The boy is 6 years old. Body temperature 39°C, sore throat, headache, nausea. Objectively: the mucous membrane of the soft palate and palatine arches is clearly hyperemic. The tongue is dry, swollen, it side surfaces free from plaque, bright red color. The mushroom-shaped papillae of the tongue are increased in size. The skin of the face and body is hyperemic and covered with small spotty rashes. The nasolabial triangle is pale and free from rashes. Submandibular lymphadenitis is determined. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Herpetic infection

B. Chicken pox

C. Infectious mononucleosis

D.​ Scarlet fever +

E. Diphtheria

A 3-year-old child refuses to eat, body temperature is 38.5°C, and rashes have appeared in the oral cavity. Got sick 3 days ago. On examination: on the skin of the perioral area there are single blisters with hemorrhagic contents. In the oral cavity: on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, cheeks, single erosions, 2-3 mm in diameter, are covered with a whitish coating with a halo of hyperemia. The gums are swollen and hyperemic. Submandibular lymph nodes painful. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A. Exudative erythema multiforme

B. Stevens-Johnson syndrome

C. Acute herpetic stomatitis +

D. Stomatitis due to infectious mononucleosis

E.​ Stomatitis due to chickenpox

The mother of a 5-year-old child complains of a violation of the general condition, vomiting, diarrhea and pain when swallowing in the child. Objectively: general condition child moderate severity, temperature 38.2°C. On the tonsils, soft palate and palatine arches, against the background of hyperemia, erosions 1-3 mm in diameter are detected, with a bright red bottom. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged and slightly painful on palpation. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A.​ Herpetic sore throat +

B. Acute herpetic stomatitis

C. Stomatitis due to chickenpox

D. Stomatitis due to diphtheria

E. Infectious mononucleosis

The boy is 7 years old. Body temperature 38.5°C, sore throat, headache, nausea. Objectively: the mucous membrane of the soft palate and palatine arches is clearly hyperemic. The tongue is dry, swollen, its lateral surfaces are free from plaque, and are bright red. The mushroom-shaped papillae of the tongue are increased in size. The skin of the face and body is hyperemic and covered with small spotty rashes. The nasolabial triangle is pale and free from rashes. Submandibular lymphadenitis is determined. Identify the causative agent of the disease?

A.​ Lefler's wand

B.​ Coxsackie virus

C. Herpes virus

E. Bordet-Gengou stick

The patient is 15 years old. Complaints: general malaise, increased body temperature up to 39°C, pain when swallowing. Objectively: inflammation of the mucous membrane in the area of ​​the pharynx, palatine arches and uvula, swelling of the tonsils. A massive fibrinous film plaque is determined on the tonsils, tightly fused with the underlying tissues, spreading to the soft and hard palate. Films are also located on the gums and tongue. The submandibular and cervical lymphadenitis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Gonorrheal stomatitis

B. Diphtheria stomatitis +

C.​ Vincent's stomatitis

D.​ Agranulocytosis

E.​ Stomatitis with scarlet fever

A 14-year-old girl complains of pain while eating, headache, weakness, increased body temperature up to 380C, presence of rashes. Objectively: erythematous spots and papules with double-contour coloring are detected on the skin of the face and hands. The red border of the lips is swollen and covered with bloody crusts. The oral mucosa is swollen, hyperemic, with multiple erosions covered with a grayish coating. Submandibular lymphadenitis is determined. Which one is the most probable cause development of the disease in the patient?

A. Viral infection

B. Staphylococcal infection

C. Streptococcal infection

D. Allergic reaction +

E. Mechanical injury

A 4.5-year-old child has a rash in the mouth and on the skin that appeared the night before. On examination: the general condition is moderate, body temperature is 38.3°C. There are multiple blisters with transparent contents on the scalp, on the skin of the trunk and limbs. In the oral cavity: on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, tongue, hard and soft palate there are rounded erosions, covered with fibrinous plaque. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A. Stomatitis with scarlet fever

B. Acute herpetic stomatitis

C. Exudative erythema multiforme

D. Measles stomatitis

E. Stomatitis with chickenpox +

A 13-year-old child complains of fever up to 39.5 °C, vomiting, and sore throat. Objectively: the oral mucosa is swollen and hyperemic. The tonsils are hypertrophied, covered with a yellowish gray coating, which can be easily removed. Submandibular, cervical lymph nodes enlarged, painful. The liver and spleen are enlarged. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

B. Diphtheria

C.​ Scarlet fever

D. Infectious mononucleosis +

E. Herpangina

A 2-year-old girl has been sick for 4 days. Body temperature is elevated – 38°C, he is capricious and refuses to eat. On the 3rd day, rashes appeared in the oral cavity. Objectively: the submandibular lymph nodes are painful and enlarged. In the oral cavity on the mucous membrane of the soft palate there are numerous erosions covered with a whitish coating, acute catarrhal gingivitis. What ointment should be used for etiotropic local treatment?

A. Clotrimazole

B. Solcoseryl

C.​ Acyclovir +

D.​ Hydrocortisone

E. Flucinar

A 5-year-old child has a rash in the mouth and skin that appeared the night before. On examination: the general condition is moderate, body temperature is 38.5°C. There are multiple blisters with transparent contents on the scalp, on the skin of the trunk and limbs. In the oral cavity: on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, tongue, hard and soft palate there are rounded erosions, covered with fibrinous plaque. The gums are not changed. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A.​ Lefler's wand

B.​ Coxsackie virus

D. Hemolytic streptococcus

A 13-year-old child complains of fever up to 39.5 °C, vomiting, and sore throat. Objectively: the oral mucosa is swollen and hyperemic. The tonsils are hypertrophied, covered with a yellowish-gray coating, which is easily removed. The submandibular and cervical lymph nodes are enlarged and painful. The liver and spleen are enlarged. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A.​ Lefler's wand

B.​ Coxsackie virus

C. Herpes virus

D. Hemolytic streptococcus

E. Epstein-Barr virus +

A 16-year-old patient was hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of the hospital. 2 days ago I consumed dairy products purchased at the market. Temperature 39 °C, severe headache, muscle pain, nausea, dyspepsia. Complains of burning and pain in the mouth. The oral mucosa is hyperemic. Numerous, painful erosions are detected. The patient has severe hypersalivation. There are vesicular rashes on the skin between the fingers. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

B. Herpes zoster

C. Acute herpetic stomatitis

D. Dühring's dermatitis

E. Chronic herpetic stomatitis

A 10-year-old child complains of sore throat, cough and high temperature up to 38°C. for 2 days. Objectively: acute catarrhal stomatitis. The tonsils are swollen, hyperemic, covered with a yellow-gray coating, which is easily removed and has a crumbly nature. The submandibular and cervical lymph nodes are significantly increased in size and painful on palpation. At laboratory research leuko- and monocytosis were detected. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Diphtheria

B. Scarlet fever

C. Infectious mononucleosis +

D. Rubella

A 1.5 year old child is restless and refuses food. Got sick 2 days ago. He is being treated by a pediatrician for pneumonia and is receiving antibiotics. Objectively: the oral mucosa is hyperemic and swollen. A whitish, easily removable plaque is detected on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, lips, and soft palate. After removing the plaque, erosion forms in some areas. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. What is the most likely reason for the development of the disease in the patient?

A. Viral infection

B. Staphylococcal infection

C. Streptococcal infection

D. Allergic reaction

E. Fungal infection +

The child is 11 years old. Complains of fever up to 39°C, cough, runny nose, lacrimation and photophobia. Objectively: symptoms of conjunctivitis. Increased submandibular lymph nodes. There is a pale red enanthema on the soft palate, and Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots on the cheeks in the area of ​​the molars. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A.​ Stomatitis with scarlet fever

B.​ Stomatitis with measles +

C. Herpangina

D.​ Stomatitis due to chickenpox

E. Infectious mononucleosis

The parents of an 8-month-old child complain that the child refuses to eat and has an ulcer on the palate. The child is on artificial feeding. Objectively: at the border of the hard and soft palate there is an oval-shaped ulcerative depression with clear edges, covered with a yellow-gray coating and limited by an inflammatory ridge. What is the most likely cause of the patient's disease?

A. Viral infection

B. Streptococcal infection

C. Allergic reaction

D. Fungal infection

E. Mechanical injury +

A 15-year-old child complains of fever up to 40°C, vomiting, headache and sore throat when swallowing. Objectively: the oral mucosa is swollen and hyperemic. The tonsils are hypertrophied, covered with a yellow-gray coating that does not extend beyond the lymphoid tissue and can be easily removed. Submandibular, cervical, occipital lymph nodes enlarged, painful on palpation. The liver and spleen are enlarged. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A.​ Stomatitis with scarlet fever

B. Infectious mononucleosis +

C. Stomatitis due to measles

D. Stomatitis due to diphtheria

E.​ Herpetic sore throat

The patient is 16 years old. Complaints: general malaise, increased body temperature up to 39°C, pain when swallowing. Objectively: inflammation of the mucous membrane in the area of ​​the pharynx, palatine arches and uvula, swelling of the tonsils. A massive fibrinous film plaque is determined on the tonsils, tightly fused with the underlying tissues, spreading to the soft and hard palate. Films are also located on the gums and tongue. Submandibular and cervical lymphadenitis are determined. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A.​ Lefler's wand +

B.​ Coxsackie virus

C. Herpes virus

D. Hemolytic streptococcus

E. Bordet-Gengou stick

An 11-year-old child complains of a sore throat, cough and high temperature up to 38.5°C. for 2 days. Objectively: acute catarrhal stomatitis. The tonsils are swollen, hyperemic, covered with a yellow-gray coating, which is easily removed and has a crumbly nature. The submandibular and cervical lymph nodes are significantly increased in size and painful on palpation. Laboratory examination revealed leuko- and monocytosis. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A.​ Lefler's wand

B.​ Coxsackie virus

C. Herpes virus

D. Hemolytic streptococcus

E. Epstein-Barr virus +

The child is 11 years old. Complains of fever up to 39°C, cough, runny nose, lacrimation and photophobia. Objectively: symptoms of conjunctivitis. Enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. There is a pale red enanthema on the soft palate, and Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots on the cheeks in the area of ​​the molars. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A. Lefler's wand

B. Coxsackie virus

D. Hemolytic streptococcus

A 3-year-old child had a fever of 390C the night before and a rash appeared in his mouth. Objectively: on the hyperemic mucous membrane of the tongue, lips and cheeks there are about 20 round-shaped erosions, 2-3 mm in diameter, covered with a gray-white coating. Acute catarrhal gingivitis and submandibular lymphadenitis were revealed. What drugs should be prescribed for etiotropic treatment?

A. Antiviral +

B. Antiseptics

C. Anti-inflammatory

D. Painkillers

E. Keratolytics

A 2.5-year-old child had a fever of 380C the night before and rashes appeared in the mouth and on the skin. Objectively: on the hyperemic mucous membrane of the tongue, lips and cheeks there are about 15 round-shaped erosions, 2-3 mm in diameter, covered with a gray-white coating. Acute catarrhal gingivitis and submandibular lymphadenitis were revealed. On the skin of the perioral area and wings of the nose, vesicles with serous contents are detected. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A. Staphylococcus

B. Streptococcus

C. Herpes simplex virus +

D. Varicella zoster virus

E. Epstein-Barr virus

A 4-year-old child had a fever of 380C the night before and rashes appeared in the mouth and on the skin. Objectively: on the hyperemic mucous membrane of the tongue, lips and cheeks there are about 20 round-shaped erosions, 2-3 mm in diameter, covered with a gray-white coating. Submandibular lymphadenitis was detected. At the border of the skin of the forehead and the scalp, vesicles with serous contents are determined. What is the causative agent of the disease?

A. Staphylococcus

B. Streptococcus

C. Herpes simplex virus

D. Varicella zoster virus +

E. Epstein-Barr virus

The parents of a 5-year-old child complain of swelling in both parotid-masticatory areas and an increase in temperature to 38.50C. Objectively: a painful, soft infiltrate is determined in the parotid-masticatory areas. The skin is pale and tense. A small amount of clear, viscous saliva is secreted from the ducts of the parotid glands. Palpation reveals painful points in the corners lower jaw, semilunar notches of the lower jaw, on the apices mastoid processes and in front of the tragus of the ears. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A. Bacterial mumps

B. Herzenberg's pseudomumps

C. Parotid lymphadenitis

D. Abscess of the parotid areas

E. Mumps +

The parents of a 7-year-old boy complain of swelling in both parotid-masticatory areas and an increase in temperature to 38.50C. First, swelling appeared on the right side, and the next day on the left side. The child was diagnosed with orchitis. Objectively: a painful, soft infiltrate is determined in the parotid-masticatory areas. The skin is pale and tense. A small amount of clear, viscous saliva is secreted from the ducts of the parotid glands. On palpation, painful points are identified in the area of ​​the angles of the lower jaw, the semilunar notches of the lower jaw, at the apices of the mastoid processes and in front of the tragus of the ears. What is the etiology of this disease?

A. Staphylococcus

B. Streptococcus

E. Decreased immunity

A 6-month-old girl was referred for consultation regarding an ulcer on the palate that appeared 3.5 months ago. From the anamnesis: she was born premature, artificial feeding. Objectively: on the hard palate on the left, upon transition to the soft palate, an oval ulcer measuring 1.3x0.8 cm is detected, covered with a yellow-gray coating with a pronounced infiltration shaft. What disease can we talk about first?

A. Recurrent aphtha

B. Tuberculous ulcer

C. Congenital syphilis

D. Afta Bednara +

E. Setton's stomatitis

At preventive examination Primary schoolchildren, a 7-year-old boy was found to have irremovable gray-white layers on the mucous membrane of the cheek along the line of closure of the teeth. The mucous membrane is slightly hyperemic, painless on palpation. The boy is emotionally unbalanced and bites his cheeks. What is your diagnosis?

A. Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis

B. Lichen planus

WITH. Soft form leukoplakia +

D. Chronic candidal stomatitis

E. Exudative erythema multiforme

A 15-year-old patient complains of pain when eating and talking. The pain started 3 weeks ago. Objectively: on the mucous membrane of the tongue on the right there is a polygonal ulcer 1.0x0.5 cm in size, covered with necrotic plaque, the edges are hyperemic and painful. The crowns of teeth 46 and 47 are destroyed and have sharp edges. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

A. Chancre

B. Traumatic ulcer +

C. Trophic ulcer

D. Tuberculous ulcer

E. Cancerous ulcer

A 9-month-old girl was referred for consultation regarding an ulcer on the palate that appeared 3.5 months ago. From the anamnesis: often more respiratory infections, artificial feeding. Objectively: on the hard palate on the left, upon transition to the soft palate, an oval ulcer measuring 1.2x1.0 cm is detected, covered with a yellow-gray coating with a pronounced infiltration shaft. Which etiological factor of this disease?

A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B. Herpes virus

C. Mechanical injury +

D. Allergic reaction

E. Circulatory disorders

A 16-year-old patient complains of pain when eating and talking. The pain started 2 weeks ago. Objectively: on the mucous membrane of the tongue on the right there is a polygonal ulcer 1.0x0.5 cm in size, covered with necrotic plaque, the edges are hyperemic and painful. The crown of the 46th tooth has sharp edges. Which therapeutic event is the leader?

A. Antiviral drug

B. Painkiller

C. Antiseptics

D. Keratoplasty

E. Elimination of injury +

In children, the mucous membrane has a delicate structure and high permeability, therefore it is much more susceptible to attack by various pathogens than in adults.

Based on their occurrence, all diseases are divided into:

• viral (herpetic stomatitis).
• bacterial (aphthous stomatitis).
• fungal (candidiasis).

Damage to the mucous membrane can accelerate the development of the infectious-inflammatory process, because if its integrity is damaged, it will be easier for the pathogen to penetrate into the tissue.

Herpetic stomatitis

Herpetic stomatitis is inflammatory disease oral mucosa caused by herpes virus type 1 or 2.

It most often affects infants or children preschool age, since they have not yet fully developed local specific immunity.

Therefore, any hypothermia, stress, overheating or presence chronic diseases may cause the appearance herpetic stomatitis A.

Symptoms

During primary infection, the disease occurs with well-defined symptoms:

• increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees;
• nausea, vomiting;
• runny nose;
• excessive salivation;
• blistering rash;
• white or yellowish coating on the mucous membranes of the mouth.

At severe course herpetic stomatitis also spreads to the skin of the face

Treatment

Treatment of herpetic stomatitis is carried out comprehensively using antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, local anesthetics, antipyretics and painkillers.

Lesions are treated with keratolytic agents (rosehip oil, oil solution vitamin A), which soften herpes blisters.

The child should be fed liquid food and given as much drink as possible (water, juice, compote), before feeding, numb the mucous membrane of the mouth, and then rinse the mouth with a strong infusion of tea.

Important to know: even after treatment, the herpes virus remains in human body forever. Therefore, factors that can reduce the child’s immunity should be avoided.

Aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis is a disease of the oral mucosa, which is characterized by the appearance of round erosions - aphthous.

Appears most often in children under 3 years of age as a result of infection or allergy.

Symptoms

The disease is diagnosed quite simply and lasts 10 days.

Main features:

• aphthae - erosion clearly rounded or irregular shape with a white coating in the center and red edges;
• white-yellow coating;
• bad breath;
• enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes;
• increased sensitivity of mucous membranes;
• pain and discomfort while chewing.

Aphthae cover not only the inside of the cheeks, but also the tongue, lips and even gums

The child becomes lethargic and irritable and refuses food.

Treatment

Aphthous stomatitis is generally treated with antibiotics using antihistamines and vitamins. Very often the disease goes away on its own after 7-10 days, but to relieve the symptoms, you can use rinses herbal infusions(sage, chamomile, calendula) or antiseptic solutions.

During illness, you should eat and drink only at room temperature, avoid spicy and salty foods and carbonated drinks.

Please note: to prevent repeated illness, you need to try to prevent the development of caries and plaque deposits.

Candidiasis

Candidiasis (thrush) is a disease caused by fungi of the genus Candida.

Thrush in the mouth most often occurs in infants due to poor hygiene or injury. oral cavity, decreased immunity, while taking antibiotics, due to diabetes mellitus or diseases of the digestive system.

Symptoms

A mild form of thrush occurs with the formation white plaque mainly on the tongue, which is easily scraped off. If thrush is not treated for a long time, the fungus penetrates into the deep layers of the mucous membrane, blood comes to the surface and the plaque becomes yellow or dirty brown.

Candidiasis can cover not only the tongue, but also the mucous membrane of the lips and cheeks

Treatment

Treatment for thrush is carried out antifungal drugs with concomitant vitamin therapy.

The affected areas are treated with a 1% soda solution. All objects that the child comes into contact with are thoroughly disinfected, and the mother’s breasts are treated with a soda solution before each feeding.

Watch the video in which a dentist professor talks about the symptoms, treatment and prevention of childhood stomatitis:

Oral diseases in children are quite common and common ailments that arise due to poor hygiene, decreased immunity, or injury.

The most common diseases of the oral mucosa in children are: stomatitis, thrush, pyoderma. It is also not uncommon for ailments to develop due to damage to the mucous membranes due to injury.

Stomatitis, which causes a lot of anxiety for a child, is divided into several types: acute aphthous stomatitis, chronic aphthous stomatitis and herpetic stomatitis.

Acute and chronic aphthous stomatitis can be classified as the most common ailments resulting from allergies or infections that affect the oral mucosa. The symptoms of these ailments are very pronounced: aphthae (defects of the mucous membrane), have a round shape, are covered with a whitish coating, and red rims can be seen along the edges of the lesions.

At chronic course Aphtha diseases can affect the mucous membrane in a mild form, or can cause significant damage to the child’s condition. In severe cases of the disease, many deep scarring aphthae form, which do not disappear for a long time. This oral disease is often accompanied by increased body temperature and pain.

Unlike aphthous stomatitis, herpetic is called a simple virus herpes. It's pretty dangerous illness, which indicates that the child’s immunity is very weakened. This disease is highly contagious and airborne by drip. Unfortunately, herpetic stomatitis cannot be cured. With the help of immunomodulators and antiviral drugs, it is possible to suppress the spread of viral cells, but it will not be possible to get rid of them completely.

This disease can occur in three forms: mild, moderate and severe. Unlike aphthous stomatitis, this disease has a rather long incubation period- more than two weeks from the moment of infection. The weaker the child’s immunity, the shorter the incubation period. In newborns, this disease can develop within a few days. How older child, those less likely infection with this virus due to acquired immunity.

Symptoms of acute herpetic stomatitis appear as follows: increased body temperature (the more severe the form of the disease, the higher the temperature). The mucous membrane of the mouth swells and becomes sensitive. The child experiences itching and pain. Next, small ulcers form on the tongue, gums or oral mucosa. If the form mild illness, then there are not many bubbles. In severe cases, almost the entire mucous membrane is affected, and ulcers can spread to the lips and skin around the mouth. With this disease, it is not uncommon for the gums to bleed and become inflamed, which requires immediate treatment. antiviral drugs. To avoid relapses, you need to strengthen the child’s immunity.

Another disease that is often diagnosed in infants is thrush. This disease is caused by a fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa. The symptoms of thrush are quite easily recognized: a white, cheesy coating on the tongue, gums, and mucous membranes of the mouth. This infection develops against the background low immunity and due to the very thin oral epithelium. Basically, this disease can begin due to poor hygiene when feeding and caring for the child. It is also not uncommon for children to become infected with thrush during childbirth, passing through infected birth canal mother.

Thrush must be treated. Candida fungus tends to grow uncontrollably, affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth. Under the white coating, the epithelium becomes vulnerable to other infections.

There are diseases of the oral cavity that are characterized by streptostaphylococcal lesions of the mucous membrane. This infection, pyoderma, can spread not only to the mucous membranes, but also to the lips and perioral area. This disease Most often diagnosed in children who have weakened immune systems. It is also not uncommon for pyoderma to occur as a result of an unbalanced diet or problems with the digestive tract.

This type of severe oral disease occurs in children who are sick diabetes mellitus. Metabolic disorders create favorable environment for reproduction pathogenic bacteria. The symptoms of this disease have a pronounced form: a rise in body temperature, a rash on the mucous membranes and skin in the form of small pustules. At severe forms many blisters form a dense crust, under which pus can accumulate. If this disease is not treated, it easily spreads throughout the body.

Also, do not ignore oral diseases that arise as a result of injuries and damage. For wounds and abrasions on the oral mucosa that may occur when brushing teeth, eating hard foods, medical intervention, the risk of infection by dangerous microorganisms increases. You should also be wary of infection dangerous infection due to failure to comply with hygiene rules when caring for an infant.

Almost all diseases of the oral cavity are accompanied by pain and increased body temperature. Parents should know that most children who suffer from such illnesses have weakened immune systems.

Oral diseases in children are associated with pathological processes, occurring in internal organs, weakening of the immune system, adverse effects external factors. The causes are dental pathologies, lack of oral hygiene, unsystematic use of medications, trauma to the mucous membrane due to eating spicy or too hot food, and dehydration.

The disease can also be triggered by hormonal disorders, deficiency of vitamins and minerals, infections of the ENT organs (whooping cough, scarlet fever, influenza, whooping cough, sinusitis), various viruses, fungi.

Types of inflammation of the oral mucosa in children

Oral diseases, depending on the reasons that caused their development, are divided into:

1. infectious;
2. viral or bacterial;
3. traumatic;
4. allergic;
5. fungal;
6. caused by concomitant diseases Gastrointestinal tract, ENT organs, cardiovascular and endocrine systems;
7. hereditary.

Stomatitis

Stomatitis of the oral mucosa is common in children. The disease is accompanied by redness of the mouth, a whitish coating on the tongue, inner surface cheeks, gums, unpleasant smell from the mouth, increased temperature. The child experiences pain and discomfort, refuses to eat, and becomes capricious and whiny.

General symptoms of diseases:

• bleeding yellow-white ulcers on the mucous tissues of the tongue, lips, cheeks, and gums;
• swelling and bleeding of the gums;
• increased secretion of salivary fluid;
• dry tongue;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the neck;
• painful sensations;
• loss of appetite;
• moodiness and tearfulness.

To relieve the inflammatory process and disinfect the affected areas, you need to rinse your mouth with antiseptic agents - a warm decoction of chamomile or sage, a solution of furatsilin, soda or hydrogen peroxide.

Herpetic stomatitis

The most common type of stomatitis is caused by the herpes virus. Acute form Herpetic stomatitis is a contagious disease. Children from 6 months to 3 years are especially susceptible to the disease. weak immunity. With age protective functions the body is strengthened and the likelihood of infection is reduced.

Symptoms of the disease in acute form:

1. body temperature often rises to 41ºС;
2. signs of general malaise - impotence, fatigue, headaches, pallor, increased painful sensitivity of muscles and skin;
3. lack of appetite;
4. nausea and vomiting;
5. swollen lymph nodes under the jaw and in the neck;
6. severe swelling and redness of the mucous tissues in the oral cavity;
7. a large number of ulcers on the inside of the lips, cheeks, gums and tongue;
8. in moderate and severe forms of the disease, the rash affects the outer skin around the mouth, earlobes and eyelids;
9. increased salivation;
10. bad breath;
11. bleeding gums;
12. dry and cracked lips;
13. V in rare cases – nosebleed due to a blood clotting disorder caused by herpesvirus.

For treatment, drug and local therapy are prescribed. Recommended medicines to improve immunity (gamma globulin injections, Lysozyme, Prodigiosan, herpetic immunoglobulin, etc.); funds general therapy– Diphenhydramine, Suprastin, Pipolfen, calcium gluconate, etc.

Local therapy for the disease consists of treating the oral cavity with agents that relieve painful sensations, preventing the spread of rashes, stimulating the processes of regeneration of damaged tissues.

Prescribed to destroy viruses various ointments(Oxolinic, Florenal, Heliomycin, Interferon, etc.). For antiseptic treatment, solutions of furatsilin, Etonium, Ethacridine, rosehip oil, Karatolin, Solcoseryl are used.

All dishes for feeding a child should be liquid or porridge-like (soups, broths, purees). To relieve intoxication it is recommended drinking plenty of fluids. Before eating, the oral cavity must be treated with an anesthetic (5% anesthetic emulsion), and after eating, rinse the mouth.

Aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis can be allergic or infectious nature, alternating between periods of remission and exacerbation. The first symptoms of the disease are fever (+39… +40ºС), restlessness and moodiness of the child, lethargy, dry mouth.

Gradually, the oral mucosa swells, turns red, and hyperemia of the mucous tissues increases. Aphthae appear on days 3-4 in the form of round or oval erosive formations ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm with a yellow or gray coating, surrounded by a red rim. They affect the tongue, lips, cheeks, and can be single or multiple. The disease is accompanied by pain in the mouth, migraine, loss of appetite, bowel dysfunction, and swollen lymph nodes. The duration of the disease is 2-3 weeks.

Candidal stomatitis

Candidal stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by Candida fungi. The disease begins with redness and swelling of the tongue, then a white cheesy coating appears on the mucous surface of the cheeks and lips. Under the plaque, ulcers and erosions form, which bleed and hurt.

The cause is a weakened immune system, and provokes the development of the disease and the spread of fungi dairy nutrition babies. For treatment, immunomodulatory drugs are prescribed, and the mouth is regularly treated with soda solution. Good for removing Candida fungi 2% solution boric acid, which is used to treat the oral mucosa 3 times a day.

Gingivitis or gingivostomatitis

Gingivitis is a disease associated with inflammatory processes occurring in the gums. It is a consequence of dental damage (caries, plaque or tartar). Often factors that provoke gingivitis may be vitamin deficiency, weakened immunity, hormonal imbalance, infections (herpes).

The disease is accompanied by pain that intensifies during eating and brushing teeth. The gums turn red, swell, become loose and bleeding. If the nature of the disease is infectious, then ulcerative or erosive formations may appear on the gums. Characteristic signs – bad smell from the mouth, copious discharge salivary secretion. Without proper treatment, the disease can be complicated by the development of periodontitis and tooth loss.

To prevent the disease, it is necessary to carefully care for the oral cavity (teeth, gums) - regular hygiene, timely removal of tartar. For treatment, mouth irrigation with infusions is prescribed medicinal herbs– chamomile, sage, plantain. To exclude various pathologies internal organs, you should be examined by a pediatrician.

Thrush in children

Thrush is caused by the pathogenic proliferation of fungi of the genus Candida, caused by weakened immunity due to various diseases, dysbacteriosis due to long-term use antibiotics. The disease most often occurs in infants and children under 1 year of age. The pathology appears in the form of a white cheesy coating in the mouth and throat.

A baby can become infected with a fungus during childbirth, if the mother has vaginal candidiasis or due to poor hygiene during subsequent care, if the intestinal microflora is disrupted, which is often found in babies in the first six months of life.

Treatment of the disease consists of treating the oral cavity with a solution baking soda. If thrush is antibacterial in nature, Nystatin or Levorin is prescribed. To increase the level of immunity and normalize the intestinal flora, the child is prescribed good nutrition With high content vitamins (groups B, C, A, nicotinic acid).

Treatment and causes of cheilitis in children

Cheilitis is an inflammation of the lips caused by infection of a wound on the lips resulting from injury (cut, burn, mechanical damage upon impact, fall, etc.). Also, the causative agents of the pathology can be herpes viruses, erysipelas or eczema. Oral disease can also be caused by vitamin B2 deficiency.

The disease is accompanied by swelling of the lip and impaired mobility; the mucous membrane of the oral cavity becomes red and painfully sensitive. Sometimes symptoms of general intoxication appear - weakness, headaches and muscle pain.

Zaeda or angular cheilitis is a subtype of cheilitis. The causative agents of the disease are streptococci or fungi. When caught, the corners of the mouth are affected by small but painful erosions, which crack and bleed when the mouth is opened, then become covered with crusts.

Antibiotics are prescribed to eliminate the infection. If an abscess forms, it must be opened and treated antiseptic. In case of inflammation of the labial glands, opening, drainage and cleaning of the infected areas are also indicated.

To treat a fungal infection, nystatin ointment is used, and a viral infection is treated with synthomycin emulsion or penicillin ointment. Vitamin B2 deficiency can be compensated for by consuming riboflavin. It is necessary to regularly clean the mouth, dishes and children's toys, use individual means hygiene (towel, washcloth, toothbrush, dishes).

Traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa

Traumatic stomatitis can be caused by various one-time injuries or constant mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa. In children, injuries occur due to toys, when falling or biting the tongue or cheek, due to wearing braces; In infants, gum damage may be caused by tooth growth. As a result, pustules, abscesses, ulcers or erosions form at the site of violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane. If there is no external infection in the wound, it heals quickly without side effects.

Treatment consists of eliminating the cause of the injury (the tooth fragment is removed or ground, tartar is removed, incorrect braces or dentures are corrected); wounds are treated with an antiseptic. If infection is present, anti-inflammatory drugs are additionally prescribed.

Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue

Glossitis is inflammatory lesion tongue, expressed in peeling of the skin layer and the formation of a whitish thickening in the form of a narrow strip. The affected surfaces are in the form of rings or semi-rings of a light red hue, sometimes merging into larger spots. This condition is called “geographical” tongue due to the loss of homogeneity of the surface of the organ and the similarity with geographical map. There are no other signs in the form of pain or discomfort, redness or swelling; in rare cases, a slight burning sensation of the tongue is felt.

The causes of the disease are unknown, treatment is not prescribed. It is recommended to rinse the mouth with soda solution or Citral.

Other types of diseases

There are many diseases of the oral cavity, the most common of which are discussed above. Also in medicine, such pathologies of the oral mucosa are described as infectious mononucleosis and viral warts.

Infectious mononucleosis is viral disease. Manifested by an increase (up to the size walnut) and soreness of the lymph nodes in the neck and under the jaw, the development of sore throat, stomatitis and changes in blood composition.

Infection occurs through the pharynx or nasopharynx and quickly spreads throughout lymphatic system and blood. The disease is accompanied by fever, headaches, drowsiness, lethargy and fatigue, nausea and vomiting. In young children, an increase in the size of the liver and spleen may be observed. The analysis shows an increase in leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes; atypical mononuclear cells also appear in the blood (15-30%).

Treatment of mononucleosis is aimed at relieving symptoms - prescribing painkillers and antipyretics, NSAIDs, vitamin and mineral complexes to boost immunity. As a local treatment for the disease, it is recommended to rinse the oronasal cavity with a solution of furatsilin. The patient is prescribed bed rest, isolation, high-calorie diet and plenty of fluids.

Viral warts in the oral cavity are neoplasms of benign etiology. There are flat and pointed ones. Most often they affect the inner corners of the mouth and the side walls of the tongue, less often they can appear on the gums, lips or outside mouth In most cases, they accompany warts on the hands or genitals.

Viral warts are treated Oxolinic ointment(3%), Bonafton (0.5%), Florenal (0.5%) and other antiviral ointments. Before applying the product, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse the mouth and brush the teeth.

Prevention of oral diseases

To avoid the development of various diseases of the child’s oral cavity, it is necessary to early childhood teach to follow the rules of care and hygiene - regularly brush your teeth, limit the consumption of sweets. Subsequently, children can be taught to use dental floss and rinse after each meal.

It is necessary to regularly, at least 2 times a year, visit the dentist with your child, treat caries in a timely manner, remove plaque and stones. Should be strengthened children's immunity hardening, physical exercise, swimming.

The child needs to be provided with adequate nutrition, rich in various vitamins and minerals. IN winter time should be given to the baby as prescribed by the pediatrician various vitamins. It is important to remember that it is always easier to prevent the development of a disease than to treat its consequences.

Each disease will be reflected in the physiological processes of the body.

It has long been proven that the symptoms of many diseases, especially infectious ones, can manifest themselves in the oral cavity, and this will be precisely the first signals of illness.

The manifestation of infections can be seen in both the oral cavity of an adult and a child. Young children are most likely to experience respiratory, herpetic infections and many others. So how do they manifest themselves in the oral cavity? And what should you pay attention to?

Childhood infections

ARVI in the oral cavity

In pediatric practice, acute respiratory diseases are widespread. ARVI is a common name that unites many infections with completely different pathogens, which include influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviral infections etc.

In the oral cavity, ARVI will have one general symptom- strengthening of the vascular pattern of the mucous membrane, its redness, swelling, the tongue becomes coated - covered with a coating of various shades.

When examining the mucous membrane, its granularity is noted. A few days before the first pronounced signs of a cold appear, the child’s regional lymph nodes become enlarged. Against the background of infection, stomatitis often develops, mainly candidiasis.

Enterovirus infection

Susceptibility to enteroviruses in children is quite high; children in age group from one to 10 years. And the occurrence of pathology is characterized by seasonality - spring-summer.

Viruses themselves can cause the development of many diseases - meningitis, enterovirus, herpangina.

With herpangina, from the very first days of the disease, the first manifestations appear in the oral cavity - small papules, literally a couple of millimeters.

Papules quickly turn into vesicles, surrounded in diameter by a red halo.

In just a couple of days, the bubbles open, forming surface erosions covered with a gray-white coating. Sometimes, the elements of the rash can merge with each other, which contributes to the formation of larger erosion.

Initially, the elements of the rash are extremely sensitive, but after that the pain goes away.

Herpangina and herpangina- two different nosological units, although they have somewhat similar symptoms.

Herpes infection

The causative agent of chickenpox is one of the herpes viruses. Chickenpox appears brightly clinical picture in the oral cavity.

A finely blistered rash appears on the mucous membrane, on the cheeks, gums, even the palate, which brings a lot of inconvenience to the child due to constant itching, and pain response to thermal stimuli.

Itching and scratching cause the frequent addition of a secondary infection to the formed skin erosions; subsequently, even minor injuries - pockmarks - may remain.

The mucous membrane is swollen and red. The papules quickly open, revealing erosions covered with plaque.

Elements of the rash also form on the red border of the lips with the formation of crusts. Herpetic stomatitis has the same symptoms.

In its course, three forms are distinguished - mild, moderate and severe, which directly reflect the severity of symptoms, the number of rashes and the patient’s well-being.

A severe form of herpetic stomatitis is treated within the walls of a hospital, due to serious condition child.

Having gone through all stages of development, papules form erosions that are difficult to treat and are often contaminated with secondary microflora, followed by inflammation.

Another manifestation of herpes zoster is herpes zoster, which manifests itself when the body encounters the virus a second time. Rash and vesicles appear along the sensory nerve fibers.

The disease most often manifests itself in adults, less often in adolescents who had chickenpox in childhood.

Shingles is characterized by an acute onset, a strong pain reaction, and rashes can appear along the sensitive branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Manifestation of scarlet fever in the oral cavity

The causative agent of this acute infection There will be hemolytic streptococcus type A, which has a toxic, septic and allergic effect on the child’s body.

The first symptoms of infection occur at the site of entry of the pathogen - the mucous membrane of the pharynx and pharynx.

Specific symptoms are recorded precisely on the tongue. At the beginning of the disease, the tongue becomes covered with a white coating.

After a couple of days, usually 3 - 4, it turns bright red. Due to the desquamation of the epithelium of the tongue and the smoothing of the papillae, dentists will talk about a varnished tongue. Against the background of smoothed filamentous papillae, the mushroom-shaped papillae of the tongue become clearly visible, due to which the tongue acquires a visual resemblance to a raspberry.

"Raspberry Tongue" - specific symptom scarlet fever.

Measles

The maximum number of cases is recorded in the autumn-winter period, and the source of infection will be a sick child.

The first symptoms of the disease: sharp increase body temperature, dry barking cough, rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Examination of the oral cavity shows hyperemia of the mucous membrane, its looseness and roughness.

A few days before the rash appears on the skin, in the mouth, on the hard palate, you can notice a small pink-red rash.

In the place of projection of the chewing group of teeth, gray-whitish dots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks small size, framed by a red rim.

Diphtheria in the mouth

Initially, diphtheria affects the pharynx, tonsils, and only then the mucous membrane of the gums.

During the examination, you may notice swelling, hyperemia, and in the area of ​​the tonsils and pharynx, the mucous membrane is covered with a dirty gray film.

After the film comes off, the erosive mucosa is exposed, which bleeds even with minor trauma. In addition to erosions, ulcers also form on the mucous membrane.

Fortunately, cases of diphtheria in our time are a casuistry; thanks to vaccinations, it was practically defeated.

How does rubella manifest?

First of all, the rash appears on the face, in the area of ​​the nasolabial triangle, and only then spreads to the whole body.

The development of rubella is associated with a special type of stomatitis - catarrhal.

When examining the oral cavity, spots of small diameter, the size of a match head, and pale pink color become noticeable.

The tongue is coated, but only for a couple of days, after which it is cleaned and becomes varnished.

The red border of the child’s lips is swollen and brightly colored, and after 4–5 days from the onset of symptoms, cracks may appear on the lips.

Adult infections

HIV infection

HIV infection is typical for people of any age, and can even be congenital.

All symptoms characteristic of infection are usually divided into three groups:

1. Symptoms directly associated with infection: persistent and difficult to treat oral candidiasis, leukoplakia, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, Kaposi's sarcoma;
2. Diseases salivary glands, bacterial infections, developing against the background of reduced immune defense;
3. Symptoms not related to infection.

All symptoms will resemble the manifestation of individual nosological diseases. And most importantly diagnostic criterion there will be no effect from treatment. And when making a diagnosis, it is important to consider nonspecific symptoms– increased body temperature, enlarged lymph nodes, loss of body weight.

Tuberculosis

In the oral cavity, secondary tuberculosis can manifest itself in two in different forms– tuberculous lupus or miliary ulcerative tuberculosis.

Most often, tuberculous lupus is located on upper lip, gum or palate. Specific manifestation infection will be lupoma - the primary element of the lesion is red in color, small in size. The tubercles are located in groups and are destroyed with the formation of erosions.

Patients with tuberculosis often complain of tooth mobility, and even their loss, due to destructive processes in the body of the jaw.

Due to swelling, the lips may be enlarged and covered with crusts. With a long-term process, scars may form at the site of the lesion.

Scars will contribute to the occurrence of deformations, most often the lips are subject to deformation, therefore, the function of proper speech production and eating is impaired.

Syphilis

Manifestations of primary syphilis in the oral cavity are localized at the site of entry of the pathogen. Total number elements do not exceed 2 - 3, and are mainly located on the lips, less often on the mucous membrane.

The formation of syphilitic chancre begins with redness of the mucous membrane and thickening of the area, followed by an increase in size.

At secondary syphilis, symptoms in the mouth and skin appear simultaneously, but there are exceptions to their rule.

Secondary syphilis manifests itself in two forms of syphilides - macular and papular.

Papular syphilide is a dense elevation above the mucous membrane, pale gray in color, with a velvety surface and noticeable fine granularity.

Papules are characterized by growth or, conversely, merging with each other. Spotted syphilide has a round shape, a smooth surface, and when they merge, limited erythemas are formed.

As a rule, tertiary syphilis does not have any manifestations in the oral cavity, but syphilides can be recorded with localization on the soft or hard palate, which grow deep into the periosteum and bone.

Gonorrhea

In the oral cavity, gonorrhea can manifest itself in completely different ways. In newborns who have received an infection from their mother, a special type of stomatitis, gonococcal, may be registered in the oral cavity.

The same symptoms are typical for homosexual men.

In the oral cavity, the mucous membrane is brightly colored, swollen, erosions and superficial ulcers are noticeable, and there is an abundant plaque of a purulent nature.

The soft palate, dorsum of the tongue, lips and gums are most often affected. Simultaneously with symptoms in the oral cavity, symptoms from the genitourinary system appear.

The body is a perfect system, and all processes in it are interconnected. Even before the onset of expressed clinical manifestations, the body signals about problems in its functioning.

The task of every person is to be able to recognize these signals and respond to them in a timely manner. Timely dental examinations will help achieve these goals.

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