It's simple - it's the only organ human body, which cannot recover on its own.

Modern and ancient teeth

In the anatomy course, the definition of a tooth is given - it is ossified part of the mucosa shells designed for chewing food.

If we delve deeper into phylogenetics, then the “ancestor” of human teeth is considered fish scales, located along the mouth. As they wear, teeth change - this is a mechanism inherent in nature.

In lower vertebrate representatives of the fauna, change occurs several times during the entire life cycle.

The human race is not so lucky; its bite changes only once - the milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth.

Evolution has significantly changed the human jaw apparatus. U ancient man there were more than 36 teeth. And this was justified by the diet - tough raw food. To chew it, you had to work your jaw with force. Therefore, a massive jaw apparatus and chewing muscles were developed.

When our ancestors learned to make fire, they had the opportunity to process food. This made the diet softer and more easily digestible. Therefore, the anatomy of the jaw underwent transformation again - it became smaller. Homo sapiens' jaw no longer protruded forward. It has acquired a modern look.

The teeth of primitive people were not beautiful and did not form a radiant smile, but they were different strength and health. After all, they actively used them, chewing solid and rational food.

Anatomical development

The formation of teeth is a long process that begins in the womb and is completed by the age of 20. best case scenario.

Dentists distinguish several periods of tooth development. The process has already begun in the second month of pregnancy.

Children have 20 baby teeth, an adult has 32. The first teeth are at six months, and by the age of 2.5 they are already present complete milk set. Outwardly they look like permanent teeth, but there is a fundamental difference - thin enamel, large amounts of organic matter, short weak roots.

By age 6, the baby's bite begins to change. Besides, molars are erupting, which did not have dairy predecessors.

The process continues up to 14 years. And it ends only when the third and fourth teeth – “wise” teeth – erupt. You can wait for them until old age.

Structure

tooth like separate element, includes identical parts. The cross-sectional structure of a human tooth can be seen in the diagram:

1. Crown– visible part.
2. Root– in the recess of the jaw (alveolus). Attached by connective tissue made of collagen fibers. The apex has a noticeable opening pierced by nerve endings and vascular network.
3. Neck– combines the root part with the visible part.

1. Enamel– hard covering fabric.
2. Dentine– the main layer of the tooth. Cellular structure it is similar to bone tissue, but is distinguished by strength and high mineralization.
3. Pulp– central soft connective tissue, penetrated by the vascular network and nerve fibers.

Look visual video about the structure of teeth:

Milk teeth have the following features:

• smaller size;
• reduced degree of mineralization of layers;
• larger volume pulp;
• fuzzy bumps;
• more convex incisors;
• shortened and weak rhizomes.

With improper care of the primary occlusion, 80% of all adult pathologies develop precisely at an unconscious age. Careful hygiene of replacement teeth saves permanent teeth from many potential problems.

Types of teeth

Teeth differ in appearance and functions. Despite these differences, they have general mechanism development and construction. The structure of the human jaw includes the upper and lower dentition (2 dental arches), each with 14-16 teeth. We have several types of teeth in our mouth:

• Incisors– front teeth in the form of a cutting chisel with sharp edges (8 in total, 4 on each arch). Their function is to cut pieces of food into optimal size. Upper incisors They are distinguished by a wide crown, the lower ones are twice as narrow. They have a single cone-shaped root. The surface of the crown has tubercles that wear away over the years.
• Fangs– chewing teeth designed for separating food (4 in total, 2 on each jaw). On back side there is a groove dividing the crown into two unequal parts. The crown itself is cone-shaped due to one pronounced cusp, so these teeth look like animal fangs. Canine teeth have the longest root of all teeth.

• Premolars– these are small molar chewing teeth (4 on each jaw). They are located behind the canines towards the central incisors. They are distinguished by a prismatic shape and a convex crown. On the chewing surface there are 2 tubercles, between which there is a groove. Premolars differ from each other by their roots. In the first it is flat and bifurcated, in the second it is cone-shaped with a larger buccal surface. The second is larger than the first, the depression in the enamel is shaped like a horseshoe.
• Molars– large molars (from 4 to 6 on each arch, usually the same as the number of small molars). From front to back they decrease in size due to the structure of the jaw. The first tooth is the largest - rectangular in shape with four tubercles and three roots. When the jaw closes, the molars close and serve as stoppers, therefore they are susceptible to big changes. They bear a colossal burden. “Wisdom teeth” are the outermost molars in the dentition.

The arrangement of teeth on the plates is indicated by a special generally accepted diagram. The dental formula consists of numbers indicating the teeth - incisors (2), canines (2), premolars (2), molars (3) on each side of one plate. It turns out 32 elements.

The structure of the teeth of the same name on the upper and lower jaw of a person has differences.

Bottom "players"

On my upper jaw The following teeth can be found:

• Center incisors (1)– chisel-shaped teeth with a dense crown and one cone-shaped root. On the outside, the cutting edge is slightly beveled.
• Side cutters (2)– chisel-shaped teeth with three tubercles on the cutting surface. The upper third of the rhizome is deflected back.
• Fangs (3)- similar to animal teeth due to pointed edges and a convex crown with only one cusp.
• I-th radical small (4)– a prismatic tooth with convex lingual and buccal surfaces. It has two tubercles of unequal sizes - the buccal one is larger, the flattened root of a double shape.
• II root small (5)– differs from the first in a large area on the cheek side and a cone-shaped compressed rhizome.
• 1st molar (6) is a large rectangular molar. The chewing surface of the crown resembles a diamond. A tooth has 3 roots.
• 2nd molar (7)– differs from the previous one in its smaller size and cubic shape.
• III molar (8)- “wisdom tooth”. Not everyone grows it. It differs from the second molar in having a shorter and coarser root.

Top "players"

The teeth of the lower arch have the same names, but differ in their structure:

• Incisors in the center- the smallest elements with a small flat root and three tubercles.
• Incisors from the side– larger than the previous incisors by a couple of millimeters. The teeth have a narrow crown and a flat root.
• Fangs– diamond-shaped teeth with a convexity on the tongue side. They differ from their upper counterparts in having a narrower crown and inward deviation of the root.
• 1st root small– a round-shaped tooth with a beveled chewing plane. It has two tubercles and a flattened root.
• II root small– larger than the first, distinguished by identical tubercles.
• 1st molar– a cube-shaped tooth, has 5 tubercles and 2 rhizomes.
• 2nd molar– identical to I.
• 3rd molar– characterized by a variety of tubercles.

Features of teeth

What is the fundamental difference between the front teeth and chewing teeth? Functional differences were laid down by nature.

• This determined their shape and structure. As mentioned above, they are distinguished by a pointed crown and a single flat rhizome.
• Molars and premolars (side teeth) are needed for chewing food, hence the name “chewable”. They bear a large load, so they have several strong roots (up to 5 pieces) and a large chewing area.

One more feature side elements– high exposure. After all, food residues accumulate on their surface, which are difficult to remove with a toothbrush.

In addition, this area is difficult to see with ordinary eyes, so it is easy to miss the first signs of damage. It is these teeth that are most often subject to extraction and implantation.

Wisdom comes with pain

The most “sick” tooth- This is a wisdom tooth. It's a shame that it doesn't bring any benefit; its functions have long since sunk into oblivion. And lucky are those for whom it remains in its infancy and does not strive to grow.

The anatomical structure of the third molar is no different from other teeth. It simply has a shortened trunk and several tubercles.

All a person should have four “wise” teeth– 2 on each arc.

But “wise” teeth erupt later than others - in the period from 17 to 25 years. IN in rare cases the process drags on until old age. The older the individual, the more painful it will be for him.

These teeth may only seem half(semi-retained teeth) or remain undetected (impacted teeth). The reason for this harmfulness is the structure of the jaw of today's man. “Wise” teeth simply do not have enough space.

Refined diet and large size brain, the jaw apparatus was corrected.

Third molars have lost their functionality. Scientists still don't have an answer why they continue to grow.

Pain during the eruption of the third molar is felt due to its overcoming mechanical impact, because the jaw has already formed. Growth can be accompanied by various complications.

It happens that it lies horizontally, comes into contact with the nerve, puts pressure on the “neighbor”, provoking its destruction. If the third molar is pushing against the tongue or cheek, inflammation and injury cannot be avoided.

Another unpleasant diagnosis is pericoronitis. A “wise” tooth can erupt for years, and the mucous membrane suffers because of this.

Chronic inflammation occurs and the gums become dense.

As a result, it appears slimy hood, which provokes purulent processes. This problem can only be solved by a dentist through surgical intervention.

Many people think about useless and painful tooth wisdom. If it has grown correctly and does not cause any discomfort, it is better to leave it alone. Sometimes the dentist recommends removing the second molar so that the third molar can be placed in its place.

If the wisdom tooth is very painful, then it is better to remove it, there's no need to delay this. Over the years, it settles more and more tightly in the gum; this, when removed, can cause some problems.

Curious facts

What else do we know about teeth besides the fact that they need to be brushed?

• Twins and twins also duplicate their dental “composition”. If one is missing a specific tooth, then the other is missing it too.
• A right-handed person more often works with the right side of the jaw, a left-handed person works accordingly.
• The jaws are designed to huge load. The maximum chewing muscle force approaches 390 kg. Not every tooth can do it. If you chew nuts, you create a pressure of 100 kg.
• Elephants change teeth 6 times. Science knows of a case where a 100-year-old man's teeth changed for the second time.
• The enamel on the teeth is considered the hardest tissue, which is reproduced by the human body.
• The tooth can be stored for a long time even at temperatures above 1000 degrees.
• 99% of calcium reserves are found in human teeth.
• Science has proven that strong teeth are a sign of good memory.
• The most expensive tooth belongs to the scientist Newton, it was sold in the 19th century for 3.3 thousand dollars. The buyer of aristocratic origin decorated the ring with it.

• Legend has it that Buddha had 40 teeth, and Adam had 30.
• Neanderthals did not have tooth decay because they ate healthy food.
• Some babies are born with a prenatal tooth in the lower jaw (1 in 2,000 cases).
• Each row of teeth is unique like fingerprints.

We mistakenly do not consider teeth to be an important organ. But this is a complex and fragile system. Each tooth has its own characteristic structure and performs a specific function.

A person's bite changes only once, so we must take good care of your teeth from the first days of life. Nature did not give us a chance for a second healthy jaw.

The more facts we know about teeth, the more interesting it is to clean them and the easier it is to care for them.

Everyone has heard the expression that 32 teeth is the norm, and after that they always wondered why you have fewer? Where are the others and when will they grow up? Let's find out.

How many teeth should a person have? An adult should have 28 teeth by the age of 18-20, while the remaining 2 pairs can grow by the age of 27-30. That's why they were called wisdom teeth, because of their late appearance.

But there are often cases when they may not grow at all. All this is directly related to human evolution - food has become soft and pliable, long chewing is not required, therefore, there is no need for them.

Permanent teeth

An adult has from 28 to 32 permanent teeth. At an early age, 20 of them change, the rest do not change, but immediately emerge as permanent ones.

The cutting order is as follows:

1. From 6 to 7 years of age, the central incisors of the upper jaw and the first molars of both jaws erupt.
2. From 7 to 8 years of age, the central incisors of the lower jaw and the lateral incisors of the lower jaw erupt.
3. From 9 to 10 years of age, the canines of the lower jaw erupt.
4. From 10 to 11 years of age, the first premolars of both jaws and the second premolars of the upper jaw erupt.
5. From 11 to 12 years of age, the canines of the upper jaw and second premolars of the lower jaw erupt.
6. From 12 to 13 years of age, the second molars of the upper jaw erupt.
7. From 16 to 30 years of age, the third molars of both jaws erupt.

Wisdom teeth

Wisdom teeth are called third molars – popularly known as “figure eights”. Laying the foundation for them occurs at the age of 4-5 years.

Their appearance is possible starting from 17 years of age and older, although there are frequent cases of them complete absence or partial eruption (in this case they are called semi-retinated).

There are also situations when a person may grow one or two wisdom teeth. This also should not cause concern, everything is within normal limits. Some scientists say that if people continue to eat soft food, in the future a person will completely get rid of this vestige.

By the way, our ancestors had 44 teeth - the food was rough and required long mechanical processing. Modern dentists often insist on removing figure eights, especially if they are located far away.

They give the following reasons:

1. Wrong position in the row. It can be positioned horizontally or have a strong slope. At the same time, such a tooth is not involved in chewing, nor can it assist in prosthetics. When tilting towards the cheek, a person bites it - this is also a reason for removal.
2. Little space for further eruption or crowding. When the “eight” has just appeared, and there is already little room for it, it is necessary to get rid of it. The reason is simple - it puts pressure on the remaining teeth and contributes to their displacement.
3. Pericoronitis(inflammation of the hood). When part of the crown is covered by an overhanging hood of the oral mucosa, a space favorable for the growth of bacteria is formed under this hood. To get rid of this, you can remove the hood or third molar.
4. Severe destruction of the crown. In case of crown destruction due to mechanical damage or caries, removal is required.

But there are also indications for their treatment for subsequent preservation:

1. They are necessary for prosthetics. If there is no “seven” or “seven” together with the “six”, they will allow you to install a one-piece fixed prosthesis.
2. It has an antagonist and it has the right position. Removing one of a pair of interlocking teeth can lead to the fact that the second, due to lack of load, moves out of its seat and there is a high risk of losing it.
3. There is pulpitis, periodontitis or a cyst"eights". Pulpitis, just like periodontitis, for successful treatment implies the need to fill root canals. Provided they have good patency, the third molar can and should be treated.

Features of the structure of dental canals

Root canal – anatomical space, which in its structure has a pulp chamber. That, in turn, is connected by channels.

All of them are divided into the following types:

1. Type I – one canal with an apical foramen.
2. Type II, III - often observed in premolars. Their feature is branching at different levels of the root.
3. Type IV - has in its structure a single mouth and two separate root canals ending in two apical openings.
4. Type V, VI, VII - often found in the lower incisors and are distinguished by the types of both fusion and branching of the canals.
5. Type VIII - three-channel with three apical openings.

The structure of root canals varies not only in type, but also in its shape and quantity.

They can be divided into the following groups:

Frontal (front)

These include:

1. Upper central and lateral incisors, upper canines. Consist of one root and canal. It is extremely rare to observe both a two-channel and a two-root type. The type of structure of the lateral incisors shows a distal bend. The apex of the canines has a buccal curve.
2. Lower incisors and canines. 37% are two-channel, the channels of which are often merged with each other. The gap in the mouth of the root is clearly visible on x-rays, and after branching it is barely distinguishable.

Lateral

These include:

1. Upper first premolars. 20% are single-canal and single-rooted teeth, 79% are double-canal and double-rooted, and 1% have three roots with three canals: one palatal and two buccal.


2. Upper second premolars. In their structure, 56% are single-rooted, 46% are double-rooted and 2% are three-rooted, having a rather complex morphology.
3. Lower first premolars. According to a study conducted in 1955, the majority of mandibular first molars—81%—are single-canal. The rest are two-channel. The 1979 studies are different - 70% single-channel and 30% dual-channel. 0.5% accounted for three-channel. The separation of canals on multi-canal teeth usually occurs in the middle part of the root.
4. Lower second premolars. Most second premolars are single canal. Cases of a two-channel or three-channel structure are extremely rare.
5. Upper first molars. In two cases out of three they have two channels, in the rest - one. The buccal root is medial, wide and flat; it is this structure that causes the two-channel structure. The orifice of the medial buccal canal is located under the medial buccal tubercle.
6. Upper second molars. They are characterized by a variety of different types of structure. There are both three roots and three canals, and four canals with the same number of roots. They have a C-shaped canal structure at the confluence of the palatine with the medial-buccal root or distal-buccal. Cases of a two-channel and two-root structure are quite rare; cases of a single-channel structure are even more rare (no more than one percent of all observed cases).
7. Lower first molars. A two-channel structure is often observed in the medal root, and in the distal root in two thirds of cases. Moreover, in 48% they are four-channel. With a three-channel structure, the third is distal-lingual.
8. Lower second molars. Often their root is conical, but variants with more complex structure canals (crescent-shaped structure). The most commonly observed is a two-root, three-channel structure.

www.stomatolab.com

Growth and development

Teeth develop from epithelial remains oral cavity. As the child grows, so do they. Their formation begins from the coronal part. Being in the form of a rudiment for a long time, they go through a stage of calcification (ossification) from the crown towards the root.

When the time comes, the rudiment slowly moves towards the edge of the alveolar process. The gum is deformed and gradually resorption occurs. Thus, the tooth seems to have a way out. A newly erupted tooth does not have full roots. They take another 1-2 years to form.

Factors affecting the number of teeth

There is evidence that in the past a person had not 32 teeth, as is considered the norm today, but as many as 44. During the process of evolution, certain changes occurred in food consumption. She became softer due to the fact that they began to subject her heat treatments, and the need for more thorough chewing disappeared.

Now an adult may have fewer teeth. This is affected by the following:

• Genetic feature;
• Death of the embryo as a result of injury;
• Underdevelopment of the embryo due to severe illnesses (especially infectious) of the mother during pregnancy and the child during pregnancy early years life;
• Early removal of a baby tooth;
• Lack of wisdom teeth.

Depending on the anatomical structure and location, they all have some purpose. But teeth are not only involved in the process of eating, they are also very important for correct pronunciation speech. Dentists are often asked what types of teeth are there and what they are intended for, as well as how many roots a person’s teeth have?

There are 5 groups of teeth:

1. Incisors

Their total number 8. Four central incisors and 4 lateral incisors, two on each side of the jaw. playing important role in biting solid food and forming sounds. They have a very sharp cutting edge and a flat crown.

They each have one root, slightly compressed relative to the vestibular and lingual sides of the alveolar process. The canal is fundamentally thin, straight and practically without an aperture at the transition from the pulp chamber.

1. Fangs

These are the next units behind the incisors. Their cutting edge is made in the form of a pointed tip. They assist the incisors in tearing food and grinding it. Normally there are 4 fangs. Each of them has one very powerful root. Its apex is slightly curved distally, but this is typical for roots upper canines. On the lower jaw they are straight up to the apical foramen.

1. Premolars or small molars

There are two of them on each side. With the help of such teeth a person grinds hard and soft food. On the upper jaw, the first premolar has two roots (from the buccal and palatal sides), the second has one root. On the lower jaw, both teeth have one root.

1. Molars or large molars

The first molar and second molar in the upper jaw have three roots each and three canals running directly into them. Two roots are located on the buccal side, and one on the palatal side. On the lower jaw, molars have two roots, but 3 canals. The roots are located in the distal and medial directions. There are 2 canals located in the distal root.

Thanks to the powerful and wide crown, they perfectly crush any food, bringing it to a mushy consistency.

1. Wisdom teeth (“eights” or third molars)

Of course, they can be classified in a single group with molars. But these units are not always present in the dental arch, their structure is not entirely correct, and they often do not erupt quite normally. They have a different number of roots or they are often underdeveloped, welded together and strongly curved.

There are 4 wisdom teeth, one on each side of the jaw. However, there are also cases when a person has 1, 2 or only 3 “wise” teeth. Many consider them unnecessary and remove them before they become diseased or deteriorate. Dentists say that this should be done strictly according to indications.

The fact is that these teeth can replace the second molar if it is removed early, since third molars appear at the age of 20 or more. late age. Thanks to this, the impact of carisogenic factors on them is, as it were, delayed. Replacement is only possible when the eights are positioned perfectly evenly. They will simply slowly move to the place of the removed tooth.

*Total number of roots is approximate. Since all teeth, which usually have more than one root, can sometimes have fewer.

They are quite similar to the constants, but still have some differences. Firstly, the child has not 32, but only 20 teeth. They are missing premolars and one molar. The dental arch contains 8 incisors, 4 canines and eight molars. Their purpose is the same as in the permanent dentition.

The difference between temporary teeth and permanent teeth is as follows:

• the crown is smaller in size;
• the roots are massive, but highly branched;
• the enamel has a white-blue color;
• hard tissues are less durable and therefore more susceptible to carious destruction;
• deeper fissures;
• The tubercles and signs of crown curvature are more pronounced.

The replacement of baby teeth begins at 5-6 years of age. By the age of 14, the permanent dentition is usually fully formed. Deviation is allowed for one year. If the process of changing the bite is delayed, this can lead to abnormalities in the dental arch and the formation of the jaws themselves. Therefore, you should immediately contact your dentist to identify and correct the problem.

zdorovko.info

The number of teeth is no less important than their quality. But if in small children every new tooth is greeted with almost applause, then the “toothness” of adults rarely arouses any interest. And yet, what numbers should be used when it comes to the oral cavity? How many teeth does a person have: wisdom and “ordinary”? How fast do they grow?

How many teeth does an adult have?

The minimum number of teeth for a person over 12 years old is 28. Why so little? Another pair of teeth on each jaw will grow by the age of 27-30. Or it won’t grow: it all depends on anatomical features jaws.

At best, an adult can boast 32 teeth. True, scientists are beginning to fear that humanity’s love for soft food in the distant future will lead to a decrease in the number of teeth to 26-27. But the distant ancestors modern people possessed a set of 44 teeth: all due to the fact that their diet mainly consisted of rough food that was difficult to chew.

How many wisdom teeth does a person have?

Wisdom teeth, or third molars, are the 4 teeth that appear last. After 30 years, the development of the body slows down and the aging process slowly takes effect - the “wise period” begins. Both the absence and presence of third molars are considered normal.

The eruption of wisdom teeth is quite problematic: with swelling of the gums and pain, and sometimes with an increase in temperature. Therefore, one should not envy the “wiser” lucky ones - in addition to the unpleasant process of teething, they often have to go through the procedure of removing incorrectly grown third molars.

Wisdom teeth occupy the eighth position. Usually they appear in pairs, but it happens that only 1 or 3 teeth grow.

How long does a wisdom tooth grow?

At proper development“Eights”, their crown is formed around the age of 14: just at the time the development of the dentofacial system is completed. Then the wisdom teeth simply “bid their time” and in no way make themselves known until the required age.

Ideally, third molars erupt quickly and painlessly. This happens if there is enough space on the jaw for the “new ones”, and the gum tissue itself is loose. As a rule, such a seemingly normal situation is quite rare, and most people have to worry difficult period growing wisdom teeth.

Over time, the process of cutting through the “eights” stretches over weeks and sometimes years. Inflammation and other “joys” are explained by the fact that with prolonged growth of third molars, food debris accumulates under the gingival hood, which provokes the proliferation of various microorganisms.

It happens that wisdom teeth come in “slowly”: the gums become inflamed, hurt a little and subside. After a few months or years the situation repeats itself.

What is the structure of a human tooth?

Anatomically, a tooth consists of the following parts;

1. The crown is located in the alveolus, which is the jaw cavity. The visible part of the crown performs the task of chewing food. Thanks to the enamel, the crown prevents pathogenic microorganisms from entering the internal cavity tooth
2. The neck is located between the root and the crown just below the enamel ridge.
3. Root – with its help the tooth is securely fixed in the alveolus. The greater the expected load on a tooth, the more developed its root system.

The pulp is contained in the dental canals and the pulp chamber. Around it is dentin, which provides support for the enamel.

The teeth are located symmetrically on the jaws. The upper jaw, unlike the lower jaw, is unable to move.

How many roots and canals does a tooth have?

The number of roots in teeth depends on individual characteristics their structure, heredity, and race. Caucasians, as a rule, have 1 less roots than Mongoloids or Negroids. Also, in representatives of the last two races, the roots are more likely to grow together.

For the average Caucasian, the indicators look like this:

The number of roots and canals may differ due to the fact that the latter often bifurcate near the pulp. Also, several channels can be located in parallel in one root. To accurately count everything in the tooth, the dentist uses an x-ray.

How many roots does a wisdom tooth have?

The “eight” teeth are similar to other teeth only in the crown. The structure of third molars differs mainly due to the roots.

Their number ranges from 2 to 5. It is often erroneously stated that wisdom teeth are single-rooted. This misconception is due to the fact that sometimes several roots grow together and form one massive one.

The roots of “eights” are very curved, which can make it difficult to treat these teeth in the future. As a rule, up to 8 channels can be counted in a figure of eight.

How many times a day should you brush your teeth?

Oral hygiene is the main condition for maintaining a full set of teeth until old age. However, not everyone knows how to brush their teeth properly. There are several facts that will help you take better care of your teeth:

• Brushing your teeth too often thins out the enamel - 2 times a day is enough;
• Brushing your teeth immediately after eating leads to a worsening of their condition: after eating, special enzymes are produced in the mouth, which begin to poison what was eaten. If you clean them out, they will begin to affect the enamel. You should wait 20-30 minutes. after breakfast or dinner and only then take up a toothbrush;
• food debris provokes the development of bacterial colonies in the mouth. You can avoid this if you rinse your mouth with water or a special mouthwash even after light snacks. You can also use dental floss;
• Brushing your teeth takes an average of 2 minutes. It is not recommended to move up and down: this can injure your gums. It is better to prefer circular movements;
• electric toothbrush copes better with plaque and helps avoid the formation of tartar.

Dental arithmetic is an extremely entertaining activity. After all, considering the prices for dental services, every tooth in a person is worth its weight in gold.

healthy-teeth.su

Teeth- these are formations that consist (for the most part) of hard tissue and whose main purpose is the mechanical processing of food. In addition, they play an important role in reproducing speech sounds, and they are simply necessary for a wide, beautiful smile!

There are primary and permanent teeth, of which we can distinguish 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars teeth (premolars) and 8-12 large molars teeth (molars).
In children, baby teeth begin to erupt at the age of 3 months. Between 6 and 12 years, baby teeth are gradually replaced by permanent teeth.
There are 20 baby teeth in total: 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars.
To the incisors include the front teeth (the first to erupt in children), which are used for grasping and cutting food.
Fangs- These are cone-shaped teeth, the main purpose of which is to tear and hold food.
Molars (major molars)- This back teeth, used for grinding food, usually having three roots on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw.
Premolars (small molars)- perform the same function as molars. Molars and premolars are also called chewing teeth.

Thus, in a normal state a person has about 28-32 permanent teeth .
Probably, many people will have a question: why, in fact, 28 and not 32? The answer is quite simple (although based on one of the hypotheses): in lately a person began to eat fairly soft food, and, according to the laws of evolution, if some organ in the body remains less in demand, the body tries to get rid of it. The same analogy can be drawn for our teeth. It turns out that the jaw is becoming smaller and smaller and is trying to get rid of wisdom teeth that are already quite unnecessary for it, which are gradually reduced and not everyone appears anymore. So it turns out that some have all four wisdom teeth sprouting, while others are content with only one pair, while the second remains in the bud (or not a single pair sprouts at all).
Interesting fact: researchers have found out how many teeth our distant ancestors had. The result is hard to believe - there were about 44 of them! One can only envy (?) :)

A detailed idea of ​​what exactly our teeth are made of is demonstrated by the following figure and explanations for it:

We will not consider in detail the meaning of each of the tooth elements presented in the figure, we will only give brief explanation to some of them:

Fissure- this is a natural groove (or depression) in hard tissues tooth crowns/enamel. For the most part, fissures are located in the back rows of teeth in the area of ​​chewing surfaces. The fact that they are the most difficult to clean hygienically leads to the accumulation of microbes on their surface, which in turn contributes to the formation of a carious defect. Enamel- the outer protective shell of the upper part of human teeth. It is the hardest tissue in the human body (the content of inorganic substances in it is ≈ 97%, up to 2 mm thick); Tooth root- part of the tooth located deep in the alveolus, covered with gum (alveolus is a depression in the jaw in which the root of the tooth is located); Dentine- mineralized tooth tissue. Serves as a tooth base that supports tooth enamel (layer thickness usually ranges from 2 to 6 mm); Pulp- is a loose fibrous connective tissue that fills the tooth cavity. Performs the function of stimulating regenerative processes, regulates tooth nutrition, and also affects the tooth’s perception of various irritations, including pain; Gum- this is the mucous membrane that covers the alveolar (see alveolus) process of the upper jaw, the alveolar part of the lower jaw and covering the teeth in the cervical area; Periodontium- a set of tissues based in the slit-like space between the cement of the tooth root and the alveolar plate; Nerve fibers- shoots nerve cells; Tooth cement- specific bone tissue that covers the root and neck of a human tooth. Serves to firmly secure the tooth in the bone alveolus; Root canals- narrow channels in the pulp chamber through which nerve fibers pass; Apical foramen- this is a special hole in the apex of the tooth root through which arterial and venous vessels, as well as the nerves that innervate the tooth; Crown of the tooth- the visible part of the tooth protruding freely above the gums.

Remember that the quality of the functions performed by the teeth is directly proportional to the state of their health, and this, in turn, influences a number of factors without which it is impossible full life person in society.
In order to have beautiful healthy teeth and an excellent smile, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with some tips posted on our website.

All human teeth are small in size, they white and rich in calcium. In the mouth, teeth perform the function of cutting and grinding foods, which are then easily absorbed by the body. The number of teeth a person has largely depends on age. Typically, children have fewer teeth than adults.

Dental development in children begins in the prenatal period. However, these teeth do not become immediately visible until the child reaches 6 to 12 months of age. The process of development and growth of teeth becomes more frequent after the first teeth erupt, and already at the age of three years, most children have 20 teeth in the oral cavity. They are called baby teeth, which appear temporarily and, upon reaching the age of six, are replaced by permanent teeth, which have more long term life.

Unlike baby teeth, of which there are normally 20 in the oral cavity, an adult has a total of 32 teeth, with third molars erupted. The ideal number of teeth that an adult should have is 32 teeth, of which eight incisors, four canines, eight premolars and twelve molars. Normally, you will not see any wisdom teeth until you are 17 years old.

If baby teeth are going to fall out in a couple of years, why is it so important to take care of them?

• They leave space for permanent teeth
• They give the face its normal appearance
• They promote the development of clear speech
• They help achieve good nutrition
• They help give a healthy start to the development of permanent teeth.

An adult has 28-32 teeth

How many teeth should an adult have?

An adult can normally have from 28 to 32 teeth in the oral cavity. What kind of teeth these are and why we indicate different numbers, you will understand by looking at the table below.

Teeth	Description
Incisors	Incisors are the teeth that are located at the front of the mouth. central position. Each person has four incisors on the upper jaw and a similar number of incisors on the lower jaw. The main function of the incisors is to capture and cut food. The baby's first primary incisors erupt at 6 months. The permanent incisors replace the primary incisors at 6 years of age.
Fangs	Fangs are teeth with sharp edges. The main function of these teeth is to tear off particularly hard food, such as meat. The first primary canines usually erupt when the child reaches 20 months of age. Permanent canines in adults erupt between 9 and 12 years of age.
Premolars	Adults have eight premolars, four of them are located on one jaw (with different sides), and the remaining four are on the other jaw. These teeth perform the task of grinding food into smaller particles. The age at which premolars begin to erupt is between 10 and 11 years.
Molars	We have a total of eight molars, four on each jaw. The first and second molars appear at the ages of 6 and 13 respectively and perform the task of chewing the food we eat.
Third molars	The last teeth in the dentition are the third molars, which are also... They do not erupt from 17 to 25 years of age. In a large number of people, these teeth do not erupt at all. Wisdom teeth during eruption can cause severe pain and be the main cause of dental crowding, which leads to.

The wisdom tooth is the third and last molar on each side of the upper and lower jaw. They appear when a person is in late adolescence or approximately by age 25. Each person can have no more than 4 wisdom teeth!

Wisdom tooth on x-ray

The eruption of wisdom teeth is often associated with pain in the back of the jaw and difficulty chewing. Once you have a fully functional set of teeth in your mouth, you may wonder what are wisdom teeth for? The answer is quite simple. The function of wisdom teeth is the same as other teeth. They take part in the act of chewing and grinding food. When positioned correctly in the dentition, they can increase chewing efficiency. Unfortunately, third molars may not always be in the correct position, which is why tooth extraction surgery may be required to avoid possible complications.

Wisdom teeth removal is a common practice and common procedure throughout the world. There are many dental indications, to carry out surgical intervention: complicated, which cannot be treated therapeutically, dystopic position of the tooth and trauma to the soft tissues of the coronal part of the tooth, crowding of the teeth (orthodontic indication).

Wisdom tooth extraction is a clinically proven process that aims to reduce pain, preserve facial shape while maintaining proper tooth alignment, and prevent infection.

At what age do teeth fall out in adults?

This question is individual for each person and depends on many factors, for example: heredity, etc. The table below shows the average number of permanent teeth among adults aged 20 to 64 years, broken down by individual characteristics.

Characteristic	Average number of permanent teeth
Age
20 to 34 years old	26
35 to 49 years old	25
50 to 64 years old	22
Floor
Man	25
Woman	24
Smoking history
Current smoker	23
Former smoker	25
Never smoked	25
On average	24 permanent teeth

Data source: National Health and Nutrition University, is important source information about oral health and dental care in the United States since the early 1970s.

Teeth are unique formations that consist of hard tissues and are also penetrated by numerous nerves and blood vessels.
Animals use their teeth not only for chewing food, but also for protection from enemies, for hunting, and so on.
How many teeth a person has is a very interesting question, because their number changes regularly. It is necessary to talk in detail about what types of teeth are distinguished, how they differ from each other, and why are they necessary for a person?

The structure of the tooth.

So, what does a tooth consist of? First of all, this is:

• hard tissues ( tooth enamel, dentin and so on);
• soft tissues;
• various blood vessels and the nerves that run through the tooth.

If we talk about the anatomical structure of the tooth, then experts distinguish three parts:

• root;
• neck of the tooth;
• crown
  Of course, the question of how many teeth an adult should have worries scientists. In this regard, the structure of the tooth and their number are carefully studied. Scientists have long come to the conclusion that the normal number of teeth for an adult is 28-32. It all depends on the individual characteristics of the body. There are people whose wisdom teeth, for example, do not grow, but this does not interfere with their lives and does not limit their diet.

Types of teeth and their number.

Of course, teeth are different. Most often, experts highlight the following types teeth:

• incisors;
• fangs;
• molars;
• premolars

If we talk about the number of incisors a person has, then there are only 8 of them. There are even fewer canines, only 4. There are also from eight to twelve molars and 8 premolars. Each type of tooth performs its own functions.
For example, the number of incisors a person has is no coincidence, because these are the teeth that help firmly grasp and chew food.
The fangs are also used for capturing and tearing food.
The remaining types are intended for high-quality processing of food, turning it into a paste that is easy to digest.
How many wisdom teeth a person has is also a very interesting question. As mentioned above, not everyone has these teeth. It’s normal when there are 4 of them, but sometimes it can be less, depending on the individual characteristics of the body. These teeth are located farthest from the center of the mouth and are the last to appear in a person.

Milk teeth.

It is worth discussing the first teeth that appear in humans as early as childhood. How many baby teeth does a person have? interesting question. Most often, there are 20 of them, but there may be fewer. However, the child has only 8 incisors, 8 molars and 4 canines. These teeth are not very strong, they often fall out, and then are completely replaced with new molars.
The question of how many roots the teeth have is not worth asking, since their number is usually equal to the number of incisors, painters, premolars and canines.
Surprisingly, teeth, despite their external fragility, are almost the strongest parts of the human body. For example, tooth enamel is the strongest tissue in humans.

Dental care.

Of course, the question of how many molars a person will have in the future depends on how he will care for them in the present. It is necessary to brush your teeth thoroughly after every meal. Otherwise, holes will begin to appear in them, and then rotten areas. It is very easy to lose even the strongest teeth from birth if you do not care for them properly.
The number of roots in teeth may decrease if the tooth cannot be saved. Usually, the dentists at the Sanation clinic try to cure the tooth, remove the hole and perform all possible operations to restore it. normal condition gums
It is not difficult to detect problems with teeth, because at the slightest damage they begin to hurt and sometimes bleed. In such a case, you should immediately contact a specialist dental clinic"Rehabilitation". By the way, there is no need to worry about small children, since the loss of baby teeth most often means the growth of normal, molar teeth.
The question of how many teeth there are in the lower jaw is also decided based on the person’s oral care. There are usually 16 teeth in the lower jaw, just like the upper jaw, but their number can be significantly reduced if not properly cared for. In this case, it becomes more difficult for a person to eat solid food.

As soon as the condition of the teeth reaches a critical point, the dentists of the Sanation clinic begin to establish dentures. They help a person still eat his favorite food without experiencing pain. However, real teeth are much more important and more necessary for a person. It is better to think about their condition and health from childhood, so as not to encounter problems and high expenses in the future. Dental work is not cheap these days. That is why it is better to take care of your teeth and try to keep them in the same condition as they were in childhood, that is, strong and always healthy.

Beautiful smile with healthy whites goes by the teeth to any person. It is considered an important indicator not only of health, but also of success. Back in the old days good teeth indicated that their owner’s diet was good and varied.

Teeth are peculiar bone formation, which breaks down food into smaller components for its further absorption by the body. Human teeth are small, white or yellowish in color, and are made up of 95% calcium. These are the only organs that cannot be regenerated.

The number of teeth depends on various factors and for an adult the number is usually 32 teeth:

• lateral and central incisors 8;
• fangs 4;
• premolars 8 (small molars);
• 12 molars (major molars).

Many dentists believe that they are involved in grinding food, since in a normal position they can make the chewing function more active, but molars are more susceptible to caries than other molars.

Some dentists believe that it is better to remove third molars, especially if they grow incorrectly, interfere, do not perform their functions and can cause complications.

Dental indications for removal:

• caries that cannot be cured;
• indications from an orthodontist due to crowded teeth, leading to a shift in the main molars;
• injury to soft tissues by the coronal part caused by incorrect position.

The process of removing the figure eight leads to a reduction in pain, preservation of the shape of the face with a certain arrangement of teeth and helps to avoid infection with various infections.

What structure do teeth have?

The anatomical and histological type of tooth structure is distinguished, and the structure of the enamel and root is also indicated separately:

• Anatomically, a tooth is divided into three components: root, neck, crown.
  Crown – rises above the gum, covered with enamel.
  According to the type of crown there are:
  • facial;
  • occlusion - the place where paired teeth of opposite jaws meet;
  • contact;
  • lingual.
    The root and crown are connected by a neck covered with cement and covered with gum.
    The root is what attaches the tooth to its socket. It is single-stemmed or with several branches.
• According to the histological type, the structure of the teeth is identical, but they have different shapes:

Incisors	Ones(central). Function- biting food, dividing it into parts. View– flat, sharp edges. The upper ones are larger than the lower ones. Side (double) do not differ from the first ones, but smaller in size. On the lower jaw middle ones have a smaller root than twos. External surface slightly convex, the inner one has a concave appearance. Narrow crown. There is a groove on the root.
Fangs	Function- breaking food into small pieces. Similar to the fangs of predators. Narrower on the lower jaw. The root is flat, inclined inward, longer than all other teeth.
Premolars	Prism shape, crown with convexities. Lumps on the tongue and cheeks. The flat root has a slight bifurcation. Similar to the 1st one. The buccal surface is even larger in size. The root resembles a cone, and the depressions in the enamel resemble a horseshoe.
Molars	Large, has the shape of a rectangle, looks like a rhombus from above. Has 2-3 roots, 4-5 tubercles. During closure they are subject to heavy loads.Shaped like a cube, top like the letter X. Smaller in size. The roots are similar to the first molar. Wisdom tooth". The structure is similar to the second molar, the root is short and thick.
Baby teeth	The structure resembles the main ones. Differ: thin enamel, dentin mineralization is low (hence childhood caries), the size of the crowns is smaller. Subtle tubercles on cutting and flat surfaces. Increased volume root canal and pulp. The roots are small and short and curved towards the lips. The incisors have a more convex shape.

• Enamel– this is a dense fabric that is highly durable and is responsible for protecting the tooth from impact harmful bacteria, 94% consists of salts: zinc, magnesium, fluorine and iron. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids make up the remainder. Enamel also contains a certain amount of liquid elements that participate in physiological processes.
  The outer shell of enamel is the cuticle.. It is used for chewing, as it has a fragile structure, can wear off over time, and therefore requires care. Every tooth is covered with enamel.
  Warp bone tissue , located under the enamel, is a complex of minerals that surround the root canal and the entire dental cavity. The smallest channels of dentin tissue help in metabolic processes nutrients and transmit nerve impulses.
• Root.
  Pulp and periodontium:
  • Pulp– a cavity inside the tooth (with loose tissue), has nerve endings and blood vessels. Participates in providing nutrition and exchange of elements. When removed, these processes slow down or stop altogether.
    There is a recess in the jaw - the alveolus - this is where the root is placed. It contains mineral tissue and is covered with cement on the outside.
    The end of the root is the apex, which has blood vessels that nourish the dental tissue. The number of roots varies from 1 to 5.
  • Periodontium– this is connective tissue, a connecting element that can fill the void between the jaw socket and the tooth root. Through periodontal tissue dental system nutrients get in.

Do you want white and healthy teeth?

Even with careful care of your teeth, over time stains appear on them, they darken and turn yellow.

In addition, the enamel becomes thinner and teeth become sensitive to cold, hot, sweet foods or drinks.

In such cases, our readers recommend using the latest remedy- Denta Seal toothpaste with a filling effect.

It has the following properties:

• Levels damage and fills microcracks on the enamel surface
• Effectively removes plaque and prevents the formation of caries
• Returns teeth natural whiteness, smoothness and shine

How many canals do human teeth have?

The canals differ from each other in shape and structure, and their number may differ from the number of roots. The number of canals is determined by the dentist using x-rays. However, none of the doctors will give clear rules on their number.

Approximate quantity per different types teeth:

Several channels can be located in parallel in one root.

Stories from our readers!
“I use veneers for special and important events while I am doing dental treatment and restoration. They really save me!

Before attaching, I moisten the plate with water and press it to my teeth. Universal size. They are very comfortable, do not interfere with the mouth at all and look great."

How many roots does a wisdom tooth have?

• The number of roots in eights varies from 2 to 5, the length is 8-10 mm. Their roots are curved and this can cause difficulties during dental intervention.
• Externally, a wisdom tooth is not very different from other molars. Whether they grow or not depends on many factors: jaw size, heredity, etc. The rudiments are formed around 3 years of age.
• Sometimes the eruption process lasts up to 40 years. Tooth growth lasts about 1.5 months. Unpleasant sensations At the same time, this can be explained by the fact that eights do not have the first milk teeth; they have to erupt through dense bone tissue.
• When properly cut, the figure eight lasts a long time.

How many times a day should you brush your teeth?

To maintain healthy teeth and have a full set of them until old age, you need to maintain oral hygiene. But many people do not pay enough attention to brushing and caring for their teeth, and as a result they wonder why problems arise. After all, even the most expensive toothpaste may not help in this case.

1. Teeth should be brushed no more than 2 times a day(morning and evening), since from frequent cleaning Enamel may be destroyed, gum tissue may be damaged, and dryness and irritation of the oral mucosa may occur. But, if present overuse sweets, it is better to use toothpaste.
2. You can combine cleaning in the morning with gum massage and tongue cleansing. In the evening, you can use herbal paste and dental floss.
3. Better to use paste with minimal or no fluoride.
4. Clean the mouth after breakfast and dinner, at least 30 minutes after eating. Since food enzymes can react with elements of toothpaste, which can lead to adverse consequences.
5. Helps remove plaque at home apples and raw carrots, soda and tooth powder (the last two no more than once a month).
6. During the day after a snack It’s better to rinse your mouth with special liquids, but you can also plain water. Dental floss and chewing gum are also suitable (chew for no more than 15 minutes)
7. Optimal time for brushing teeth is 2 minutes, no less. And in order not to violate the integrity of the gums, you need to make soft circular movements. Alternatively, you can choose an electric toothbrush.
8. Refuse from bad habit: smoking.

These simple tips will help prevent the development of caries, gum disease and keep your teeth healthy and strong for a long time.

Baby teeth and the process of changing to molars

The roots of baby teeth are able to dissolve on their own, then they become loose and fall out, freeing up space for the primary ones.

All milk teeth (20 pcs.) are completely replaced by molars by the age of 13-14 years. The first molars often grow into primary molars long before the replacement of primary molars.

Approximate drop order:

The replacement of primary teeth with primary teeth usually occurs between 4 and 8 years of age, but for each individual child this may be different. Therefore, it is more important to consider the order of drops. Dental anomalies can be congenital or acquired and are divided into:

• number– adentia (lack of teeth), hyperdontia (the number of teeth is higher than normal);
• size– small and giant teeth (micro- and macrodentia);
• external type(spike-shaped, Fournier teeth (screwdriver-shaped), etc.);
• color characteristics(change in enamel color due to pigmentation);
• location:
  • Distal and mesial – displacement of teeth back or forward;
  • Vestibular – teeth move closer to the oral cavity;
  • Supra- and infraposition - teeth are located above or below the occlusal curve;
  • Transposition - interchangeable arrangement of teeth (the canine grows instead of the lateral incisor, for example).
• growth time(premature, belated);
• density of the tissue structure of teeth:
  • Enamel hypoplasia– the presence of all kinds of stains and grooves on the outer part of the tooth.
  • Amelogenesis imperfecta– pigmentation in a yellow or brown tint, enamel is thinner than normal, increased sensitivity of teeth to temperature.
  • Imperfection of dentinogenesis – abnormal development dentin of teeth. They become amber or grayish-brown in color and may break down and fall out.

If there are disorders, the jaw may become deformed, speech may be impaired, the bite may change, and there may be difficulties when biting off and chewing food.

Diagnosis is carried out using a variety of methods, including: radiography, taking impressions, electromyography and others. Treatment depends on the type of dental anomaly and can be surgical or orthodontic.

Dental abnormalities occur due to various reasons:

• genetic (family variations in the sizes and types of teeth, jaws, etc.);
• prenatal (exposure to poor ecology during pregnancy; multiple pregnancies, intrauterine infections, stress);
• intrapartum (umbilical cord entanglement during childbirth, asphyxia, intracranial bruises, prolonged anhydrous);
• postnatal (rickets, excess vitamins, improper nasal breathing due to damage to the nasal septum);

Local influences: wrong artificial feeding, long-term use pacifiers, soft food for children preschool age, shortened frenulum of the lip and tongue, advanced caries.

Color anomaly: damage to the tooth, due to which various coloring substances get there; such damage can also be accompanied by internal hemorrhage, exposure to nicotine, demineralization of enamel, poor-quality filling.

Conclusion

Human dental apparatus - complex system, where all elements perform their specific function and properties. Teeth change only once in a lifetime, and this makes the structure of the human jaw different from the anatomy of the jaw of animals.