Chemical poisoning

What is Chemical Poisoning -

Poisoning- a set of adverse effects caused by the entry of a toxic substance into the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract or its contact with the skin, eyes or mucous membranes (orb, vagina, etc.).

What provokes / Causes of Chemical poisoning:

Some poisons include medicines, substances used in household, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals.

Symptoms of Chemical Poisoning:

Symptoms of poisoning depend on the type and amount of poison ingested, and individual characteristics the victim. Some poisons with low toxicity cause certain problems only with prolonged exposure or repeated exposure to the body. large quantities. Other substances are so poisonous that even one drop of such poison getting on the skin can lead to dire consequences. The toxicity of a substance in each specific case also depends on the genetic characteristics of the person. Some normally non-toxic substances are toxic to people with a certain genotype (set of genes).

The dose of a substance that causes symptoms of poisoning also depends greatly on age. For example, at small child Ingesting more paracetamol is more likely to cause symptoms of poisoning than the same dose in an adult. For an elderly person, a sedative from the group of benzodiazepines (seduxen, Relanium, phenazepam) can be toxic in doses that do not cause any problems in a middle-aged person.

Symptoms of poisoning can be minor but unpleasant, such as itching, dry mouth, blurred vision, pain, or they can be life-threatening, such as confusion, coma, abnormal heart rhythm, difficulty breathing and severe agitation. Some poisons begin to act within seconds, while others take several hours or even days after entering the body.

There are poisons that do not cause obvious symptoms until there is no irreversible impairment of the function of vital organs, in particular the liver or kidneys. Thus, the symptoms of poisoning are as countless as the number of poisons.

Diagnosis of Chemical Poisoning:

Optimal management of patients with poisoning requires a correct diagnosis. Although the toxic effects of some chemicals are very characteristic features, most of the syndromes observed during poisoning can be caused by other diseases.

Poisoning is usually included in the differential diagnosis of coma, seizures, acute psychosis, acute liver or kidney failure and bone marrow suppression. Although this should be done, the possibility of poisoning can be discounted when the patient's main symptoms are mild mental or neurological impairment, abdominal pain, bleeding, fever, hypotension, pulmonary congestion, or skin rash. In addition, the patient may not be aware of the effects of the poison on him, as is the case with chronic, latent poisoning, or after an attempt at suicide or abortion, the patient will also be reluctant to agree with such a diagnosis. Physicians should always be aware of the various manifestations of poisoning and maintain a high degree of vigilance in relation to them.

In all cases of poisoning, an attempt should be made to identify the toxic agent. It is obvious that without such identification it is impossible to carry out specific therapy with antidotes. In cases of murder, suicide or criminal abortion, the determination of poison may have legal meaning. In cases where poisoning is the result of industrial exposures or therapeutic error, accurate knowledge of the active agents is necessary to prevent similar occurrences in the future.

In case of acute accidental poisoning, the active substance may be known to the patient. In many other cases, information can be obtained from relatives or friends, by examining containers located at the site of poisoning, or by interviewing the patient’s attending physician or his pharmacist. Often, such actions only allow us to establish the trade name of the product, which does not allow us to find out its chemical composition. The bibliography at the end of this chapter lists a number of books that list the active constituents of substances used in household, agricultural, patent medicines and poisonous plants. Every doctor should carry a small reference book of this type in his briefcase. The latest information of this kind can also be obtained from Poison Treatment Centers and from representatives of manufacturers of these substances. In case of chronic poisoning, it is often impossible to quickly determine the toxic agent based on medical history. Less urgency therapeutic measures in these cases, it usually allows for the necessary thorough examination of the patient's habits and the state of the environment.

Some poisons can cause the development of characteristic clinical signs, sufficient for strong assumptions about accurate diagnosis. Upon careful examination of the patient, a characteristic odor of cyanide can be detected; cherry staining of the skin and mucous membranes, revealing the presence of carboxyhemoglobin; constriction of the pupil, drooling and gastrointestinal hyperactivity caused by insecticides containing cholinesterase inhibitors; lead rim and extensor muscle paralysis characteristic of chronic lead poisoning. Unfortunately, these typical signs are not always present and in case of chemical poisoning their presence is rather an exception.

Chemical analysis body fluids provides the most correct identification of the substance that caused the poisoning. Some common poisons such as acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin) and barbiturates can be detected and even quantified using relatively simple laboratory research. Detection of other poisons requires more complex toxicology tests, such as high-performance gas or liquid chromatography, which are carried out only in specialized laboratories. In addition, the results of toxicological studies are rarely available in a timely manner to address the issue of initial treatment in case of acute poisoning. However, samples of vomitus, aspirated gastric contents, blood, urine and stool should be reserved for toxicological study if diagnostic or legal questions arise. Chemical analysis of body fluids or tissues is especially important in diagnosing and assessing the severity of chronic poisoning. Ultimately, the results of such analyzes are useful for assessing the long-term results of certain types of therapy.

Treatment of Chemical Poisoning:

For proper treatment A patient with poisoning needs to know both the basic principles of managing such patients and the details of therapy for specific poisonings. The treatment process includes:

prevention of further absorption of poison;
removal of absorbed poison from the body;
symptomatic maintenance therapy or symptomatic treatment for circulatory, respiratory disorders, neurological disorders and renal dysfunction;
introduction of systemic antidotes.

The first three steps apply to most types of poisoning. The fourth stage is most often used only when the toxic agent is known and a specific antidote is available. However, sometimes, if there is a high degree of suspicion that the patient has an opiate overdose, he is given naloxone. It should be realized that for most poisons there are no specific antidotes, and to carry out the necessary maintenance therapy it is not necessary to know which toxic agent caused the poisoning. Thus, although the physician should always attempt to identify the active poison, these attempts should not delay life-saving therapeutic measures. .

Prevention of absorption of ingested poisons. If a significant amount of poison has been ingested, an attempt should be made to minimize its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The success of such attempts depends on the time elapsed after ingestion of the poison and on the site and speed of absorption.

Evacuation of stomach contents

Always, unless there are specific contraindications, you should try to empty the stomach. These attempts can be very successful if done soon after the poison is ingested. Significant amounts of poison may still be cleared from the stomach several hours after ingestion because emptying may be delayed by gastric atony or pylorospasm. This occurs in poisoning with phenothiazines, antihistamines and tricyclic antidepressants.

After swallowing many poisons, vomiting occurs spontaneously. In a minority of cases, it can be induced at home by mechanical irritation of the back of the throat. Emetic effect of ipecac syrup (concentration should not exceed 14 times the concentration liquid extract), given in a dose of 15 - 30 ml, is more effective and safe even at home. Its action begins on average 20 minutes after administration and depends partly on absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, so simultaneous administration of activated carbon, which is an adsorbent, should be avoided. A second dose of ipecac syrup should be given to the patient if he does not vomit 20 minutes after taking the first dose (after taking two doses, vomiting will develop in 90-95% of patients). If ipecac syrup is not available, every effort should be made to find it, even if this means taking the patient to the hospital. Apomorphine, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg, acts within 5 minutes, but can cause prolonged vomiting. At intravenous administration At a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, apomorphine causes vomiting almost immediately, with no further effects on the central nervous system subsequently observed. Sometimes it may not be possible to induce vomiting and valuable time should not be wasted waiting. An attempt to induce vomiting should not be made in victims who are in a convulsive state, in patients with severe depression of the central nervous system. nervous system or (due to the risk of gastric or esophageal perforation or due to aspiration of vomit into the trachea) in persons who have ingested a strong caustic chemical or small quantities (less than 100 ml) of liquid hydrocarbons that are severe lung irritants (eg, kerosene, polishing agent). varnish).

Compared to vomiting, gastric lavage is preferable and has an immediate effect, but it usually does not help further effective removal poison from the stomach than vomiting. It can be performed in unconscious patients; evacuation of the stomach contents reduces the risk of aspiration of vomit. Its implementation, however, is contraindicated after ingestion of strong corrosive substances, due to the risk of perforation of damaged tissue. At correct execution Gastric lavage carries a small risk of aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs. The patient should lie on his stomach with his head and shoulders bowed. Using a mouth dilator, a gastric tube is inserted into the stomach, the diameter of which is sufficient to pass solid particles (30 gauge). If the functions of the central nervous system are depressed, if the insertion of the tube causes vomiting, or if a substance that is a lung irritant has been swallowed, then before performing gastric lavage it is reasonable to insert an endotracheal tube with a cuff into the trachea. The contents of the stomach are aspirated with a large syringe, and with it most of the poison is removed from the body. After this, 200 ml is injected into the stomach (less for children) warm water or liquid solution and suction until the aspirated liquid becomes clear.

Interference with absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Since neither vomiting nor gastric lavage completely empties the stomach, an attempt should be made to reduce absorption by introducing substances that bind toxins that have entered the body. Many poisons are adsorbed by powdered activated carbon. High quality activated carbon can adsorb 50% of the mass of many common poisons. Liquid activated carbon (20-50 g in 100 * 200 ml) should be administered after gastric emptying.

Adsorption by activated carbon is a reversible process and the adsorption efficiency of many poisons varies depending on the pH value. Acidic substances are adsorbed better solutions acids and can therefore be released in the small intestine. It is desirable that the activated charcoal with the adsorbed poison pass through the intestine as quickly as possible. This will also reduce the intestinal absorption of any unabsorbed poison that passes through the pylorus. In patients with good renal and cardiac function, this is best achieved by oral or intramuscular administration of osmotic laxatives agents such as magnesia or sodium sulfate (10 - 30 g in a solution with a concentration of 10% or less).

Prevention of absorption of poison from other organs and systems. Most topically applied poisons can be removed from the body by abundant rinsing with water. In certain cases, weak acids or alkalis or alcohol in combination with soap are more effective, but quick and copious rinsing with water must be carried out until these solutions are available to doctors. Chemical antidotes are dangerous because the heat generated by the chemical reaction can cause tissue damage.

The systemic distribution of injected poisons can be slowed by applying a cold compress or ice or apply a tourniquet proximal to the injection site.

After inhalation of toxic gases, vapors or dust, it is necessary to remove the victim to clean air and maintain adequate ventilation. The patient cannot move and must wear a protective mask.

Removing absorbed poison from the body. In contrast to preventing or slowing absorption, measures that accelerate the elimination of the toxic agent and the body rarely have a major effect on the peak concentration of the poison in the body. However, they can significantly reduce the time during which the concentration of many poisons remains above a certain level, and thereby reduce the risk of complications and the death of the patient. When assessing the need to carry out such measures, it is necessary to take into account the clinical condition of the patient, the properties and pathways of metabolism of the poison and the amount of absorbed poison based on medical history and the results of determining its concentration in the blood. The administration of some poisons can be accelerated various methods; The choice of method depends on the condition of the patient, the amount of poison in the body and the availability of experienced personnel and equipment.

Bile excretion

Certain organic acids and active drugs are secreted into bile in a direction opposite to the large concentration gradient. This process takes some time and cannot be accelerated. However, the absorption in the intestine of substances already secreted into bile, such as glutethimide, can be reduced by introducing activated carbon every 6 hours. The organochlorine pesticide - chlordenone - is slowly eliminated from the body (half-life from the blood is 165 days). Cholestyramine (16 g per day) significantly accelerates its elimination (half-life from the blood is 80 days).

Urine excretion

Acceleration of renal excretion is justified in cases of poisoning much a large number poisons Renal excretion of toxic substances depends on glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion and passive tubular resorption. The first two of these processes can be protected by maintaining adequate circulation and kidney function, but as a practical matter they cannot be accelerated. On the other hand, passive tubular resorption of many poisons plays an important role in prolonging their period of action and can often be reduced by readily available methods. In case of poisoning with drugs such as salicylic acid preparations and long-acting barbiturates, increased diuresis induced by the administration of large volumes of electrolyte solutions in combination with intravenous furosemide has been demonstrated to enhance renal excretion.

A change in urine pH can also inhibit the passive reversible diffusion of some poisons and increase their renal clearance. The renal tubular epithelium is more permeable to uncharged particles than to ionized solutions. Weak organic acids and bases diffuse easily from the tubular fluid in their non-ionized form, but are retained in the tubules if they are ionized. Acidic poisons are ionized only at a pH higher than their pK. Alkalinization of urine sharply increases the ionization of organic acids such as phenobarbital and salicylate in the tubular fluid. In contrast, the pK values of pentobarbital (8.1) and secobarbital (8.0) are so high that renal clearance does not increase appreciably as urine pH increases within the physiological alkaline range. Alkalinization of urine is achieved by infusion of sodium bicarbonate at a rate determined by the pH value of urine and blood. The development of severe systemic alkalosis or electrolyte imbalance should be avoided. The combination of controlled diuresis with urine alkalinization can increase the renal clearance of some acidic poisons by 10-fold or more, and these measures have been found to be very effective in poisoning with salicylates, phenobarbital and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. Conversely, lowering the pH value below its normal values has been shown to increase the clearance of amphetamines, phencyclidines, fenfluramine and quinine.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the renal excretion of certain poisons can be increased by highly specific methods. An example of this is the removal of bromide from the body through the administration of chloride and chloruretics. These methods are discussed when considering individual poisons.

Dialysis and hemosorption

Dialysis has been found to be effective in removing many substances from the body, including barbiturates, borate, chlorate, ethanol, glycols, methanol, salicylates, sulfonamides, theophylline, and thiocyanate. Theoretically, it should accelerate the elimination from the body of any dialyzable toxin that is not irreversibly bound to tissues. Its effectiveness does not apply to large molecules, non-dialyzable poisons and is reduced to a large extent by the binding of the toxic substance to proteins or its solubility in fats.

Peritoneal dialysis can be easily performed in any hospital and can be done over a long period of time. However, performing it for the purpose of removing poisons from the body is justified only if the patient has impaired renal function, hemodialysis or hemosorption is impossible, or forced diuresis cannot be used.

Hemodialysis is undoubtedly more effective in terms of elimination from the body large quantities dialyzable poisons. For barbiturates, dialysis rates of 50 - 100 ml/min have been achieved, while the rate of their elimination from the body is 2 - 10 times higher than with peritoneal dialysis or forced diuresis. When blood is perfused through activated carbon or ion exchange resin, even greater rates of clearance of most poisons are achieved than with hemodialysis. It is clear that extracorporeal dialysis and hemosorption may be considered the procedures of choice for the rapid removal of poisons from the body of patients who have absorbed quantities of poison that make it unlikely that they will survive even with the best supportive care provided. Since the equipment and experienced personnel necessary for hemodialysis and hemosorption are not available in every hospital, the possibility of transferring such patients to a facility that has such capabilities should be considered.

Complexation and chemical bonding. The elimination of some poisons from the body is accelerated by chemical interaction. actions with other substances followed by excretion through the kidneys. These substances are considered systemic antidotes and are discussed when considering individual poisons.

Maintenance therapy. Most chemical poisonings are reversible, self-limiting disease states. Skillful supportive care can keep many severely poisoned patients alive and keep their detoxifying and excretory mechanisms functioning until the concentration of the poison has decreased to safe levels. Symptomatic measures are especially important when the active poison belongs to the category of substances for which a specific antidote is unknown. Even when an antidote is available, the possibility of life-threatening impairment should be prevented. important functions or control them with appropriate supportive care.

A patient with poisoning may suffer from various physiological disorders. Most of them are not specific to chemical poisoning and the management of such patients is discussed in other sections. This section briefly discusses only those aspects of supportive care that are specifically relevant to the treatment of poisoning.

Depression of the central nervous system. Specific therapy aimed at combating the inhibitory effect of poisons on the central nervous system is usually not necessary and difficult. Most patients with poisoning emerge from a coma, as if from a long-term anesthesia. During the unconscious period, careful nursing care and close monitoring of the patient are necessary. If the oppression of centers located in medulla oblongata, occurs as a result of circulatory or respiratory problems, then it is necessary to immediately and energetically begin measures to maintain these vital functions using chemicals and mechanical procedures. The use of analeptics in the treatment of patients with venom-induced central nervous system depression has been largely abandoned. It is certain that these substances should never be used to awaken consciousness, and it is doubtful that their use to hasten the restoration of spontaneous breathing and active reflexes has ever been justified. In contrast, the drug antagonist naloxone, administered intravenously in adequate doses, usually reverses the central nervous system depression associated with drug overdose.

Cramps. Many poisons (for example, chlorinated hydrocarbons, insecticides, strychnine) cause the development of seizures due to their specific stimulating effect. In patients with poisoning, convulsions may also occur due to hypoxia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema or metabolic disorders. In such cases, these violations should be corrected as far as possible. Regardless of the cause of seizures, it is often necessary to use anticonvulsants. Intravenous diazepam, phenobarbital, or phenytoin are usually effective.

Brain swelling. Increased intracranial pressure caused by cerebral edema is also characteristic feature the effects of some poisons and a nonspecific consequence of other chemical poisonings. For example, cerebral edema occurs with lead, carbon monoxide, and methanol poisoning. Symptomatic treatment consists of the use of adrenocorticosteroids and, when necessary, intravenous administration hypertonic solutions mannitol or urea.

Hypotension. The causes of hypotension and shock in a patient with poisoning are numerous and often several causes occur simultaneously. Poisons can cause depression of vasomotor centers in the medulla, block autonomic ganglia or adrenergic receptors, directly inhibit the tone of smooth muscles of arteries or veins, reduce myocardial contractility or induce the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias. Less specific is the condition when the patient with poisoning is in shock due to tissue hypoxia, extensive tissue destruction by corrosive substances, loss of blood and fluid, or metabolic disorders. If possible, these violations must be corrected. If central venous pressure is low, then the first therapeutic action should be to replenish fluid volume in the body. Vasoactive drugs are often useful and sometimes necessary to treat a poisoned patient who has developed hypotension, especially in shock due to central nervous system depression. As with shock caused by other causes, choosing the most appropriate drug requires an analysis of hemodynamic disturbances, which is carried out after measuring blood pressure.

Cardiac arrhythmias. Disturbances in the generation of excitation waves or cardiac conduction in patients with poisoning arise as a result of the action of certain poisons on electrical properties cardiac fibers or as a result of myocardial hypoxia or metabolic disorders in the myocardium. The latter need to be corrected, and antiarrhythmic drugs are used according to indications, based on the nature of the arrhythmia.

Pulmonary edema. A patient with poisoning may develop pulmonary edema due to inhibition of myocardial contractility or damage to the alveoli by irritating gases or aspirated liquids. The latter type of edema is less treatable and may be accompanied by laryngeal edema. Therapeutic measures include suctioning of exudate, giving oxygen in high concentrations under positive pressure, administering aerosols of surfactants, bronchodilators and adrenocorticosteroids.

Hypoxia. Poisoning can cause the development of tissue hypoxia through various mechanisms, and several of these mechanisms can operate simultaneously in one patient. Inadequate ventilation may result from central respiratory depression, muscle paralysis, or obstruction respiratory tract accumulated secretions, laryngeal edema or bronchospasm. Alveolar-capillary diffusion may be impaired during pulmonary edema. Anemia, methemoglobinemia, carboxyhemoglobinemia, or shock may impair oxygen transport. Inhibition of cellular oxidation (eg, cyanide, fluoroacetate) may occur. Adequate patency must be maintained for treatment airways. The clinical situation and location of the obstruction may indicate frequent suctioning, insertion of an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube, or tracheotomy. If, despite normal airway patency, ventilation remains inadequate, as confirmed by clinical condition or by measuring minute volume or gas composition blood, the imperative is to perform artificial ventilation using appropriate mechanical means. In case of tissue hypoxia, the introduction of high concentrations of oxygen is always indicated. In cases where severe depression of the central nervous system occurs, the administration of oxygen often leads to respiratory arrest and must be accompanied by artificial ventilation.

Acute renal failure. Renal failure with oliguria or anuria may develop in a patient with poisoning due to shock, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalance. In more specific cases, it may be due to the nephrotoxic action of certain poisons (eg, mercury, phosphorus, carbon tetrachloride, bromate), many of which are concentrated and excreted by the kidneys. Kidney damage caused by poisons is usually reversible.

Electrolyte and water balance disorders. Electrolyte and fluid imbalances are common signs of chemical poisoning. They may be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, renal failure or therapeutic measures such as bowel cleansing with laxatives, forced diuresis or dialysis. These disorders can be corrected or prevented with appropriate therapy. Certain poisons have a more specific effect, causing the development of metabolic acidosis (eg, methanol, phenol, salicylate) or hypocalcemia (eg, fluoride, oxalate). These violations and all types specific treatment are described in the sections devoted to individual poisons.

Acute liver failure. The primary manifestation of some poisonings (eg, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphorus, hypophen, certain fungi) is acute liver failure.

Administration of systemic antidotes. Specific antidote therapy is possible only for poisoning with a small number of poisons. Some systemic antidotes are chemical substances that have their own therapeutic effect, reducing the concentration of a toxic substance. This is achieved by combining the antidote with a specific poison (eg, ethylenediaminetetraacetate with lead, dimercaprol with mercury, reagents having sulfhydryl groups with the toxic metabolite of acetaminophen) or by increasing the excretion of poisons (eg, choride or mercuric diuretics for bromide poisonings). Other systemic antidotes compete with the venom for receptors at the site of their action (for example, atropine with muscarine, naloxone with morphine, physostigmine eliminates some of the anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants as well as antihistamines, belladonna and other atropine-like substances). Specific antidotes are discussed in the sections on individual poisons.

Which doctors should you contact if you have Chemical poisoning:

Surgeon
Infectious disease specialist

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Other diseases from the group Trauma, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes:

Arrhythmias and heart block in cardiotropic poisonings

Depressed skull fractures

Intra- and periarticular fractures of the femur and tibia

Congenital muscular torticollis

Congenital malformations of the skeleton. Dysplasia

Lunate dislocation

Dislocation of the lunate and proximal half of the scaphoid (de Quervain's fracture dislocation)

Tooth luxation

Dislocation of the scaphoid

Dislocations of the upper limb

Dislocations and subluxations of the radial head

Dislocations of the hand

Dislocations of the foot bones

Shoulder dislocations

Vertebral dislocations

Forearm dislocations

Metacarpal dislocations

Foot dislocations at the Chopart joint

Dislocations of the phalanges of the toes

Diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones

Old dislocations and subluxations of the forearm

Isolated fracture of the ulnar shaft

Deviated nasal septum

Tick paralysis

Combined damage

Bone forms of torticollis

Posture disorders

Knee instability

Gunshot fractures in combination with soft tissue defects of the limb

Gunshot injuries to bones and joints

Gunshot injuries to the pelvis

Gunshot wounds of the upper limb

Gunshot wounds of the lower limb

Gunshot wounds to joints

Gunshot wounds

Burns from contact with Portuguese man-of-war and jellyfish

Complicated fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine

Open injuries to the diaphysis of the leg

Open injuries to the bones of the hand and fingers

Open injuries of the elbow joint

Open foot injuries

Frostbite

Wolfsbane poisoning

Aniline poisoning

Antihistamine poisoning

Antimuscarinic drug poisoning

Acetaminophen poisoning

Acetone poisoning

Poisoning with benzene, toluene

Toadstool poisoning

Poisoning with poisonous wech (hemlock)

Halogenated hydrocarbon poisoning

Glycol poisoning

Mushroom poisoning

Dichloroethane poisoning

Smoke poisoning

Iron poisoning

Isopropyl alcohol poisoning

Insecticide poisoning

Iodine poisoning

Cadmium poisoning

Acid poisoning

Cocaine poisoning

Poisoning with belladonna, henbane, datura, cross, mandrake

Magnesium poisoning

Methanol poisoning

Methyl alcohol poisoning

Arsenic poisoning

Indian hemp drug poisoning

Poisoning with hellebore tincture

Nicotine poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Paraquat poisoning

Poisoning by smoke vapors from concentrated acids and alkalis

Poisoning by oil distillation products

Poisoning with anti-depressant drugs

Salicylate poisoning

Lead poisoning

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning

Carbon disulfide poisoning

Poisoning with sleeping pills (barbiturates)

Poisoning with fluoride salts

Poisoning by central nervous system stimulants

Strychnine poisoning

Tobacco smoke poisoning

Thallium poisoning

Tranquilizer poisoning

Acetic acid poisoning

Phenol poisoning

Phenothiazine poisoning

Phosphorus poisoning

Poisoning with chlorine-containing insecticides

Cyanide poisoning

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethylene glycol ether poisoning

Poisoning with calcium ion antagonists

Barbiturate poisoning

Beta blocker poisoning

Poisoning with methemoglobin formers

Poisoning with opiates and narcotic analgesics

Poisoning with quinidine drugs

Pathological fractures

Maxillary fracture

Fracture of the distal radius

Tooth fracture

Fracture of the nasal bones

Scaphoid fracture

Fracture of the radius in the lower third and dislocation in the distal radial-ulnar joint (Galeazzi injury)

Fracture of the lower jaw

Fracture of the base of the skull

Proximal femur fracture

Calvarial fracture

Jaw fracture

Fracture of the jaw in the area of the alveolar process

Skull fracture

Fracture-dislocations in the Lisfranc joint

Fractures and dislocations of the talus

Fractures and dislocations of the cervical vertebrae

Fractures of the II-V metacarpal bones

Fractures of the femur in the area of the knee joint

Femur fractures

Fractures in the trochanteric region

Fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna

Acetabular fractures

Fractures of the head and neck of the radius

Due to the prevalence of household and interior care products, cosmetics, detergents and repellents, poisoning is possible household chemicals, the symptoms of which require first aid.

How does poisoning with household chemicals occur?

To maintain a neat appearance, cleanliness and disinfection of objects and premises, elimination of harmful insects, they use products from the chemical industry that have household purposes. However, during use, household chemicals can cause harm to health. You can get poisoned by them as follows:

If the product gets inside due to violation of storage rules.
With frequent use of a large amount of the product, it can accumulate inside the body and cause allergies.
Inhalation of chemical vapors in the absence of ventilation may cause irritation of the mucous membrane oral cavity and nose, formation of ulcers.
When exposed to unprotected skin.

Depending on the composition and scope of application, household chemicals are classified as follows:

Detergents for body, hair, dishes, characterized by intense foam formation.
Products containing turpentine or acetone as solvents.
Liquids used to remove grease stains containing chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Repellents, insecticides containing organophosphorus compounds.
Detergents containing alkalis: ammonia, caustic soda.
Aggressive cleaning agents for removing heavy dirt, rust and blockages from sinks, bathtubs, and toilets. They usually contain hydrochloric, acetic, oxalic, and carbolic acids.
Cosmetics containing alcohol.

Using these products for other purposes than intended may cause irreparable harm to human health. You can prevent a dangerous condition by knowing the symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms and consequences

Impact on the body various means household chemicals are not the same. Depending on their composition, they can be divided into five groups.

Surfactants

Almost all detergents designed to remove grease stains contain surfactants (surfactants). They effectively remove stains that are difficult to wash off with water. Such substances combine with fat molecules and water and “detach” dirt from the contaminated surface. Thanks to these additives, powder and soap remove stains and grease.

Such compounds have a detrimental effect on the skin, eliminating its protective lipid layer. They can accumulate in internal organs: the brain, heart muscle and liver.

Main symptoms of surfactant poisoning:

foamy discharge from the mouth;
pain in the stomach, intestines;
vomit;
difficulty breathing;
liver dysfunction.

Chlorine and oxygen oxidizers

Such compounds provide surface disinfection and destroy organic compounds. They are included in products for disinfection and removal of contamination from plumbing fixtures, bleaches, and stain removers.

As a result of regular exposure to oxidizing vapors, the following occurs:

Swelling of the oral mucosa and respiratory organs.
Upper respiratory tract irritation, suffocation.
Itching in the eye area, tearing.
Cough, breathing problems.

With constant continuous exposure, the following occurs:

vascular atherosclerosis;
anemia;
deterioration of hair condition: fragility, dullness, loss;
high blood pressure.

Once inside, oxidizing agents cause:

Destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
Liver damage.
Erosion of the mucous membranes in the mouth, trachea.
Burns of the stomach and intestines.

Alkalis

Alkali may contain products for clearing clogged sewer pipes, detergents for dishes and other kitchen utensils. The most common types of alkali are sodium silicate, lime, soda, and ammonia (ammonium chloride). When substances with a high concentration of alkali come into contact with the surface of the skin or inside the body, the following symptoms occur:

Extreme thirst.
Diarrhea or vomiting (may contain blood if the alkali has damaged the walls of the stomach and intestines).
Swelling and severe pain due to burns of the mucous membrane of the eyes and nasopharynx.
Painful ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract.
Attacks of suffocation.

Poisoning with concentrated alkali can cause death as a result of painful shock, internal bleeding, pulmonary edema.

Acids

When products containing acid fall into the body, they burn internal organs and can burn through the stomach.

The signs of poisoning from acidic detergents are similar to those of alkali poisoning.

Organophosphorus compounds

Poisoning with products containing such compounds is accompanied by:

Nervous excitement.
Tearing.
Profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting.

With prolonged exposure to drugs containing FOS, tremor and paralysis, convulsions, and breathing problems may develop.

If the substance gets inside (more than 50 ml), disorders are observed respiratory function, damage to the optic nerve.

If poisoning with household chemicals occurs, it is necessary to call a doctor and take measures to provide first aid to the victim.

First aid

Before starting first aid measures for poisoning with household chemicals, it is necessary to find out the suspected cause of the poisoning. When contacting a hospital, notify the dispatcher about exposure to a toxic substance and ask for a telephone consultation with the doctor on duty.

While waiting for qualified help, it is necessary to eliminate exposure to the chemical and provide the patient with access to a stream of fresh air.

Depending on the cause of poisoning, take the following measures:

If a toxic substance gets into the oral cavity, rinse it with water.
Place the patient in such a way that in case of vomiting he does not choke on the vomit. If a person is unconscious, open his mouth slightly and make sure that his tongue does not retract. If you have dentures or braces, remove them from the oral cavity.
If a product containing caustic substances gets into your eyes, rinse them with plenty of water. It is recommended to wash chlorine-containing products with a 2% solution baking soda.
In case of poisoning by cosmetics, drink large amounts of liquid and induce vomiting.
A burn caused by contact with lime should not be wetted. It is necessary to remove the remaining substance with a napkin, and lubricate the burn site with glycerin.
If a chemical with a high concentration of acid, alkali, or chlorine gets on the surface of the skin, it is necessary to keep the affected area under running cold water for at least 20 minutes. If the cause of irritation is hydrofluoric acid, first blot the area of contact with the substance with a napkin.
For internal alkali poisoning: prepare a weak vinegar solution by adding 4 tbsp to 1 liter of water. l. vinegar 3% concentration. The patient needs to take the solution at intervals of 15 minutes. 1 tbsp. l. Taking 1 tbsp will also help alleviate the condition of the victim. l. vegetable oil every 30 minutes.
In case of internal poisoning with acid-containing substances, it is necessary to prepare a soda solution by adding 5 tbsp. l. soda in 1 liter. water. Give the victim 3 tbsp. l. solution at intervals of 10 minutes. It is recommended to give the patient milk - 1 sip every 10-15 minutes. A good remedy To prevent absorption of the substance into the blood, use raw egg whites.

What should not be done in case of accidental internal use?

A number of actions to help eliminate the symptoms of standard food poisoning, can cause harm if poisoned by household chemicals. In such cases it is not recommended:

Give the victim activated charcoal.
Give a solution of potassium permanganate, a large volume of liquid.
Use enema rinsing.

To weaken the effect of the toxic substance, it is recommended to take several tablets of activated carbon, however, in a victim with damage to the oral cavity and larynx, this will cause severe painful sensations.

Taking a solution of potassium permanganate or drinking too much (more than 400 ml) will cause vomiting. Then the masses toxic substances will go back down the esophagus. Products containing acid, alkali, or chlorine will cause repeated burns of the esophagus and respiratory organs, and foaming substances can block the flow of air into the lungs.

To lavage the stomach, doctors use a special probe to prevent damage to the small intestine. Therefore, it is not advisable to wash it at home.

The patient receives further assistance in eliminating the consequences of poisoning at a medical institution.

Video: how not to get poisoned by household chemicals?

Ways to prevent poisoning

To avoid poisoning from household chemicals, it is necessary to limit their use as much as possible. If there is a need to clean sewer pipes or clean the surface of plumbing fixtures with concentrated cleaning agents, work only with gloves, do not inhale fumes detergent or use a protective mask when working with it.

You should adhere to the basic rules for using household chemicals:

Before use, carefully read the instructions about possible reactions when exposed to the substance.
Store detergents and cosmetics in a place inaccessible to children. Carefully close the container with the substance after use. It is better to use products that have child protection on the lid.
Do not pour household chemicals into food or drink containers, even if there is a warning label on it. An adult may not notice it, and a child may not be able to read it.
Do not leave products that can cause harm to health near food.

If you are poisoned by household chemicals, you should not self-medicate, otherwise you can cause irreparable harm to the body. Avoid occurrence dangerous conditions a careful and careful attitude to the use of the achievements of the chemical industry, designed to make living conditions more comfortable, will help, and homework- easier.

Chemicals surround people in ordinary life in large numbers. These can be detergents and cleaners or household appliances with chemical filling. In addition, exposure to chemicals may occur during accidents at industrial enterprises who use them in their production. It is not difficult to provide first aid in case of chemical poisoning, but competent actions can significantly alleviate the victim’s condition.

How can chemicals enter the human body and cause poisoning?

If liquids or powders containing hazardous chemicals are swallowed. In this case, the victim should immediately perform gastric lavage. To do this, you need to crush 5-6 tablets of activated carbon, stir the resulting powder in a liter clean water and give this drink to the victim. At the same time, you need to induce vomiting. If necessary, the procedure must be repeated, upon completion, give the victim 2 more tablets of activated carbon or any other adsorbent substance, as well as 1-2 tablets of a laxative.
If in contact with the skin, some substances may cause redness, itching or burns. In this case, the damaged area of the skin should be rinsed generously with warm (not hot!) water and spread with a thick layer of any fatty cream or special healing ointment.
In case of contact with the mucous membrane and respiratory tract high concentration substances in the air (for example, insect sprays).

In the latter case, with prolonged exposure to a toxic substance, the consequences can be very sad, even fatal. First aid for inhalation of chemicals should be started immediately:

If the victim is not conscious and a pulse in the area of the carotid artery cannot be felt, resuscitation measures must be started immediately. The complex of resuscitation measures consists of performing indirect massage heart and artificial respiration “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose”. Sequence of actions: 15 presses – 2 air injections. The easiest way to resuscitate a victim is for two rescuers, each of whom performs their own action. The person performing artificial respiration should wear a gauze bandage to ensure their own safety. If a pulse and breathing appear, you must immediately turn the victim on his side and try to bring him to consciousness with the help of ammonia. If this cannot be done within four minutes, the victim should be placed face down and cold applied to the head.
If consciousness returns, then you need to thoroughly rinse the victim’s eyes, nose and stomach.
Be sure to call an ambulance.

Substances entering the human body cause irreparable harm to him, therefore, in case of all types of chemical poisoning, even if after some time the victim feels well, it is advisable to see a doctor to prescribe additional laboratory tests.

Also, medical help must be sought if the victim is a child. The child's body is most susceptible to the effects of foreign substances. Parents need, first of all, to take care of the prevention of poisoning by chemical substances: put cleaning and washing liquids, washing powders, chemical aerosols, and thermometers out of reach. Then first aid for poisoning with chemicals will most likely not be needed.

Sincerely,

Chemical poisoning, the symptoms of which are quite simple to determine, is a life-threatening lesion of the gastrointestinal tract, causing irreversible pathological consequences. Therefore, the sooner the victim seeks qualified medical help, the better for him.

What to do

First aid for poisoning with chemicals consists of a simple algorithm of the following actions:

the first stage is to cleanse the stomach of harmful mass (you need to drink a lot of water, you can use lightly salted water and induce vomiting);
further, when the stomach is cleared, it is recommended to give the victim chemical poisoning drink a little milk, starch infusion, flaxseed infusion, or a simple protein solution. These products perform an enveloping function and will help protect the thin mucous membranes of the stomach from toxic damage;
if chemical poisoning has reached the phase at which the intestines are affected, it is necessary to give the victim a laxative. An enema will also be effective;
in the case when toxins have managed to penetrate the bloodstream, taking diaphoretics and diuretics will be useful. These products will not be able to cope with the entire volume of toxic substances, but they will help remove at least some of the toxic components through sweat and urine;
If the poisoning is of acidic origin, it will be helpful to give the victim plenty of drink. It should be not only water, but also weak alkaline solutions(for example, lime and soap water);
Anyway, necessary measure In case of chemical poisoning, call an ambulance. No matter what measures are taken to eliminate the consequences of toxic damage to the body, a qualified examination in this case is still a vital issue.

Symptoms

Signs of chemical poisoning are determined quite simply. Namely, this:

However, it is worth remembering that various substances have the ability to cause a variable spectrum clinical manifestations and sensations. It is important to understand that this type of intoxication is one of the most complex forms of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, and can lead to the most tragic consequences if the victim is not provided with timely and comprehensive medical care. Therefore, it is very important to familiarize yourself with at least its basic rules, and be able to recognize the symptoms.

Dynamics and nature of first aid measures

What to do first in case of chemical poisoning?

If the victim is conscious, he independently empties his stomach by vomiting. Otherwise, he needs to be provided with some assistance.

If the person’s condition allows, it is necessary to induce a gag reflex in him using a simple and traditional method. To do this, let him drink two or three glasses of warm, slightly salted water, and then with two middle fingers we lightly press on the root area of the tongue.

If the victim is unconscious, he should be treated even more carefully and carefully. The body should be given a position in which the head is laid on its side. With certain manipulations, the lower jaw may sink slightly. It should be returned to a position that will not threaten the health and well-being of the victim.

During subsequent stages of first aid, it is worth paying attention to the slightest signs of the victim’s reaction to a particular pathogen. In case of sharp negative manifestations(spasms, sharp pains) the effect of the irritating factor should be stopped immediately and the victim should be given a small dose of a neutral anesthetic.

As already noted, various sources of damage to the body require specific approaches to the implementation of therapeutic measures. For example, acid intoxication requires an extremely careful approach to the implementation of first aid measures. This type of chemical poisoning completely rejects chalk and soda solutions, which are often used as emollients and neutralizing agents. Taking laxatives is also strictly prohibited, since the effect of drugs in this spectrum can be detrimental to the walls of the stomach, previously burned with acid.

At the same time, some products are quite universal. Healing for chemical poisoning of any type is the effect of milk, as well as some decoctions containing gluten and special astringents that envelop the affected areas with a thin mucous film, preventing further erosion. In addition, such decoctions (jelly, for example) perfectly contribute to the restoration of intestinal microflora and minimize pain.

Chemical damage to the respiratory system: how to identify and what to do?

A separate category of chemical poisoning is damage to the respiratory tract. Its source, as a rule, is a variety of gases that have a damaging effect on organic tissue. For example, prolonged contact with carbon monoxide, household fuel gas, gasoline vapors and many other chemicals common in everyday life.

This type of chemical poisoning is one of the most difficult, since it is not so easy to determine the source of the damage and eliminate its effects.

Such poisoning is accompanied by the following main symptoms:

Specialized assistance in the cases under consideration consists, first of all, in eliminating the impact of the source of injury and ensuring maximum access to fresh air for the victim. Naturally, you should immediately seek qualified medical help.

Clothes soaked toxic substances, should be removed immediately.

It is worth remembering that harmful substances from the respiratory system very quickly enter the bloodstream. Therefore, you should immediately take care to minimize their impact.

A few tablets of activated carbon will help prevent the poison from entering the blood.

In everyday life, people constantly come into contact with toxic chemicals. Poisoning with them can occur if handled incorrectly, dosage and rules for safe use are not followed. This is a fairly serious type of poisoning, during which a person may remain disabled or die if medical attention is not provided in a timely manner.

What is it?

Chemical poisoning is the process of damage to the human body by toxic substances when they enter the blood, stomach and intestines through the respiratory system.

Poisoning can occur by inhaling vapors or ingesting the product.

The following lists the main number of human objects that cause poisoning:

acetic acid. If ingested or inhaled vapors may;
oil- or acetone-based paints and varnishes;
all types of solvents;
glue;
pesticides and herbicides (products for treating plants and killing insects);
toxic aerosols;
means for exterminating rodents;
acetone;
fuels and lubricants.

Almost all of them contain poisons that are harmful to the human body.
When working with the above substances in confined spaces with poor ventilation, chemical poisoning occurs upon contact with mucous membranes, inhalation of vapors or ingestion. Most often, this type of poisoning occurs when basic safety rules when handling toxic substances are not followed.

Symptoms of toxic chemical poisoning

Manifestation of chemical poisoning. substances depends on the weight and age of the patient, his state of health and the amount poisonous agent entered the body.

Many toxic substances affect the body over a long period of time with minimal symptoms. It depends on the level of toxicity of the poison. The more toxic the poison, the more signs and the faster they appear. And the more destructive their effect on the entire body.
Often the same poison causes chemical poisoning in one person while another experiences nothing. This is due to the level of immunity, genetics and susceptibility to toxic substances.

For example, children are more susceptible to poisoning than adults. This is due to the fact that per 1 kg child weight there is more poison than an adult. And because of low level immunity and weakened body, an elderly person will be more susceptible to a toxic composition than a 30-year-old man.

The effects of poison and signs of chemical poisoning are very individual and depend on many factors, including those listed above. If people have previously suffered from allergies, bronchial asthma, then they are more sensitive to pronounced odors, therefore, their body reacts faster to a toxic substance.

Signs of chemical poisoning depends on its severity

For mild types:

dizziness;
nausea, vomiting;
redness, dryness, itching of the skin;
tearfulness;
nasal congestion;
with moderate and severe poisoning;
nausea, vomiting;
temperature;
swelling of the respiratory tract mucosa;
Quincke's edema;
bronchospasms;
convulsions;
fainting;
blurred vision;
paralysis of limbs;
loss of speech;
disorientation;
hallucinations;
coma;

In addition, poisoning with chemicals or other poisons can lead to burns of the mucous membrane, respiratory tract and esophagus. Lead to irreversible processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Lead to pulmonary edema, paralysis of the central nervous system. If the patient is not provided with timely medical assistance, a poisoning situation can end in death.

In case of severe poisoning, all these signs can occur simultaneously, aggravating the patient’s health condition.
Symptoms of chemical poisoning do not appear immediately. A person may feel unwell after several hours or several days. Poisoning may appear the next day. The more time passes from the moment of poisoning to the moment of diagnosis, the more difficult it is to provide assistance to the poisoned person.

Some types of poisoning may not have any visible signs. Toxins settle in the body and affect the functioning of the liver and kidneys. A person may not know that pesticides have caused damage to his health. This most often occurs due to involuntary inhalation of chemical vapors. The person feels weakness and nausea, which quickly disappear.

Depending on the poison, after the ingestion or use of which poisoning occurred, the signs are classified. Some poisons primarily affect the central nervous system and brain, other respiratory tracts and the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system. Depending on the type of poisoning, the further actions, such as providing assistance, diagnosing and selecting drug therapy.

First aid for poisoning

When providing first aid, it is important to understand the patient’s condition so as not to harm him. If a patient has convulsions, severe hallucinations, or breathing problems, then he needs qualified medical care. In addition, when vomiting and emptying the stomach, you need to remember that the patient may choke on the vomit or it will enter the respiratory tract.

If there is a coma or signs of hemorrhage, you should also not disturb the patient so as not to worsen his condition.
If the poisoning is not severe, then you can provide first aid to the poisoned person at home. It all depends on the toxicity and volume of the chemical consumed. If a person is poisoned by vapors or touches the mucous membrane, it is necessary to provide access to fresh air, rinse the mucous membranes and skin with running water, take activated charcoal and seek medical help.
If chemicals have entered the body through the respiratory tract and esophagus, it is important to try as quickly as possible to eliminate further absorption of the poison and its remnants from the stomach.

To do this, you need to induce an attack of vomiting by pressing on the inside of the larynx. The poison that enters the stomach cavity is initially absorbed by only one third. It takes several hours for the remaining chemical to be absorbed. In this regard, it is necessary to quickly remove the contents of the esophagus and stomach.

To facilitate the removal of vomit, you can drink more water. Water will remove the contents of the stomach faster.
You can also give activated charcoal to the poisoned person; it very quickly absorbs toxins and promotes their successful removal from the body. Activated carbon is most often used in powder or tablets; unlike liquid, it absorbs toxins better. In the absence of activated carbon, you can use Polysorb or Polyphepan. They also help eliminate intoxication, but a little slower than coal.
Such assistance can be provided to patients who do not have breathing problems, seizures or disorders of the musculoskeletal system. If such changes are present, then the patient should be placed in a horizontal position face down to remove vomit and wait for the ambulance to arrive.

If there is a medical facility nearby, it is necessary to transport the patient there for gastric lavage. For these purposes, a probe is inserted into the stomach through the esophagus, with the help of which the contents of the stomach are emptied. But even after lavage, there may be residual toxins in the stomach cavity. To remove them, you need to take activated carbon.

It is important to understand that the life and health of the patient depend on correctly provided first aid. The bulk of the poison is absorbed in the first minutes, when it is necessary to provide assistance.

If the poisoning was mild and the person feels a slight discomfort in the form of dizziness and nausea, it is necessary to give him activated charcoal. Subsequently, you can take Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan for several days. Drink fresh milk daily and stay in the fresh air. But in any case, if the causes and circumstances of poisoning are known, it is necessary to seek medical help and provide information to the doctor.

The situation is more complicated when those around the unconscious patient or the person himself do not understand what happened and the poisoning becomes known only in the doctor’s office or after the ambulance arrives. This means that the patient will not receive timely help and the bulk of the toxic substance that has entered the body has already been absorbed into the walls of the stomach and spread throughout the body. Consequently, the destructive process of damage to organs by poisons has already been launched to the maximum.

Diagnosis of chemical poisoning

If poisoning is known, then diagnosis is carried out in a minimal way, a visual examination, blood and urine tests. In such cases, doctors see the picture more clearly and identify tools to combat the disease. When determining the poison from which the poisoning occurred, it is more clear what drug therapy should be used. The esophagus, stomach and intestines are washed. Conducted drug therapy to remove poison from the body.

It is worse when doctors do not know about the poisoning and the etiology of the poison. In this case, diagnosis is initially made on the basis of the patient’s symptoms. Based on a biochemical analysis of blood, urine, gastric juice, more accurate diagnosis. But it takes certain time, during which toxins affect the body even more. But unfortunately, in case of severe poisoning, if time is lost during transportation and diagnosis, the patient may be in a comatose or unconscious state, and maximum negative changes occur in the body.

Poisoning with chemical substances falls into the category of dangerous poisoning. In addition to death, a person risks remaining disabled after hemorrhage or paralysis suffered due to poisoning.

Timely diagnosis and treatment play a huge role in the final outcome after chemical poisoning.

Treatment methods

When treating chemical poisoning, classical medication and auxiliary therapy are used. This is a set of measures aimed at removing toxins from the body, eliminating negative consequences and recovery of the patient.

Basic therapy can be divided into several stages:

elimination of the process of absorption of toxic substances;
measures to remove toxic chemicals;
medicinal elimination of symptoms of poisoning in the form of disruption of work various organs(gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, respiratory organs);
removal of systemic antidotes from the body. These stages of therapy are used for poisoning with almost any poisons and toxic substances.

But the last stage is only when the toxic chemical with which the patient was poisoned due to the mechanism of action is known. The first stage includes removal of vomit, active gastric lavage using a probe, absorption using powdered activated carbon.

To quickly and successfully remove the absorbed poison, the patient is prescribed laxatives. As it moves from the stomach to the intestines and through the rectum, activated charcoal is also effective against partially trapped toxins. The removal of absorbed charcoal has virtually no effect on the level of poison entering the blood, but helps to improve general condition patient and reduces further intoxication. In case of poisoning with certain types of toxic substances, methods are used in therapy to accelerate the process of bile formation, kidney and bladder function.

To cleanse the body of toxins in case of poisoning with ethyl alcohol, methanol and other poisons, dialysis and hemosorption are used. That's enough effective methods in the treatment of poisoning. But unfortunately, the equipment necessary for this cannot be found in all medical institutions, which makes its use difficult. Depending on the etiology of the poison, when it enters the body, poisoning occurs, the choice of therapy, medications and methods of removing poison toxins is made. In addition to therapy aimed at combating toxins, concomitant diseases that are the result of poisoning are treated. For example, treatment of burns of the respiratory tract and esophagus, restoration of affected areas of the walls of the stomach and intestines, maintaining healthy liver and kidney function, eliminating pulmonary edema, raising protective functions the body as a whole, etc. The most complex cases Poisoning with highly concentrated poisons is recognized, which instantly affects the body and is absorbed. For example, pesticides used to treat plants in fields using aircraft. Sometimes in such cases, medical care is no longer effective.

Poisoning prevention measures:

It is important to understand that a person can get chemical poisoning under standard living conditions if basic safety rules are not followed. Toxic chemicals are contained in almost all cleaning, washing, grease, descaling, etc. products. Gasoline and diesel fuel that a driver encounters every day can also lead to severe poisoning. All paints and solvents that we use to paint windows, doors and fences in the country and at home are not safe. Used for home preparations vinegar essence if consumed, it may lead to fatal outcome. Almost all aerosols from mosquitoes, flies and other insects are toxic. Even deodorant that comes in an aerosol can contains poison. Many types of medications contain toxic chemicals. Therefore, an overdose or use of expired tablets can also lead to severe poisoning. A person comes into contact with dangerous toxic substances almost every hour and risks getting poisoned.