Nature has taken excellent care of the safety of the human brain. She enclosed him in a hard skull case to prevent possible injury. In addition, brain tissue is always in suspension, constantly washed by cerebrospinal fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid. It plays the role of a kind of shock-absorbing pillow, and also protects the brain from shock. But not only that. Liquor carries oxygen to brain cells, nutrients. And then it removes waste products through the venous outflow.

Liquor continuously circulates, washing the spinal cord and brain. U healthy person it is completely updated up to seven times a day. Its constant volume, as a rule, reaches 1 liter. Cerebrospinal fluid originates from the arterial plexuses, taking from them food for the “gray” matter, and leaves through the venous pathways, taking with it waste waste.

If suddenly for some reason the venous outflow is disrupted, circulation becomes difficult cerebrospinal fluid. It begins to accumulate and puts pressure on soft fabrics brain, over time leading to their deformation and atrophy. This condition causes severe headaches. They usually occur in the early morning or at night, when the overall blood flow in the body is slow and stagnation of cerebrospinal fluid forms more easily.

In addition, by the amount inside cranial pressure affects the density of brain tissue, which largely depends on the influx of arterial blood and venous outflow. ICP also depends on the presence of intracellular and osmotic pressure extracellular fluid.

Signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure

Many of us tend not to give of great importance mild malaise, manifested by minor headaches, short-term and mild, blurred vision. But all these signs are characteristic of fluctuations in intracranial pressure and may indicate severe structural damage to the brain.

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

How does increased ICP feel? In most cases, severe stale head syndrome occurs, bursting, pressing pain appears. This type of headache appears as a result of irritation of the receptors of the dura mater of the brain and intracranial vessels. The pressure comes from the inside onto the eyeballs and ears. The feeling is like when an airplane lands.

The patient also experiences constant fatigue and is in a state of increased nervousness. Literally everything irritates him: bright lights, loud sounds, people around him. Nausea appears, accompanied by vomiting. But at the same time, the gag reflex does not bring the patient the expected relief. Visual impairment and hearing impairment occur.

Intracranial increase in pressure - dangerous phenomenon and can cause a lot of harm human health. It requires attention and help good specialists in the field of neuroscience.

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Reduced intracranial pressure

If the cerebrospinal fluid level drops, the ICP decreases. Primary intracranial hypotension is a fairly rare phenomenon. Most often, the disease occurs due to loss of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of therapeutic and diagnostic interventions. This condition can also be caused by an overdose of dehydrating drugs, as well as arterial hypotension.

Most characteristic symptom is . It decreases when the jugular veins are pressed or when lying down with the head down. Painful sensations are accompanied by dizziness, attacks of nausea, and tachycardia. The patient has pale skin, arterial hypotension, lethargy, and lethargy. At sharp decline ICP can manifest as disturbances of consciousness, from mild forms to coma.

Decreased intracranial pressure due to a lack of cerebrospinal fluid can lead to brain injury. After all, cerebrospinal fluid plays the role of a kind of shock-absorbing cushion, protecting the “gray matter” from unwanted shocks. Consequently, intracranial hypotension increases the risk of damage to the blood vessels of the head with further hemorrhage in the brain, as well as displacement of brain tissue or damage to its structure.

Thus, normal level ICP is a prerequisite for active brain activity.

This pathology does not occur very often. But no one is safe from it age category. Men are much less susceptible to it than women and children.

Provoking factors include:

Sometimes ICP surges are a physiological norm. But this can only be judged after a number of necessary diagnostic measures have been carried out.

How is intracranial pressure measured?

Arterial pressure should be distinguished from intracranial pressure. In the first case, it is enough to use a tonometer, mechanical or electronic, and you can do this yourself. ICP is measured by medical personnel in the hospital. This procedure is quite traumatic, and it is allowed mainly in seriously ill patients in order to timely prevent a threat to their life.

There are several ways to measure intracranial pressure in the neurological rehabilitation department:

1. Subdural method. Used rarely and in particularly severe cases. A special tool is used to make a small hole in the bone tissue skulls A subdural sensor is placed there, with which measurements are taken.
2. Epidural method. An epidural sensor is placed in the burr hole between the skull and the meninges.
3. Through an intraventricular catheter. This is the most modern and reliable way determination of ICP. A catheter is inserted into the cranial cavity through an opening, which is capable of reaching lateral ventricle brain Thanks to it, it is possible not only to measure intracranial pressure, but also to pump out excess cerebrospinal fluid.

ICP can be approximately determined using MRI or electroencephalography, when indicators of bioelectrical activity of the brain are assessed. Their fluctuations may indicate ICP disorders. In addition, an ophthalmologist, with a thorough analysis of the fundus, can also detect intracranial hypertension.

It is not possible to determine the level of pressure at home. Therefore, you should carefully monitor your condition, and if characteristic signs appear repeatedly, consult a doctor.

How to reduce intracranial pressure

Various methods can be used to relieve symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. The tactics and treatment regimen are determined by the attending physician. This may include:

• conservative therapy. Typically, diuretics and a low-salt diet are prescribed;
• surgical correction. If drug treatment is ineffective, excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed using a catheter or a structural tumor is removed;
• folk remedies. It is recommended to take renal, diuretic teas that improve the outflow of fluid from the body, soothing and vasodilating teas that help relieve vascular spasm and improve cerebral circulation;
• alternative ways treatment: massage, special gymnastic exercises. Such methods are effective only with pressure caused by obstructed venous outflow due to compression of the veins by spasmed neck muscles or processes of the cervical vertebrae.

If the change in ICP is situational in nature, it is natural and cannot be treated. Such pressure surges are observed after some types of physical activity, due to weather changes and other reasons.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension: methods and means

When suffering from headaches, many of us are accustomed to using painkillers exclusively. At the same time, forgetting that without eliminating the root cause of pain, it is impossible to get rid of them forever. The direction of treatment will directly depend on which disease is the root cause of the painful symptoms.

Both conservative and surgical treatment, as well as knowledge and experience traditional medicine. In any case, it is necessary to reduce blood pressure only under the supervision of a specialist. Main principle– this is the simultaneous treatment of the underlying disease and reduction of ICP in various ways and means. In addition to medications, the patient is prescribed diet therapy, proper drinking regimen, and lifestyle changes.

The following methods of treating the disease are used:

• diuretics (Veroshpiron, Mannitol, Furosemide, Diacarb, etc.) are removed from the body excess liquid, normalize the content of cerebrospinal fluid and improve its absorption;
• venotonic drugs that regulate venous outflow (Phlebodia, Troxivasin, Eufilin, etc.);
• all drugs containing caffeine tone the veins and promote the outflow of venous blood;
• preparations containing potassium (Asparkam) improve electrolyte balance and tissue metabolism, resulting in improved brain nutrition. Prescribed for cerebral edema caused by traumatic brain injury or stroke;
• corticosteroids (Dexamethasone, Prednisolone) are taken for brain tumors and meningitis. Neutralizes swelling caused by intoxication or allergies;
• myotropic antispasmodics (No-shpa, Papaverine, Caventon, Cinnarizine, etc.) eliminate spasm of cerebral vessels, thereby improving blood flow and nutrition of the brain;
• antibacterial agents used for neuroinfections;
• (Nootropil, Pantogam, Ginkgo biloba, etc.) significantly improve brain function, positively affecting mental processes and memory mechanisms;
• sedatives neutralize the effects of stress, act as a vasodilator, relieve irritability, improve sleep quality, mental activity;
• vitamin complexes prescribed to improve metabolism, general strengthening body;
• homeopathic remedies (Notta, Neurohel);
• The surgical method is used if a brain tumor has formed and puts pressure on the surrounding intracranial structures. In case of hydrocephalus, excess cerebrospinal fluid is drained through intracranial penetration using a silicone catheter;
• physiotherapy: electrophoresis with aminophylline (introduction of aminophylline into collar area improves brain nutrition and normalizes lymph absorption), magnet on the collar area (magnetic fields normalize blood pressure, relieve swelling), massage, physical therapy, acupuncture (relieves vascular spasm, improves metabolism and work nervous system), circular shower (stimulates the functioning of the vascular system, improves metabolism);
• alternative treatment is used only if ICP has increased due to overweight, constant stress, disorders of venous outflow or osteochondrosis cervicothoracic region spine.

Some of these techniques make it easier symptomatic manifestations intracranial hypertension, the rest eliminate its root cause. If left untreated, the disease will become chronic and can lead to serious complications, such as stroke.

Relieving symptoms of intracranial pressure at home

Running will help normalize blood pressure. Results will appear faster if accompanied by proper breathing. Gymnastic exercises, visiting the pool, daily hiking, any other increase in activity during the day.

Need to get rid of excess weight, if there is one. This will help normalize blood pressure. Diet should be adhered to healthy principles: eat less salt and more fresh natural food: vegetables, herbs, fruits. It will be useful to include ginger in your daily diet, which will strengthen blood vessels, normalize cerebral circulation, and increase immunity.

To avoid surges in ICP at night, you should place a thin and fairly dense pillow under your head. Thanks to this, the cervical arteries will not be pinched during sleep, and blood circulation to the brain will not be impaired. In addition, at home for removing ICP symptoms use a heating pad in the lumbar region, do self-massage of the head and collar area.

It is necessary to stop smoking. Nicotine causes vascular spasms and disrupts liquor dynamics. Reduce alcohol consumption as it can cause swelling of the brain. Avoid overheating in a bath or under hot sun rays. Limit your time spent watching TV and computers to one hour a day. Follow a daily routine and alternate mental and physical activity. Carry out regularly sanatorium treatment, specializing in diseases of the circulatory system.

Intracranial pressure: treatment with folk remedies

Due to the fact that constant pressure is placed on the brain, serious disturbances in its functions occur. A person’s intellectual capabilities, energy level, and quality of life decrease. Therefore, it is necessary with various means and ways to normalize ICP levels, including using traditional medicine methods.

The most reliable folk remedies for the treatment of intracranial hypertension are considered to be a mixture of honey and lemon juice with water, infusions of rose hips, plantain, hawthorn, valerian, motherwort, alcohol tincture of clover. They consume kidney teas, stimulating the functioning of the kidneys and adrenal glands, as well as herbal decoctions with a mild diuretic effect (horsetail, knotweed and others).

Effective prophylactic serves peppermint oil, taken in the amount of 10 drops per glass of water twice a day after meals. It effectively affects the condition of blood vessels and maintains their tone.

When ICP increases, mustard baths help a lot. One or two tablespoons of mustard powder are diluted in a bowl with warm water and immerse your feet there for 10-20 minutes. Such simple procedure will reduce the filling of the blood vessels of the brain and will help reduce intracranial pressure.

For self-massage of the head, take pollen, mixed with honey (2:1). The mixture is kept in a dark place for three days, and only after that it is suitable for consumption. You should gradually rub the prepared product into your head, back neck. Then wrap everything in a towel, and repeat this daily for a month.

A mixture of alcohol tinctures will improve blood circulation in the brain tissue and help reduce cranial pressure. It is necessary to mix tinctures of the following medicinal plants:

• eucalyptus (1/4 part);
• mint (1/4 part);
• valerian (1 part);
• motherwort (1 part);
• hawthorn (1 part).

The mixture is placed in a darkened glass container, a little clove is added and left to infuse. After two weeks, start taking 25 drops in a tablespoon of water three times a day. The prepared remedy eliminates venous spasm and improves the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Unconventional methods will help temporarily relieve pain caused by intracranial hypertension, but will not eliminate the underlying disease. Therefore, you should not resort to self-medication. Folk remedies are only a component complex therapy prescribed by a doctor.

Tablets for intracranial pressure

Among medications Diacarb is the most popular. This drug is prescribed for disorders of the outflow of cerebral fluid and intracranial hypertension. The medicine reduces the formation of cerebrospinal fluid and successfully treats liquorodynamic disorders.

Use only after consultation with a specialist. Due to the fact that Diacarb oxidizes the blood, it long-term use undesirable. The drug is usually taken in small intermittent courses.

Diacarb promotes enhanced removal of potassium salts from the body. Therefore, in order to neutralize side effect, at the same time the doctor prescribes Asparkam. This medicine provides fast delivery potassium and magnesium into cells, removal of bicarbonate, increasing blood acidity levels.

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Diacarb and Asparkam are the most successful combination, helping to reduce the volume of fluid in the body, as well as intracranial pressure, without complications.

High intracranial pressure is a rather serious pathology, which for some patients seems like a death sentence. In fact, this kind of entry in the medical record is not a reason to panic. Not in every case, increased intracranial pressure indicates the presence of a serious problem. To exclude it, timely diagnosis is necessary.

General information

Intracranial pressure (increased) is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in some parts of the skull, caused by a violation of its circulation. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. It is localized mainly in the ventricles of the brain. The main function of cerebrospinal fluid is to protect gray matter from all kinds of mechanical damage and overload.

The liquid is absolutely always under a certain pressure. In addition, it is constantly renewed due to circulation from one part to another. If any irregularities or malfunctions occur, liquor accumulates in one area. As a result, increased intracranial pressure occurs. Symptoms of this pathology may vary depending on its primary causes.

Classification of ICP in adults

In medical practice, there are two forms of this pathological condition: acute and chronic. Below we will look at each option in more detail.

1. The acute condition usually results from intracranial hemorrhage or severe brain damage, such as a stroke or ruptured aneurysm. In some cases, this change is fatal. To normalize a person’s condition, doctors most often resort to craniotomy. This procedure involves removing individual areas of the skull through surgery. This approach allows you to reduce intracranial pressure in the shortest possible time.
2. The symptoms and treatment of the chronic form are somewhat different. This pathology is a disorder of a neurological nature. may appear without visible reasons or result from mechanical damage, various ailments, reception of some groups medicines. The chronic form entails quite serious consequences for human health, one of which is rapidly progressing vision loss.

The main causes of increased ICP in adults

Various factors can contribute to this problem, including the following:

• Disturbances at the level of metabolic processes, accompanied by unsatisfactory absorption of fluid into the blood.
• Vasospasm, which negatively affects the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
• Excessive volumes of fluid in the body, leading to an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid.
• Stroke.
• Meningitis.
• Encephalitis.
• Excess body weight.
• Frequent migraines.
• Overdose of vitamin A in the body.
• Disruption of normal blood flow.
• Brain tumor.
• Intoxication of the body.

Symptoms of ICP in adults

This pathology is determined by a number of accompanying signs, namely:

• Headaches or a constant feeling of heaviness are the first symptom of intracranial pressure (increased). Most often, discomfort occurs in the morning and at night. Headaches are intense.
• Vegetative-vascular dystonia. This manifestation is accompanied by a pre-fainting state, a decrease in blood pressure, increased sweating and rapid heartbeat.
• Nausea, and in some cases vomiting in the morning.
• Nervousness and irritability.
• Increased fatigue is another symptom of intracranial pressure (increased). Some patients still feel tired even after a full night's sleep.
• Decreased potency and libido.
• Meteor dependence.
• The emergence of characteristic dark circles under the eyes.
• Swelling of the face and eyelids. Such a symptom of intracranial pressure (high), as a rule, is an impetus for immediately seeking help from a doctor.
• Pain syndrome in the area of ​​the cervical vertebra and the spinal cord itself.
• Impaired eye reaction.

It is important to understand that increased ICP is not a disease. Its presence is considered natural for a healthy person. So-called situational signs of intracranial pressure in adults can appear during the day as a response to various factors (for example, a change in the usual body position).

Features of ICP in children

Intracranial pressure (increased) in young patients may occur due to the most various reasons. These are rare hereditary diseases, and neuroinfections, and complex traumatic brain injuries.

What is the cause of increased intracranial pressure in infants? Most often, this kind of pathology is diagnosed due to protracted labor, difficult pregnancy, or fairly common entanglement of the umbilical cord. As a result, the baby develops hypoxia. In the first stages, his brain tries to independently compensate for the oxygen deficiency by increasing the production of fluid, which consistently fills the skull and constantly puts pressure on the brain. After the birth of the baby, restoration of functions is observed. Intracranial pressure in infants returns to normal over time.

Sometimes doctors record a persistent increase in ICP with hydrocephalus. In total, there are two forms of this pathology: congenital and acquired. The first option occurs due to hemorrhages and various anomalies at the genetic level. In the first weeks of life, it is already possible to diagnose a congenital form of pathology, and its timely treatment allows the baby to keep up with its peers in development.

How to recognize increased intracranial pressure in children? Symptoms

Primary signs indicating the development of this problem have their own characteristics. Initially, the fontanelle enlarges in infants. As a result, the head becomes very large sizes. It is now that parents should seek advice from a doctor, because all the signs indicate a pathology such as increased intracranial pressure. In children, symptoms may also include:

• Increased irritability, tearfulness for no apparent reason.
• Disproportional head size (excessively protruding forehead).
• Graefe's symptom. Between the iris and directly upper eyelid eyes you can see a strip of white sclera. This symptom of intracranial pressure (increased) is the main confirmation of the presence of pathology.
• Slow development. The child later begins to crawl, stand up and hold his head.
• No weight gain.
• Lethargy and drowsiness.

Signs of increased intracranial pressure in older children:

• Vomiting and nausea.
• Apathy, tearfulness, drowsiness.
• Discomfort behind the eye sockets.
• Regular headaches.
• Fatigue and constant weakness.

Diagnostics

A problem such as increased intracranial pressure should not be ignored. The symptoms of this condition, which are described in this article, should alert everyone and become an impetus to see a doctor. Only after full examination a specialist can really recommend effective treatment. The main methods for confirming the diagnosis are the following:

• EEG of the brain. This procedure, unfortunately, cannot confirm the pathology 100%, since a normal EEG is now extremely rare.
• CT. This method allows the specialist to examine all the changes occurring in the brain.
• MRI using contrast agent.

Diagnosis of increased ICP in young patients is somewhat different. If your child shows signs of intracranial pressure (increased), you should immediately report them to your doctor. After a series of tests, a specialist will be able to confirm or refute the diagnosis. If a newborn has a large fontanel open, it is prescribed ultrasound examination brain Otherwise this method called neurosonography. It is also necessary to show the child to an ophthalmologist.

ICP measurement

To check the pressure, a special catheter is inserted into one of the ventricles of the brain, since it is in this area that the cerebrospinal fluid is localized. This method is considered one of the most reliable.

How to measure intracranial pressure? Doctors also often use a so-called subdural screw. This device is inserted into a small burr hole in the skull itself. During the procedure, a probe is placed in the area between the skull and the dural tissue itself. As a rule, patients first have their head hair shaved, and skin treated with an antiseptic. A small incision is then made and the skin is pulled back so that the skull is visible. At the final stage, the sensor is inserted. This kind of procedure is not always performed and only for medical reasons.

The decision on which option to choose and how to measure intracranial pressure is made by the doctor himself, depending on many factors.

Conservative therapy

Choice specific method treatment directly depends on the reasons that provoked the development of such unpleasant condition. ICP in itself is not a pathology. The above signs of intracranial pressure in adults and children (increased) are the result of any problems of a physiological nature associated with blood circulation and directly with the brain.

If the diagnosis is made correctly and in a timely manner, the specialist selects medications and procedures that are suitable for a particular patient, allowing not only to normalize ICP, but also to eliminate the underlying disease that caused it.

Currently, the most common treatment options are:

• Prescribing diuretics.
• Usage sedatives. Diet therapy.
• Invasive procedures.
• Manual therapy.
• The use of "vascular" drugs.
• Use of medicinal herbs.
• Gymnastics.

Some of the listed options are designed solely for symptomatic relief of the patient's condition. Others allow you to completely eliminate the root cause of the pathology. Regarding the issue of drugs, lately The most popular tablets are Diacarb. For intracranial pressure (increased), this drug is prescribed not only to adult patients, but also to children. The medicine belongs to the category of diuretics.

The mechanism of action of absolutely all diuretics is based on the removal of excess fluid by the kidneys, which, in turn, lowers the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. Of course, you should consult your doctor before starting treatment. In general, the drug “Diakarb” for intracranial pressure (increased) is prescribed to absolutely all patients, as it has no side effects.

In addition, the drug “Glycerol” has a high dehydrating effect. Once in the bloodstream, the molecules of this drug “bind” and then remove fluid from the body, as a result, intracranial and intraocular pressure falls.

Also, to reduce the manifestations of pathology, the following treatment may be prescribed:

• Nootropic drugs such as Piracetam, Phenotropil, Pantogam.
• Vitamins.
• Homeopathic remedies.
• “Vascular” drugs responsible for improving cerebral circulation (Sermion, Cavinton, Cinnarizine).

If the cause of increased ICP lies in an infectious brain lesion, tumors or other serious problems, patients are most often recommended nootropic drugs and special vitamin complexes. Of course, malignant tumors require removal. If a neuroinfection has been diagnosed, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are recommended.

How to relieve intracranial pressure (increased) in young patients? Treatment in this case should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor after complete diagnostic examination. This usually means the following options:

• To eliminate the existing consequences of a difficult pregnancy, the child should be breastfed and follow the sleep schedule recommended by pediatricians.
• The little patient is prescribed medications to normalize the functioning of the central nervous system, improve blood circulation, diuretics and vitamins.
• Physiotherapeutic procedures are considered an excellent option.
• If the cause of high ICP is anatomical disorders, surgery is performed.

It is important to note that it is almost impossible to completely eliminate the disease that provoked the appearance of this type of pathology through acupuncture or massage. All these methods can provide relief in an adult, but do not eliminate the root cause, if any.

Surgical treatment

According to experts, the most severe condition is considered to be caused by hydrocephalus. This is a pathology at the congenital level, explained by impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. If fluid accumulates in excess volumes, it begins to put increased pressure on the meninges. Absence timely treatment may lead to the development of quite dangerous complications, including mental impairment.

Fortunately, today specialists can promptly and competently diagnose this pathology. As a rule, parents learn about this problem after the child’s first examination by a neurologist. Note that in this case, tablets are ineffective against intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus cannot be cured solely conservative therapy. The drugs have an exclusively symptomatic effect, somewhat relieving headaches.

For recovery normal functioning brain and treatment of hydrocephalus, as a rule, requires sufficient major surgery. Doctors perform ventricular drainage, as a result of which excess cerebrospinal fluid is removed.

As noted above, if the cause of high ICP lies in a tumor, the tumor must also be removed surgically.

How to relieve intracranial pressure? Traditional medicine

Our grandmothers' recipes should not be used as a first-line treatment method. It is better to resort to the help of traditional medicine as a supplement to the main therapy.

1. Lemon juice with honey. You will need to take one lemon, cut it in half and squeeze the juice. Then you need to add 100 ml of ordinary boiled water and a couple of tablespoons of honey to the liquid. The resulting mixture should be carefully mixed and drunk. This course of treatment should last no more than 20 days. Then a break is taken for 10 days.
2. Plantain. Symptoms of intracranial pressure in an adult can be somewhat reduced by using the following recipe. You will need to take three tablespoons of dried plantain (sold at the pharmacy), pour 500 ml of boiling water over the mixture and leave for 30 minutes. It is recommended to take 50 g of decoction three times a day.
3. Pollen with honey. This tool intended for external use, or more precisely, for head massage. You need to take two parts pollen and one part honey. Then you should mix the ingredients in one bowl and put it in a dark place for three days. After this time, it is necessary to rub the mixture in small portions into the area of ​​the bridge of the nose, the back of the head and the back of the neck. It is recommended to repeat the procedure daily for one month.

Thanks to all of the above recipes, many patients manage to normalize intracranial pressure. Traditional treatment, we note again, should not be used as the main method of combating pathology. This type of therapy should only be used as an adjunct.

Forecast

Properly selected therapy can not only reduce the symptoms of the pathology literally a few days after the start of treatment, but also improve the patient’s condition.

Note that we hope for positive results is possible only if it is possible to identify and eliminate the main cause that provoked the development of this problem. This may be a neoplasm, including a malignant one, as well as improper outflow of fluid.

As for young patients, by the age of six months in most of them the condition returns to normal. If pills and other therapeutic measures do not help with intracranial pressure, the diagnosis sounds somewhat different. Minimal brain dysfunction is a new name for the pathology. However, parents should not worry ahead of time. This diagnosis indicates that the child has a weak central nervous system; at critical moments, ICP may increase.

To avoid this problem, doctors strongly recommend undergoing preventive treatment in autumn and spring periods. It is also important to limit stress, parents should normalize the situation in the family, try to avoid conflict situations. The child should be regularly observed by a neurologist.

There is no need to be afraid that ICP will cause mental retardation. The pathology does not reduce the child’s intelligence, and in some cases even contributes to the development of such features as excellent memory.

Consequences

Despite the fact that ICP rarely leads to death, pathology should not be left unattended. Lack of timely treatment can cause paralysis or cerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusion

In this article, we have described in as much detail as possible what constitutes such a pathology as increased intracranial pressure, the symptoms and treatment of which are closely related. Timely seeking help from a doctor and strictly following all his recommendations allow you to forget about this problem forever. Be healthy!

Every third person experiences ICP. It occurs due to a lack or excess of cerebrospinal fluid, which serves to protect the brain from mechanical damage. Normal ICP for a healthy person is about 5-7 mmHg. If intracranial pressure is noted, symptoms may vary in adults.

Signs of increased intracranial pressure in adults

It is very difficult to diagnose ICP on your own. Often you cannot do without the help of a specialist; only he can prescribe necessary research and, based on deciphering the results, make a verdict. If you notice a deterioration in your health, listen to yourself; perhaps you are not just tired or nervous at work. The main signs of increased intracranial pressure in adults:

• strong bursting headache;
• dizziness, shortness of breath, chills;
• increased blood pressure (BP);
• response to changing weather conditions;
• morning sickness, possible vomiting;
• the appearance of dark circles under the eyes that do not go away after sleep;
• increased sweating, sweating of extremities;
• decreased libido;
• temporary blurred vision, double vision, black spots;
• arrhythmia;
• fatigue, increased arousal and nervousness.

Symptoms of low intracranial pressure

Reduced intracranial pressure is much less common, but no less dangerous. If you notice 2-3 signs of this disease, consult a specialist as soon as possible. He will conduct the necessary research and prescribe treatment, if necessary. The main symptoms of low intracranial pressure:

• flashes, bright spots before the eyes;
• evening headaches, migraines;
• tinnitus, decreased hearing quality;
• swelling of the face;
• weakness, low level performance;
• soreness of the skull when sneezing or coughing;
• persistent drowsiness;
• pain upper section spine.

In women

In general, the symptoms of intracranial pressure in women are classic. Sometimes they may be accompanied by severe swelling and soreness of the limbs. It has been noticed that girls have a higher pain threshold, but at the same time they are much more sensitive to minor pain, so the disease in them can proceed in more acute form. Often among the complaints of the fairer sex you can find:

• high blood pressure;
• redness of the eyeball;
• pressing pain in the neck area;
• increased heart rate;
• tachycardia;
• increased salivation;
• severe headache.

In men

Often, symptoms of intracranial pressure in men go unnoticed due to low sensitivity and a somewhat careless attitude towards their own health. It is much easier to take a pill for your headache and continue your normal lifestyle than to decide to visit a doctor and undergo an examination. However, it is not worth starting ICP, because this is a serious pathology, due to which there is a high risk of earning more serious illnesses. How does intracranial pressure manifest in adult men:

• throbbing headache;
• sharp increase HELL;
• dyspnea;
• paresis spinal muscles;
• increased irritability and nervousness.

How to diagnose intracranial pressure in an adult

Intracranial pressure can be diagnosed in any clinic with a referral from a physician. Basically, methods are used for this that give only an approximate result, but this is enough to determine the need for treatment and prevention. All necessary recommendations and the specialist will prescribe medications after a complete examination.

There are three main exact way measurements:

1. The epidural method involves trephination of the skull and subsequent insertion of a special sensor into the hole, which transmits data to a computer. In this way, ICP can be measured, but excess cerebrospinal fluid cannot be removed.
2. The subdural method is rarely used. During the procedure, a specialized screw is used, with which the indicators are determined. It is removed immediately after the study.
3. The intraventricular method is the most modern and widespread; it involves inserting a catheter into the skull through a specially drilled hole. The main advantages of such a study are that it is possible to pump out excess fluid if necessary and reduce ICP.

Any of these methods is dangerous and is used only if all signs indicate the exact presence of the disease, there are injuries, brain swelling or other life-threatening indications for the patient. In other situations, less risky, non-invasive examination methods are used that will not cause harm to health. However, achieving an accurate result is extremely difficult.

If such conditions become frequent, then many begin to wonder whether he has increased intracranial pressure, and what symptoms accompany this disease.

What is intracranial pressure

Intracranial pressure is inherent in every person. This is an indicator of the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the brain matter itself. The pressure levels inside the skull have a very wide spread - 60 - 200 mm. water column. Such a wide amplitude of the norm is due to individual characteristics person or situation. With increased physical activity, severe anxiety, sneezing or crying, the readings will instantly rise several times. This is an absolutely normal situation, and everything will return to normal after some time without medical intervention.

The mechanism of occurrence of increased ICP

The brain is a very delicate tissue that needs reliable protection. This protection is provided by the skull, and in order to prevent brain tissue from being injured by friction against the skull, the cavity contains cerebrospinal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid. In addition to its protective function, cerebrospinal fluid provides nutrition and water-electrolyte balance. This fluid is produced in the human body, bathes the brain and is then absorbed back into the blood. In cases where, for some reason, circulation is disrupted in this process and the amount of cerebrospinal fluid increases, the fluid begins to exert excessive pressure on the brain tissue. It is in such situations that doctors talk about increased intracranial pressure.

Signs of pathology

ICP is not independent disease and is only a consequence of the development of the underlying disease. Based on this, you need to understand that the increase in pressure will occur quite slowly, and the symptoms characteristic of this pathology will appear gradually and in an increasing manner.

Headache attacks periodically occur in anyone, even the healthiest person. But this does not mean at all that intracranial pressure has increased. High intracranial pressure has characteristic symptoms:

• peripheral vision is impaired;
• pupils become different sizes;
• low pupil reaction to light;
• splitting of objects;
• fogging and even temporary blindness.

These problems occur due to increased pressure on certain optic nerves.

Reasons why ICP may occur

This disease develops only as a consequence of other pathologies. In modern medical practice, there are several main reasons that can lead to high blood pressure:

1. Congenital diseases. The most famous pathology is hydrocephalus. A newborn baby may experience pathology in the development of venous sinuses, which provide absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. As a result of too much cerebrospinal fluid, excessive pressure occurs on the brain and on the walls of the skull. The seams come apart and the head becomes unnaturally large.
2. Pathological course of pregnancy. If there were unfavorable moments, such as a long labor, entanglement in the umbilical cord and severe toxicosis, then the baby experienced severe oxygen starvation. As a result of this, the brain, when there is a lack of oxygen, turned on compensation mechanisms, and this entailed additional production of cerebrospinal fluid.
3. Neoplasms. Such pathologies include tumors of any type and cysts. With this option, the fluid cycle process can be disrupted at any stage.
4. Hematomas. These formations are most often the result of traumatic brain injuries and can lead to very negative consequences.
5. Brain swelling. This happens as a result of injuries, neurosurgical interventions, and strokes. It is caused by a blood clot that blocks the vein through which the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid passes.
6. Various endocrine disorders. Doctors include obesity, hyperthyroidism, hepatic encephalopathy, and adrenal insufficiency into this category of diseases. All these diseases are accompanied by high blood pressure, which provokes additional release of water into the cerebrospinal fluid.
7. Medicines. Some medications can cause “pseudotumor cerebri.”

Modern diagnostic methods

Increased extracranial pressure is very difficult to diagnose. This happens because there are still no methods for measuring intracranial pressure in a safe way. Today doctors resort to several options for confirming this diagnosis:

Treatment methods for ICP

Treatment of the primary disease

It never happens on its own. This is a consequence of another primary disease. Considering this fact, any experienced doctor will begin therapy for this pathology by identifying and treating the root cause. For example, if high blood pressure was caused by hydrocephalus, then the excess fluid is simply pumped out; for infectious diseases such as encephalitis or meningitis, antibiotics will be the basis of treatment; in the presence of a neoplasm, antibiotics are used surgery. With this approach to treatment, intracranial pressure itself is not reduced, since symptoms may be distorted. When the underlying disease is cured, problems with ICP disappear on their own.

Emergency reduction of intracranial pressure

Sometimes high blood pressure reaches critical levels, at which there is a threat of development various complications or even just the patient's life. In such situations, the doctor is faced with the question of how to reduce intracranial pressure in an emergency. For these purposes, quite complex manipulations are used:

Taking medications

After the diagnosis of ICP has been accurately confirmed and it has been determined that this problem is associated with the presence of an underlying disease in a chronic form, the patient needs to know how to relieve high intracranial pressure, since constant headaches significantly reduce the quality of life. everyday life. With this development of the disease, the doctor may prescribe the following drugs:

• diuretics;
• preparations containing potassium;
• corticosteroids.

Physiotherapy

At chronic course diseases, patients are often prescribed the following types of physiotherapy:

1. Electrophoresis with the introduction of "Eufillin" into the collar area. It is used to improve the functioning of blood vessels supplying the brain.
2. Procedures using magnetic fields that help normalize vascular tone, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in pressure.

Massage

In addition to drug treatment A neurologist often prescribes a course of massages for the collar area of ​​the spine. This can be 15 – 20 procedures. Next, the patient can use self-massage methods, which are performed daily 2 times a day and last 10–15 minutes. These could be the following methods:

1. We place our palms on the back of the head, press lightly and move our hands down the neck to the collarbones.
2. Feel the edge with your fingertips occipital bone from below and, stroking the neck in a circular motion, we move down.
3. We find the base of the skull and, making circular movements, move along the entire edge of the bone. If everything is done correctly, slight pain should occur.

Therapeutic exercise

Regular physical activity improves muscle tone in the cervicobrachial region, which can eliminate muscle spasms. This will be facilitated by swimming, tennis or physical therapy.

Good results can be obtained by performing the following exercises:

1. Keep your back straight, move your head forward as much as possible, then lower it down. Slowly return to the starting position.
2. Lower your head as far down as possible and make turns to the right and left.
3. We tilt our heads to the right and left as deeply as possible.
4. Turn the head as far as possible to the right and left.
5. As you inhale, raise your head up, hold your breath for a few seconds, and then as you exhale, lower your head down.

Acupuncture

This treatment method is aimed at reducing, using an effect on reflex zones. In addition, in the process of these manipulations, metabolic processes are normalized and the functioning of the entire nervous system is normalized.

Preventive measures

People who regularly experience increased intracranial pressure, except standard treatment, it is imperative to pay attention to disease prevention. For this purpose it is important:

1. Follow a diet that includes foods with increased content potassium and magnesium salts - buckwheat, beans, kiwi, dried apricots, seaweed. It is important to adhere drinking regime– 1 – 2 liters of water per day.
2. Eliminate bad habits from your life.
3. Raise the bed at the head.
4. Lead a physically active lifestyle.
5. Avoid baths and long stay in the sun.

One of the most common pathological conditions of the brain are intracranial hypotheses and hypertension. The main reasons for their occurrence are metabolic disorders, the appearance of neoplasms, injury, or the presence of intrauterine defects or developmental delays.

The distinctive features of abnormal intracranial pressure are recognized by the characteristics of the symptoms.

Among which are headaches, decreased attentiveness and visual acuity, hearing problems, a sharp increase in blood pressure in adulthood or atypical behavioral manifestations in children. To confirm the presence of a pathological condition, special studies are carried out.

What is intracranial pressure

To protect brain structures from external influence, mechanical damage and for its normal functioning the body produces a special substance - cerebrospinal fluid, otherwise called cerebrospinal or cerebrospinal fluid.

It circulates through the ventricles of the brain, the spinal canal and the subarachnoid space, thereby providing certain pressure values ​​inside the skull.

In order for the vessels of the head to function best, it is necessary to maintain a constant value of ICP at a certain level. In cases of circulatory disorders in the brain, an increase in intracranial pressure (hypertension) or a decrease in ICP (hypotension) occurs.

However, not in every case of change in ICP this indicates the presence of a pathological process. Sometimes symptoms can be temporary, caused by severe overexcitation (if we are talking about a small child), in a state of alcohol intoxication, during intense physical activity.

Hypertension or high intracranial pressure negatively affects the condition of the entire body as a whole. Symptoms include high fatigue throughout the day, increased weather sensitivity, frequent migraines, sleep problems, irritability, and memory loss.

In cases of a sudden rise in intracranial pressure, vomiting, nausea and loss of consciousness for a short period of time are added to the described symptoms. Changes and fluctuations in blood pressure are also characteristics of high ICP in adults.

In women

In the female half of humanity, the symptoms of increased or decreased intracranial pressure are slightly different from those in men. And in addition to the usual migraine attacks, they are expressed as follows:

• Active salivation and sweating;
• Increased or, on the contrary, slowed heart rate;
• Blood surges.
• Frequent dizziness.
• Pressing pain in the neck area.
• Hearing impairment.
• Problems with memory and speech.
• Decreased concentration, absent-mindedness.
• Weakening of visual function.
• Disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Swelling of the face and eyelids.
• Fatigue, weakness, apathy.
• The appearance of previously unusual irritability.

Symptoms of intracranial pressure in men

Symptoms of high pressure inside the skull in the male half of humanity are as follows:

• Shortness of breath, changes in breathing rate, disruptions even with minimal physical activity.
• Sudden vision problems (flares or blurred vision).
• Sudden changes in blood pressure.
• High irritability and aggressiveness.
• High fatigue.
• Swelling of the face and eyelid area.
• Decreased muscle tone.
• Pain in the head of a pulsating nature in the evening.

How does a headache occur with intracranial pressure?

With increased pressure inside the head, the pain is concentrated in the forehead and crown of the head. The nature of the pain can be pressing or bursting. This manifestation of pathology is observed when long-term stress, overwork or severe physical exhaustion.

Rotation frequency eyeballs may be accompanied by pain, squeezing sensations, or mild nausea. Also, increased ICP can be manifested by vomiting.

Symptoms of low intracranial pressure

Hypotension (low pressure inside the skull) occurs when cerebrospinal fluid flows through the cranial foramina. The main root causes of decreased ICP can be:

• Injuries;
• Malignant neoplasms in parts of the brain;
• Formation of blood accumulations (hematomas);
• Congenital defects and deformities;
• Complications during intrauterine development;
• Brain surgeries;
• Osteochondrosis of the neck;
• Narrowed arteries of the brain;
• Transfer by the body intestinal infections or severe intoxication;
• Long course of diuretics;
• Dehydration of the body;
• Presence of negative habits (smoking, alcoholism);
• Severe stress and overwork;
• Development of pathological processes in the cardiovascular or hormonal system.
• Pregnancy or the beginning of the menstrual cycle.

The decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pressure occurs as follows:

1. The production of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced.
2. The permeability of barriers between the central nervous system and the circulatory system increases.
3. Decreased in the brain.
4. The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream increases.

External manifestations of low intracranial pressure in an adult are as follows:

• Sudden dizziness.
• Pain when sneezing or coughing that radiates to the head.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• General apathy, lethargy.
• Fatigue.
• Increased irritability and nervousness.
• Sleep problems.
• Muscle cramps.
• The appearance of various spots or flashes before the eyes.
• Pain syndrome in the heart area.
• Pain in the upper part of the spinal column.
• Reduced blood pressure.

Often, variable pressure levels inside the cranium are observed in infants in the early stages of life. The newborn’s brain strives to compensate for the lack of oxygen that occurred due to intrauterine hypoxia.

He does this by increasing the production of cerebrospinal fluid. As it grows in volume, it begins to put pressure on the brain and fill the skull. As it increases, intracranial pressure normalizes.

If increased ICP is observed over a long period of time and is stable, then the baby is diagnosed with hydrocephalus and undergoes special treatment. The main symptoms that can serve as an indirect sign of high ICP in infants under one year of age are:

• Disproportional increase in the size of the skull.
• Perhaps the seams will begin to separate and the mobility of the cranial bones will change.
• Protrusion of the eyeballs.
• Strong pulsation in the crown at rest.
• Unsupported crying.
• No weight gain.
• Copious and frequent regurgitation.
• Lethargic state.
• Sudden cramps or mild muscle twitching.
• Slow reaction.

In older children, symptoms of increased ICP manifest differently. They are characterized by:

• Tearfulness.
• Lethargy and apathy.
• Increasing pain in the head.
• Blurred vision.
• High fatigue.
• Nausea and vomiting.

Often the following manifestations can be mistaken for signs of hypertension in young children:

1. Startling during sleep.
2. Sudden bleeding from the nose.
3. Slight twitching of limbs.
4. Walking on the forefoot only.
5. High excitability, whims.

Fundus of the eye with intracranial pressure

Increased pressure inside the skull can be studied using fundus diagnostic techniques. The condition of the retina and optic nerves assessed by a specialist using an ophthalmoscope. A beam of light is directed onto the retina, so the condition of the eye can be seen and assessed. Among the indirect manifestations confirming increased ICP are:

1. Increased tortuosity of blood vessels;
2. Dilated vessels;
3. Swelling of the optic discs;
4. Fuzzy contours of the discs upon examination.

If none of the above signs were detected, then the intracranial pressure readings are considered normal.

How to check intracranial pressure

Diagnosis of ICP varies for people of different ages. If it is necessary to carry out the procedure on a small child, neurosonography or ultrasound examination of the head brain is performed.

These methods are among the safest for a small child. They have no contraindications or any side effects. Using ultrasound, you can only obtain indirect confirmation of the presence of a pathological condition. Neurosonography reveals:

• Hydrocephalus. This can be seen by the enlarged ventricles.
• Hypertension.
• Ischemic brain disease.
• Cysts.
• Meningitis.
• Hematomas inside the skull.

For adults and older children, magnetic resonance therapy and computed tomography (MRI and CT) are provided.

An MRI may show:

Method computed tomography allows you to identify the presence of:

• Large lesions of the brain substance.
• Swelling.
• Displacements of brain structures under the influence of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
• Dehiscence of the sutures of the cranial bones.

To measure intracranial pressure, only invasive methods are used in cases where the disease is clearly visible and this procedure important for saving the patient's life.

There are two types of invasive methods for measuring ICP:

1. Spinal (lumbar) puncture. With this technique, the puncture is carried out in spinal canal and take part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and measure the pressure. Then the resulting substance is analyzed. One of the main advantages of the process is that mechanical damage brain are reduced to a minimum.
2. Ventricular puncture (ventricular). A small hole is made in the skull and a special catheter is inserted into the cerebral ventricles. In this way, the ICP characteristics are calculated. If necessary, excess brain fluid is removed through a special reservoir.

The quality of cerebrospinal fluid is determined by the following indicators:

You can feel changes in intracranial pressure (increase or decrease) yourself at home based on certain of its manifestations:

• Severe dizziness.
• The appearance of tinnitus.
• Nausea.
• Pain in the head.
• Sudden vision loss.
• Fainting.

But you won’t be able to find out its exact characteristics. This is only possible with the help of qualified doctors medical equipment. It is very important to diagnose the disease in time and begin treatment in a timely manner, which will help prevent its progression.

Therapist Khalepa Y.V.