Problems of the male reproductive system

Prostate diseases in dogs.

This category of diseases includes a number of pathologies: prostate swelling, benign hypertrophy (enlargement) of the prostate gland, prostatitis, prostate adenoma.
All these diseases are actually stages of one pathological process.
Unlike humans, dogs do not have a clear age-related predisposition to inflammation of the prostate gland: it can occur in male dogs even at the age of 6-8 months. Adults and old males suffer more often. All these diseases cause a lot of concern for animals and their owners. Often male dogs are brought to see a doctor with problems with urination and requests for treatment of the kidneys or bladder. Upon detailed examination, the reason for such violations lies elsewhere.

Bloody discharge can be observed with a fairly wide range of diseases of the urinary or genital area. We can only help you to some extent orient yourself based on the nature of the discharge, but not make a diagnosis.
Thus, blood at the beginning of urination (in the first fraction of urine, and then the urine looks normal) is observed in diseases of the ureter, penis, prostate gland (prostate).
Blood at the end of urination appears in diseases of the bladder or prostate.
In the absence of urination problems, blood may indicate kidney disease. So there are many options, and you need to understand it very specifically.

Reasons
Swelling of the prostate most often develops against the background of stagnation of blood in the gland during prolonged stimulation. This usually occurs during the period of estrus in females. While walking, a male sniffs marks with the odor of a female in heat and his hormonal levels reflexively change and blood flow to the genitals increases. If exposure to the smell continues for a long time (an empty female in an apartment, with neighbors, in a house, etc.), then blood stagnation develops in the prostate gland and small organs.
pelvis It increases in volume and can cause urination disorders, such as: frequent urge to urinate, urine retention in the bladder, painful urination. Cases have been described when, if there is a female in heat in the immediate vicinity, male dogs begin to urinate blood. Prostate swelling is a disease in the early stages that is most often reversible.

The cold factor as a cause of prostatitis has also not been confirmed in dogs.
The infectious nature of prostate inflammation in male dogs has not yet been proven, although it is widely discussed in scientific circles. The most likely and common cause of prostatitis in males today is considered to be imbalance of sex hormones.
At the same time, the prostate gland enlarges, its blood circulation worsens, and favorable conditions are created for the proliferation of microbes in it.
One of the main causes of prostatitis is nonspecific inflammation spreading from the urinary tract. Of great importance in the development of prostatitis are hidden infections genitourinary system, such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis.
Other causes of prostatitis include frequent hypothermia, lack of mating or too frequent mating, and the presence of a source of inflammation in the body.

In the etiology of inflammation, the leading place is occupied by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and less commonly by other microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococci, mycoplasmas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pasteurella, Hemophilus). It is extremely rare to find anaerobic flora in the secretion of the inflamed prostate gland. The causative agent of specific prostatitis is usually Br. canis.

Symptoms

Caused mainly by an enlarged prostate gland: difficulties with defecation (tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-like feces) are observed much more often than problems with urination. Often the tail, with a typical depression in the dorsal part, is located at the base from the anus. When the prostate gland is enlarged, a unilateral or bilateral perineal hernia may occur.
If, under the influence of its weight, the prostate gland has moved into the abdominal cavity, then it cannot be completely palpated rectally.

Clinical signs.

One of the most common signs of prostatitis in male dogs is involuntary discharge of blood from the urethra (in drops, regardless of urination).
It is necessary, however, to distinguish the source of bleeding: it is from the opening of the urethra, and not from the prepuce.
During the acute period of prostatitis, a slight increase in temperature and lethargy of the animal may be observed, although more often the dog feels fine.
Hypertrophy can be so severe that the prostate compresses the urinary canal. Against this background, urine retention occurs in the bladder, the animal urinates for a long time, in a weak and intermittent stream, males stop lifting hind paw when urinating. The bladder does not empty completely, which leads to persistent distension and decreased wall tone.

With a significant increase in the size of the prostate gland, defecation disorders sometimes occur: defecation is difficult, feces normal consistency, but noticeably reduced in diameter (as if flattened) - ribbon-like stool
1. With prostatitis in dogs, a characteristic swelling appears between the anus and the scrotum (this is what can be seen during a visual examination)
2. On palpation, a tumor/lump with a diameter greater than 3 cm is felt

Anamnesis
To make a correct diagnosis, a detailed history is required, including both specific symptoms and the condition of the animal as a whole. Here you need to pay attention to factors such as the cause and degree of development of symptoms from the moment they are detected, whether the dog defecates and urinates normally. Systemic signs include lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, lameness or altered gait, as well as the amount of water consumed and the amount of urine excreted.

Last edited by moderator: 18 Feb 2016

Diseases of the genital area of ​​male dogs

BALANOPOSTHITIS
Definition. Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the skin of the glans penis and preputial sac.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to the development of microflora. As a result, a mucopurulent secretion is formed, the skin of the glans penis and prepuce swells. Inflammation can spread to the urethra with the development of urethritis (cm).
Clinical signs. Males constantly lick their prepuce.
The hair at the end of the penis is glued together with a mucopurulent secretion, which is easier to detect when the head of the penis is exposed.
Sometimes erosions form on the skin and it swells.
Treatment. The preputial sac is washed with antiseptic solutions: 0.5-2% potassium permanganate solution, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Then the head of the penis and prepuce are lubricated from the inside and outside with ointments containing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory components (Lorinden S, Hyoxyzon, Cortomycetin, Dermozolon). Lubrication is repeated 2-3 times a day until complete recovery.

ORCHEPIDIDYMITIS
Definition. Orchiepididymitis is inflammation of the testicle and epididymis.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to trauma and exposure to infectious agents, such as Brucella canis, rickettsia, staphylococci and streptococci. If fluid accumulates in the scrotal cavity, testicular hydrocele occurs.
Clinical signs. There is unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the testicles, redness of the skin, and increased temperature. The testicle may be painful or painless. With testicular hydrocele, there is a sharp increase in the volume of the scrotum, spreading upward to the groin.
Treatment. In case of traumatic orchiepididymitis, the dog is given rest, analgesics are prescribed (acetylsalicylic acid, analgin), antihistamines(diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone). For orchiepididymitis of unknown etiology, a course of therapy with tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride in combination with biseptol, rifampicin or ampicillin is additionally prescribed.
In case of traumatic crushing of the testicle, as well as severe purulent lesions, it is removed. In case of hydrocele, a puncture is performed.
Prevention has not been developed.

PROSTATITIS, PROSTATE ADENOMA
Definition. Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma is a growth of the prostate gland.
Causes and development of the disease. Prostatitis occurs due to the proliferation of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora (E.coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Proteus) in the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma occurs due to hormonal disorders, as well as from unknown reasons. Older dogs are more likely to get sick. As a result inflammatory edema, suppuration, increased volume of the prostate gland decreases sexual function, decreases sexual desire, you may have difficulty urinating.
Both diseases contribute to the development of kidney and urinary organ diseases.
Clinical signs. There is difficulty urinating. Urine is released drop by drop. Possible with prostatitis low-grade fever, the appearance of pus and blood in the urine and ejaculate. Palpation through the rectum reveals an enlarged prostate gland. Palpation of the abdomen reveals a full bladder.
Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs.
Treatment. For prostatitis, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are prescribed for 2-3 weeks: biseptol, tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride, chloramphenicol, abactal, ofloxacin. At the same time, it is useful to use antispasmodic and analgesic drugs such as baralgin, spasmalgin, trigan.
With adenoma in old age Estrogens are prescribed for 2-3 months. Theoretically, surgical treatment is possible - adenectomy.
Prevention. Timely treatment of diseases of the genitourinary organs is necessary. Indoor dogs should be walked at least 3 times a day.

HYPERSEXUALISM AND ONANISM
Increased sexual excitability occurs in males starting from 4 months of age. It manifests itself as frequent erections of the penis, attempts to copulate with a female, a person, other animals, and inanimate objects. As a rule, attempts do not end with ejaculation. This behavior sometimes frightens dog owners. No treatment required. Objects that are objects of sexual desire should be removed, and attempts to copulate with animate objects should be gently suppressed. Increased excitability of males who smell the discharge of a female who is in heat and is manifested by a desire to get closer to the female, a desire to run away, and frequent urination, also does not require correction.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. A practitioner's reference book"

Kidney diseases in dogs are registered more often than in other animals; the likelihood of their occurrence increases with age and is due to anatomical and physiological characteristics. Dogs' kidneys are adapted to excrete the breakdown products of animal protein. In this case, acidic urine is released, in which pathological microorganisms do not multiply. Animals receiving plant foods, produce alkaline urine, which favors the development of pathological microflora.

More than 50% of dogs over the age of 8 years have pathological changes in both kidneys during clinical examination, and in 80% during histological examination. The causes of the disease, which develops unnoticed over many years, are infections, allergic, chemical and physical influences.

The direct communication of the urinary tubules of the kidney with the pelvis facilitates the spread of infection.

The ureters, bladder and urethra, on the contrary, become inflamed much less frequently, being very resistant to pathological factors and infection.

Symptoms indicating a disease of the urinary organs:

– pain syndrome in the urinary organs (includes a combination of the following symptoms: frequent (pollakiuria) or painful (dysuria, stranguria) urination, arching of the back, desire to lie in a cold place, soreness of the back muscles, transient paresis of the pelvic limbs);

– nephrotic syndrome (edema, hypoproteinemia, cylindrouria, oliguria);

– uremic syndrome (apathy, anorexia, vomiting, increased blood urea and creatinine concentrations, anuria, recurrent diarrhea, urine odor from the mouth);

– osteorenal syndrome (osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia, bone deformation and osteoporosis);

– renal eclampsia syndrome (tonic-clonic seizures, nephrotic syndrome, episcleral vascular injection).

Features of the urinary system of dogs

The urinary system of dogs includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The latter opens into the organs of the reproductive system, while forming the urogenital canal in males and the genitourinary vestibule in females.

The bladder is located on the pubic bones and is exceptionally spacious. As it fills, it descends into the pubic area.

A dog's kidneys are bean-shaped. These are single-papillary organs, short, thick and smooth, located retroperitoneally (retroperitoneal). The right one is located at the level of 1-3 lumbar vertebrae, forming a depression on the liver. The left one is located at the level of the 2nd-4th lumbar vertebrae, at standing dog palpable in the anterior corner of the hungry fossa.

The renal papilla is comb-shaped and opens into the pelvis, which protrudes noticeably at the anterior and posterior ends of the kidney. Renal lobes 12-17. They are detected only by the location of the interlobar vessels. The absence of renal calyces (the urinary tubules of the kidney communicate directly with the pelvis) facilitates the spread of infection from the parenchyma or interstitium to the pelvis and vice versa. In this regard, significant species feature It turns out that dogs are highly susceptible to auto-allergies.

Bladder: 1 – fundus, 2 – caudal artery, 3 – median ligament.

Female reproductive system

The ovaries of an adult female are flattened and smooth, about 2 cm in diameter. Located in the bag at the level of the 3rd-4th lumbar vertebrae. The bursa is a fold of the serous membrane in which, hiding the ovary, can accumulate adipose tissue.

The fallopian tube (about 3 mm in diameter, 4-10 cm long) almost surrounds the ovary in the funnel area and, slightly bending, flows into the uterine horn.

The uterus is bicornuate. Straight horns, 10-15 cm long, 0.5-1 cm thick, diverge in a V-shape. The right horn may be longer than the left. Pregnancy (58-65 days) occurs in the horns. The body is thin-walled, 4-6 times shorter than the horns, has an internal septum (depth up to 1.5 cm). The neck is thick-walled, with longitudinal and transverse folds, with a vaginal portion. The non-pregnant uterus is located partly in the pelvic cavity (under the rectum and above the bladder), partly in the pubic region.

The vagina is 10-14 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Under the mucous membrane in the genitourinary vestibule there is a cavernous body, which, when filled with blood during mating, greatly narrows the lumen of the vestibule - the paired bulb. The vestibular glands may be absent from the ventral wall. The labia of the vulva have the appearance of ridges with a sharp ventral angle.

The clitoris is highly developed, its body is immersed in the wall of the vestibule, the head is hidden in the prepuce of the clitoris.

Male reproductive system

The penis is straight with a long, cylindrical head. At the base of the head is the bone os penis; in large dogs its length is up to 8-10 cm. It is built up in front with cartilage or fibrous tissue. Top edge it is convex and has a groove underneath for the urogenital canal. The corpora cavernosa are well developed in the penis and urogenital canal. The bone is covered by the corpus spongiosum of the glans, and at the caudal end of the glans by the bulb of the penis. Blood from the corpus spongiosum enters the bulb and the internal pudendal veins. The latter are compressed by the constrictor muscle: this complicates the outflow of blood during sexual intercourse, increasing its duration in dogs.

At the base of the head, on the leaves of the prepuce there are lymphatic follicles and a corolla of preputial glands. The urogenital canal opens at the end of the head.

The crotch of dogs is short. The scrotum is located caudoventral to the ischial tuberosities, close to the anus. The testes have a rounded-elliptical shape. The mediastinum, lying closer to the center, is well developed. 14-17 seminiferous tubules emerge into the head of the epididymis.

The epididymis with a thickened, well-developed head and tail, large.

The spermatic cord is directed obliquely and is long. In the vas deferens, only the wall part of the prostate gland is developed from the accessory glands. It is yellowish in color, dense, large, and consists of two lobes separated by a weak groove. The vesicular and bulbous parts of the prostate gland are absent.

Penis

Penis (continued)

Nephritis

Nephritis is a rapidly occurring inflammation of the kidney parenchyma of an immunoallergic nature with predominant damage to the glomerular vessels (glomerulonephritis) and the transition of inflammation to the interstitial tissue. According to the course, nephritis is distinguished between acute and chronic, and according to localization - diffuse and focal. Nephritis accounts for 57% of all kidney diseases.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

Acute nephritis may occur after viral or bacterial infections (plague, viral hepatitis, canine parvovirus enteritis, colibacillosis), as well as with leptospirosis, due to poisoning, hypothermia, injury and other reasons. The development of nephritis is promoted by foci chronic infection(tonsillitis, pyometra). Sensitizing factors are stress, the nature of feeding, living conditions, hypothermia of dogs, which changes the course of immunological reactions and causes a reflex disturbance of the blood supply to the kidneys.

The pathogens and their toxins are introduced into the kidneys through the hematogenous route and cause primary damage to the kidney tissue. Factors that contribute to the retention and damage of the glomeruli by microbes and toxins: nephrotoxins, products of improper metabolism, drugs and irritants, some plants, as well as spoiled food.

The altered proteins cause the production of corresponding antibodies in the reticuloendothelial system. The latter, forming complexes with antigens, are fixed in the renal glomeruli (secondary damage). Inflammation spreads to the interstitial tissue (interstitial nephritis), tubules, walls of the pelvis and the entire kidney.

In acute diffuse glomerulonephritis, both kidneys are affected, the vessels of other organs and tissues are involved in the process, but urinary dysfunction dominates.

¦ SYMPTOMS

At the onset of the disease, depression, an increase in body temperature up to 40 ° C, violent vomiting and short-term paresis of the pelvic limbs are observed; appetite decreases. Dogs often take an unnatural position to urinate. The urine is cloudy, from light red to brown, usually of high density, contains a lot of leukocytes, red blood cells, tubular epithelium, casts and salts.

In the acute phase of glomerulonephritis, oliguria, hematuria and proteinuria are detected, as well as bilateral kidney enlargement on radiographs. Palpation of the kidneys in the lumbar region causes anxiety in animals. Swelling of the abdomen, intermaxillary space, thighs, eyelids, dyspepsia, pale mucous membranes are noted. Thirst increases. Hypertrophy and expansion of the left ventricle of the heart with a hard, tense or weakened pulse and an accent of the second tone on the aorta are recorded; increased diastolic tone, systolic murmurs, stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circle. Cyanosis of the mucous membranes occurs, venous pressure increases.

From the respiratory system, shortness of breath and congestive moist rales are noted.

Blood contains a lot of water, its density is reduced. In severe cases, symptoms of azotemic uremia occur (drowsiness, constriction of the pupil, complete refusal to feed, convulsions).

Acute nephritis can last 1-2 weeks and end in recovery or death. If the disease drags on for for a long time, it can develop into a chronic form of diffuse nephritis.

¦ DIAGNOSIS

The most characteristic symptoms are the sudden onset of proteinuria in combination with hypertension and edema.

IN differential diagnosis it is necessary to exclude pyelitis, urocystitis, and urolithiasis. Nephrosis, as a rule, occurs without hematuria, cardiac hypertrophy, or increased blood pressure. Chronic nephritis differs from acute nephritis in the duration of its course and the often alternating stages of improvement and deterioration of the patient’s condition.

A protein-rich diet and cephalosporin antibiotics are prescribed (but for blood urea readings above 25 mmol/l - only nitrofuran drugs).

Prednisolone, aminophylline and strophanthin. Intravenous drip - mannitol and rheopolyglucin (in cases of severe oliguria). For azotemia, peritoneal dialysis is performed.

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

As a result of blood overflow of the pulmonary system, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia are possible.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is called inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidneys.

¦ ETIOLOGY

The disease occurs as a result of hematogenous entry of the infectious agent from a purulent focus; an ascending route of its entry from purulent foci in the urinary tract and genital organs, and a lymphogenous route from the intestines is possible.

Sensitizing factors are increased pressure in the pelvis and urinary tract, impaired circulation in the kidneys, as well as various types of hypothermia.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Symptoms depend on whether the lesion is unilateral or bilateral.

At acute course illnesses include fever, loss of appetite, exhaustion, increased heart rate and breathing. Increased sensitivity upon palpation in the kidney area, painful and frequent urination.

The urine is cloudy, contains up to 2% protein, as well as blood and grayish-yellowish, mucopurulent clots. The sediment contains renal epithelium and purulent bodies. Neutrophilic leukocytosis is recorded in the blood. The density of urine decreases. A purulent mass is discharged from the vagina.

Sometimes the disease occurs at lightning speed: depression, collapse and within 12 hours – death. In acute cases, it ranges from one day to three weeks, ending in death or chronicity.

See jade.

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Chronic pyelonephritis in most cases it progresses to nephrosis or nephrosclerosis.

PYELOGRAM OF NORMAL AND IMPACTED KIDNEYS:

1 – healthy kidney,

2 – the line connecting the apexes of the sinuses of the pelvis forms a uniform oval-convex contour parallel to the surface of the kidney,

3 – pyelitis and hydronephrosis of the kidney,

4 – the line connecting the apexes of the sinuses of the pelvis forms an uneven contour with recesses,

5 – pyeloectasia caused by fluid accumulation,

6 – place of obstruction of the lumen of the ureter

Nephrosis

Nephrosis is a metabolic-dystrophic disease of the kidneys of a non-inflammatory type with a predominant degenerative change in the tubules of the medulla.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

The development of nephrosis is associated with intoxication of the body and metabolic disorders (feed intoxication; disturbances of protein, fat, mineral and vitamin metabolism; poisoning with organochlorine compounds, phosphorus, arsenic; complications in some purulent-septic processes). Nephrosis often develops as a complication of nephritis and pyelonephritis.

When excreted through the kidneys, endotoxins cause degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium (up to necrosis). A circulatory disorder develops in the kidneys. Large losses of protein occur in the urine (up to 2.5-15 g per day) as a result of impaired tubular reabsorption. In this regard, the content of albumin in the plasma decreases, which causes edema, and the content of lipoproteins and cholesterol increases.

¦ SYMPTOMS

General symptoms: loss of appetite, weight loss, gastrointestinal disorders. Signs of renal failure are recorded: swelling of the eyelids and limbs, weakening of cardiac function (frequent pulse, low filling and small wave), increased nervous excitability and the appearance of tonic-clonic convulsions.

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by four main clinical symptoms: proteinuria, cylindruria, ascites and edema, cachexia.

In mild cases of the disease, urination decreases and the urine contains protein; the sediment contains degenerated renal epithelial cells, erythrocytes and leukocytes. The number of red blood cells in the blood is reduced.

In severe cases of nephrosis, renal failure develops with signs of uremia. The improvement is accompanied by polyuria. Urine is light, low density, contains a small amount of protein.

When the renal glomeruli are involved in the process, nitrogen retention occurs.

Therapy is not successful. For nephrotic syndrome, prednisolone is recommended; this improves your overall condition. Ascites is eliminated by drip infusion of mannitol. To normalize protein metabolism, Alvezin and Retabolil are prescribed. Antibiotics and vitamin B 12 are used as symptomatic remedy against developing infection.

Urolithiasis

This disease is accompanied by the formation of sand deposits and various chemical composition urinary stones in the renal pelvis, bladder or urethra. The disease typically develops after the fourth year of an animal’s life, but, as an exception, pathology can occur in the first year (in puppies up to 3 months of age, when metabolism is especially intense). Females are more often susceptible to the disease.

¦ ETIOLOGY

The causes of the formation of stones in the bladder are infections, disruption of acid-base balance and salt metabolism, activity parathyroid glands, lack of retinol and calciferol in the diet, imported feed, supplements. Microorganisms (hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococci, armored bacteria) play a major role in the formation of stones in dogs.

The disease mainly occurs in dogs of chondrodystrophic breeds: they are characterized by disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism (hyperparathyroidism); in male dachshunds - due to a violation of their cystine metabolism. Dalmatian Dogs often form uric acid stones: their body has difficulty transporting uric acid to the liver in sufficient quantities to convert it into allantoin.

In dogs, stones of mixed origin are formed in the following order of occurrence: urates, phosphates, oxalates, cystine, carbonates, urate. Phosphate rocks and sand form very quickly. Sometimes they find it at the same time gallstones.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Stone formation in the urinary tract is accompanied by inflammation in the urinary organs and impaired urine flow. Patients' appetite decreases or disappears, depression and drowsiness are possible. When a stone forms in the renal pelvis, symptoms of pyelitis may appear. After active movements of the animal, hematuria is detected.

In the latent period of the course (before the occurrence of blockage of the urinary tract), there are still no obvious clinical signs urolithiasis, but the results of laboratory tests of urine and blood indicate its presence.

When obstructed, the disease manifests itself as urinary colic, frequent urge to urinate that cannot be treated, restlessness, urinary disturbance or anuria, and changes in the composition of urine. The disease often occurs as pyelonephritis or cystitis.

Colic manifests itself as attacks of severe restlessness. The animal squeals, groans, assumes a posture for urination, the pulse and respiration rates increase, and the temperature rises. The duration of attacks is up to several hours. Between attacks, sharp depression is recorded, the dog lies indifferently, gets up and moves with difficulty.

Urine is cloudy, mixed with urinary sand, its color is dark, with a reddish tint (admixture of blood), it is released with difficulty, in small portions, drops. When the urethra is completely blocked, anuria is recorded.

Palpation of the kidneys and bladder is painful. The lower wall of the abdomen is tense and protrudes. The bladder volume is sharply increased.

The disease is acute and leads to the death of the animal.

Urocystitis

Cystitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. Urocystitis is an inflammation of the bladder and urethral mucosa.

The disease can be primary or secondary.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

Escherichia coli and Proteus present in the urine play a major role in the etiology. Urinary retention causes stagnation and decomposition, and primary cystitis develops. A common cause of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder is injury to it by helminths, urinary stones or sand. Hypothermia in animals, especially in the groin and abdomen, also contributes to the development of the disease.

Over time, inflammation leads to pathological growth epithelium of the mucous membrane of the bladder, thickening of its walls. Ulcerative defects (ulcerative cystitis) or complete necrosis of the bladder walls (gangrenous cystitis) may form.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Frequent urination is noted. As inflammation progresses, pollakiuria is accompanied by pain. Apathy, increased body temperature, anorexia, and vomiting are possible. The daily amount of urine excreted may be reduced. Urine is dark yellow or reddish, with an ammonia-like odor, and with purulent inflammation, a cadaverous odor, sometimes resembling pus in appearance; in its last portions an admixture of blood is found, often in the form of clots. Subsequently, the urge to urinate becomes continuous, although urine is not released or is released in drops. In such cases, dogs become very anxious; their pain increases.

A thickened, painful bladder is palpated through the abdominal wall. Sometimes, as a result of blockage of the urethra with inflammatory products, it is filled with urine. In the laboratory, at the beginning of the disease, an acidic pH is detected in the urine, then an alkaline pH, protein, red blood cells and bacteria.

The urine sediment contains many leukocytes, epithelial cells of the bladder.

Catarrhal cystitis with timely treatment ends in recovery.

¦ DIAGNOSIS

Urocystitis must be differentiated from pyelitis, urethritis and urolithiasis.

Differentiate from pyelonephritis by localization of pain. In addition, with pyelonephritis, urination is painless, and blood is detected in the third urine sample.

Drink plenty of fluids, heat on the abdominal area. To acidify urine and activate diuresis, it is recommended to add horsetail decoction to the water. Colic is relieved with baralgin, and antibiotics are additionally prescribed for 10 days.

For chronic cystitis, UHF diathermy is prescribed: 10 sessions every other day.

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Inflammation of the bladder with delayed treatment is complicated by the formation of ulcers, necrosis, paracystitis, inflammation renal pelvis and jade.

Diseases of the female genital area

During the time from one ovulation to another, some physiological changes occur in the female reproductive system, the totality of which is called the sexual cycle. There are four periods in the sexual cycle.

Proestrum is the period of the beginning of estrus, lasting 7-10 days. The release of estrogens into the blood - estrone and estradiol - causes hyperplasia of the tissues of the reproductive apparatus, preparing them for the reception of eggs. Bloody-mucous discharge from the vagina is the result of blood leaking from the capillaries of the endometrium. The labia are swollen, the vaginal mucosa is hyperemic, the cervical os is slightly open. The female develops sexual desire, but she does not yet allow males to approach.

Estrus is the period of estrus, lasting 5-10 days. During this period, the female admits the male, experiencing strong sexual arousal. The vaginal discharge is colorless, the cervical canal is open, the mucous membrane is hyperemic and covered with mucus. From the 9th to the 12th day from the start of estrus, every 3 hours the mature follicles are opened and the oocytes are released - ovulation. Each oocyte lingers in the ovary for several hours after ovulation, then descends through the fallopian tubes and turns into a mature egg.

Metoestrum is the 3rd period, lasting 30-60 days. Sexual arousal stops. The secretion of mucus from the vagina decreases, the swelling of the labia decreases. In place of the burst follicles, under the influence of luteinizing hormone (gonadotropin), small yellow bodies are formed. They begin to produce progesterone, which inhibits further ovulation and causes restructuring of the uterine mucosa. Unfertilized eggs are destroyed.

Anestrum is a dormant period lasting 90-130 days. The female has no sexual desire.

The vaginal mucosa is dry and anemic. The yellow bodies atrophy, lose their yellow color and are called white bodies at this time. By the end of this phase, under the influence of gonadotropin, the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovaries resumes.

A disease of the female reproductive system is indicated by rare or, conversely, frequently recurring estrus, the appearance of pathological vaginal discharge, an increase in abdominal volume and increased thirst, enlargement and deformation of the labia, symmetrical alopecia, pseudolactation.

Anostria

Anostria is the absence of estrus as a result of congenital or acquired ovarian hypofunction.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

The reasons are insufficient production of hormones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland, poor living conditions for the animal.

¦ SYMPTOMS

The absence of estrus is possible with anostria during puberty, adolescence, postpartum and galloping. Anostria of puberty is the absence of estrus at 14-18 months of age. Anostria after the first or second heat is juvenile, after childbirth is postpartum.

Galloping anostria is said to occur when more than 10 months pass between two estrus cycles.

Females are treated at the beginning of the year or in the fall, when they usually go into heat. Injections of estrogen are given in small doses (stimulation of the production of gonadotropins). Large doses inhibit the synthesis of gonadotropins. From the 4th to the 8th day after the appearance of signs of estrus, serum (menopausal) gonadotropin is additionally administered every other day. The first estrus often occurs without ovulation: fertilization will occur only during the subsequent estrus. If this method is not successful, then treatment is not resumed.

¦ MEDICINES

Estradiol – 4 injections of 0.1-0.6 mg every third day.

Serum gonadotropin – 25-50 IU.

Subostria

Subostria is a mild estrus.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Estrus manifests itself at the usual time, but occurs with copious discharge of mucus from the vagina without swelling of the labia. Palpation of the uterus causes its contraction.

Serum gonadotropin is administered 2 times with an interval of 3 days. It is recommended to breed the female 4 days after the last injection. If treatment is ineffective, additional estrogens are administered.

Prolonged heat

Prolonged estrus is an endocrine functional disorder associated with morphological changes in the genital organs; characterized by an increase in the duration of the proestrum or estrus phase.

Follicular cysts develop from Graafian follicles. The diameter of the cysts is from 1 to 5 centimeters; they merge into groups with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Follicular cysts are clinically manifested by prolonged estrus with bloody vaginal discharge, mammary gland hyperplasia and fibroleiomyoma of the genital organs.

Cavities called cysts can form from unovulated mature follicles and corpora lutea in the ovary.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

Normally, the phases of the sexual cycle replace one another, the release of the next hormone into the blood causes the production of the next. Prolonged estrus is caused by overproduction of estrogen (chronic estrogen poisoning is a species-specific feature of dogs and is caused by low metabolism of these hormones by the liver). It is most common in boxers and small poodles.

Excess hormones lead to morphological changes relevant organs and to disruption of their functions (extension of the estrus period).

¦ SYMPTOMS

Prolonged sexual attraction, prolonged estrus, skin lesions, pseudolactation.

Radiography sometimes reveals small radiopaque shadows (sclerosed ovaries). Very rare large cysts ovaries.

There are four types of prolonged estrus.

Type 1. Extended proestrum period (more than 21 days). Males become excited upon contact. The female's labia are swollen, the mucous membrane is swollen and hyperemic, and there is watery-red discharge from the vagina.

Type 2. Extended proestrum period. Males do not get excited. In middle-aged females, swelling of the labia, slight red-brown vaginal discharge, severe skin itching, and acanthosis nigricans of the genital skin are recorded.

Type 3. Extended estrus period (more than 12 days). The symptoms are the same as type 2, but the vaginal discharge is not bloody red, but mucous, and the skin is not as severely affected. Pseudolactation, thirst, increased ESR and leukocytosis are recorded.

Type 4. Elongated early metoestrum. Females of 10-12 months of age are affected immediately after normal estrus.

The disease is characterized by swelling of the labia, serous-mucous or purulent vaginal discharge, and enlarged uterus. The dog is very thirsty, there is no appetite, the coat is dull and disheveled.

Type 1. 0.01-0.02 mg of estradiol is administered and after 24 hours 100 - 500 IU of choriogonadotropin.

Type 2. 50-100 IU of choriogonadotropin is injected once.

Type 3. Therapy is similar to the treatment of estrus type 2, but in combination with a 10-day course of antibiotic therapy (gentamicin - 2 mg/kg, carbenicillin - 100 mg/kg).

Type 4. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for 10 days is indicated (ampicillin, oxacillin 30 mg/kg).

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Pyometra.

Endometritis

Based on the nature of the exudate and the manifestation of the disease, catarrhal, purulent catarrhal and latent endometritis are distinguished.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

The disease is based on an endocrine disorder, raising level of estrogen in the blood. This causes pathological hyperplasia of the endometrium and its glands, leading to changes in the walls of blood vessels. The presence of nonspecific microflora in the uterine cavity causes endometrial damage and chronic endometritis.

Chronic catarrhal endometritis develops from acute postpartum endometritis, as a result of infection after coitus. The uterine cavity is cleaned through the open cervical canal. Chronic purulent catarrhal endometritis is a complication of chronic catarrhal endometritis, or develops from acute postpartum purulent catarrhal endometritis.

Chronic latent endometritis is a type of chronic catarrhal with mild structural changes in the uterine mucosa.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Chronic catarrhal endometritis: discharge of cloudy, flaky mucus from the genitals, often mixed with blood, is recorded; streaky hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa; the cervix is ​​open. When palpated through the abdominal wall, the motor function of the uterus is reduced. Sexual cycles are not disrupted. After mating, fertilization does not occur.

With purulent-catarrhal endometritis, mucous is secreted from the genital organs purulent exudate with an admixture of blood, which is detected by palpation through the abdominal wall and reveals an enlarged uterus without rigidity with fluctuation.

The mucous membranes of the vagina and the mouth of the cervix are severely hyperemic and swollen. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

With latent endometritis, sexual cycles are not disrupted, but fertilization does not occur after mating. The cervix opens during estrus.

¦ DIAGNOSIS

The diagnosis of latent endometritis can be established using a laboratory express method for sulfur-containing amino acids, which are found in mucus during inflammation.

Good feeding and content, exercise.

Sinestrol and antibiotics are administered intramuscularly for 3-4 days. The uterus is massaged through the abdominal wall in the direction from the chest to the pelvis 2 times a day for 5-8 days. Tissue preparations are injected under the skin 2-3 times with an interval of 7 days. For hidden endometritis, the use of tissue preparations and uterine massage is limited.

Douching the uterus is contraindicated disinfectant solutions!

Since the occurrence of endometritis is associated with increased levels of estrogen, the use of drugs that inhibit ovulation is indicated.

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

Pyometra.

¦ MEDICINES

Sinestrol 1% solution – 0.2-1.5 ml 2 times with an interval of 24-48 hours.

Penicillin – 3-4 times a day for 3-4 days.

Narcolut – 2.5-5 mg for 5 months (do not give in proestrum: risk of pyometra!).

Pyometra

Pyometra is a multisystem disease characterized by the accumulation of exudate in the uterine cavity against the background of purulent inflammation of its mucous membrane.

Pyometra develops in dogs in 80% of cases after repeated manifestations of false pregnancy.

¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

This disease develops as a result of hormonal disorders from chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal endometritis. During the period of metoestrum, the corpus luteum actively secretes progesterone, the secretion of the uterine glands increases, uterine contractions are suppressed and the cervical canal is closed by a greatly expanded and swollen mucous membrane.

Fluid accumulates in the uterine cavity, and when microbes accumulate, it undergoes purulent decay due to the migration of leukocytes into it from the mucous membrane.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Sexual cycles are disrupted, the general condition of the animal worsens, there may be lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, the volume of the abdomen increases, at times the temperature rises, and sometimes purulent exudate mixed with blood is released from the genital slit.

Clinically, a small pyometra is distinguished, when swelling of the labia and abundant discharge of pus are observed, as well as a large pyometra, in which there are no described symptoms.

Palpation through the abdominal wall determines the enlargement of the uterine horns.

Laboratory tests reveal increased ESR, leukocytosis, monocytosis, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, acidosis, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea.

The contents of the uterus contain aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

Using radiography, you can observe an increase in the horns of the uterus; ultrasound reveals the presence of fluid inside. The body and horns of the uterus descend into the abdominal cavity.

Treatment is surgical. It is practiced to remove the uterus through an incision in the abdominal wall, since once the disease has occurred, despite possible improvement, it recurs after estrus.

¦ POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS

If there is a significant accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity, its walls may rupture. Purulent masses entering the abdominal cavity cause the development of diffuse peritonitis.

Pathologies of pregnancy and the postpartum period

Vaginal prolapse is observed in the second half of pregnancy due to feeding errors and lack of exercise. It is caused by an increase in intra-abdominal pressure in combination with relaxation of the vestibular sphincter and stretching of the perineal tissue. Partial vaginal prolapse is manifested by protrusion of the upper wall, observed while lying down and does not affect the course of pregnancy and childbirth.

Vaginal prolapse

False pregnancy

False pregnancy is a pathology characterized by physiological and mental changes in the dog’s body.

¦ ETIOLOGY

Every time after estrus, the dog’s body experiences hormonal changes, regardless of whether there was mating or not. The cause of false pregnancy is the formation of the corpus luteum during estrus.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Symptoms appear 5-8 weeks after the end of estrus. The dog shows all the signs of pregnancy, including toxicosis. Swelling of the mammary glands occurs with further lactation. The dog is reluctant to go outside, shows anxiety, drags toys to its place, placing them under the nipples, and takes the pose of a nursing mother.

First of all, you should never indulge your dog; you should take away toys that it mistakes for its puppies. It is necessary to exclude dairy products from the dog’s diet. Expressing milk from the nipples is not recommended.

As drug treatment appoint parenteral administration indirect and direct prolactin inhibitors: naloxone - a morphine antagonist (0.01 mg/kg of animal body weight 1-2 times a day until visible results); Bromocriptine is a prolactin inhibitor (0.01 mg/kg of animal body weight 1 time per day until the symptoms of the disease completely disappear). Side effects using drugs of both groups may cause nausea and vomiting, so 30-40 minutes before administration medicinal drug the dog is given one of the antiemetics orally - metoclopramide, cerucal, raglan: 1 tablet once 30-40 minutes before the start of the main treatment.

If a dog's milk comes in rapidly, it is necessary to inject camphor (subcutaneously 1 ml 3 times a day for 1-2 days), give the dog bromcamphor in tablets (1 tablet 2 times a day for a week. To avoid mastitis, you should rub the milk glands camphor alcohol or oil.

If after all the procedures the mammary glands remain hard, hot and red, you should consult a doctor.

Toxicosis of pregnancy

Toxicosis is a painful condition that occurs due to changes in the body caused by pregnancy.

¦ ETIOLOGY

Most often, toxicosis occurs as a result of minor deviations in the health of a pregnant dog.

¦ SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of toxicosis appear 20-22 days after mating and are expressed in apathy, periodic nausea and vomiting.

A change in appetite occurs: the dog either refuses to eat, or, conversely, begins to eat too much and greedily.

First of all, you need to pay attention to the dog’s feeding diet. It is recommended to provide additional vegetables (beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, garlic, etc.).

If you refuse to eat, you should not force-feed your dog; most likely, the appetite will be restored in a few days. In case of increased appetite, you can introduce additional daytime feeding without changing the basic amount of food consumed (with the exception of added vegetables). You cannot overfeed your dog (as well as underfeed it). If vomiting persists, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Postpartum eclampsia

Postpartum eclampsia is an acute nervous disease that manifests itself sudden attacks and tonic-clonic seizures.

¦ ETIOLOGY

The reasons have not yet been clarified. According to the existing hypothesis, the disease is a consequence of autointoxication or anaphylaxis due to the absorption of colostrum proteins or decaying lochia, anemia or hyperemia of the brain.

¦ SYMPTOMS

IN postpartum period, less often during childbirth, the dog develops anxiety and muscle cramps, eyes roll back, and foamy saliva flows. Often the animal loses consciousness and reacts to external stimuli by intensifying the attack.

The attack lasts 5-30 minutes, then the dog jumps up, looking around, but immediately calms down. In the intervals between attacks, no signs of the disease appear. The attacks recur after several hours, then suddenly stop.

The animal is given complete rest. Caffeine-sodium benzoate (20% solution 0.5-1 ml) or hydrogen chloride morphine (1% solution 1-3 ml) is administered subcutaneously.

If eclampsia appears in a bitch during childbirth, measures must be taken to complete the birth.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are transmitted through sexual contact from a sick animal to a healthy one. However, infection with most STDs is possible without sexual contact (through mucous membranes, feces, urine, or by airborne droplets). STDs include everything venereal diseases- diseases that are transmitted mainly sexually.

Can a dog give a person an STD?

Today, many sexually transmitted diseases of dogs that can be transmitted to humans are known. Infection occurs through airborne droplets or through contact of a sick animal with a person (through mucous membranes, through feces, through saliva).

What are the most common sexually transmitted diseases in dogs that can be transmitted to humans?

Mycoplasmosis– bacterial infection. Mycoplasmas can live in a dog’s body for years and not manifest itself in any way. However, during a period of decreased immunity or a number of other provoking factors, mycoplasmosis becomes acute - the dog loses its appetite, limps on one leg or the other. Mycoplasmosis can lead to pathologies of internal organs, in bitches – to spontaneous abortions, the birth of underdeveloped or dead puppies. In addition, mycoplasmosis provokes various diseases of the respiratory system. Infection with mycoplasmas occurs not only through sexual contact - there is a high risk of infection when a sick animal comes into contact with a healthy one through mucous membranes, by airborne droplets, or through feces. There are types of mycoplasmas common to humans and animals.

Brucellosis– 20 years ago this disease was very rare, but in recent years Brucellosis is actively spreading among small domestic animals. Animals become infected through sexual contact, as well as through mucous membranes, feces, airborne droplets, through the digestive tract, and by eating the meat of a sick animal. Brucella, once in the body, actively multiplies and spreads throughout the body through lymph and blood. Brucellosis affects the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, and respiratory systems of the body. In acute cases, the death of the animal is possible.

Herpes is a viral disease of dogs that is asymptomatic in most adult animals. May provoke respiratory tract pathologies. Sometimes the dog coughs and sneezes constantly. The main danger of canine herpes is abortion and death of newborn puppies. Infection occurs not only through sexual contact, but also through mucous membranes, feces, and care items. Treatment should only be prescribed by a veterinarian.

Transmissible sarcoma– a common disease of dogs, transmitted sexually and through mucous membranes. Sarcoma is a benign tumor localized on the genitals and mucous membranes. Treatment is only surgical. In the vast majority of cases, the animal’s life is not in danger, but multiple ulcers that form on the genitals deprive the dog of the ability to procreate.

Main signs of STD

It is necessary to visit a veterinary clinic and take a smear for microflora, as well as blood and urine tests if:

• the dog periodically has slight discharge from the genitals (with the exception of bitches in heat and slight light or transparent discharge in males);
• the dog constantly licks the genital organ and bites it (this behavior indicates the presence of irritation and itching);
• tubercles, growths, spots, and tiny ulcers appeared on the genitals;
• the bitch (not during estrus) has bloody discharge from the loop;
• A male dog has frequent discharge from the genitals of a grayish, yellowish or greenish tint;
• The dog has a cough, discharge from the eyes, and skin rashes, although the temperature and general condition are normal.

Diagnosis and treatment of sexual diseases in dogs is possible only in a veterinary clinic! Please do not try to treat the disease yourself (rinsing, douching, etc.), because chronic forms of STDs lead to serious complications and are more difficult to treat.

Preventive measures or how to minimize the threat

• prevent contact between domestic dogs and stray animals;
• exclude random matings and matings with dogs that do not have certificates from a veterinary clinic confirming normal condition microflora;
• after a walk, be sure to rinse the dog’s paws, belly and genitals with warm water;
• in order to protect yourself, it is necessary to thoroughly wash your hands with soap every time after close contact with a dog; you should not allow the dog to lick your face or mouth;
• Regardless of the presence/absence of clinical signs of the disease, take a smear for microflora once a year.

It has always been believed that dogs are distinguished by endurance and resistance to negative factors environment. But, as they say, once a year a stick shoots, so you should know the dangers that may await your pet at every step. Modern veterinary medicine claims that we often encounter fatal dangerous diseases in dogs. Do not forget that large breeds of dogs are much easier to tolerate any diseases than small decorative dogs. This is justified by their physiological characteristics. Canine diseases of the reproductive system of males and females directly depend on their breed, habitat and lifestyle.

The friendship between dogs and humans dates back to ancient times, but the reason for its occurrence still remains a mystery. Over the several thousand years of its existence, people, as we know, managed to tame and make more than one animal as their friend, but the dog has always occupied a special place among its winged and four-legged relatives. Why did this happen?

Reproductive system dogs

Undoubtedly, the most important reason that forms the basis of human and canine friendship is the animal’s devotion. Does humanity know a creature whose character would be better? Hardly. Living side by side with humans since ancient times, dogs have learned to forgive us for any mistakes, be it a bad attitude towards an animal or simply irritability. A dog is such an understanding and loyal friend that he always responds to us with kindness and boundless affection. Whether it is a purebred dog or taken from the street - there is no difference, because above all else there is sincere affection for its owner.

Over time, man began to breed new breeds, each embodying a set of certain qualities and an even more docile disposition. At the moment, there are about 400 dog breeds in the world, which have formed certain groups among themselves. The most important and largest group are service dogs, among which the following stand out:

• watchman (Caucasian Shepherd, Dogo Argentino, Doberman);
• customs officers (German Shepherd, Labrador);
• firefighters (spaniel, rottweiler, husky);
• rescuers (Newfoundland, St. Bernard);
• guides (Labrador retrievers) and many other equally important professions.

Thanks to their boundless loyalty to themselves, their work and people, service dogs have been monitoring our safety for many years, often sacrificing their own lives.

Service dogs are loyal friends and helpers of humans.

The second group is hunters. It was hunting dogs that were indispensable companions on foot and horseback hunting. The most famous among them are:

• terriers capable of fishing out a nimble animal from a hole;
• greyhounds and hounds, which have incredible endurance and loud barks for baiting large game;
• Spaniels are known for their sensitive and keen senses.

In third place is a group of herding dogs, in the lists of which you can find border collies, mountain dogs, bobtails and some other breeds that are most suitable for working with cattle and simply on farms.

The last group is decorative dogs (toy terriers, poodles, chow chows, bulldogs), not intended for a specific service, but capable of becoming a true friend for a person and giving all their affection and love.

By communicating with each other, a dog and a person learn to understand each other, create a strong psychological and emotional connection, feel everyone’s mood and give such important moments of attention.

Veterinarians are frightened by how owners often neglect vaccinations, considering them just a waste of money. Don't forget about puppies who do not have immunity due to the period of dental cavity formation. Old dogs also have weakened immunity; their body is not able to fight the virus and maintain a normal state at the proper level. The most common diseases among animals include the following:

1. . One of the hardest viral diseases among dogs. An animal has a chance to become infected from another animal through contact with saliva. The most common provocation is caused by street dwellers from the animal world; they can attack pets while walking. It is not difficult to notice the infection: excessive salivation, refusal to eat, wide pupils, and dysfunction of the swallowing muscles is also possible. The worst thing is that it is impossible to cure this disease - the dog must be euthanized while it is still safe for others. Also, the owner of this dog needs to visit the hospital to examine his own health.
2. Plague of carnivores. This disease is known because its pathogen enters the dog’s body through the lungs or food. Can occur in pets from 2 to 11 months. Bitches' milk is important for puppies because it contains antibodies against this disease. It is not for nothing that it is believed that the majority of the cause of canine plague is poor care. Among the most life-threatening seasons are spring and autumn, because it is then that the immunity of animals is weakened. It is difficult to identify specific signs of the disease, because at the beginning, 2-3 weeks, the dog may not give cause for concern. However, here are some of them: fatigue for no reason, lack of appetite, redness of the mucous membranes of the eyeballs. If these signs are detected, you should immediately contact a veterinarian; remember that the acute period of this disease can kill a dog within a couple of days.
3. Mowing meadow fever. It can be found in ornamental animals; the pathogen enters the body of a 2 or 3 year old pet with water and food. Signs of the disease: reaching a temperature of 42 degrees, refusal to eat, nausea or diarrhea, the male dog is dripping blood from the end. In the absence of help, the pet dies in 3-4. Today this disease can be cured with surgery. It is necessary to take the animal to the veterinary office as soon as possible and provide the necessary treatment.
4. Viral hepatitis. This disease, which is spread by a virus, often affects puppies under 4 months of birth. The virus multiplies in the digestive system. The source of the disease can be both animals and people. Signs of infection may include heavy breathing, lethargy, reluctance to eat, and swelling of the eye bags. The occurrence of an acute form of the disease guarantees the death of the dog on the same day. A visit to the veterinarian will most likely help rid the dog of the disease and cure it.
5. Cleft external genitalia is diagnosed in the first weeks of a puppy’s life. Defects are corrected through surgery, although, as practice shows, the reproductive ability of the animal remains a big question.
6. Cryptorchidism is a genetic disease characterized by the absence of testes in male dogs. These organs are brought out in males and are located in the scrotum. It is impossible to cure the pathology; it occurs in all breeds.
7. Inflammation of the genital organs occurs extremely often. In the first stages of development it should go away on its own, but sometimes due to certain circumstances this does not happen. You can become infected through sexual contact when harmful microflora, such as fungi, come into contact with unprotected surfaces. This disease is characterized by discharge from the genitals. The inflammatory process occurs in males and females. In most cases, dogs are referred to venereology already at advanced stages of development. Inflammation can be localized to the bladder, and cystitis in dogs is not uncommon.
8. Venereal sarcoma. This disease affects males and females whose age ranges from 1-8 years. The risk of a tumor increases if the dog leads a wandering lifestyle or comes into contact with such animals. The development of the tumor takes up to 8 months, only after an increase in size do the first signs of the disease appear, which include bloody discharge from the organs of the reproductive system.
9. Staphylococcosis. The disease is characterized by the appearance of specific formations on the skin in the groin and back areas. The disease is often accompanied by dermatitis, as well as otitis, which leads to inflammation of the vagina.

Rabies in dogs is one of the most common diseases

All these diseases have characteristic symptoms, so the owner’s task is to notice them in time and take appropriate measures. Not all pathologies can be cured, but in some cases it is important to isolate the animal to prevent the spread of the disease and to protect other inhabitants of the house. It is believed that most diseases occur at an early age, so it is very important to provide proper care and appropriate conditions for the puppy, especially if you are planning to feed it yourself. This issue should be considered in more detail.

Sometimes situations occur in which newborn puppies are left without a mother, and then they have to be artificially fed. The best substitute for mother's milk is mother's milk, bought at a pet store, but it is not always available for some reason. Then the babies are fed either goat milk, or 10% cream, or 1% kefir, or a mixture of cow's milk(for 250 grams of milk, raw egg yolk beaten with a few drops of lemon juice).

The temperature of the nutritional mixture should be around 37.8 degrees Celsius. Depending on their size, babies are fed from a bottle with a nipple or from a syringe with a rubber tube - nozzle. In the first week, puppies are fed every 2 hours, in the second week - every three hours, by the age of one month, the interval between feedings decreases to 4 - 4.5 hours. For one meal they give 5 - 7 grams of nutrition, increasing the single dose by a couple of grams as the puppies grow. At about two weeks of age they begin to feed scraped raw meat or raw low-fat minced beef, turkey or chicken. The serving size is about the size of a pea or bean depending on the size of the puppies.

The puppy needs good nutrition

You can give high-quality dry puppy food soaked in water instead of meat. In order to avoid the risk of introducing new food, a few drops of the drug Nux Vomica are given before the meat. When feeding, puppies should lie in a natural position on their bellies with their heads raised. Care must be taken to ensure that puppies do not swallow too much of the mixture and that it is not excreted through the nose. After each meal, it is necessary to massage the abdomen with your fingers clockwise to promote intestinal motility. And then gently rub with a damp cloth or cotton pad in the anal area to stimulate bowel movements. After using the toilet, it is necessary to remove any remaining feces. Breastfeeding puppies without a mother is a very troublesome task, but there is no other way to save little lives and raise healthy babies No. If everything is done correctly, you will be able to raise a strong and healthy dog ​​for which any disease will not pose a danger.

The reproductive system of dogs, like that of humans, has significant differences between females and males. Therefore, there are diseases that occur exclusively in females; males either act as carriers or do not react to the disease at all. Let's look at diseases of the reproductive system in bitches in more detail:

1. Pyometra. With this disease, pus accumulates in the uterus. The main reason for the development is hormonal imbalance, which results in an effect such as hyperplasia of the glandular epithelium of the lining of the uterus. The organ becomes thickened, the production of mucus is activated, which, when ingested by microorganisms, also acquires a purulent composition. A problem arises a couple of months after estrus; it may appear against the background of false pregnancy. Typically occurs in bitches who have not yet given birth and have had problems with regular heat in the past.
2. Endometritis. If the cervix dilates too much, the process is accompanied by the release of mucus, blood or even pus. Over the course of some time, the dog’s condition should normalize and return to normal. The volume of the animal’s abdomen increases; during diagnosis, an increased size of the uterine horn can be noticed. The dog feels unwell, has problems with movement, experiences increased thirst and lethargy. At the same time, the heart rate increases, appetite decreases and vomiting occurs.
3. False pupishness. In another way, this disease can be called a fraudulent pregnancy. It is a consequence of hormonal imbalance, which disrupts the sexual cycle. The bitch may experience growth of the mammary glands and uterine horn, and milk secretion is activated. The dog prepares the place for childbirth and plays with toys. After 7-14 days, these symptoms disappear, although in the next heat they may appear again with even greater force.
4. Inguinal hernia of the uterus. Occurs when the uterine horn enters the inguinal canal directly. A round swelling forms in the groin area. When pressed, this formation disappears. Treatment is carried out exclusively through surgical intervention. The disease certainly leads to the death of the fetus.

Inguinal hernia of the uterus

These diseases are complex clinical picture and require serious therapy. Without professional help, your dog can face a slow and painful death. Therefore, at the first signs, you should definitely contact a specialist.

It is believed that dogs that live in apartments are much more likely to suffer from various diseases. This can be explained by the lack of fresh air and active pastime, because limited space does not allow some dog breeds to fully realize their physical potential. Therefore, for an apartment it is better to choose a dog that leads a more apathetic lifestyle; let's take a closer look at the breeds.

Many people at some point in their lives want to have a dog. Some people need a faithful friend to brighten up their loneliness, some people's children begged them to buy them good friend, while others just want to add even more fun and activity to their lives. If you decide to get a dog, but live in an apartment, then choosing a pet becomes a little more complicated. After all, not all dog breeds feel comfortable in a small room. In addition, if you have children, then it is necessary to take into account the breed’s resistance to stress. To live with children, you need to choose a dog breed with a very balanced and friendly character. An equally important factor when choosing a pet for an apartment is the animal’s fur. The dog should not constantly shed, otherwise it will become a serious test not only for the vacuum cleaner, but also for your nerves.

A dog's resistance to stress is an important factor when choosing a breed.

If you are not a fan of active pastime, but you just want to see always loyal eyes nearby, then choose breeds with a more phlegmatic lifestyle. For example, the Besset Hound. This is a rather lazy dog ​​that will not tire you with constant jumping and games. Such a dog is unlikely to agree to go down high floor no elevator. You'll have to carry it by hand. But Bassets have a big advantage: they are incredibly smart. They are perfect for older people and adapt to their lifestyle. Bassets are absolutely non-confrontational in their expressions and will get along well with children if they do not pester them with their games. Games with a basset hound will be limited to stroking its smart head and enjoying non-standard appearance. For active pranks with children, it is better to take a closer look at another breed of dog, for example, a beagle.

The Beagle is a small dog. Its dimensions fit perfectly into any apartment. The Beagle is “English” to the core: an intelligent, friendly, smooth-haired dog. This breed of dog will be an ideal companion for a very active and energetic child. Beagles get along well not only with children, but also with other pets, even cats. But from such an “explosive mixture of friends,” the owners will have to constantly sweep away fragments of vases and look for the necessary small objects.

The Labrador retriever has a calmer character. This dog has the perfect combination of intelligence, patience and energy. They are easy to train and friendly. Labradors are calm about children's pranks, even allowing them to climb into their mouths. But despite their kind soul, these dogs are excellent guards and protectors of all family members. Labradors are always positive and energetic with their owners. But still, this is a fairly large breed of dog, so when purchasing it is necessary great value pay attention to the purebred of the breed. After all, only a purebred Labrador cannot be brought to act aggressively towards its owner. This breed of dog practically does not shed, which also serves as an additional bonus for apartment owners. But it’s worth considering in advance the size of the adult and the dimensions of your apartment.

If you are a lover of furry pets, then such a rare breed of dog as the Samoyed is perfect for you. She has a balanced character, long hair does not cause allergies and does not need careful grooming. But most importantly, this breed of dog feels great even in small spaces. This is an ideal option for a small city apartment. But it’s worth noting that Samoyeds love long walks. Therefore, if you lead a sedentary lifestyle, then this breed of dog will set your lifestyle in the right direction with daily long walks.

There are a great many dog ​​breeds. Each is individual in its disposition, health characteristics and lifestyle. Therefore, before purchasing, you need to carefully study the breed so that it suits all your requirements. And yet, even if you know perfectly well all the features of the chosen breed, this still does not relieve you of responsibility for raising your pet. This is a lot of work. How you raise a puppy is how it will grow up, regardless of its genetics.

ANDROLOGICAL DISEASES

Andrology is a branch of urology in veterinary medicine that studies diseases of the genitourinary organs of males.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, manifested in acute or chronic form. This is a common disease in adult male dogs. Prostatitis occurs due to penetration and impact on prostate tissue pathogenic microorganisms and protozoa, primarily staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio, Trichomonas and chlamydia. Infectious agents can be carried with blood or lymph from purulent and inflammatory foci of the whole body, for example, with pneumonia, abscesses and others, and also enter the prostate gland during inflammatory processes in the urinary and reproductive systems. Predisposing factors are venous stasis (stagnation of contents in the vessels) and stagnation of secretions in the gland itself, which is facilitated by hypothermia and overheating of the body, lack of exercise, unbalanced feeding and a decrease in general resistance.

Prostatitis manifests itself in the following forms:

• catarrhal- clinical signs are poorly expressed or absent, only frequent urination, mainly at night, when the veterinarian palpates the gland through the rectum, pain is detected, and an increased content of leukocytes is detected in the secretion during analysis;
• purulent- secret analysis reveals an increased content of leukocytes, pyogenic microflora, and sometimes protozoa;
• parenchymal- pain on palpation of the prostate gland, body temperature can sometimes rise slightly;
• fibrinous- severe pain in the perineal area and during urination, the animal’s state is depressed, with severe pain - agitation, body temperature is elevated, urination is frequent and painful;
• mixed.

The diagnosis of prostatitis is made comprehensively, taking into account clinical signs and results laboratory research urine, including its microscopy. The animal needs to create comfortable conditions maintenance, eliminate the causes of hypothermia and normalize feeding. The diet includes increased amount vitamins and microelements. Carry out regular and short exercise. Among medications, broad-spectrum antibiotics and sulfonamides have a good effect. Soreness of the prostate gland is eliminated with the help of analgesics - analgin, spazgan, baralgin and others.

Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of the testes. It occurs due to injury or infection of the testes and surrounding tissues. At the same time, the male’s ability to fertilize the female decreases or disappears. Acute orchitis is manifested by general depression with rare attacks of anxiety, increased body temperature, swelling and increase in the size of the scrotum and severe tenderness of one or both testicles. The male moves slowly and carefully, spreading his hind limbs wide when walking.

Chronic inflammation of the testes is rarely recorded, mainly during an exacerbation of the process or when the connective tissue grows in the testicles, and the testes begin to increase in size and harden excessively. In the acute form of orchitis, it is advisable to create peace for your pet, as well as provide warmth and light massage in the area of ​​​​the testicles. Use broad-spectrum antibiotics that can be given orally. In the chronic form, treatment is ineffective.

Penis bone fracture

This pathology occurs as a result of injuries received by the male during mating or in fights between animals. A penile bone fracture is recognized by the presence of severe pain, crepitus (a rustling sound like the rustling of dry leaves) during palpation and difficulty in catheterizing the external part of the urethra. The diagnosis can be confirmed x-ray examination. For a simple fracture of the penile bone, a urethral fistula is inserted to speed up the healing process. The dog is given rest, nutrition and vitamins. In severe cases, with complicated fractures or fragmentation of the soft tissues of the penis, amputation of the penis is recommended.

Inflammation of the prepuce

Males very often develop inflammation of the head of the penis and the inner layers of the prepuce. The disease is caused by bacterial and fungal contaminants, and sometimes by protozoa. Upon visual examination of the brush fur in the area of ​​the foreskin opening, purulent discharge or dried crusts from it are detected. From the hole in the prepuce, yellowish-white or greenish pus is periodically released in drops, sometimes mixed with blood. The mucous membrane of the penis and prepuce are very red, swollen, sometimes with hemorrhages.

Regularly irrigate the penis and the surface of the prepuce with disinfectant solutions (furacilin, potassium permanganate, rivanol and others) and then introduce antiseptic liniments, suspensions and ointments into the clean preputial sac, which are used 3-4 times a day for 5-7 days. When body temperature rises, broad-spectrum antibiotics are additionally prescribed.

OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES

This group of diseases includes diseases that occur during the postpartum period and as a result of infection of the genital organs of females.

Postpartum vulvitis, vestibulitis and vaginitis

Postpartum diseases of the genital organs are caused by injuries, use of birth canal and into the uterine cavity of substances that irritate the mucous membrane and introduce infection with hands and instruments. These include inflammation of the vulva - vulvitis, inflammation of the vestibule of the vagina - vestibulitis, inflammation of the vagina - vaginitis. These diseases are characterized by an acute or subacute course and can manifest themselves in serous, catarrhal, purulent or necrotic forms.

Clinical signs of pathologies of this type are the dog’s posture: it raises its tail, strongly arches its back, and is anxious. There is frequent urination with moaning. The external genitalia are swollen and very painful when palpated. A liquid, cloudy, yellowish-pink exudate with unpleasant smell. The mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule is swollen, severely hyperemic, and sometimes there are ulcers, wounds, erosions, and hemorrhages. The tail and skin of the outer labia must be washed with solutions of disinfectants and astringents: potassium permanganate 1: 10,000, furatsilin 1: 5000, 3-5% ichthyol and others, bandage the tail and tie it to the side. Solutions are injected into the vagina using a catheter or rubber bulb.

Liquid should not flow into the uterine cavity. To do this, position your pet so that the back of the body is slightly lower than the front. Antimicrobial emulsions, liniments and fat-based suspensions (syntomycin liniment, 5% furazolidone suspension and others) are introduced into the vaginal cavity. When the temperature rises, the veterinarian prescribes intramuscular antibiotics from the penicillin group, cephalosporins, inoglycosides, chloramphenicol and others.

Postpartum eclampsia

Postpartum eclampsia is an acute nervous disease manifested by sudden attacks and clonic-tonic convulsions. Presumably, the causes of eclampsia may be errors in protein and mineral feeding of animals, a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood, toxicosis, increased sensitivity of the mother’s body to metabolic products secreted by the fetus and placenta, or to products of lochia and the maternal placenta.

Approximately 85% of all cases of eclampsia in bitches occur during lactation (in the first 2 weeks) and 15% in the last days of pregnancy. Dogs of small and medium breeds (poodle, dachshund, fox terrier, cockers and others) are predisposed to the disease. The first sign of the disease is anxiety: the dog becomes agitated, fearful, trembles, whines, runs back and forth. After 15-20 minutes, coordination of movements is impaired, then the back of the body is paralyzed, the eyes roll back and the animal falls and can no longer get up on its own. Tonic-clonic convulsions appear. The dog lies on its side, its neck is extended, its mouth is open, its tongue hangs out and foamy saliva flows out. Body temperature remains almost unchanged. The bitch reacts to any external stimuli by intensifying the attack. With some effort, you can bend the limbs at the joints with your hand, but then they quickly return to their original extended position.

The attacks last 5-30 minutes, repeat after several hours or days and then suddenly stop. In the intervals between seizures, the animal does not show any signs of illness. A sick dog must be created with the following conditions - rest, isolation in a dimly lit room, exclusion of external stimuli and noise. During a seizure, the animal must be protected from injury and no medications should be given by mouth. During treatment, it is better to separate the bitch from the puppies for 24 hours or more, using artificial feeding. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to prevent mastitis.

For the treatment of postpartum eclampsia, the bitch is prescribed the following drugs: intravenously 10% solution of calcium gluconate or calcium borogluconate in a dose of 3-15 ml; intravenous 5-40% glucose solution; intravenously or intramuscularly 25% solution of magnesium sulfate; neuroleptics or tranquilizers; cardiac drugs.

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts are round, cavity-like formations that develop from unovulated follicles or from the corpus luteum. Follicular cysts are common. They can be single or multiple, small or large. Cystic degeneration of follicles occurs due to a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. In this case, the ovulation process is disrupted, and the unopened follicle can turn into a cyst. Depending on the number and size of cysts, their hormonal activity in females, the rhythm of the sexual cycle may be disrupted - nymphomania (abnormally increased sexual arousal) appears. Ovarian cysts often accompany various lesions of the uterus (endometritis and others).

The symptoms of this pathology depend on the hormonal activity of the cysts. The period of proestrum and estrus (protracted empty space), or nymphomania, may lengthen. With nymphomania, the vulva is swollen, discharge from it may be reddish or light in color, and is often absent. Sexual arousal and hunting are noted, but fertilization does not occur during mating. The diagnosis is made by a veterinarian based on palpation through the abdominal walls of large follicular cysts and vaginal cytological examination. For treatment, intramuscular injections of hormones are used for 3 days. Sometimes surgery will be effective.

Endometritis

Inflammation of the uterine mucosa - acute endometritis is more often recorded in the postpartum period. Acute catarrh the endometrium develops due to certain reasons: retention of the placenta, use of substances in the birth canal and uterine cavity during childbirth that destroy or precipitate mucopolysaccharides (natural saccharides that play an active role in the processes of interaction of the body with infectious agents), infection, hypotension and atony of the uterus, delays lochia after childbirth. Predisposing factors are a decrease in the general resistance of the body, malnutrition, lack of exercise during pregnancy.

Chronic endometritis appears as a result of hormonal disorders or infection of the uterus, which manifests itself 0.5-1.5 months after the uterus with pathological discharge from the genital loop. With a long course of the process, symmetrical hair loss and hyperpigmentation of the skin in the croup and thighs are noted as a sign of hormonal disorders. Treatment of this form ends with the removal of the ovaries and uterus (ovariohysterectomy).

Acute endometritis appears on the 2-5th day after birth. There is a slight fever (increase in body temperature by 0.5-1 ° C), a decrease or absence of appetite, and a decrease in milk secretion. A liquid, cloudy, gray exudate is released from the genitals, often mixed with blood. With endometritis, in contrast to vaginitis, discharge from the vulva is more abundant, increasing when the dog lies down. The animal often gets into a urinating position, moans and arches its back. With reduced resistance of the body, especially in the presence of wounds of the uterine wall, often in inflammatory process its muscle layer is involved (myometritis develops) or its serosa(perimetritis).

With timely and proper treatment signs of the disease gradually weaken, and after 6-12 days the animal recovers. Sometimes the disease can drag on and develop into chronic purulent-catarrhal endometritis. To increase the tone of the uterus and remove exudate from it, the veterinarian prescribes pituitrin, oxytocin, and a 1% solution of sinestrol intramuscularly for one injection of 0.5-1.5 ml. Antibiotics are prescribed intramuscularly and massage of the uterus through the abdominal wall. Combinations of antibiotics, sulfonamide and nitrofuran drugs in the form of suspensions and solutions prepared on an oil or water basis are effective in the uterine cavity.

Pyometra

Pyometra is a purulent inflammation of the uterine mucosa with the accumulation of exudate in its cavity. A typical canine pyometra develops against the background of dysfunction of the ovarian corpus luteum. Involutional (reverse development) pyometra is a consequence of ovarian hypofunction, characterized copious discharge from the uterus and vagina of brown or brown purulent masses that have an unpleasant odor. The cervical canal is open, and discharge periodically occurs from it.

Sexual cycles are disrupted, the abdomen enlarges, the general condition of the animal worsens, and at times the body temperature rises. Thirst begins, frequent and copious urination, often accompanied by urinary incontinence. Into the complex of conservative therapeutic measures usually include estrogen drugs, oxytocin, antibiotics, sulfonamides and others. When the process is advanced, surgical treatment is prescribed.

Mastitis

Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is observed quite often in dogs, mainly in the first days or weeks after birth. This disease occurs most often due to trauma to the nipples or as a result of accumulation of milk in the mammary glands during the birth of a dead litter, early weaning of puppies or during a false pregnancy, as well as due to postpartum infection or intoxication.

There is swelling and redness of the breast tissue, and an increase in local temperature. With catarrhal mastitis, the milk is watery, mixed with flakes; with purulent mastitis, sometimes only drops of yellowish liquid or a thick gray-white mass are released, sometimes mixed with blood. Abscesses often form in the mammary glands. The disease is accompanied by general malaise, decreased and loss of appetite, and thirst. The female is worried, often leaves her cubs, and licks sore nipples. Antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, nitrofurans are administered intramuscularly. If necessary, a veterinarian performs a short novocaine blockade of the mammary gland nerves. Ripe abscesses are opened surgically, administer antibiotic therapy. Puppies are not weaned, but when the mother is treated with antibiotics, they are given bifidumbacterin or colibacterin to prevent dysbacteriosis. When weakening inflammatory reaction thermal procedures are prescribed: heating pads, massage, compresses, camphor oil and others are rubbed into the skin of the mammary gland.

To prevent mastitis, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for keeping and feeding females, properly care for them, prevent injury, hypothermia and contamination of the mammary gland, and also promptly treat postpartum complications. For long-haired dogs, the hair around the nipples should be trimmed. Wounds, abrasions, cracks in the skin of the nipples should be treated promptly.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

According to statistics, diseases cardiovascular system occupy a leading place among diseases of non-communicable etiology and are the cause of mortality (43%). There are diseases that developed against the background of congenital (2.4% of the total number of cardiovascular pathologies; dogs with such pathologies do not live long) and acquired defects.

Symptoms indicate a disease of the organs of this system:

• syndrome of left ventricular failure and stagnation in the pulmonary circulation- cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis (blue coloring of the skin and mucous membranes), pulmonary edema;
• syndrome of right ventricular failure and congestion big circle blood circulation- ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity), hydrothorax (fluid accumulation in the chest), peripheral edema;
• vascular insufficiency syndrome- anemia of the mucous membranes, capillary refill rate (CRF) no more than 3 seconds;
• cardiac arrhythmia syndrome- tendency to collapse, arrhythmia of pulse waves (violation of the sequence of heart contractions), pulse deficiency. However, in approximately 50% of animals with cardiovascular disorders, the only prominent symptom is a chronic cough.

INCLUSION OF THE DUCTUS BOTALLOS

From congenital pathologies Non-closure of the ductus botallus occurs most often (30%). It appears in poodle, collie, and shepherd puppies - at the latest up to three years of age. Stunting, weight loss, shortness of breath and ascites are noted. The diagnosis is made based on auscultation and radiography. The prognosis for such a developmental anomaly is unfavorable. The only solution is surgery.

PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS

Narrowing, or stenosis, of the pulmonary artery is the second most common congenital heart defect in dogs (20%). Pulmonary artery stenosis is an inherited disease that occurs in Beagles, English Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Boxers and Fox Terriers. In dogs, this defect is asymptomatic. Most animals only show signs of fatigue after many years, they experience fainting, ascites, and enlarged liver. When symptoms of the disease increase, it is necessary to limit physical activity and give the dog digoxin.

AORTIC STENOSIS

Aortic stenosis is the third most common birth defect (15%), almost always manifested as a defect in the form of a compressive ring under the valve. It occurs in Boxers, German Shepherds and Labradors, and in Newfoundlands it tends to be hereditary. The diagnosis is usually made when the puppy is first examined by auscultation. Puppies with this defect are stunted in growth and get tired quickly. For dogs with this pathology, consistent performance of simple training exercises helps slow down the development of decompensation of the left ventricle of the heart and reduces the likelihood of life-threatening arrhythmia. A course of symptomatic therapy will be prescribed by a veterinarian after examining the sick pet.

MYOCARDITIS

Myocarditis is an inflammatory lesion of the heart muscle, occurring primarily as a complication of sepsis, acute intoxication, pyometra, uremia, pancreatitis, as well as parvovirus enteritis. According to the course, myocarditis can be acute or chronic. This disease manifests itself in disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity. Against the background of the underlying disease, the general condition of the animal worsens with the occurrence of tachyarrhythmia up to 180-200 heart beats per minute. In case of infection, body temperature rises to 40 ° C, the state is depressed, and appetite is reduced.

The disease is diagnosed based on laboratory blood tests and electrocardiogram data. Animals must be given complete rest and stress limited. It is advisable to darken the place where they are located. Feed dogs a milk-vegetable diet and vitamins. Veterinarian after examination, prescribes symptomatic treatment (antibiotics, desensitizing agents, corticosteroid hormones, cardiac glycosides).

MYOCARDOSIS

Myocardosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the myocardium, characterized by degenerative processes in it. Disorders of protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral and vitamin metabolism due to unbalanced feeding; intoxication in chronic infectious, invasive, gynecological, surgical and internal non-communicable diseases leads to the development of myocardosis.

The general symptoms of this disease are: general weakness dogs, decreased appetite, decreased muscle tone, peripheral circulatory disorders (decreased arterial and increased venous blood pressure), decreased skin elasticity, shortness of breath, cyanosis of visible mucous membranes and skin, swelling on the body, and so on. Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and electrocardiogram results. Sick individuals must be given rest, the diet balanced in terms of the content and ratio of essential nutrients, vitamins and microelements, as well as vegetables, fruits, and dairy feeds. There must be exercise. Treatment is determined by the veterinarian, and it is aimed at eliminating the etiological factors that caused myocardosis.

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Myocardial infarction is a focus of necrosis in the muscle of the left ventricle, resulting from the cessation of its blood supply, that is, ischemia. Extensive heart attacks that develop against the background of ischemic disease do not occur in dogs, since this type of animal is not characterized by vascular atherosclerosis (damage to the walls of blood vessels with the growth of connective tissue in them), hypertension(prolonged increase in blood pressure and damage to the vascular walls of a sclerotic nature), nervous overload. However, the violation of myocardial trophism itself as a concomitant phenomenon of congestive cardiomyopathy, myocardial hypertrophy with atrioventricular valve defects occurs quite often.

Symptoms of heart attacks are nonspecific. In the most acute period, dogs experience extreme pain in the area of ​​the left elbow, accompanied by fear, excitement, the skin and mucous membranes are pale. In the acute period, the symptoms remain the same, pain disappears. In the subacute period pain syndrome absent. The diagnosis is made based on medical history, changes in the electrocardiogram, and blood enzyme activity. It is recommended to create conditions of peace and quiet for the sick pet and limit physical activity. Easily digestible carbohydrates, fermented milk products and vitamin supplements are introduced into the diet, fats and sweets are excluded. Treatment is prescribed by a veterinarian taking into account the severity of the disease.

PERICARDITIS

Pericarditis is inflammation of the outer lining of the heart (pericardium, cardiac sac). Depending on the course, it can be acute or chronic; by origin - primary and secondary; according to the prevalence of the pathological process - focal and diffuse; according to the nature of the inflammatory exudate - serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic and purulent. There are also dry (fibrinous) and effusion (exudative) pericarditis. The causes of the disease can be colds, drafts, allergies, blood diseases and hemorrhagic diathesis (syndrome increased bleeding), malignant tumors, radiation exposure, metabolic disorders; infectious (plague, parvovirus enteritis, hepatitis), invasive (coccidiosis, helminthiasis, piroplasmosis) and non-communicable diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, myocarditis).

Symptoms of the disease depend on the origin and stage of its development. Dry pericarditis is accompanied by a slight increase in body temperature, increased heart rate, depressed state of the sick animal, and lack of appetite. Dogs avoid sudden movements and often stand with their forelimbs spread to the side, elbows sharply turned outward. Effusion pericarditis is characterized by severe constant shortness of breath, a forced dog pose - a sitting position with a forward bend. The diagnosis is made based on clinical symptoms, auscultation data, laboratory blood tests, and electrocardiogram.

If such signs appear, give the sick animal rest and limit exercise. Introduce more vegetables and herbs into your diet. The food must be high in calories, fortified and contain a wide range of microelements. In the first days of therapy, limit the amount of water, since various diuretics, antihistamines, and antibiotics are used in the course of treatment. The veterinarian prescribes a course of medications designed primarily to treat the underlying disease that caused pericarditis.

ANEMIA

Anemia, or anemia, is a violation of the component composition of the blood, expressed in a decrease in the absolute number of red blood cells and a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin. Anemia is classified into posthemorrhagic anemia (acute and chronic bleeding), hemolytic anemia (infections, poisoning with chemical compounds) and secondary anemia (combined with damage to other organs). Symptoms of anemia are very variable and depend on the main pathogenetic factor. The first sign, as a rule, is pallor of the oral mucosa: from faint pink to pearly white. The animal's weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath, and rapid pulse progresses.

The diagnosis is made based on the results of a laboratory study of the composition of peripheral blood and bone marrow. During treatment, attention is paid to feeding: additional amounts of vitamins are administered, especially cyanocobalamin, folic acid, and preparations containing iron. In emergency cases, surgical intervention is possible.

Diseases of the endocrine glands

Relatively often, especially in older dogs, the functioning of the endocrine glands is disrupted. For most endocrine disorders The simultaneous development of dermatopathies is characteristic, which serves as a sign for the detection of these disorders (Table 19). Thus, estrogens cause thinning of the epidermis, enrich it with pigment, and inhibit the development and growth of hair. Androgens cause thickening of the epidermis and activate the function of the sebaceous glands.

The pituitary gland is involved in hair change; its adrenocorticotropic hormone inhibits the development of fur when the hormone thyroid gland stimulates this process. Therefore, when diagnosing endocrine diseases, it is necessary to know and use these patterns. Estrogeny is almost always associated with an increased content of estrogen, and in males, prolonged exposure to estrogen is manifested by feminizing syndrome. Castration is indicated for animals of both sexes.

Hypogonadotropism syndrome occurs with reduced production of sex hormones, characterized by the erasure of secondary sexual characteristics in animals. Treatment consists of replacement therapy - the administration of very small doses of androgens or estrogens. Hyperadrenocorticism is an increased production of adrenal hormones, that is, glucocorticoids. This pathology is treated with 50 mg/kg of cloditan daily for 1-2 weeks.

Hypothyroidism is noted due to decreased production of thyroxine due to congenital deficiency thyroid function or previous autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroxine is prescribed orally at a dose of 30 mg per day. Diabetes mellitus is the release of sugar in the urine due to an absolute or relative lack of insulin. Let's take a closer look at diabetes.

Table 19
Main changes in the skin and coat of dogs with various hormonal diseases

Hormonal disorder	Leather	Wool cover	Localization	Symptoms
Estrogeny. Feminization syndrome	Hyperkeratosis, pigmentation, rash	The change of coat takes a long time. brittle, sparse hair, baldness	Back (“glasses”), genital area, armpits, groin	Reluctance to move, weight loss, prolonged estrus, endometritis. In males - testicular atrophy, edema preputia
Hypogonadotropism	Soft, thin, pliable, later dry, flaky, yellow-brown with white spots	Finely silky, loss of color, hair loss and baldness, decreased growth	Neck, ears, groin, tail, limbs	Reluctance to move, weight gain, sexual dysfunction (castration, senile testicular atrophy)
Hyperadrenocorticism	Thin, dry, flaccid, hyperpigmentation “black pepper” or in white spots, hypothermia	Soft, straight, slightly stretchy, depigmented, hair loss, baldness	Back (sides), lower abdomen, tail	Apathy, muscle weakness, polydipsia, polyuria, obesity, pear belly, limited or absent sexual function
Hormonal disorder	Leather	Coat	Localization	Symptoms
Hypothyroidism	Thickened, flaky, low-elastic, cold, diffuse or melanin-colored spots	Thin, dry, matted, dull, sparse coat, alopecia	Bridge of nose, neck, croup, base of tail, groin, hips, chest and lower abdomen	Lethargy, hypothermia, bradycardia, obesity, lack of sexual function
Diabetes mellitus	Weeping eczema	Hair loss in altered areas	Absently	Polydipsia, polyuria, asthenia, severe itching

Diabetes mellitus, or diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin. Dachshunds, wire-haired terriers, Scotch terriers, Spitz dogs and Irish terriers are predisposed to it. It appears in dogs older than 7 years. An interesting statistic: the ratio of affected males to females is approximately 1:4. Dogs predominantly have insulin deficiency diabetes (“juvenile diabetes”), as opposed to humans, who more often have non-insulin-dependent “adult diabetes.” An increase in blood sugar is caused by a decrease in insulin levels due to:

• reducing its production by the pancreas (pancreatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatic atrophy);
• overproduction of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal glands;
• overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland;
• overproduction of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.

Vivid symptoms diabetes mellitus is polydipsia (thirst) and polyuria (increased amount of urine excreted) with simultaneous asthenia (weakness) and severe itching. There is a smell of sour fruit from the mouth. The wool is dull, brittle, and does not hold well. Wounds on the body heal slowly. Sexual reflexes fade away. Urine is liquid - light yellow in color with a high specific gravity. The amount of glucose in the urine increases to 12%, in the blood - 3-5 times and reaches 400 mg%. The diagnosis is made based on clinical signs, urine and blood tests.

First aid to an animal when symptoms of diabetes mellitus appear is to feed it a diet: boiled and raw meat, green soups, milk, eggs, multivitamins. Sugar, bread, and oatmeal are excluded from the diet. The water is not limited, but it is slightly alkalized with baking soda. The veterinarian will prescribe treatment based on the results of urine and blood tests, namely based on blood sugar levels. There are a few key points to remember. If the blood sugar level is below 11 mmol/l, it is necessary to give full and balanced diet for proteins, fats and carbohydrates. You can’t feed only meat!

If the blood sugar level is above 11 mmol/l, long-acting insulin is administered subcutaneously, while maintaining the same diet or reducing it by 1/4. Insulin administration is stopped after thirst disappears. When prescribing long-acting insulin, the dog must be fed immediately and again after 6-8 hours. With the onset of estrus, treatment is immediately resumed and the insulin dose is increased by half. Before and after estrus, repeatedly monitor the appearance of sugar in the urine! If the dog is in good general condition, it is best to have the dog spayed, given the harmful effects of steroid hormones on diabetes.

The life expectancy of a diabetic dog without treatment is short. With insulin therapy and elimination of thirst, the animal can live over 5 years.

Veterinary Directory for dog owners
M. V. Dorosh