis and data are taken into account laboratory research, radiography and CT scan of the chest, bronchoscopy and biopsy. Conservative treatment with antibiotics is prescribed, and bronchoalveolar lavage is performed.

Gasoline (exogenous lipoid) pneumonia occurs when ingestion, aspiration or inhalation of volatile hydrocarbons found in gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and paints and varnishes. Foreign authors classify this pathology as acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia (hydrocarbon pulmonitis), domestic - as a type of aspiration pneumonia. The disease is rare. The incidence, according to medical research in the field of pulmonology, is less than 0.01 cases per 100,000 population. Among people who are constantly in contact with oily substances, the incidence is much higher - 14-15% suffer from this form of pneumonia.

Reasons

The etiological factor of the disease is the ingress of liquid hydrocarbon fuel and its vapors into the lung tissue. This occurs during inhalation high concentrations vapors of gasoline or other petroleum products, when swallowing, aspirating or absorbing substances through intact skin. Gasoline pneumonia usually occurs in motor vehicle drivers, workers at gas stations, oil refineries, and other people from occupational risk groups.

The cause of the development of pathology, as a rule, is accidental aspiration of fuel when sucking it out of the tank with your mouth through a hose. Previously, such pneumonia was often found among fire-breathing fakirs (lung of the fakir - “fire eater”), who widely used flammable materials for their performances. Ingestion of hydrocarbon compounds can occur by mistake or for suicidal purposes. Children of preschool and primary school age left unattended, as well as persons with mental disorders, are more often exposed to this danger.

Pathogenesis

Thanks to your physical and chemical properties hydrocarbon compounds entering respiratory tract upon inhalation or aspiration, quickly spread along the tracheobronchial tree and penetrate the pulmonary alveoli. Swallowed liquid fuel excreted from the body through the lungs and kidneys. During the process of release, its vapors enter the alveolar tissue. The pathological agent has a pronounced irritating and toxic effect on the pulmonary parenchyma and airways. The body's response develops according to the type of aseptic inflammation. At the same time, the barrier functions of the respiratory tract are inhibited, and endogenous and exogenous microflora are activated. Due to the addition of a secondary infection, aseptic pneumonia becomes bacterial.

Pathomorphological changes depend on the amount of substance entering the respiratory tract. A small benzene droplet becomes encapsulated and forms a paraffinoma surrounded by fibrous tissue and giant cells. With massive aspiration (inhalation), edema and infiltration of the pulmonary parenchyma are present, and destruction of alveolar tissue occasionally develops. As with aspiration pulmonitis of other etiologies, the process is usually localized in the lower and (or) middle lobe of the right lung.

Symptoms of gasoline pneumonia

Immediately after inhalation or aspiration of the oily substance, an attack of painful suffocating cough occurs, accompanied by chest pain, difficulty breathing mixed type. The condition persists for 20-30 minutes and sometimes ends with the separation of a small amount of sputum mixed with blood. Then comes a light period lasting 6-8 hours. Occasionally duration latent period reaches 2 days.

At the next stage of development of the disease, intense pain appears, most often in the right half of the chest. The pain syndrome intensifies with deep breaths and changes in body position. The cough returns. Initially rusty or bloody sputum later turns yellow or green. The presence of shortness of breath and temperature curve indicators depend on the severity of lung damage. Severe gasoline pneumonia is accompanied by difficulty inhaling and exhaling at rest and an increase in body temperature to febrile and hyperthermic values. With a limited process, the fever is low-grade, and shortness of breath may be absent.

Often to clinical manifestations pulmonary inflammation is accompanied by signs of the toxic effects of pathogens on the brain and digestive organs. Gasoline intoxication causes headaches, dizziness, and sleep disturbances in the victim. In severe cases, consciousness is impaired. The patient experiences nausea, vomiting, and pain in the stomach. When inflammation passes from the pleura to the diaphragm, intense pain occurs in the epigastrium or hypochondrium, simulating the clinical picture of an acute abdomen.

Complications

During the development of gasoline pneumonia, pneumatoceles are formed. Very rarely, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum occurs as a result of rupture of subpleural cysts. Massive aspiration and a significant decrease in immunity sometimes cause the formation of a lung abscess. Severe cases of the disease may be complicated by acute respiratory failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. The outcome of extensive lesions of the alveolar tissue is the appearance of areas of pneumofibrosis and the outcome in CDN.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is established by a pulmonologist. During the survey, the gender is specified professional activity patient, history of contact with fuels and lubricants. Gasoline pneumonia does not have pathognomonic symptoms. Upon examination, signs characteristic of any inflammatory process in the lungs are revealed. There is hyperemia of the skin of the face, lag of half of the chest in the act of breathing, tachycardia and tachypnea. Percussion reveals an area of dullness of pulmonary sound. During auscultation, weakened, less often harsh or bronchial breathing, scattered dry and local moist rales of various sizes are heard. Confirmation of the diagnosis is carried out using following methods research:

Radiation diagnostics. Signs of exogenous lipoid pneumonia appear on a CT scan of the lungs after 30 minutes, on radiographs - 24 hours after contact with a pathological agent. X-rays reveal confluent areas of pulmonary tissue infiltration located in the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. CT scan reveals low-intensity ground-glass infiltrates or nodular formations localized in the same areas.
Bronchial endoscopy. Bronchoscopy allows you to evaluate the anatomy of the respiratory tract and exclude other causes of pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar lavage is both diagnostic and medical procedure. When volatile hydrocarbons enter the respiratory system, cloudy lavage liquid with oily droplets is washed off. Cytologically, it reveals fat-filled macrophages. By using chemical analysis, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy can clarify the type of oil found in the respiratory tract.
Lung biopsies. In unclear cases, when the inflammatory process is protracted, a lung biopsy is performed. Manipulation is usually performed using a minimally invasive transbronchial approach. At histological examination pathological material in the pulmonary interstitium, alveoli, alveolar macrophages, light vacuoles filled with fat are visualized.
Laboratory tests. They are auxiliary diagnostic studies. In the peripheral blood, leukocytosis, acceleration of ESR, and a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left are determined. IN biochemical analysis There is an increase in the level of transaminases, bilirubin, and C-reactive protein. When examining urine, erythrocyturia is sometimes detected.

Laboratory indicators are not specific markers of this pathology. They reflect the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, allow one to assess its dynamics, and establish the presence of toxic damage to other organs and systems. The disease should be differentiated from bacterial, fungal pneumonia, and oncopathology. If necessary, the patient is consulted by infectious disease specialists and oncologists. Gastroenterologists and nephrologists participate in the process of diagnosing concomitant toxic damage to the digestive organs and kidneys.

Treatment of gasoline pneumonia

Medical care for a patient with gasoline pneumonia is provided in inpatient conditions. The patient is hospitalized in the therapeutic or pulmonology department. The causative method of treatment is bronchoalveolar lavage. The procedure is performed immediately after the fact of aspiration has been established. If necessary, therapeutic bronchoscopy is performed repeatedly. In the future it will be carried out pathogenetic therapy, including:

Antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics are prescribed to suppress the activity of secondary bacterial microflora wide range actions – 3-4 generation cephalosporins, respiratory fluoroquinolones, carbapenems. Their effectiveness is assessed 72 hours after the start of treatment. In the absence of positive dynamics, replacement of ineffective medications with antibiotics of another group is indicated.
Glucocorticoid hormones. The medical literature describes cases of successful treatment of lung injuries caused by volatile hydrocarbons using systemic corticosteroids, but the effectiveness of this group medicines considered unproven. The drugs are used to relieve bronchospasm and in the complex treatment of severe respiratory failure.

If necessary, oxygen therapy and respiratory support are provided. For cupping pain syndrome when the pleura is involved in pathological process Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used. It is important to prescribe early physiotherapeutic procedures, chest massage, physical therapy and breathing exercises.

Prognosis and prevention

When applying early medical care and if treatment is started in a timely manner, the pathology proceeds favorably. Typically, gasoline pneumonia ends with clinical recovery within 1-2 weeks, radiological changes are completely resolved by the end of 3-4 weeks. The presence of severe complications worsens the prognosis. In advanced cases, pneumofibrosis develops, lung excursion is disrupted, which subsequently leads to the development of chronic respiratory failure. A preventive measure is strict adherence to safety rules when using fuels and lubricants in work.

The inflammatory process in the lungs, before the advent of the era of antibiotics in the 20th century, was considered a death sentence in medicine - only a few had a chance of recovery.

And at present, mortality from pneumonia is in fourth place (9%) after heart disease, tumors and accidents in the adult population, accounting for 15% of deaths in children of early years of life.

Pneumonia is Latin name pneumonia, serious illness lung tissue with damage to structural elements - alveoli. They are microscopic in size, but the total area when inhaled is 120 m2.

It is in the alveoli that the blood is enriched with oxygen; they are responsible for acid-base balance in the body, through the alveoli, the body secretes 0.5 liters of water per day. Inflammation of the lung tissue - pneumonia - poses a mortal threat to the vital functions of the body.

The disease is infectious in nature - the causative agents can be bacterial, viral and fungal microflora, most often from among the usual inhabitants of our upper respiratory tract. Only influenza viruses or other respiratory diseases can be incoming guests.

For pneumonia to occur in adults, a combination of several factors is required:

The main one is hypothermia of the body;
Decreased immunity (including HIV);
Staying in a room with patients or carriers of pulmonary infections;
Smoking, which destroys the structure of the bronchi and lungs;
Allergy;
Chest injuries;
Chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchi;
Heart failure with congestion;
Endocrine disorders;
Radiation therapy for oncology;
Burns of the respiratory tract;
Long bed rest;
Intubation or bronchoscopy;

In most cases, the infection enters the lungs through the bronchogenic route, with air containing pathogens. The hematogenous route of infection is rare - with sepsis and intravenous administration drugs. More less likely lymphogenous onset of the disease.

There are many forms, stages and types of pneumonia (acute and chronic, unilateral and bilateral, lobar, focal, confluent), and each has its own symptoms. But some symptoms are necessarily present with pneumonia, having their own differences that make it possible to clarify the diagnosis:

temperature about 39-40°C;
painful cough, the nature of which serves hallmark different forms pneumonia;
shortness of breath and a feeling of congestion in the lungs;
chest pain;
purulent or bloody sputum;
loss of strength;
loss of appetite to its complete absence;
sleep disturbance.

Atypical pneumonia

The older the patient, the more severe the manifestations of the disease. The body temperature becomes critical, signs of general intoxication with damage to the central nervous system are expressed - confusion, insomnia or increased drowsiness.

With mycoplasma pneumonia, an indirect signal can be a skin rash and nosebleeds.

Chlamydial pneumonia more often it is bilateral.

Legionella pneumonia was allocated to separate form, after discovering the pathogen in 1996 and determining how the infection spreads through air conditioning systems.

It has an acute onset rapid development all symptoms, requires complex complex treatment, long period rehabilitation and risks serious complications. This form of pneumonia is also called “Legionnaires’ disease,” and why this is so can be found on Wikipedia.

Diagnosis atypical pneumonia is determined based on the results of laboratory tests.

Viral pneumonia

If the culprit of pneumonia is a viral infection, then the following typical manifestations are added to the listed signs:

runny nose and sore throat,
the appearance of red streaks in the eye sclera,
enlarged cervical and axillary lymph nodes,
cyanosis of the face,
gastrointestinal disorders in the form of nausea and diarrhea,
wheezing in the lungs when listening.

The causative agent, coronavirus, was identified only in 2002. It constantly mutates, complicating diagnosis and the search for treatment options.

Very dangerous hidden form viral pneumonia without fever, which a doctor can recognize by the following signs:

a sharp breath with a whistle,
increased chest pain when turning the body,
unhealthy blush on the cheeks,
an insatiable desire to drink,
muscle pain,
fever and sweating.

Pneumonia without symptoms in an adult

Pneumonia in adults can occur without cough, fever, or other symptoms. severe symptoms. A person usually carries it on his feet, without consulting a doctor. The diagnosis is made retroactively in the presence of severe complications - disruption of the structure of the lung tissue, damage to the kidneys and heart.

The reason for the asymptomatic course of the process lies in a sharp weakening of the immune system.

This happens:

In the homeless;
In HIV-infected people;
In patients after radiation or chemotherapy;
In alcoholics;
For “workaholics” (most often these are office workers who spend the working day in a constant static position indoors);
In older people.

Treatment methods for pneumonia

The diagnosis of “pneumonia” 5-6 days after the onset of the disease is confirmed by X-ray examination, bronchoscopy, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.

In severe cases of pneumonia, treatment is always carried out in a hospital - constant monitoring of the patient's condition is required to avoid complications, the most dangerous of which is pulmonary edema, which leads to death. Self-medication is not allowed.

The patient needs bed rest, the room is often ventilated and quartzed.

To reduce intoxication and prevent severe defeat kidneys are prescribed intravenous infusions of glucose and saline solution, vitamin therapy, and drinking plenty of fluids.

In cases of pulmonary edema, treatment is carried out with oxygen, artificial respiration. Treatment of pneumonia in the elderly and children is difficult sharp decline immunity.

When the temperature normalizes, physiotherapy (UHF, UV irradiation, electrophoresis with antibiotics) and exercise therapy are added.

Drug treatment

Without intensive treatment, the disease will become chronic, with various consequences.

High temperatures are reduced with antipyretic drugs (nurofen, paracetamol); in severe cases, corticosteroids are added to relieve inflammation.

Cough is relieved by bronchodilators and expectorants (lazolvan, bronchicum, ambrobene). Painkillers and heart medications are prescribed.

For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are prescribed; only the attending physician can choose them under control of the sensitivity of microbes to various medications. The course of treatment for sick leave and community-acquired pneumonia– they differ in the type of pathogens with a similar course.

At viral nature specific diseases are prescribed antivirals(aflubin, anaferon, amizon, ingaverin) and broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs (ribavirin).

Fungal infection of the lungs requires the use of antifungal drugs.

For other forms of atypical pneumonia, treatment is mostly symptomatic. Specific drugs are still under development.

Traditional methods at home

Without drug treatment traditional methods will be insufficient and lead to complications. Saunas and hot baths are prohibited. In acute forms of pneumonia, it is appropriate to use herbal infusions for drink plenty of fluids(infusions of chamomile, oregano, mint, lemon balm, birch and pine buds).

Stage of recovery and chronic forms allow the use folk remedies together with medicines. To increase immunity and relieve inflammation, honey, aloe juice, onions and garlic are traditionally used in the form of tinctures and decoctions. In many folk recipes Cahors is present as a remedy.

It is no coincidence that sanatoriums for convalescents are located in coniferous forests (pine, fir, juniper, cedar) - their air contains essential oils coniferous trees, promotes the restoration of lung tissue.

Inhalations with essential oils

The use of folk remedies in the form of inhalations, which can be carried out using special devices or just the old fashioned way - inhaling warm steam saturated with essential oils (add a few drops to hot water).

They have a softening, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator and expectorant effect.

You can use one oil, or you can create combinations of them according to the patient’s condition and his preferences. Commonly used castor oil, as well as roses, wheat germ, mint, St. John's wort, coriander, basil (see properties of all oils).

Also used are “Zvezdochka” balm (it contains similar components), petroleum jelly, glycerin and fish oil to enhance the effect.

After inhalation it is necessary to grind chest and stay under the covers for an hour.

Essential oils are especially effective for bacterial form pneumonia and less effective for others. This is explained by the fact that the antibacterial properties of oils “remain unclaimed” and only immunomodulatory and restorative ones help.

Prevention

To prevent pneumonia, hypothermia should be avoided, especially after recent respiratory illnesses.

Every person at any age should take care of maintaining their immunity, strengthening the body physical exercise And water treatments. With modern sedentary life is very important condition maintaining health.

DESCRIPTION

Chemical pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs or difficulty breathing due to inhalation of chemical fumes, or aspiration (inhalation and choking on) gastric acid from the stomach, mineral oil, gasoline, or other damaging chemicals.

REASONS

Chemical pneumonia occurs as a result of inhaling gases with a strong irritating odor. Oil (or lipid) pneumonia can begin when inhaling fumes from fatty (oily) foods.

SYMPTOMS

Sudden chills and an increase in temperature to 39-41 ° C, increasing sensations of tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, dry cough, which soon becomes unusually painful. As a result of high temperature and intoxication, the patient may become delirious. The face and lips often have a bluish tint. Breathing is rapid. To reduce pain, there is a desire to lie on the painful side.

Those who survive go through a state of crisis. At the same time, the temperature drops sharply, it is noted heavy sweating, expectorates large number sputum. For complete recovery it is necessary long period time. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Hello! I have been taking birth control Dimia for 14 days. Present nagging pain lower abdomen. Is this how the body adapts to the pills? Or are they just not suitable for me? Is it worth switching to other OKs, for example Jess, or should I wait a little longer?

posted by Nastya_mamka 11:55 11/07/2013

Good afternoon The situation is this: I take the drug Zhanine for therapeutic purposes (prescribed after hysteroscopy in August 2012), but this month I missed 1 and 4 tablets. I was also sick and took antibiotics (from the 1st to the 5th day of the cycle). Now my chest hurts and sometimes discomfort in the area of the uterus and appendages. Today I took a test - it gave a slightly strange result - the stripes seemed to move to the right, but then a pale second stripe appeared in in the right place! Tell me, is pregnancy possible? and what are the consequences of taking OCs and antibiotics? I'm very worried...

I want to add to the question: Please tell me, 2 weeks ago I ovulated and tried to conceive. Three days after the attempt, my chest became swollen and sore; for one day the temperature was 37, then it became normal at 36.6. After 2 weeks, I was carrying bags of food, not very heavy, but my ovaries began to hurt, and the next day I started having very heavy periods, and a week earlier (cycle 35 days). I took 1 test and it was negative. The question is: could this be a miscarriage? or something else?

Good afternoon Please help me calculate the most likely date of conception. On August 16, 2013, according to an ultrasound, I was diagnosed at 5-6 weeks (CTE 5 mm). One gynecologist said that it was from 16-24, and another that in the first days of July. I really need the opinion of a third specialist. This is important because I took antibiotics in July. Thanks in advance.

Hello, please tell me, my daughter, she is 19 years old, was diagnosed with a child’s uterus, she has irregular and very painful periods, and also has very small breasts, despite the fact that she herself is not skinny, with a height of 169, she weighs 63-64 kg , you were prescribed to take Tazalok, Enat, Ascocin, Vitacap, please tell me whether, in your opinion, these drugs can change the situation for the better, in terms of whether the uterus and breasts can still grow at the age of 19?

Can't get pregnant

Good afternoon We have been living with my husband for 2 years, and have been trying to conceive a child for about 10 months. It doesn't work. The cycle is irregular. When I went to the doctor, they discovered bacterial vaginosis, treated. Nothing hurts, there is no suspicious discharge. Why doesn't pregnancy occur? And when is there a high chance of getting pregnant? Maybe some days? Help please! I really want a child!

Hello, please tell me, three months ago I had a pelvic ultrasound follicular cyst, now they diagnose a cystadenoma of the left ovary and recommend laparoscopy, the cyst size is 30 mm, the CA-125 test is 40 U/ml. What to do, become pregnant and give birth to your first child, and then remove the cyst or remove it first? What are the chances that the left ovary will be saved, and how will this affect conception in the future? Are there any other methods of getting rid of a cyst besides surgery? THANK YOU!

Good afternoon My problem is this: 11 days ago I had sexual intercourse with a partner, as a result of which the condom broke, the guy did not cum in me. The next day, after what happened, I decided to do a test to check if I had become pregnant on any of the previous days, the test showed one accurate line, and the second was barely visible, blurry. A couple of days later I repeated the test, the result was one clear strip. A few days after the test, my period started and lasted 6 days, as usual. 3 days after the end of menstruation, i.e. Today, I took a test. Again it shows one precise stripe, and the second one is blurred. Explain why this is so? And is pregnancy possible?

Hello, I have two children, then an abortion, after which an intrauterine device was inserted, my periods came twice a month, what could this be connected with?

I’m a girl, I’m 18. I haven’t had lubrication all my life. Not when I’m excited.. never at all. I feel pain during sex. Is this an individuality of some kind of body or a problem, a disease?

Hello. Help me figure it out. Yesterday I had an ultrasound. I am on day 17 of my cycle, ovulation occurred on day 15 of my cycle. In conclusion they wrote to me: m-echo 11mm. Right ovary 30*26*24mm liquid formation 10*7ml irregular shape with echo. Left ovary 29*32*32 mm follicles 4-5. In the retrouterine space there is 18 ml of free fluid. I can't figure out if I'm pregnant or not. Thank you very much in advance.

I’ve been taking Marvelon for the third month. Last month I didn’t have time to finish 4 tablets when my period started. This month I took only 7 tablets and my period started again... I don’t understand what’s happening to my body? Panic begins... Should I take them or wait until my period ends? For what reason does this happen? Should I change my pills? I used to take Diana 35 and never had any problems..What do you advise me? Is it dangerous?

Hello, I am 20 years old and have been suffering from thrush for 1.5 years. I have tried a bunch of treatment regimens, taking fluconazole, itracon, polygynax, terzhinan, zalain, clotrimazole, lactovit, biogaia. In short, each doctor prescribes his own. He has a permanent partner and has no complaints (we were always treated together). I took a bunch of tests for diabetes, PPIs, and even had an immunogram. All in different clinics because I have tested it more than once. Now I have a similar situation (discharge, white pieces or together with mucus (mucus probably because my period is coming soon) and also with elements of cottage cheese, a slightly sour smell, moderate itching after urination) This month I took a smear and tank tests .sowing. Everything about the smear is perfect...the culture is also normal. I always ran to this clinic first because it’s good. They can't miss something twice. By the way, while I was taking fluconazole for 3 months, there were no exacerbations on the first day of the cycle. As soon as I gave up, I relapsed again. But I shouldn’t drink it for life. In addition, previously, even with thrush, the cycle was day after day, but now even this is lost. I hardly eat sweets, I eat relatively healthy. What else is wrong in the body. Well, why not ARVI, but specifically thrush every month. I'm confused. Tell me please:
1. Could it be that the tests are good, but I’m suffering, or is it the carelessness of the doctors and I’ll have to run back and take them again?
2.Which specialist can I contact with this problem?
3. What kind of flora-friendly drugs, i.e. not broad-spectrum, can be taken
4.And then the thought came to me: what if it’s an allergy? Is this possible?

I am 4 weeks pregnant (according to ultrasound), and the ultrasound also showed a change on the right ovary (enlarged follicle). Today herpis appeared on the labia, sometimes the lower abdomen pulls a little. The ultrasound specialist told me to lie down to save the fetus. I REALLY want this child.
How bad are all of the above symptoms?
What to do to save the fetus?

Pneumonia - what it is, causes, signs, symptoms in adults and treatment of pneumonia

Pneumonia in adults (pneumonia) - inflammation of the lower respiratory tract of various etiologies, occurring with intra-alveolar exudation and accompanied by characteristic clinical and radiological signs. The main cause of the development of the disease is a pulmonary infection that affects all structures of the lungs. There are many types of pneumonia, ranging in severity from mild to severe, or even fatal.

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is predominantly acute pathological condition caused by infectious and inflammatory lesions of the pulmonary parenchyma. With this disease, the lower respiratory tract (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) is involved in the process.

This is a fairly common disease, diagnosed in approximately 12–14 adults out of 1000, and in older people whose age has exceeded 50–55 years, the ratio is 17:1000. In terms of the frequency of deaths, pneumonia ranks first among all infectious diseases place.

ICD-10 code: J12, J13, J14, J15, J16, J17, J18, P23

The duration of the disease depends on the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment and the reactivity of the body. Before the advent of antibiotics high temperature decreased on days 7-9.

Reasons

Most often, pneumonia is caused by bacteria (pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae, less commonly - mycoplasma, chlamydia), but the likelihood of developing pneumonia increases during periods of outbreaks and epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections.

In old age, the most common causes of pneumonia are pneumococci, streptococci, mycoplasma, and their combinations. To eliminate errors when making a diagnosis, an X-ray examination of the lungs is done in several projections.

Among the causes of pneumonia in adults, bacterial infection ranks first. The most common pathogens are:

gram-positive microorganisms: pneumococci (from 40 to 60%), staphylococci (from 2 to 5%), streptococci (2.5%);
gram-negative microorganisms: Friedlander's bacillus (from 3 to 8%), Haemophilus influenzae (7%), enterobacteria (6%), Proteus, E. coli, Legionella, etc. (from 1.5 to 4.5%);
mycoplasma (6%);
viral infections (herpes viruses, influenza and parainfluenza, adenoviruses, etc.);
fungal infections.

Risk factors for developing pneumonia in adults:

Constant stress that depletes the body.
Poor nutrition. Insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, fresh fish, lean meat.
Weakened immunity. Leads to a decrease in the barrier functions of the body.
Frequent colds, leading to the formation of a chronic focus of infection.
Smoking. When smoking, the walls of the bronchi and alveoli become covered with various harmful substances, preventing surfactant and other lung structures from working normally.
Alcohol abuse.
Chronic diseases. Especially pyelonephritis, heart failure, ischemic disease hearts.

Classification

Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of disease.
Nosocomial or hospital-acquired pneumonia. This form includes a disease that developed while the patient was in the hospital for more than 72 hours.
Atypical pneumonia. A type of disease caused by atypical microflora (chlamydia, mycoplasma, legionella, etc.).
Aspiration pneumonia is an infectious-toxic damage to the pulmonary parenchyma that develops as a result of the contents of the oral cavity, nasopharynx, and stomach entering the lower respiratory tract.

Depending on the etiology, pneumonia can be:

viral;
fungal;
bacterial;
mycoplasma;
mixed.

Depending on the nature of the disease:

Type of pneumonia by location

left-handed;
right-sided;
unilateral: one lung is affected;
bilateral: both lungs are affected;

Severity of the inflammatory process:

light;
moderate severity;
heavy.

First signs

What signs can you use to identify pneumonia at home? Initial signs Diseases are not easy to recognize. They may not exist at all, appear rarely or be mild. It all depends on the type of pathogen. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the changes occurring in the body.

The main signs of pneumonia in adults are cough (there are exceptions) and chest pain, which, depending on the etiology of the disease and its type, may be accompanied by certain symptoms.

The first signs of pneumonia that should alert a person:

weakness of the limbs (feeling like “wobbly legs”);
minor temperature violations;
dry cough;
dyspnea;
periodic hot flashes, which are replaced by a state of cold sweat.

A specific sign of pneumonia in an adult is a feeling acute pain in the chest area when performing breathing movements and the coughing process.

Body temperature can be very high up to 39-40C, or may remain subfebrile 37.1-37.5C (with atypical form). Therefore, even with low body temperature, cough, weakness and other signs of malaise, you should definitely consult a doctor.

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults

How pneumonia manifests itself in adults depends on the type of pathogen, the severity of the disease, etc. Characteristic signs pneumonia, acute development of the process, its extensiveness and the likelihood of complications with improper therapy - more important than the reasons immediate appeal patients to specialists.

Almost every type of pneumonia has characteristic features flows determined by the properties of the microbial agent, the severity of the disease and the presence of complications.

The main symptoms of pneumonia in adults:

increased body temperature;
cough, dry at the beginning of the disease, as it develops - with copious sputum;
dyspnea;
increased fatigue, weakness;
fear caused by lack of air;
chest pain.

In addition, the following secondary signs of pneumonia may be observed:

headache;
cyanotic (blue) lips and nails;
muscle pain;
fatigue, shortness of breath;

If bilateral pneumonia progresses, the symptoms are atypical and are detailed below:

blue lips, fingertips;
heavy, labored breathing;
continuous dry cough with sputum;
shortness of breath, weakness throughout the body;
lack of appetite.

Sometimes pneumonia has a mild course - without fever. The only things that attract attention are weakness, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, and periodic cough. In this case, the diagnosis is confirmed only by x-ray.

Pneumonia: symptoms and treatment in adults, inhalation with oils

The inflammatory process in the lungs, before the advent of the era of antibiotics in the 20th century, was considered a death sentence in medicine - only a few had a chance of recovery.

And at present, mortality from pneumonia is in fourth place (9%) after heart disease, tumors and accidents in the adult population, accounting for 15% of deaths in children of early years of life.

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is the Latin name for inflammation of the lungs, a serious disease of the lung tissue with damage to structural elements - the alveoli. They are microscopic in size, but the total area when inhaled is 120 m2.

It is in the alveoli that the blood is enriched with oxygen; they are responsible for the acid-base balance in the body; through the alveoli, the body releases 0.5 liters of water per day. Inflammation of the lung tissue - pneumonia - poses a mortal threat to the vital functions of the body.

For pneumonia to occur in adults, a combination of several factors is required:

The main one is hypothermia of the body;
Decreased immunity (including HIV);
Staying in a room with patients or carriers of pulmonary infections;
Smoking, which destroys the structure of the bronchi and lungs;
Allergy;
Chest injuries;
Chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchi;
Heart failure with congestion;
Endocrine disorders;
Radiation therapy for oncology;
Burns of the respiratory tract;
Prolonged bed rest;
Intubation or bronchoscopy;

In most cases, the infection enters the lungs through the bronchogenic route, with air containing pathogens. The hematogenous route of infection is rare - with sepsis and intravenous drug administration. The likelihood of a lymphogenous onset of the disease is even less likely.

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults

temperature about 39-40°C;
a painful cough, the nature of which serves as a hallmark of various forms of pneumonia;
shortness of breath and a feeling of congestion in the lungs;
chest pain;
purulent or bloody sputum;
loss of strength;
loss of appetite to its complete absence;
sleep disturbance.

Atypical pneumonia

With mycoplasma pneumonia, an indirect signal can be a skin rash and nosebleeds.

Chlamydial pneumonia more often it is bilateral.

Legionella pneumonia was separated into a separate form after the pathogen was discovered in 1996 and the routes of infection were determined - through air conditioning systems.

It has an acute onset, rapid development of all symptoms, requires complex complex treatment, a long period of rehabilitation and threatens with severe complications. This form of pneumonia is also called “Legionnaires’ disease,” and why this is so can be found on Wikipedia.

The diagnosis of atypical pneumonia is made based on the results of laboratory tests.

Viral pneumonia

If the culprit of pneumonia is a viral infection, then the following typical manifestations are added to the listed signs:

runny nose and sore throat,
the appearance of red streaks in the eye sclera,
enlarged cervical and axillary lymph nodes,
cyanosis of the face,
gastrointestinal disorders in the form of nausea and diarrhea,
wheezing in the lungs when listening.

The causative agent, coronavirus, was identified only in 2002. It constantly mutates, complicating diagnosis and the search for treatment options.

A latent form of viral pneumonia without fever is very dangerous, which a doctor can recognize by the following signs:

a sharp breath with a whistle,
increased chest pain when turning the body,
unhealthy blush on the cheeks,
an insatiable desire to drink,
muscle pain,
fever and sweating.

Pneumonia without symptoms in an adult

Pneumonia in adults can occur without cough, fever or other severe symptoms. A person usually carries it on his feet, without consulting a doctor. The diagnosis is made retroactively in the presence of severe complications - disruption of the structure of the lung tissue, damage to the kidneys and heart.

The reason for the asymptomatic course of the process lies in a sharp weakening of the immune system.

In the homeless;
In HIV-infected people;
In patients after radiation or chemotherapy;
In alcoholics;
For “workaholics” (most often these are office workers who spend the working day in a constant static position indoors);
In older people.

Treatment methods for pneumonia

The diagnosis of “pneumonia” 5-6 days after the onset of the disease is confirmed by X-ray examination, bronchoscopy, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.

The patient needs bed rest, the room is often ventilated and quartzed.

To reduce intoxication and prevent severe kidney damage, intravenous infusions of glucose and saline solutions, vitamin therapy, and drinking plenty of fluids are prescribed.

In cases of pulmonary edema, treatment with oxygen and artificial respiration is carried out. Treatment of pneumonia in elderly people and children is complicated by a sharp decrease in immunity.

When the temperature normalizes, physiotherapy (UHF, UV irradiation, electrophoresis with antibiotics) and exercise therapy are added.

Drug treatment

Without intensive treatment, the disease will become chronic, with various consequences.

High temperatures are reduced with antipyretic drugs (nurofen, paracetamol); in severe cases, corticosteroids are added to relieve inflammation.

Cough is relieved by bronchodilators and expectorants (lazolvan, bronchicum, ambrobene). Painkillers and heart medications are prescribed.

For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are prescribed; only the attending physician can choose them under control of the sensitivity of microbes to various medications. The course of treatment for hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia depends only on this - they differ in the type of pathogens with a similar course.

If the disease is viral in nature, specific antiviral drugs (aflubin, anaferon, amizon, ingaverin) and broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs (ribavirin) are prescribed.

Fungal infection of the lungs requires the use of antifungal drugs.

For other forms of atypical pneumonia, treatment is mostly symptomatic. Specific drugs are still under development.

Traditional methods at home

Without drug treatment, traditional methods will be insufficient and will lead to complications. Saunas and hot baths are prohibited. In acute forms of pneumonia, it is appropriate to use herbal infusions for drinking heavily (infusions of chamomile, oregano, mint, lemon balm, birch and pine buds).

The recovery stage and chronic forms allow the use of folk remedies in conjunction with medications. To increase immunity and relieve inflammation, honey, black radish juice, viburnum, aloe juice, onion and garlic in the form of tinctures and decoctions are traditionally used. In many folk recipes, Cahors is present as a remedy.

It is no coincidence that sanatoriums for convalescents are located in coniferous forests (pine, fir, juniper, cedar) - their air, containing essential oils of coniferous trees, helps restore lung tissue.

Inhalations with essential oils

The use of folk remedies in the form of inhalations is very effective, which can be carried out using special devices or simply the old-fashioned way - inhaling warm steam saturated with essential oils (add a few drops to hot water).

They have a softening, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator and expectorant effect.

You can use one oil, or you can create combinations of them according to the patient’s condition and his preferences. The widespread use of fir, eucalyptus, anise, castor oil, as well as tea tree oil, rose, wheat germ, mint, St. John's wort, coriander, basil (see the table for the properties of all oils).

“Zvezdochka” balm (it contains similar components), petroleum jelly, glycerin and fish oil are also used to enhance the effect.

After inhalation, you need to rub your chest and stay under the blanket for an hour.

Essential oils are especially effective for bacterial forms of pneumonia and less effective for others. This is explained by the fact that the antibacterial properties of oils “remain unclaimed” and only immunomodulatory and restorative ones help.

Prevention

To prevent pneumonia, hypothermia should be avoided, especially after recent respiratory illnesses.

Every person at any age should take care of maintaining their immunity by strengthening the body with physical exercise and water treatments. With a modern sedentary lifestyle, this is a very important condition for maintaining health.

To this group of pneumonia include aspiration pneumonia, for example, with drug-induced comas, some pneumonia caused by x-ray examination using a contrast agent (barium sulfate) with esophageal atresia, and lipoid pneumonia (pneumonia lipoides, oleoma pulmonum, etc.). The latter is rare, especially nowadays. It is caused by oil droplets entering the lower respiratory tract when long-term treatment nasal drops containing liquid paraffin or vegetable oils, with prolonged use of liquid paraffin in people suffering from constipation, during bronchography. With bronchography, lipiodol can cause peribronchial changes, sometimes expressed as a pattern of miliary dispersion. Lipoid pneumonia was also observed after lymphography. The middle and lower lobes of the lungs are usually affected. Macroscopically, the tissue is compacted under the shape of individual nodes or more diffusely. Nodes yellowish color and when cut, their surface is greasy. Histologically, the presence of fibrous tissue and macrophages containing droplets of fat are detected.

Complaints and objective signs of these pneumonias are very diverse (from mild bronchitis to severe pneumonia with elevated temperature, productive cough, shortness of breath, hemoptysis). More often the disease begins gradually and has chronic course accompanied by cough, weight loss, night sweats with normal temperature. In one part of the patients there are no complaints (despite the presence of extensive shadows on the radiograph) and the disease is discovered at autopsy. Physical signs varied and uncharacteristic. X-rays reveal peribronchial infiltrates, diffuse lobar opacities, isolated or scattered focal shadows, in the form of stripes in the lower lobes of the lungs. Sometimes decay can be detected in the infiltrate. The blood picture is normal, except acute form when leukocytosis can be detected.

Lipoid pneumonia occurring after bronchography is acute. They were observed after bronchography, in which an oil suspension was used. Altrnan describes a case of lipoid pneumonia after lymphography, when resorption occurred just as quickly - after 14 days. In other cases, however, particularly with lipiodol a, the contrast agent remains in the lungs for months or years and causes the development of granulomas of the type foreign body and limited pulmonary fibrosis. To make a diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia, anamnesis is very important (use of liquid paraffin, oil drops and ointments for the nose, etc.), detection of large macrophages containing oil drops, and sometimes a lung biopsy.

Differential diagnosis carried out with lung cancer, tuberculosis, pneumosclerosis, bronchopneumonia, sarcoidosis, mycoses, etc.

Treatment consists of stopping the use of liquid paraffin and other similar drugs, prescribing symptomatic medications, and in case of secondary bacterial infection- sulfonamides and antibiotics. In the presence of large individual nodes, it is sometimes necessary surgical treatment- lung resection. With timely discontinuation of the drugs “culpable for the disease,” the development of the disease usually stops. The prognosis in such cases is good.

Prevention. Avoid prescribing appropriate medications containing vegetable oils and liquid paraffin, especially for children. early age, patients in a state of coma, etc. In case of esophageal atresia, do not perform x-ray examination barium sulfate, as it enters the respiratory tract, irritates them and causes severe inflammatory processes. For research, it is better to use 1-2 ml of lipiodol or another iodine preparation.