Postpartum paresis in cows is acute illness, which appears suddenly after childbirth. It is characterized mainly by paralysis of the limbs, tongue and pharynx, as well as intestines. The etiology of this disease has not yet been studied. In this article we will talk about the signs and treatment of paresis, and also describe preventive methods.

Postpartum paresis is usually observed in cows, goats and less commonly in pigs. The causes of this disease have not yet been fully studied, but with the help of various observations it was found that paresis most often manifests itself:

• in animals whose diet is rich in protein feed;
• in well-fed individuals;
• in cattle with highly productive milk qualities;
• during 5-8 lactation.

This disease usually manifests itself in the first 3-4 days of the postpartum period. Also often occurs in animals after lung or rapid birth. Rarely this disease appears later than the specified period or during childbirth. In some individuals, paresis may recur after each birth. These are very rare cases and have only been observed in cows and goats.

With paresis, hypocalcemia is observed - a decrease in the level of calcium in the animal’s blood, and against this background, phosphorus and magnesium increase. The parathyroid gland is responsible for the amount of calcium in the blood and it is the disruption of its functionality, according to some scientists, that leads to this disease. Hypocalcemia is also characterized by active leaching of calcium from milk, therefore animals with high milk production are at risk.

One of the causes of paresis is also considered to be high nervous tension. All animals with this diagnosis showed low sugar levels in blood tests, which is also considered the cause of the disease.

What is still known about the causes of the disease is that intracorporeal genetic deterministic factors are at work here environment. Under their influence, functional changes occur in muscle cells. Their work is influenced by the amount of sodium and calcium ions in muscle membranes. It is the genetic tendency to lack control of these ions that causes this disease. Various shifts in carbon and protein metabolism are also observed. It must be assumed that the disease arises from severe exhaustion nervous system.

Signs

Symptoms of postpartum paresis in cows, like other animals, are semi-paralysis or general lung malaise. A decrease in vital processes in the animal’s body is also characteristic. On initial stage diseases observed in cows decreased activity or excessive mobility. The animal refuses to eat or its appetite decreases sharply.

Body position of a cow with paresis

In sick individuals unsure gait, which is accompanied by trembling in the body or limbs. One of the main symptoms is a decrease in body temperature, which can be especially felt in the horns and limbs. Usually the animal lies on its stomach with its legs extended to the side, and its head thrown back in an unnatural way. The pupils are dilated. It is easy to lift the head by the horns, but the cow cannot hold it on her own. Neck muscles are weakened.

There is also the release of tears and clouding of the cornea. The cow's gaze is frantic. There is also paralysis of the mouth and tongue. Therefore, the animal cannot swallow or it is difficult for him to do so.

There is a lack of peristalsis. Intestinal dysfunction is also a manifestation of postpartum paresis in cows. Dry and dense stool accumulates in the rectum. If help is not provided quickly, the animal may develop tympany. Also, the cow cannot urinate, and therefore the bladder is full.

The retraction of the tongue is a consequence of weakening of its muscles. Breathing with paresis is hoarse, heavy and slow. The veins on the udder are swollen, milk is not released at all or in very small quantities.

When paresis occurs during the maternity period, which is extremely rare, the labor of the uterus weakens or stops altogether. There is a decrease in body temperature to 35-36 degrees Celsius. The apathetic form of paresis is characterized by a weaker manifestation of symptoms. Sometimes the animal can stand up on its own and moves sluggishly. With this form, the body temperature is slightly reduced - up to 37 degrees - or remains normal.

The apathetic form of paresis manifests itself, as a rule, before labor activity a week before giving birth or a few days. This type of paresis cannot be treated, and in 90% of cases the animal dies.

Treatment

Previously, postpartum paresis in cows was almost impossible to cure. Veterinarians used various ways treatments that did not produce any results. But not so long ago, Schmidt’s method was discovered, the use of which shows good results in the treatment of this disease. The treatment method involves pumping air into the cow's mammary glands through milk canal. This method is very simple and accessible, it can be used in any conditions. The main thing is that Schmidt’s method gives positive results.

Air is blown into the mammary glands using an Everas apparatus or a bicycle pump (which simplifies treatment). A sick cow should be laid on her side and all the milk should be milked. Then the nipples and hose are sterilized with alcohol. A cotton pad is also attached to the end of the hose, which is needed to prevent infection from entering the cow’s mammary glands.

Initially, a catheter is inserted into the nipple, and then air is gradually pumped through it. Smooth pumping promotes a more intense effect on the receptor elements. It is necessary to pump air into all four channels of the udder several times in turn. In this case, it is recommended to do light massage cow's udder. During this procedure, you need to monitor the tension of the animal’s udder skin (it should not be too tight). The folds of the mammary glands should straighten. For better control air dosage must be periodically tapped on the udder with a finger. The sound should be as if you are tapping a puffy cheek. If the “dosage” is incorrect, treatment may not produce results. If too much air is introduced, the alveoli may rupture, leading to emphysema.

After completing the insufflation procedure, it is necessary to do a light massage of the nipples so that the muscles begin to contract again. If the air is not retained and the muscles are too relaxed, you need to rub the nipple with a cloth (bandage, gauze, cotton cloth). Then you need to apply a bandage to the nipples; you can remove it after two hours.

Signs of recovery may appear within half an hour, but most often the symptoms go away gradually. Recovery is usually slow. When the animal rises to its feet, a slight tremor may be observed in the muscles, which lasts from 2 to 5 hours.

If 6-8 hours after the insufflation procedure no results are observed (relief of symptoms and general improvement in the cow’s condition), then it is necessary to re-inflate the glands with air. For more quick effect wrapping the body and rubbing the sides and croup of the cow is also used. Glucose and caffeine are injected under the skin. The intestines must be freed from feces. The use of a hot enema is recommended.

If, due to postpartum paresis, a cow develops tympania, which is also dangerous disease, it is necessary to immediately puncture the scar. A 40% formaldehyde solution (up to 40 ml) is injected into the protruding tubercle on the left side of the animal (scar area) using a needle.

Another way to treat maternity paresis in a cow is to infuse fresh milk from a healthy cow into the udder. Its quantity depends on the volume of the cow's udder. This method also brings good results and rapid recovery of the animal. The infusion is repeated if there is no positive results and eliminating symptoms.

It is necessary to milk a cow only if it improves vital signs, two hours after relief. Treatment of the animal should begin as soon as the first symptoms appear. If all of the above methods for treating paresis do not work, the animal must be killed.

Prevention

Prevention of paresis should be carried out in the prenatal period. Since this disease is characterized by a decrease in blood sugar in the cow, it is necessary to give her 500 g of sugar per day 3-4 days before calving.

Immediately after giving birth, you need to give the cow water with 100-120 grams of salt added to it. A good preventative measure is to add minerals to the diet of a pregnant cow. You can also prevent paresis by adding 100 grams of ammonium chloride to the food. Favorable living conditions, absence of drafts and temperature changes are the key to the health of the cow. Some studies have shown that maternity paresis in a cow can occur precisely due to a cold.

Eating a proper diet in the weeks before giving birth can also help prevent this disease. It is necessary to remove concentrates and succulent feed from the cow’s diet.

Igor Nikolaev

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A responsible attitude to calving in cattle determines the health of future offspring and the high milk productivity of the mother. But sometimes childbirth occurs with complications. It is important not to miss the occurrence of diseases at this stage in order to preserve the reproductive functions of the cow and save the livestock breeder from long-term treatment. The main diseases during the postpartum period will be discussed in the publication.

The time from the separation of the placenta to the completion of the uterine restoration process is called the postpartum period. This is observed by the fact that the cervix closes and becomes smaller muscle fibers.

After a week, colostrum becomes milk. IN healthy condition Discharges of natural color, size and odor are formed.

The animal gains strength to bear the next fetus. Fertilization usually occurs soon. Or the cow cannot become pregnant again and remains infertile.

Postpartum complications occur for several reasons. In some cases, this is a lack of feeding and maintenance. Pregnant animals are kept in cramped stalls, crowded together, and are not allowed to walk. In other cases, the process is interfered with infectious diseases. If you have any difficulties, you should seek help from a specialist.

Birth canal injuries

Spontaneous and violent injuries lead to vaginal rupture. They can occur due to the following factors:

• strong efforts during childbirth;
• incorrect presentation of the calf;
• large fruit;
• obstetrician's actions with instruments, ropes

With small ruptures, wounds also form from the vagina there's blood coming out. In case of serious injuries, a through-and-through wound of impressive size appears. It happens that loops of intestines and a bladder end up in the vaginal cavity.

A specialist must determine the location of the rupture. Bandages with hemostatic solutions mixed with antiseptics are inserted into the vagina. The prolapsed organs are put back into place. The obstetrician then quickly stitches up the tears to prevent the animal from losing a lot of blood. It also plays a role in getting into open paths microbes, in the reproduction of opportunistic microflora.

This outcome leads to the development of gynecological diseases in cows.

Retention of placenta

If after calving the placenta does not come out within a maximum of eight hours, then it is said to be retained. In most cases this happens for the following reasons:

1. the uterus contracts weakly and does not push out the placenta. This may occur due to the animal's lack of vitamins;
2. rare and irregular exercise during pregnancy. When an animal moves little, a lot of problems appear in the body;
3. the muscles of the uterus are weak due to the presence of the disease;
4. the placentas of the mother and fetus were united, again due to the presence of serious infections (brucellosis, trichomoniasis and others).

Already on the second day after birth, the placenta begins to decompose. This can lead to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the vagina, cervix, and general infection of the body. It is enough to react in time and remove the afterbirth promptly. Otherwise, infertility and other cow diseases may occur.

First, they try to force the uterus to contract with special drugs. Immunomodulators are also used. If the process does not start, they try to separate the afterbirth manually. This is done with clean hands after sanitizing and applying a moisturizing ointment.

You should be careful during the operation so that particles of the placenta do not remain in the womb. They can lead to rotting and inflammation. Then the uterine cavity and birth canal are washed with antibacterial solutions. Residues of drugs are removed from the cavity by pumping out. The procedure is repeated three days in a row.

Uterine prolapse

Immediately after the calf is born, the uterus may prolapse completely into an open cervix. Most often this is due to strong efforts after calving, which are needed to expel the placenta.

Another specialist could have pulled out the fetus too abruptly or there were natural rapid labor. The cow could have been bothered by a cough that caused her to prolapse. Among the reasons are the uneven floor: the cow gave birth with an inclination towards the rear.

Inversion of the uterus develops into edema, the formation of cracks, ruptures and tissue death. Therefore, specialist intervention is necessary according to the instructions:

1. first remove the afterbirth;
2. the inverted uterus is washed with a solution of potassium permanganate;
3. Burenki's rear is placed higher;
4. The uterus is taken into a clean blanket and carefully placed in place. You need to start from the vagina, straightening the folds;
5. for some time the animal should be in a position with its hind end raised;
6. V in rare cases the place is stitched up.

Lying down for a long time after childbirth

After calving, the cow cannot get up and lies down all the time. She can be lifted by force, but she will not be able to stand. The back part slopes towards the floor. There is no paralysis of the limbs. The female appears healthy.

Such a rotation can be caused by damage to the sacral plexus of the sciatic nerve due to a large fetus or its incorrect position, or injuries to the pelvic ring. Poor quality nutrition during the period of gestation or lack of walking. It is necessary to exclude leg injuries and give the animal rest.

You can help by doing the following:

• lay fresh, clean and dry bedding;
• turn over several times a day to prevent bedsores;
• be sure to massage the sides, back, limbs;
• Warm lotions are recommended for areas of the sacrum;
• the diet should be balanced and fortified.

After this, the cow is observed for several days. If she does not get up even after five days, she is placed in a support device.

This pathology is considered one of the most severe among postpartum diseases in cows. The female quickly becomes helpless due to the fact that her tongue, pharynx, digestive organs and limbs are paralyzed. The animal may even lose consciousness. This outcome occurs in highly productive cows with large weights.

Paresis is associated with nutrition. In particular, a lack of glucose and calcium in the feed and overfeeding with concentrated food without alternating with juicy and coarse foods.

An aggravating factor is the lack of walking:

1. the cow's limbs are trembling, she lies down and does not get up;
2. if the position is not critical, then the head is supported by weight, although the neck is tilted;
3. in more severe cases, the cow lays its head on the chest wall and throws it back;
4. the temperature drops by two to three degrees;
5. the area near the horns is cool;
6. the tongue may fall out;
7. the animal closes its eyes and groans.

Treatment consists of regularly milking the milk so that it does not stagnate and go rancid in the udder. Then air is blown into the udder. At the same time, an injection of caffeine is given, the body is rubbed and the cow is warmed up.

A solution of calcium chloride and glucose is prescribed intravenously to restore strength. Vitamin D is added to the feed, minerals, sweetened water. It is necessary to monitor bowel movements and bladder. If something happens, help with catheters and enemas. While the cow is not getting up, provide her with warm bedding and prevent bedsores from appearing with massages and special medications.

Poisoning and infections

In the first time after calving, the cow may begin to become intoxicated. This is facilitated by the absorption of decay products from the uterus, the activation of bacteria that enter the blood from it. Before this, trauma to the birth canal and infection could have occurred.

It is not difficult to determine the beginning of the pathological process. The cow has no appetite, is depressed, and her body temperature rises. The pulse slows, breathing becomes erratic, and diarrhea may begin. The rumen contracts incorrectly and the gum disappears.

As a rule, this development of events is preceded by inflammation of the vagina, endometritis and other postpartum illnesses in cows. When examined by a specialist, it turns out that the uterus is enlarged in size, contains foreign fluid, it practically does not contract and reacts painfully to the examination.

Timely assistance for mild forms of intoxication promotes recovery:

But in some cases, if you do not pay attention to infections, death can occur. If you do not intervene promptly, sepsis may develop. It affects serious changes in almost all internal organs. The process may be irreversible.

Septicemia

The disease mainly occurs due to trauma during childbirth. Streptococci or staphylococci, E. coli and other bacteria are involved.

Besides lethargic state, the animal’s milk production process stops. You can milk a small amount of milk, but it will be blue or red in color. The cow tries to lie down, as if with paresis.

The difference between the pathology is the presence of a rash and bleeding from the mucous membranes. Blood may also be released in liquid stool. Sometimes there is no stool at all.

The disease can be identified thanks to the following signs:

1. putrefactive discharge indicates acute course septicemia;
2. nothing happens around the wound. This means that the body does not react to bacteria, to the difficult process that has begun. In this case, there will be complications;
3. blood pressure decreases greatly, the pulse becomes rapid and difficult to calculate;
4. protein is found in the urine;
5. Putrid fluid flows from the uterus, its walls are dense and thick;
6. Rarely does an animal fall into a coma immediately, without obvious symptoms. Death is inevitable;
7. The obvious difference is the temperature jumps. At first it rises sharply, then also falls. The result can be twofold: either recovery or death. The picture will become clearer in a matter of hours.

Therefore, treatment is useless if sepsis is expressed in a putrefactive course. The lifespan of a cow is measured in two to three days. When the situation is not so dire, measures are taken.

The postpartum period is considered to be the period from the separation of the placenta to the end of the involution of the genital organs. In practice, it ends with a new pregnancy or infertility. During the process of involution, the swelling of the vulva disappears, the cervix gradually closes, the volume decreases and the muscle fibers of the uterus are shortened, and the lumens of the blood vessels narrow. By days 5-8, colostrum turns into milk. Lochia is abundantly secreted. They include the remains of amniotic fluid and placenta, blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and later - the secretion of epithelial cells, uterine and vaginal glands.



UTERINE PROLPUS (Prolapsus uteri)

It occurs in cows, goats, pigs, dogs, cats as a result of forcible removal of a retained placenta or large fetus during prolonged labor and dryness of the birth canal. Predispose to prolapse due to overstretched uterus, as well as trauma to the birth canal. The prognosis depends on the time of loss and the degree of damage to the mucous membrane.

Before repositioning the uterus in cows, the pressure is removed using epidural-sacral anesthesia, then the remnants of the placenta are removed, necrotic tissue areas, wounds and erosions are treated with iodine glycerin. The uterine mucosa is irrigated with a 3% cold alum solution, covered with a sheet or bandaged.

Reset the prolapsed uterus with the palms of your hands, starting with the one adjacent to top edge vulva parts; after reduction, the mucous membrane is treated with an emulsion of syntomycin or streptocide. The vulva is fixed purse string suture. Treatment is carried out as for endometritis.

SUBINVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS (Subinvolutio uteri)

Delayed uterine involution after childbirth occurs in the absence of active exercise, inadequate diet, and is often accompanied by dysfunction of internal organs and systems. The main reasons for it are uterine atony, the release of lochia in small portions or their delay, the expiration of liquid brown lochia for more than 4 days after birth, and an increase in the time of separation of lochia.

The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to lochiometra and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with the breakdown products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Treatment.

It is necessary to remove lochia from the uterus using a vacuum pump or by subcutaneous injection drugs ergot, oxytocin, sinestrol or colostrum. Irrigation of the vagina with cold hypertonic solutions of table salt is allowed. If there is no intoxication, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is effective. Novocaine therapy and autohemotherapy are useful. Neofur, hysteroton, metromax, exuter or furazolidone sticks are administered intrauterinely; intravenously - a solution of glucose with ascorbic acid.

MATERNAL PARESIS (Paresis puerperalis)

It is a nerve disease found in ungulates. It is characterized by paralysis of the limbs, digestive and other organs. General depression is accompanied by loss of sensitivity and decreased activity metabolic processes in the body.

The cause of paresis is considered to be a decrease in calcium and sugar levels in the blood due to an increase in the flow of insulin, a pancreatic hormone, into the blood.

Symptoms

Restlessness, unsteadiness, trembling muscles. The animal lies on its stomach, bending its limbs under itself. The neck is curved in an 8-shape, the gaze is absent, the pupils are dilated, there is no appetite. The bases of the horns, limbs and surface of the body are cold. The body temperature decreases, the pulse is rare, weak, arrhythmic, breathing is slow, hoarse, paralysis of the tongue and pharynx, clouding of the cornea, lacrimation, tympany, the head is thrown to the side, the limbs are extended. Death occurs from paralysis respiratory center and tympany.

Treatment.

A 20% caffeine solution is injected subcutaneously, air is pumped into the udder using an Evers apparatus, after pre-treating the nipples with alcohol. The nipples are tied with a bandage for 15-20 minutes. The area of ​​the sacrum and lower back is rubbed and warm wraps are given. If necessary, air pumping is repeated after 6-8 hours. Calcium gluconate is injected intravenously or calcium chloride, and subcutaneous vitamin D3.

Prevention.

Animals are given sweet water, prescribed a diet, mineral supplements, vitamin D, exclude concentrates.

EATING AFTERMISSIONS AND NEWBORN

In meat-eating and omnivorous animals, eating the placenta does not lead to severe digestive disorders, but in ruminants, tympany and colic are possible. The symptoms of gastroenteritis are accompanied by diarrhea. Eating the offspring is possible in pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and fur-bearing animals. They believe that main reason This defect is caused by disturbances in protein and mineral nutrition. Eating of droppings is preceded by eating placenta, dead fruits, cannibalism of tails, and consumption of large quantities of animal products.

Farrowing, lambing, and whelping must be supervised. Diets must be balanced in amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition. Mothers are provided with warm, clean water.

INJURIES OF THE BIRTH CHANNEL

There are spontaneous and violent injuries. Spontaneous ruptures are possible in the upper part of the uterine body as a result of strong tension of the walls. Violent inflicted by obstetric instruments, nylon ropes, fetal bones, or with excessive traction. Possible ruptures of soft tissues, contusions of the nerve plexuses, sprain of the pelvic ligaments, etc.

Main diagnostic sign rupture is bleeding. The location and severity of the damage is determined. Ruptures and perforations occur on the cervix and body of the uterus, in the vagina and vulva.


POSTPARTUM VAGINITIS, CERVICITIS, ENDOMETRITIS (Vagini.tis, Cervicitis, Endometritis)

Vaginitis, or colpitis, is inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. According to the nature of the inflammatory process, serous, purulent-catarrhal, phlegmonous and diphtheritic are distinguished. The causes of their occurrence are trauma during childbirth or other diseases of the genital organs, for example, cervicitis, endometritis and associated associations of pathogenic microorganisms.

Symptoms

Depending on the severity of the disease, symptoms vary: from swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, streaky hemorrhages to cyanosis, necrosis, tissue destruction, bleeding, abscesses and phlegmon in the paravaginal tissue.

IN differential diagnosis It is necessary to distinguish between vestibulovaginitis and the presence of blisters on the mucous membrane. Thus, trichomoniasis vaginitis is characterized by the roughness of nodules the size of a millet grain to a pea; campylobacteriosis - the formation of uneven elevations on the mucous membrane with a diameter of about 2-3 mm; infectious - a rash of smooth blisters from dark red to gray-yellow color, located in rows around the clitoris, and, finally, a vesicular rash - small red blisters on bottom corner vulva, when opened, mucopurulent exudate is released.

Treatment.

If the damage to the mucous membrane is minor and there is no intoxication of the body, then the vagina is douched with solutions of soda, furatsilin, rivanol, hydrogen peroxide or iodinol. In case of significant damage, tampons soaked in bactericidal emulsions or ointments (synthomycin, streptocidal, furatsilin, naphthalan, Vishnevsky, ichthyol, zinc, etc.) are inserted into the vagina. Erosion is treated with iodine glycerin (1:3) or 3% lapis solution; abscesses and phlegmons are opened. General and pathogenetic therapy are useful.

Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix. The cause is damage to the mucous membrane of the cervical canal or the muscular layer after rupture.

Symptoms

Hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane, changes in the configuration of the organ, bleeding, pain, the presence of adhesions, polyps, the cervical canal is semi-closed, possible fistulas leading to peritonitis, the presence of connective tissue scars and neoplasms.

Treatment.

After toileting the external genitalia, the vagina is irrigated with Lugol's solution or potassium permanganate (1:1000) to free the vagina from accumulated exudate and the cervical canal is tamponed with xeroform, ichthyol or iodoform-tar ointment in fish oil. Erosion is treated with a 1% solution of protargol, pyoctanin or brilliant green. The use of bactericidal suppositories and mud therapy is not excluded.

Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium (uterine lining). Causes of acute endometritis: trauma to the endometrium during childbirth and obstetrics, complications after retained placenta and subinvolution of the uterus, non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during childbirth, uterine prolapse. Predisposing reasons are vitamin deficiencies, lack of exercise, and a decrease in the overall resistance of the body. Endometritis is differentiated by the nature of the inflammatory process or exudate.

Symptoms

With catarrhal endometritis, the exudate is mucous, and with purulent endometritis, it is purulent, with fibrinous endometritis, with the presence of fibrin films. Fluctuation of the uterus, pain, and increased local temperature are determined rectally. Later, signs of intoxication are determined: rumen atony, increased pulse and respiration, diarrhea, loss of appetite and decreased body weight, milk production, etc. The cervical canal is usually slightly open, and a characteristic exudate is released from it.

Treatment.

A sick animal is isolated from healthy ones. Improve living and feeding conditions. The contents of the uterus are pumped out using a vacuum pump, after first introducing a 2% cold Vagotil solution or Lugol's solution into its cavity.

Antimicrobial boluses, emulsions and liquids are used depending on the sensitivity of the microflora to antimicrobial agents (septimethrin, metromax, neofur, endoxer, furazolidone sticks, lefuran, iodoxide, iodobismuthsulfamide, exuter). Neurotropic drugs, vitamin A, and ergot drugs (ergotal, ergometrine, ergotoxin) are administered subcutaneously. Autohemotherapy, Mosin and perirenal blockade, and general therapy are effective.

POSTPARTUM SEPSIS (Sepsis)

It occurs as a result of the entry into the blood of coccal forms of microorganisms, clostridia and their toxins against the background of a decrease in the body’s resistance and barrier functions of the genital organs in the postpartum period. A factor predisposing to sepsis is a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, blood vessels, nerves, muscles and serous membranes vulva, vagina and uterus after childbirth, as well as difficult and pathological childbirth, the consequences of fetotomy, fetal emphysema, uterine prolapse, retained placenta and complications caused by these abnormalities. The spread of infection occurs through hematogenous and lymphogenous routes. A significant role is played by the lack of a protective barrier in the affected organ, disruption of trophic function, accumulation of toxic products, their entry into the blood and lymph and spread throughout the body with symptoms of general intoxication. As a result, destructive changes develop in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs, and central nervous system.

Clinically, there are 3 forms of sepsis: pyaemia - sepsis with metastases; septicemia - continuous flow of toxins into the blood; septicopyemia - mixed form.

Symptoms

Depressed condition, diarrhea or constipation, refusal to feed, cardiac arrhythmia, weak pulse, shallow, rapid breathing, high temperature. With pyaemia - fever of remitting type, i.e. temperature fluctuates. Brown putrefactive exudate accumulates in the uterus. The walls of the uterus thicken and are painful. Oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis develop.

With septicemia, blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse is very rapid, barely perceptible, jaundice and hemorrhages of the mucous membranes; general weakness, there is protein in the urine, purulent-necrotic or anaerobic tissue damage develops in the primary septic focus.

Treatment.

Surgical treatment of the primary lesion. Novocaine therapy. Topically applied antimicrobial agents; autohemotherapy is indicated. Kadykov fluid, cardiac medications, solutions of calcium or borogluconate, methenamine, soda, and 20% alcohol are administered intravenously. Antibiotics are used wide range actions with prolongators that have not previously been used on the animal. Use uterine agents; aminopeptide or hydrolysine through a subcutaneous drip into different areas body up to 500 ml per day for large animals, as well as vitamins and sulfonamide preparations. To improve digestion, give artificial or natural gastric juice, pepsin.

Prevention.

Females should receive adequate feeding. It is necessary to observe hygiene during childbirth and the postpartum period; provide qualified assistance during childbirth and birth canal injuries; promptly and correctly treat retained placenta, uterine subinvolution, endometritis; prevent postoperative peritonitis. The animals complete the course of treatment.

Bartolinitis

This is an inflammation of the ducts of the Bartholin glands and the glands themselves, located caudally from the opening of the urethra in the thickness of the mucous membrane of the lateral walls of the vestibule of the vagina.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease may be injury and infection of the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule during obstetrics, rough vaginal examination, or artificial insemination. The disease can develop as a consequence of vestbulovaginitis of infectious and invasive origin.

Symptoms

Absence effective treatment vestibulitis creates the preconditions for the development of a chronic course of the disease, in which narrowing and blockage of the excretory ducts of the Bartholin glands stretches the walls of the gland with accumulating secretion or exudate. Mucosal secretion forms cysts, and purulent exudate forms abscesses, so single or multiple formations appear on the side walls of the vaginal vestibule. Large cysts protrude outward, simulating incomplete vaginal eversion. The mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule is reddened, painful, and has traces of exudant residue.

Treatment.

The diagnosis is clarified by excluding vaginal inversion, neoplasms, abscess, and the underlying disease is eliminated. The abscesses are opened, the pus is removed, the cavity is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate at a dilution of 1:2000, an antiseptic emulsion and ointments (synthomycin, streptocide, Vishnevsky, etc.) are applied to the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule. In severe cases it is necessary pathogenetic therapy using whole-vocaine and other restoratives. Cysts are also opened and the cavity is extirpated.

Prevention.

Eliminate the causes of vestibulovaginitis and provide timely and effective assistance.

GARTNERITIS

Chronic inflammation of the Gartner glands with the formation of cysts is observed in cows and pigs as a complication of chronic vaginitis.

Symptoms

Cord-like thickenings of the inferolateral walls of the vagina, reaching the cervix. When cysts occur, elastic, poorly fluctuating cysts. Abscesses may be present.

Treatment.

Vaginitis is eliminated, abscesses are opened and tamponed with antiseptic ointments.

VESTIBULOVAGINITIS (Vestibulitis et vaginitis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina along the course can be acute and chronic; by the nature of the process - serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, diphtheritic and mixed forms; by origin - non-contagious, infectious, invasive.

Etiology.

The causes are injuries to the mucous membranes, nonspecific microflora and specific pathogens (infectious follicular vestibulitis, vesicular rash of the vaginal vestibule, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis), as well as the consequences of infectious rhinotracheitis, chlamydia, mycoses and other infectious diseases.

Symptoms

Acute serous vestibulovaginitis is distinguished by serous exudate; the mucous membranes are hyperemic, edematous, with pinpoint or banded hemorrhages. For spicy catarrh Characteristic is the separation of mucous, turbid, viscous exudate into connective and muscle tissue; for purulent exudate, white, yellow or yellow-brown exudate. The animal is worried, scratches the root of its tail, arches its back, strains; Vaginal examinations are associated with pain.

Acute phlegmonous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by the spread purulent exudate into the submucosal connective tissue with the formation of abscesses in the paravaginal tissue, areas of necrosis and tissue decay. Crusts of purulent exudate accumulate at the root of the tail. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is elevated, and pyaemia and septicopyemia often develop.

Acute diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis is accompanied by the release of a putrefactive brown liquid mixed with blood and particles of necrotic tissue. The mucous membrane of the vagina is earthy-gray in color, swollen, unevenly dense, painful; Deep ulcers form in areas of decay and rejection of dead tissue. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is high, tenesmus is observed (a futile urge to urinate and defecate).

In chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal vestibulovaginitis, the mucous membrane of the affected organs is pale with a bluish tint, thickened, with dense nodules and ulcerations. Liquid or thick mucopurulent exudate is released from the vulva. Due to purulent, phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, adhesions and powerful scar growths often form, which cause a narrowing of the vagina.

Infectious follicular vestibulovaginitis is characterized by redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule and the formation of dense, smooth nodules on it the size of millet grains. They are located in rows or groups around the clitoris.

Blistering rash of the vaginal vestibule is accompanied by a large number small red spots and nodules in the lower corner of the vulva, around the clitoris and at the tops of the folds of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. The nodules turn into purulent blisters and open, and in their place erosions and ulcers form.

A characteristic feature of trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis is multiple nodules on the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina and vagina with rough surface. When palpating the vagina, a grater sensation is created. Microscopy vaginal mucus detects trichomonas. Females abort or remain unfertilized.

With campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) vestibulovaginitis, at the onset of the disease, hyperemia, swelling, pinpoint and streak hemorrhages of the mucous membrane deep in the vagina and accumulation of bloody mucus near the cervix occur.

Under the mucous membrane in the clitoral area and in other places, slightly raised dense and non-bleeding areas with uneven edges (nodules) measuring from 0.1x0.2 to 0.3x0.4 cm are found

Treatment.

The sick animal is isolated. Clean the root of the tail, the vulva from dirt and crusts of exudate. For serous, catarrhal and purulent vestibulovaginitis, the organ cavity is syringed with a warm solution of furatsilin (1:5000), ethacridine lactate (1:1000) or 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Antiseptic liniments (syntomycin, gramicidin, streptocide, Vishnevsky) are applied to the mucous membranes. Ulcers are cauterized with a 5% iodine solution. Vaginal tamponade 10% is useful water tincture garlic, onion or garlic pulp with exposure from 20 minutes to 8 hours, depending on the individual reaction of the animal to this drug.

For phlegmonous and diphtheritic vestibulovaginitis, up to 1% novocaine powder is added to antiseptic emulsions. Tenesmus is removed by epidural-sacral anesthesia with a 1% solution of novocaine between the 1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae up to 10-15 ml in large animals or presacral novocaine blockade according to Isaev with the addition of 1 ml of benzylpenicillin to a 0.5% solution of novocaine and streptomycin sulfate. Symptomatic remedies are used.

For trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis, the vagina is douched with a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 5% solution of lactic acid. The use of trichopolum is effective.

For campylobacteriosis vestibulovaginitis, be sure to intramuscular injection 4 thousand units per 1 kg of benzylpenicillin weight 2 times a day in a 0.25% novocaine solution for 4 days in a row.

Prevention.

Strictly observe sanitary and hygienic conditions and rules for childbirth, natural and artificial insemination and gynecological procedures. They keep the premises and the animals themselves clean, carry out timely and high-quality disinfection, isolate patients and rationally treat them at an early stage.

CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS (Endometritis chronica)

With this long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, its stable changes develop, not only functional, but also structural. According to the nature of the exudate and clinical manifestation, chronic endometritis is divided into catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent and hidden.

Etiology.

In most cases, the disease serves as a continuation of acute postpartum or post-abortion endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus. Sometimes inflammation spreads to the uterus from the vagina, cervix or oviduct. Microorganisms can enter the uterus hematogenously, lymphogenously or with sperm.

Symptoms

In females, infertility is observed, sexual cycles become arrhythmic or stop. With catarrhal endometritis, exudate is released in the form of cloudy, flaky mucus; with purulent-catarrhal endometritis, it can be liquid or thick, cloudy with streaks of pus, and with purulent endometritis, it can be creamy and yellowish-white in color. The uterine horns are enlarged 1.5-3 times, their wall is thickened, painful on palpation, contractility is reduced, and fluctuation is sometimes detected. The animal’s condition has not changed; if the process lasts for a long time, signs may appear. chronic intoxication body.

Complications of chronic endometritis are the accumulation in the uterus of a large amount of pus (pyometra), watery (hydrometra) or mucous (mixometra) contents, sometimes mixed with blood. This occurs when the cervical canal is closed or significantly narrowed, so there is practically no exudation to the outside. By palpation of the organ, fluctuation is felt, the presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary.

This pathology is based on a disorder in the relationship between estrogen hormones and progesterone. Their symptomatology is different and refers to glandular cystic hyperplasia. With hypersecretion of estrogen, mixometra or hydrometer occurs, and against the background of hyperluteinization due to the retained corpus luteum on the ovary, pyometra occurs. Irreversible changes develop in the uterine wall, sometimes uterine rupture and peritonitis with sepsis are possible.

With latent endometritis, there is no leakage of exudate during the period from one estrus to another. But during estrus, the flow of mucus from the uterus is abundant, mixed with grayish-white, yellowish, and sometimes thread-like streaks of pus. Insemination or mating of such females is ineffective and contraindicated.

Treatment.

To aggravate the process and remove exudate from the uterus, warm solutions of 6-10% sodium chloride, 4% ichthyol, 0.1% iodine, 2% vagotil are used in small quantities. The solution is immediately removed from the uterus with liquefied exudate using a V.A. irrigator. Akatova. Then antimicrobial drugs are introduced into the uterine cavity, taking into account the sensitivity of the microflora to them in the form of emulsions and suspensions.

Most effective use iodine preparations(Lugol's solution, iodosol, iodoxide, iodobismuthsulfamide). At the same time, estrogen drugs are prescribed to stimulate uterine contractions (2% solution of sinestrol subcutaneously for 2 days in a row), and then oxytocin, pituitrin, hyfotocin, ergometrine, brevicolin and other uterine drugs.

To increase the tone of the uterus and activate the function of the ovaries, a rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is performed by stroking and kneading them for 3-5 minutes after 1-2 days. In order to normalize metabolic processes, proper feeding, walks, insolation, and vitamin therapy are organized; Ichthyolotherapy and autohemotherapy are effective.

In case of a purulent process (pyometra), uterine massage is contraindicated. To remove exudate, it is necessary to open the cervical canal by means of novocaine blockades (low epidural-sacral, preacralpa according to S.T. Isaev, pelvic plexus according to A.D. Nozdrachev) and exudate is removed with a drilling movement of the fingers using vacuum devices. In some cases, in order to enhance uterine contractions, myotropic drugs or 2 ml of hellebore tincture should be added to intrauterine devices. In the following days, treatment is continued according to the generally accepted scheme. Of the patented intrauterine devices, rifapol, rifacycline, and iodobismuth sulfamide are effective. From traditional means use Konkov's ointment with the addition of antiseptics, synthomycin liniment, lefuran, deoxyfur, iodinol, Lugol's solutions, ichthyol, ASD-2 fraction, etc. The course of treatment requires at least 2-4 administrations at intervals of 48-72 hours. In bitches and cats they resort to uterine amputation.

Prevention.

Acute forms of endometritis are treated promptly. Follow the rules of asepsis during insemination. Do it correctly healing techniques with vestibulitis and cervicitis. Measures are taken to ensure the body’s high resistance to the disease.

OVARIAN HYPOFUNCTION (Hypofunctio ovariorum)

A weakening of the hormonal and generative function of the ovaries, accompanied by defective sexual cycles or anaphrodisia, is most often observed in first-calf heifers in the winter-spring months.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease may be inadequate feeding and unsatisfactory living conditions (poor indoor lighting, lack of active walks, stress). One of the reasons for the anovulatory sexual cycle is hypofunction of the thyroid gland, caused by insufficient iodine intake into the animal’s body. The causes of ovarian hypofunction are based on a violation of the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms of the sexual cycle of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian-uterus system.

Symptoms

Rhythm disturbance weak manifestation or absence of sexual cycle phenomena (anaphrodisia). This condition can last up to 6 months or more.

Treatment.

Eliminate the causes, improve housing and feeding conditions, promptly treat animals with residual inflammatory processes in the genitals. It is recommended to use serum gonadotropin intramuscularly. It is advisable to combine it with a 0.5% solution of proserin or a 0.1% solution of carbacholin, which is administered subcutaneously 2-3 times every 2 days. It is recommended to use an oil solution of progesterone at a dose of 100 mg for 2 days in a row in combination with a prostaglandin analogue F-2-alpha (estrophan) intramuscularly one day after the administration of progesterone.

In case of anovulatory sexual cycle during the period of estrus, human chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing gonadotropin or surfagon are used. You can use serum gonadotropin on the 12-13th day of the sexual cycle.

Prevention.

The deficiency of vitamins in feed is compensated for by fortification, especially in the period 2 months before birth and 1 month after it. Eliminate in a timely manner pathological processes in the body of a female based on gynecological medical examination of animals.

PERSISTENT corpus luteum
(Corpus luteum persistens)

This is a yellow body that lingers in the ovary of a non-pregnant female longer than the physiological period (more than 4 weeks).

Etiology.

The reasons are errors in maintenance and feeding, pathological processes in the uterus and disturbances in neurohormonal regulation between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the pituitary gland and the ovaries, the ovaries and the uterus. Maceration, mummification of the fetus, retention of placenta, subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis block the formation of proetaglandins, and therefore regression of the corpus luteum does not occur. The persistent corpus luteum is maintained in the female's body high level progesterone and inhibits the development of follicles in the ovaries.

Symptoms

Long-term absence of sexual cycle phenomena (anaphrodisia). Rectal examination of large animals (cows, mares) reveals a corpus luteum in one of the ovaries. To clarify the diagnosis, the animal is examined again after 2-4 weeks, during which time the animal’s behavior is observed. Continued anaphrodisia and the presence of the corpus luteum in the same size give grounds, in the absence of pregnancy, to make a diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum. The uterus during this period is atonic, the horns hang into the abdominal cavity, there is no fluctuation.

Treatment.

The reasons for the retention of the corpus luteum are eliminated and means are prescribed to ensure its involution. Often, after creating optimal conditions for feeding, housing and exploitation of an animal, involution of the corpus luteum and restoration of sexual cyclicity occur. In some cases, 2-3 sessions of ovarian massage with an interval of 24-48 hours are sufficient to separate the corpus luteum. A single intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F-2-alpha and enzaprosta-F or estrofan gives a good effect. After the appearance of heat, the females are inseminated, and if there is no heat, the injections are repeated after 11 days and inseminated on the 14-15th day. In the absence of these drugs, you can inject a 1% progesterone solution subcutaneously daily for 6 days, and 48 hours after progesterone injections - serum gonadotropin.

Prevention.

Strict implementation of measures excluding possible reasons diseases.

FOLLICULAR OVARIAN CYSTS
(Cystes follicularum ovariorum)

Education follicular cysts preceded by an anovulatory sexual cycle. Cysts arise due to the stretching of graafian vesicles by fluid, which do not ovulate. Protein overfeeding, hereditary factors, lack of micro- and macroelements, vitamins, the use of excessive doses of synthetic estrogens (sinestrol, stilbestrol), FFA, folliculin, inflammatory processes of the uterus, reticulopericarditis, ketosis, poisoning predispose to cyst formation.

Symptoms

An excessive amount of estrogen is released into the cyst cavity, and the animal is in a state of hunting for a long period (nymphomania). Deep depressions form between the root of the tail and the ischial tuberosities. An increase in size of the ovary, a pronounced round shape, fluctuation, thinning of the walls and rigidity of the uterus are established. Vaginal hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa is found, cervical canal slightly open, there is mucus at the bottom of the cranial part of the vagina. A long-functioning cyst causes glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. Nymphomania gives way long period anaphrodisia, when luteinization occurs inner surface cyst capsules. The wall of such a cyst is thick and low-stressed.

Treatment.

Before prescribing treatment, it is necessary to organize adequate feeding and optimal maintenance; use vitamin supplements in the diet, microelements, especially iodine, cobalt, manganese. Operative, conservative and combined methods are used. The simplest surgical method is to crush the cyst with your hand through the wall of the rectum. Often after this, after 5 days. Cyst recurrences occur. If the cysts cannot be crushed, then they limit themselves to massage, resorting to the next attempt after 1-2 days.

On the second or third attempt, the cyst is crushed quite freely. Another operative method- this is a puncture of the cyst through the pelvic wall or vaginal vault, removing the contents and introducing 2-3% tincture of iodine or 1% novocaine solution into the vacated cavity.

For greater treatment effectiveness, it should be used simultaneously with crushing or puncture of cysts. medications: oil solution progesterone for 10 days. The most effective of conservative remedies parenteral use human chorionic gonadotropin (CG), and after 10 days estrofan or enzaprost-F. Instead of hCG, you can use luteinizing hormone (LH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, surfagon (intramuscular). For a cyst caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, it is advisable to intramuscularly administer 5% aqueous solution potassium iodide 5 days in a row in increasing doses.

When treating cysts, animals should simultaneously be given potassium iodide (kayoda) orally for 7-8 days.

Prevention.

The causes that cause a cycle without ovulation are eliminated, and the sugar-protein ratio in diets is normalized.

Corpus luteum cyst (Cysta corporis lutei)

A cyst is a cavity in the retained corpus luteum of the ovary.

Symptoms

Long absence clinical manifestation phenomena of the reproductive cycle. The uterus is atonic, the horns hang over the edge of the pubic bones of the pelvis into the abdominal cavity. The ovaries are triangular-oval in shape.

Treatment.

The use of prostaglandin F-2-alpha analogues (estrophan, estrumate, enzaprost), which have a luteolytic effect, is effective. Crushing the cyst is not advisable.

Prevention.

Measures are taken to prevent the occurrence of a persistent corpus luteum on the ovary.

OOPHORITIS AND PERIOOPHORITIS
(Oophoritis et perioophoritis)

Ovariitis, or oophoritis, is inflammation of the ovaries; perio-oophoritis - inflammation of the upper layer of the ovary, accompanied by its fusion with nearby tissues.

Etiology.

Aseptic inflammation of the ovaries is a consequence of trauma caused by squeezing the corpus luteum or crushing the cyst. Purulent oophoritis is the result of the action of microflora during salpingitis and endometritis. Chronic oophoritis develops from acute oophoritis after unskilled and untimely treatment as a consequence of prolonged intoxication. The main cause of perio-oophoritis is the spread of the inflammatory process from the deeper parts of the ovary to its periphery or from the oviducts, peritoneum or other adjacent organs.

Symptoms

The animal is depressed, body temperature is elevated, the ovary is enlarged and painful, and there are no sexual cycles. At chronic inflammation the affected ovary is hard, lumpy, deformed, painless. Perio-oophoritis is characterized by immobility of the ovary and the presence of adhesions.

Treatment.

Heat to the sacrum and lumbar region, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs, pathogenetic therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. are indicated. Mosin or perinephric according to I.G. Moroz, intra-aortic administration of a 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics sensitive to microflora. Characteristics of perioophoritis morphological changes in the ovaries, due to the irreversibility of the process, they cannot be treated, and the females are rejected.

Prevention.

Elimination of the causes of organ injury.

HYPOPLASIA, HYPOTROPHY AND OVARIAN ATROPHY
(Hypoplasia, Hypotrophia et Atrophia ovariorum)

Ovarian hypoplasia is underdevelopment of ovarian tissue during embryonic development. Ovarian hypotrophy is a violation of the process of growth and development of the ovaries due to insufficient nutrition. Ovarian atrophy is a decrease in the volume of the ovaries with a weakening of their functions.

Etiology.

Hypoplasia is observed in heterosexual twins who have anastomoses between the placental vessels, when the hormones of the male gonads, which are formed in males earlier than in females, penetrate the female’s fetus and suppress the development of her genital organs. Ovarian hypotrophy is most common in young females whose mothers received inadequate diets during pregnancy, or can be caused by non-contagious, infectious and invasive diseases (dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, paratyphoid, coccidiosis, dictyocaulosis and others), as well as the result of inbreeding.

Ovarian atrophy is widespread due to malnutrition. Unilateral atrophy is possible with cystic degeneration of the ovary and the development of scar tissue in it due to a previous inflammatory process. Bilateral ovarian atrophy often develops as a result of chronic, long-term diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The consequence of ovarian hypoplasia is underdevelopment of the vagina and uterus, secondary sexual characteristics, and the birth of freemartins. With ovarian hypotrophy, genital infantilism is noted. Ovarian atrophy is manifested by a cycle without ovulation, the ovaries are small, compacted, without growing follicles and yellow bodies, the uterus is atonic, reduced in size.

Treatment.

If the reasons are of a pronounced nutritional nature and are not accompanied by profound changes in the tissues of the ovary and uterus, then feed containing the required amount of essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements is introduced into the diet. To accelerate the normalization of reproductive function, medications used for ovarian hypofunction are prescribed.

Prevention.

The primary task is high-quality and complete feeding of pregnant animals and the young animals born from them.

OVARIAN SCLEROSIS (Sclerosis ovariorum)

Growth connective tissue in place of the glandular one in the ovaries.

Etiology.

Pathology occurs due to small cysticity and persistence of the corpus luteum, prolonged intoxication, chronic diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The ovaries have a rocky consistency, lumpy, painless, sometimes of uncertain shape. There are no sexual cycles.

Treatment.

Doesn't work, females are discarded.

Prevention.

Eliminate factors that may cause the disease.

SALPINGITES
Inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tubes).

Etiology.

The disease is a consequence of transmission of the ampullary part of the oviduct, compression of the corpus luteum, crushing of ovarian cysts and the spread of the inflammatory process from nearby organs and tissues.

Symptoms

In the ligaments between the ovary and the uterus, a fluctuating cord (hydrosalpings) is determined by rectal palpation; there is no pain. Spicy purulent process is accompanied by oophoritis and severe pain in the organ, and chronic - by thickening of the isthmic and ampullary parts of the oviduct to the size of a student’s pencil and the presence of adhesions. Obstruction of the oviduct makes it difficult to transport the fertilized egg and zygote to the uterus, and ectopic pregnancy is possible.

Treatment.

In acute salpingitis, the cause of the disease is eliminated, antibiotics and broad-spectrum sulfonamides are used. Rest, warmth on the sacrum and lumbar region. A 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics is injected into the aorta, intramuscularly - a 7-10% solution of ichthyol in a 20% glucose solution or 0.85% sodium chloride solution with an interval of 48 hours. Injections 5% - th solution ascorbic acid intramuscularly c.

Prevention.

When conducting a rectal examination and massage of the uterus and ovaries, established norms and techniques are strictly observed.


INFERTILITY (Sterilitas)

Temporary or permanent impairment of the ability of a mature organism to fertilize, i.e. loss of the ability of an adult organism to reproduce.

Etiology.

The causes of infertility are mainly of congenital and acquired origin. Congenital diseases include infantilism, freemartinism, and hermaphroditism. Acquired infertility is divided into nutritional, climatic, operational, senile, but it can be the result of disturbances in the organization and conduct of artificial insemination, pathologies in the reproductive organs, biological processes.

Prevention.

To find out the causes of infertility and eliminate them, a comprehensive analysis of economic conditions is necessary, which includes the state of the food supply; level and nature of feeding throughout the year, taking into account data biochemical analysis feed; conditions for keeping animals.

In case of liver diseases (hepatitis), hypovitaminosis A, D, E, impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism, acidosis, the service period is extended. Prolonged anestrus occurs against the background of ovarian hypofunction and persistence of the corpus luteum, sharp decline hemoglobin content in the blood (less than 9.8 g per 100 ml), as it weakens hormonal function pituitary gland and ovaries.

Obstetric operations

Fetotomy is of greatest practical importance, C-section and uterine amputation.

Fetotomy - dissection of a dead fetus in birth canal. Indications for fetotomy: large fetus, deformities, incorrect positioning of the limbs. Fetotomy is performed using an embryotome or fetotome and other instruments. It is done in two ways: open (cutaneous) and closed (subcutaneous - after preparing the skin with a spatula). The head is amputated when it does not go along with the limbs, the limbs are amputated with a fetotome or torn off with an extractor to reduce the shoulder or pelvic girdle. During fetotomy, injury to the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is ​​not allowed.

Caesarean section is indicated on a living fetus for narrowing of the cervical canal, narrowness of the birth canal, torsion of the uterus, and fetal emphysema.

Amputation of the uterus is indicated for ruptures and tumors, and in small animals - if obstetrics were unsuccessful.

Calving is happiness for every livestock breeder, but this happiness may not always entail only positive aspects. There are also often cases when an animal can become ill with various diseases. It is worth noting that diseases of cows after calving are among the most dangerous, since the animal’s immunity after birth is suppressed and cannot properly fight infections that enter the body. Let's take a closer look at the most common diseases after birth in cows.

At good current pregnancy placenta and membranes are released 2-6 hours after the calf is born. In this case, there may be a slight delay (10-12 hours) - this is quite normal. But if, 12 hours after calving, the cow does not excrete the placenta, you need to immediately sound the alarm, since the consequences will be very, very alarming.

This kind of disease affects not only cows, but also all other species of both domestic and wild animals. There are many reasons for the occurrence of the above disease. First of all, it is worth noting that inadequate and meager feeding during pregnancy, a lack of nutrients and vitamins in the body have an impact.

Retention of the placenta occurs most often in animals deprived of regular exercise. Due to the constant immobility of the animal, the walls of the uterus gradually become flabby and contract poorly or do not contract at all. Main physiological reasons are stretching of the uterus due to an overdeveloped fetus, twins, multiple pregnancy, or inflammation of the uterus during pregnancy.

The membranes of a cow along with large blood vessels sag from the vagina. If the placenta, after a day's delay in the uterus, completely departs, it usually does without any complications, but if this period is delayed up to 2-3 days, then changes may occur in the birth canal. It begins in them active process microorganisms multiply, the hanging part of the placenta begins to decompose. Moreover, part of the placenta remaining in the uterus begins to rot. The afterbirth publishes foul smell, becomes flabby, and the products of decay are absorbed into the blood.

This situation can lead to sepsis, severe inflammation in the uterus and blood poisoning. The animal’s body temperature instantly rises and appetite disappears, a disorder occurs gastrointestinal tract. The cow stands hunched over, with her belly tucked in, and pushing.

If such signs are noticeable, then it is better to start acting within the first two hours after calving. To begin with, the cow is given various drugs, aimed at increasing the tone of the uterus and the whole body. It is also advisable to give the animal exercise 2 times a day for 30-45 minutes.

If the cow’s placenta hangs down to the hocks, it is shortened by tying several knots on it so that the cow does not touch it with her limbs when moving. To strengthen the body after childbirth, it is recommended to give the cow 400-500 grams of honey per day.

Paresis

How to recognize paresis in a cow

Paresis is one of the most common diseases that occur after calving in cows. The disease creates a huge number of problems for both the animal and its owner. The cure for paresis is very long and complex process, but do not despair, and it would be better to arm yourself with knowledge about the disease and how to treat it.

The first signs of the disease, in most cases, do not appear immediately after calving, but no later than 2-3 days. This disease is especially dangerous because it can affect even a healthy animal that has never suffered from paresis.

So, let's look at this disease from a medical point of view. Paresis is a neurological syndrome that is accompanied by a weakening of voluntary movements. The virus that spreads the disease affects the motor centers of the spinal cord and brain, as well as the pathways of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The cause of the disease is often poor nutrition and lack of calcium and glycogen in the animal’s body.

Paresis in a cow occurs quickly and in acute form, With fatal with the wrong approach. The disease is often accompanied by loss of sensitivity of the skin, semi-paralysis of the limbs and weakness. High-yielding cows most often suffer from the disease.

A disease in an animal can be determined by the following criteria: 1) milk suddenly disappears; 2) the cow refuses to drink and practically stops eating; 3) can barely stand on his feet; 4) the animal’s body temperature drops; 5) skin sensitivity is almost completely lost.

If you notice similar symptoms, it is best to call a veterinarian, and until he arrives, continuously rub the sides of the animal with coarse hay and wrap it warmly. To do this, you can use various heating techniques: heating pads, heated sand, etc.

If it is not possible to call a specialist, you need to act independently and immediately. Delay in this case may cause the death of the animal. First of all, you need to inject the animal with 1 ampoule of caffeine subcutaneously, but avoid getting it into the muscle tissue. Afterwards you need to inflate the udder in the truest sense of the word. It is better to put on an IV (glucose + calcium chloride). But most effective means for paresis the drug Calfocet is used.

To protect your animals from this disease, you need to balance feeding. A few days before calving, the cow needs to drink 0.5 kilograms of sugar diluted in water per day as a preventive measure for paresis.

Deposit

Postpartum laying is a very similar situation to prepartum laying. The cause of the above disease is mainly difficult childbirth. Cows, goats and sheep are most often affected by the disease. Postpartum retention can sometimes play the role of a continuation of prenatal retention, and sometimes it suddenly appears after childbirth.

Postpartum retention may be the result gross violations certain physiological factors or errors in keeping the animal during pregnancy. This list includes: feeding disorders; hidden pelvic injuries sustained during calving; pelvic fractures; contusion of the obturator and sciatic nerves; forcible removal of a large fetus.

The clinical signs of the above disease are as follows: the animal after birth is not able to stand on its own or stand for a long time. A thorough examination in most cases reveals weaknesses in the posterior part of the body (sensitive and motor function saved). Animals often experience joint dislocations, which can be identified by pain and swelling of the affected joint.

With an uncomplicated form of the disease, recovery is possible after 4-12 days, but if there are complications, treatment may take a fairly long period of time. If you notice symptoms of this disease in your cow, you should immediately contact a veterinarian for help. Possible complications: bedsores, vaginal prolapse, complete exhaustion, hypostatic pneumonia, sepsis, constipation and atony of the forestomach.

Video “Prevention of postpartum paresis in cows”

In the video, the veterinarian explains how to prevent postpartum paresis and what medications are needed for this.

After birth, the animal’s body is significantly weakened, so many violations in feeding and maintenance both in prenatal and in postpartum periods may determine various complications(diseases).
Retention of placenta. Usually the placenta is released from the uterus soon after the fetus is delivered, but not later than 30-60 minutes in mares, 6-8 hours in cows, 2-3 hours in sheep and pigs. More often, retention of the placenta is observed in ruminants, which is due to a more complex connection between the placentas and more frequent disturbances in feeding and maintenance (Fig. 89).

Retention of the placenta in the uterus can lead to serious consequences, and therefore it should be removed in a timely manner. For this, various therapeutic agents and techniques are used.
Good preventive and therapeutic effect have amniotic fluid. They are fed to the cow after birth in the amount of 2-3 liters with the addition of the same amount of water. Amniotic iodes increase uterine contractions, since they contain substances that stimulate uterine contractions. Colostrum obtained in the first 12 hours after birth has the same effect. The cow is fed or poured 2-3 liters of colostrum inside, which promotes the separation of the placenta.
In order to separate the placenta, veterinary specialists introduce into the body substances that promote uterine contraction. If no effect is obtained, the placenta is surgically separated.
Deposit after childbirth, it is observed more often in old, emaciated cows, sheep and goats, weakened by difficult childbirth. The animal does not waste away, and if you lift it, it does not stand on its own, although there are no apparent reasons for this. The sick animal is given rest, plenty of bedding, the limbs and sides are massaged with straw tourniquets, and hot poultices are applied to the sacral area. It is recommended to turn the animal from one side to the other 2-3 times a day to prevent bedsores from forming. Dietary feeding: mash, small portions of high-quality hay, grass, sugar beets, carrots, potatoes, etc. On the fourth or fifth day, you should help the animal and put it on its feet.
Postpartum paresis - acute, severe nervous disease animals, occurring with loss of consciousness and paralysis of the pharynx, tongue, intestines and limbs. The disease is more common in cows, goats and rarely in sheep and pigs. Signs of the disease usually appear within 12-72 hours after birth. For example, in cows, the cud initially disappears, the pupils dilate, anxiety, unsteadiness of the rear, and muscle tremors appear. The cow shifts from foot to foot, falls, cannot get up and lies with its limbs tucked under its body and with its head stretched forward, its tongue hanging out. Observed obvious signs paralysis, loss of sensation, decreased body temperature. If not accepted urgent measures, the animal soon dies (Fig. 90).

First aid involves blowing air into the udder. For this purpose, the Evers apparatus and a mammary catheter are used (Fig. 91). Before pumping air, the cow, sheep or goat is placed in a dorsal-lateral position, the milk is milked, the teats are washed with a disinfectant solution, and a milk catheter is carefully inserted into the nipple canal. Air is pumped into the quarters of the udder until a tympanic sound is formed, then the nipples are bandaged. Recovery usually occurs 2-3 hours after pumping air. The bandages are untied after 1.5-2 hours, but if the animal gets up earlier, then immediately.

Vaginal inversion (prolapse) may occur during and after difficult birth as a result of stretching of its muscular membrane. When the animal is lying down, a spherical vaginal wall (Fig. 92) of a dark red color appears from the genital slit, but when standing up it is often retracted. The prolapsed part of the vagina is periodically washed with weak solutions of potassium permanganate, chloramine, and alum. The sick cow is transferred to a stall with the floor raised at the back (Fig. 93).

Other postpartum complications also occur. Advice on prevention and primary care measures can be obtained from local veterinary specialists.