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From previous publications we know about the abortifacient effect of hormonal contraceptives (GC, OK). Recently in the media you can find reviews of women who suffered from the side effects of OK, we will give a couple of them at the end of the article. To shed light on this issue, we turned to a doctor who prepared this information for the ABC of Health and also translated for us fragments of articles with foreign studies on the side effects of GCs.

Side effects of hormonal contraceptives.

The actions of hormonal contraceptives are the same as those of others medicines, are determined by the properties of the substances included in them. Most birth control pills prescribed for routine contraception contain 2 types of hormones: one gestagen and one estrogen.

Gestagens

Progestogens = progestogens = progestins- hormones that are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries (a formation on the surface of the ovaries that appears after ovulation - the release of the egg), in small quantities - by the adrenal cortex, and during pregnancy - by the placenta. The main gestagen is progesterone.

The name of the hormones reflects their main function - “pro gestation” = “to [maintain] pregnancy” by restructuring the uterine endothelium into the state necessary for the development of a fertilized egg. The physiological effects of gestagens are combined into three main groups.

1. Vegetative effects. It is expressed in the suppression of endometrial proliferation caused by the action of estrogens and its secretory transformation, which is very important for a normal menstrual cycle. When pregnancy occurs, gestagens suppress ovulation, lower the tone of the uterus, reducing its excitability and contractility (“protector” of pregnancy). Progestins are responsible for the “maturation” of the mammary glands.
2. Generative action. In small doses, progestins increase the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is responsible for the maturation of follicles in the ovary and ovulation. In large doses, gestagens block both FSH and LH (luteinizing hormone, which is involved in the synthesis of androgens, and together with FSH ensures ovulation and progesterone synthesis). Gestagens affect the thermoregulation center, which is manifested by an increase in temperature.
3. General action. Under the influence of gestagens, amine nitrogen in the blood plasma decreases, the excretion of amino acids increases, and the separation of gastric juice, the secretion of bile slows down.

Oral contraceptives contain various gestagens. For some time it was believed that there was no difference between progestins, but it is now known for sure that the difference is molecular structure provides a variety of effects. In other words, progestogens differ in spectrum and in the severity of additional properties, but the 3 groups of physiological effects described above are inherent to all of them. The characteristics of modern progestins are reflected in the table.

Pronounced or very pronounced gestagenic effect common to all progestogens. The gestagenic effect refers to those main groups of properties that were mentioned earlier.

Androgenic activity characteristic of not many drugs, its result is a decrease in the amount of “good” cholesterol ( HDL cholesterol) and increased concentrations of “bad” cholesterol ( LDL cholesterol). As a result, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases. In addition, symptoms of virilization (male secondary sexual characteristics) appear.

Explicit antiandrogenic effect only three drugs have it. This effect positive value– improvement of skin condition (cosmetic side of the issue).

Antimineralocorticoid activity associated with increased diuresis, sodium excretion, and decreased blood pressure.

Glucocorticoid effect affects metabolism: the body's sensitivity to insulin decreases (risk of diabetes), the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides increases (risk of obesity).

Estrogens

Another component of birth control pills is estrogens.

Estrogens– female sex hormones that are produced by the ovarian follicles and the adrenal cortex (and in men also by the testicles). There are three main estrogens: estradiol, estriol, estrone.

Physiological effects of estrogens:

- proliferation (growth) of the endometrium and myometrium according to the type of their hyperplasia and hypertrophy;

— development of genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics (feminization);

- suppression of lactation;

- inhibition of resorption (destruction, resorption) of bone tissue;

- procoagulant effect (increased blood clotting);

- increasing the content of HDL (“good” cholesterol) and triglycerides, reducing the amount of LDL (“bad” cholesterol);

- retention of sodium and water in the body (and, as a result, increased blood pressure);

— ensuring an acidic vaginal environment (normal pH 3.8-4.5) and the growth of lactobacilli;

- increased antibody production and phagocyte activity, increasing the body's resistance to infections.

Estrogens in oral contraceptives are needed to control the menstrual cycle; they do not take part in protection against unwanted pregnancy. Most often, the tablets contain ethinyl estradiol (EE).

Mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives

So, taking into account the basic properties of gestagens and estrogens, the following mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives can be distinguished:

1) inhibition of the secretion of gonadotropic hormones (due to gestagens);

2) a change in vaginal pH to a more acidic side (the influence of estrogens);

3) increased viscosity of cervical mucus (gestagens);

4) the phrase “ovum implantation” used in instructions and manuals, which hides the abortive effect of GC from women.

Commentary by a gynecologist on the abortifacient mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives

When implanted into the wall of the uterus, the embryo is a multicellular organism (blastocyst). An egg (even a fertilized one) is never implanted. Implantation occurs 5-7 days after fertilization. Therefore, what is called an egg in the instructions is in fact not an egg at all, but an embryo.

Unwanted estrogen...

In the course of a thorough study of hormonal contraceptives and their effects on the body, the following conclusion was made: unwanted effects associated to a greater extent with the influence of estrogens. Therefore, the lower the amount of estrogen in the tablet, the fewer side effects, but it is not possible to completely eliminate them. It was precisely these conclusions that prompted scientists to invent new, more advanced drugs, and oral contraceptives, in which the amount of the estrogen component was measured in milligrams, were replaced by tablets containing estrogen in micrograms ( 1 milligram [ mg] = 1000 micrograms [ mcg]). There are currently 3 generations of birth control pills. The division into generations is due to both a change in the amount of estrogens in the drugs and the introduction of newer progesterone analogues into the tablets.

To the first generation contraception include “Enovid”, “Infekundin”, “Bisekurin”. These drugs have been widely used since their discovery, but later their androgenic effects were noticed, manifested in deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair (virilization).

Second generation drugs include Microgenon, Rigevidon, Triregol, Triziston and others.

The most frequently used and widespread drugs are the third generation: Logest, Merisilon, Regulon, Novinet, Diane-35, Zhanin, Yarina and others. A significant advantage of these drugs is their antiandrogenic activity, most pronounced in Diane-35.

The study of the properties of estrogens and the conclusion that they are the main source of side effects from the use of hormonal contraceptives led scientists to the idea of ​​​​creating drugs with an optimal reduction in the dose of estrogens in them. It is impossible to completely remove estrogens from the composition, since they play an important role in maintaining a normal menstrual cycle.

In this regard, a division of hormonal contraceptives into high-, low- and micro-dose drugs has appeared.

Highly dosed (EE = 40-50 mcg per tablet).

• "Non-ovlon"
• "Ovidon" and others
• Not used for contraceptive purposes.

Low dosage (EE = 30-35 mcg per tablet).

• "Marvelon"
• "Janine"
• "Yarina"
• "Femoden"
• "Diane-35" and others

Microdosed (EE = 20 mcg per tablet)

• "Logest"
• "Mersilon"
• "Novinet"
• "Miniziston 20 fem" "Jess" and others

Side effects of hormonal contraceptives

Side effects from the use of oral contraceptives are always described in detail in the instructions for use.

Because side effects from the use of various birth control pills are approximately the same, it makes sense to consider them, highlighting the main (heavy) and less severe.

Some manufacturers list conditions that require immediate discontinuation of use if they occur. These conditions include the following:

1. Arterial hypertension.
2. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, manifested by a triad of symptoms: acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (decreased platelet count).
3. Porphyria is a disease in which hemoglobin synthesis is impaired.
4. Hearing loss due to otosclerosis (fixation) auditory ossicles, which should normally be mobile).

Almost all manufacturers list thromboembolism as a rare or very rare side effect. But this serious condition deserves special attention.

Thromboembolism- this is a blockage blood vessel thrombus. This is an acute condition that requires qualified assistance. Thromboembolism cannot occur out of the blue; it requires special “conditions” - risk factors or existing vascular diseases.

Risk factors for thrombosis (formation of blood clots inside vessels - thrombi - interfering with the free, laminar flow of blood):

— age over 35 years;

- smoking (!);

- high level of estrogen in the blood (which occurs when taking oral contraceptives);

- increased blood clotting, which is observed with a deficiency of antithrombin III, proteins C and S, dysfibrinogenemia, Marchiafava-Michelli disease;

- injuries and extensive operations in the past;

- venous stagnation with sedentary life;

- obesity;

— varicose veins leg veins;

- damage to the valvular apparatus of the heart;

- atrial fibrillation, angina pectoris;

- diseases of the cerebral vessels (including transient ischemic attack) or coronary vessels;

- moderate or severe arterial hypertension;

— connective tissue diseases (collagenosis), and primarily systemic lupus erythematosus;

- hereditary predisposition to thrombosis (thrombosis, myocardial infarction, disorder cerebral circulation the closest blood relatives).

If these risk factors are present, a woman taking hormonal hormones birth control pills, the risk of thromboembolism increases significantly. The risk of thromboembolism increases with thrombosis of any location, either currently present or suffered in the past; at suffered a heart attack myocardium and stroke.

Thromboembolism, whatever its location, is a serious complication.

	… coronary vessels →	myocardial infarction
	... brain vessels →	stroke
	... deep veins of the legs →	trophic ulcers and gangrene
	… pulmonary artery(TELA) or its branches →	from pulmonary infarction to shock
Thromboembolism...	… hepatic vessels →	liver dysfunction, Budd-Chiari syndrome
	… mesenteric vessels →	ischemic intestinal disease, intestinal gangrene
	...renal vessels
	... retinal vessels (retinal vessels)

In addition to thromboembolism, there are other, less severe, but still inconvenient side effects. For example, candidiasis (thrush). Hormonal contraceptives increase the acidity of the vagina, and fungi reproduce well in an acidic environment, in particular Candidaalbicans, which is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism.

A significant side effect is the retention of sodium, and with it water, in the body. This may lead to swelling and weight gain. Decreased tolerance to carbohydrates as a side effect of use hormonal pills, increases the risk of diabetes mellitus

Other side effects, such as: decreased mood, mood swings, increased appetite, nausea, stool disorders, satiety, swelling and tenderness of the mammary glands and some others - although not severe, however, affect a woman’s quality of life.

In addition to side effects, the instructions for the use of hormonal contraceptives list contraindications.

Contraceptives without estrogen

There are progestin-containing contraceptives (“mini-pill”). Judging by the name, they contain only gestagen. But this group of drugs has its own indications:

- contraception for nursing women (they should not be prescribed estrogen-progestin drugs, because estrogen suppresses lactation);

— prescribed for women who have given birth (since the main mechanism of action of the “mini-pill” is suppression of ovulation, which is undesirable for nulliparous women);

- in late reproductive age;

- if there are contraindications to the use of estrogens.

In addition, these drugs also have side effects and contraindications.

Particular attention should be paid to " emergency contraception". These drugs contain either a progestin (Levonorgestrel) or an antiprogestin (Mifepristone) in a large dose. The main mechanisms of action of these drugs are inhibition of ovulation, thickening of cervical mucus, acceleration of desquamation (squamation) of the functional layer of the endometrium in order to prevent the attachment of a fertilized egg. And Mifepristone has an additional effect - increasing the tone of the uterus. Therefore, a single use of a large dose of these drugs has a very strong immediate effect on the ovaries; after taking emergency contraceptive pills, there can be serious and long-term disturbances in the menstrual cycle. Women who regularly use these drugs are at great risk to their health.

Foreign studies of side effects of GCs

Interesting studies examining the side effects of hormonal contraceptives have been conducted in foreign countries. Below are excerpts from several reviews (translation by the author of fragments of foreign articles)

Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis

May, 2001

CONCLUSIONS

Hormonal contraception is used by more than 100 million women worldwide. Number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases (venous and arterial) among young people, with low risk patients - not smoking women from 20 to 24 years - observed worldwide in the range from 2 to 6 per year per million, depending on the region of residence, the estimated cardiovascular risk and the volume of screening studies that were carried out before prescribing contraceptives. While the risk venous thrombosis more important in younger patients, the risk of arterial thrombosis is more relevant in older patients. Among older women who smoke and use oral contraceptives, the death rate ranges from 100 to just over 200 per million each year.

Reducing the dose of estrogen reduced the risk of venous thrombosis. Third-generation progestins in combined oral contraceptives have increased the incidence of adverse hemolytic changes and the risk of thrombus formation, so they should not be prescribed as first-choice drugs for new users of hormonal contraception.

The judicious use of hormonal contraceptives, including avoidance of their use by women who have risk factors, is absent in most cases. In New Zealand, a series of deaths from pulmonary embolism were investigated, and the cause was often due to a risk that doctors had not considered.

Judicious administration can prevent arterial thrombosis. Almost all women who had a myocardial infarction while using oral contraceptives were either older age group, either smoked or had other risk factors for arterial diseases - in particular, arterial hypertension. Avoidance of oral contraceptives in these women may reduce the incidence of arterial thrombosis reported in recent studies from industrialized countries. The beneficial effect that third generation oral contraceptives have on lipid profile and their role in reducing the number of heart attacks and strokes has not yet been confirmed by control studies.

To avoid venous thrombosis, the doctor asks whether the patient has ever had venous thrombosis in the past to determine whether there are contraindications to the use of oral contraceptives, and what is the risk of thrombosis while taking hormonal medications.

Low-dose progestogen oral contraceptives (first or second generation) were associated with a lower risk of venous thrombosis than combination drugs; however, the risk in women with a history of thrombosis is unknown.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for venous thrombosis, but it is unknown whether this risk is increased by oral contraceptive use; thrombosis is rare among obese people. Obesity, however, is not considered a contraindication to the use of oral contraceptives. Superficial varices are not a consequence of pre-existing venous thrombosis or a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis.

Heredity may play a role in the development of venous thrombosis, but its significance as a high-risk factor remains unclear. A history of superficial thrombophlebitis can also be considered a risk factor for thrombosis, especially if it is combined with a family history.

Venous thromboembolism and hormonal contraception

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, UK

July, 2010

Do combined methods increase hormonal contraception(tablets, patch, vaginal ring) risk of venous thromboembolism?

The relative risk of venous thromboembolism increases with the use of any combined hormonal contraceptives (pills, patch and vaginal ring). However, the rarity of venous thromboembolism in women reproductive age means that the absolute risk remains low.

The relative risk of venous thromboembolism increases in the first few months after starting combined hormonal contraception. As the duration of taking hormonal contraceptives increases, the risk decreases, but it remains as a background risk until you stop using hormonal drugs.

In this table, researchers compared the incidence of venous thromboembolism per year in different groups women (calculated per 100,000 women). From the table it is clear that in non-pregnant and non-using hormonal contraceptives In women (non-pregnant non-users), an average of 44 (range from 24 to 73) cases of thromboembolism per 100,000 women were registered per year.

Drospirenone-containingCOCusers – users of drospirenone-containing COCs.

Levonorgestrel-containingCOCusers – using levonorgestrel-containing COCs.

Other COCs not specified – other COCs.

Pregnantnon-users – pregnant women.

Strokes and heart attacks when using hormonal contraception

New England Journal of Medicine

Massachusetts Medical Society, USA

June, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

Although the absolute risks of stroke and heart attack associated with hormonal contraceptives are low, the risk increased from 0.9 to 1.7 with products containing 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol and from 1.2 to 2.3 with using drugs containing ethinyl estradiol in a dose of 30-40 mcg, with a relatively small difference in risk depending on the type of progestogen included in the composition.

Risk of thrombosis of oral contraception

WoltersKluwerHealth is a leading provider of expert health information.

HenneloreRott – German doctor

August, 2012

CONCLUSIONS

Different combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have different risks of venous thromboembolism, but the same unsafe use.

COCs with levonorgestrel or norethisterone (so-called second generation) should be the drugs of choice, as recommended by national contraceptive guidelines in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and the UK. Other European countries do not have such guidelines, but they are urgently needed.

In women with a history of venous thromboembolism and/or known coagulation defects, the use of COCs and other contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated. On the other hand, the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and postpartum period much higher. For this reason, these women should be offered adequate contraception.

There is no reason to withhold hormonal contraception in young patients with thrombophilia. Pure progesterone preparations are safe with respect to the risk of venous thromboembolism.

Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

November 2012

CONCLUSIONS
The risk of venous thromboembolism is increased among oral contraceptive users (3-9/10,000 women per year) compared with non-pregnant and non-users (1-5/10,000 women per year). There is evidence that drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives have a higher risk (10.22/10,000) than drugs containing other progestins. However, the risk is still low and much lower than that during pregnancy (approximately 5-20/10,000 women per year) and in the postpartum period (40-65/10,000 women per year) (see table).

Table Risk of thromboembolism.

The word “hormones” evokes fear in 60% of modern women. This fact is not surprising: hormone therapy is indeed quite a serious and often not harmless treatment measure. The dangers of hormonal drugs are often talked about a lot, while their benefits are rarely remembered. But few people think that hormonal therapy can significantly improve a person’s quality of life, and sometimes even support this very life (for diabetes, thyroid diseases, bronchial asthma, etc.).

Are hormonal pills harmful?

Just as hormones differ from hormones, hormonal agents differ in the degree of positive and negative influence on the body. The balance of harm and benefit of hormonal drugs is determined by the type of hormone, its concentration, frequency, duration and method of application.

Yes, of course, hormonal drugs cause certain harm to the body. But, as a rule, they do not cause more harm to health than the disease for which this drug is used. Today there are diseases that cannot be treated without hormones.

Why are hormonal drugs harmful?

It is necessary to clearly understand that hormonal drugs of the 21st century cannot be compared with hormonal drugs of the 20th century. If our mothers associated the phrase “hormonal treatment” with overweight, swelling, cellulite, unnatural hair growth, then in our time such side effects are minimized. But it is important to understand that the harm from using a hormonal drug will be minimal only if it is selected correctly.

So, why are hormonal drugs harmful? To answer this question, you just need to read the instructions for use for a specific product. In the “Side Effects” section, as a rule, the entire range of possible (but not obligatory) side effects is indicated, among them the classic ones: metabolic disorders, weight gain, excessive hair growth, skin rashes, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract and more.

Harm and benefits of hormonal contraceptives

Hormonal therapy in women most often involves treatment with oral contraceptives (OCs), the main purpose of which is contraception, and therapeutic effect achieved as a positive side effect. Discussions about the benefits and harms of hormonal contraceptives have been ongoing for many years.

Some theorists and practitioners of medicine, including alternative medicine, are categorically against the use of medical practice hormonal contraceptives, since they cause irreparable harm to the female body in the form of: suppression of ovarian function, changes in the natural background of a woman, and dangerous side effects.

Another part of the experts claims, and numerous scientific research confirm that everything written above has nothing to do with modern OK. Huge doses of hormones contained in the first generations of hormonal preparations caused serious harm to the female body. Improved new generation OKs are different soft action on hormonal background due to maximum purification and minimal quantitative hormone content. While taking OK:

• the risk of developing inflammatory and oncological diseases of the uterus and mammary glands is reduced;
• Cosmetic problems are eliminated, skin and hair condition improves;
• the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases and mastopathy is reduced;
• the course of PMS is alleviated, the duration and pain of menstruation is reduced.

The benefit-risk ratio when taking hormonal contraceptive pills is clearly positive.

And on frequently asked question women: “Why are hormonal pills harmful?” we can give the following answer: in the absence of contraindications, subject to the correct diagnosis and correct selection of the drug - practically nothing. During the first three months of use (the period of adaptation to the drug), side effects are possible: nausea, headaches and dizziness, engorgement of the mammary glands, mood swings, decreased sexual desire.

To treat a wide range of diseases, various hormonal drugs are very often used, which, in addition to high efficiency, have a number of side effects.

If used incorrectly, they can be very dangerous and can also aggravate the patient's condition.

Harm of hormonal drugs: truth or myth^

Hormones are products of internal secretion that are produced by special glands or individual cells, released into the blood and distributed throughout the body, causing a certain biological effect.

In a healthy person, hormones are continuously produced by the endocrine glands. If a malfunction occurs in the body, synthetic or natural analogues come to the rescue.

Why you shouldn’t be afraid of hormones: benefits and harms

Treatment with hormones has been used in medicine for more than a century, but people still treat it with fear and mistrust. Despite the fact that the use of drugs containing hormones can reverse the course of a serious illness and even save lives, many consider them harmful and dangerous.

Patients of endocrinologists are often panicky about the word “hormones” and unreasonably refuse to take hormonal medications, fearing side effects such as excess weight gain and hair growth on the face and body. Such side effects actually occurred during treatment with first-generation drugs, since they were of low quality and contained too large doses of hormones.

But all these problems are a thing of the past - pharmacological production does not stand still and is constantly developing and improving. Modern medicines are becoming increasingly better and safer.

Endocrinologists, in accordance with the test results, select the optimal dose and regimen for taking the hormonal drug, which imitates the function of the gland as in a healthy person. This allows you to achieve compensation for the disease, avoid complications and ensure the patient’s well-being.

Today, hormonal drugs are produced, both natural (having a structure similar to natural hormones) and synthetic (having an artificial origin, but a similar effect). Depending on their origin, they are divided into several types:

• Animals (derived from their glands);
• Vegetable;
• Synthetic (similar in composition to natural ones);
• Synthetic (not similar to natural ones).

Hormonal therapy has three directions:

1. Stimulating - prescribed to activate the glands. Such treatment is always strictly limited in time or applied in intermittent courses.
2. Blocking - necessary when too active work glands or when unwanted tumors are detected. Most often used in conjunction with radiation or surgery.
3. Replacement - required for diseases that inhibit the production of hormones. This type Treatment is often prescribed for life, since it does not affect the cause of the disease.

The most common misconceptions about hormone therapy

Truths and myths about the dangers of hormones

Myth-1: Hormonal drugs are prescribed only as contraceptives

In fact, these drugs effectively fight many pathologies: diabetes, hypothyroidism, skin diseases, infertility, cancer and other ailments.

Myth-2: If your health improves, you can stop taking hormones

Such a misconception often cancels out the long-term work of doctors and provokes a rapid return of the disease. Any changes to the dosage schedule must be agreed with your doctor.

Myth-3: Hormone therapy is prescribed as a last resort in the treatment of serious illnesses

IN modern pharmacology There are many drugs of this composition for getting rid of diseases that do not pose a threat to the patient’s life, for example, acne in adolescents or erectile dysfunction in men.

Myth-4: During pregnancy, taking any hormones is contraindicated.

In fact, expectant mothers are prescribed such medications quite often, and stopping them on their own can lead to serious consequences. For example, when carrying out tocolytic measures or with hypofunction of the thyroid gland (replacement therapy).

Myth-5: When replacement therapy hormones accumulate in tissues

This opinion is also incorrect. A correctly calculated dosage does not allow an excess of these substances in the body. But in any case, they are easily destroyed and cannot remain in the blood for long.

Myth-6: Hormones can be replaced with other medications

If a deficiency of a certain hormone is diagnosed, then it is this hormone that needs to be taken to restore health. Some plant extracts have a similar effect, but they cannot fully replace endocrinological drugs. Moreover, their long-term exposure undesirable due to risk allergic reactions.

Myth-7: Hormones make you fat

Excessive fatness does not arise from hormones, but from hormonal imbalance and metabolic disorders, as a result of which nutrients begin to be absorbed by the body incorrectly.

Myth-8: In spring, the level of sex hormones increases

Human endocrine functions are subject to both seasonal and daily cycles. Some hormones are activated at night, others during the day, some during the cold season, others during the warm season.

According to scientists, the level of human sex hormones does not have seasonal fluctuations, however, with increasing daylight hours, the production of GnRH, a hormone with an antidepressant effect, increases in the body. It is he who can evoke feelings of love and euphoria.

Myth-9: Hormonal imbalance young people are not in danger

Hormonal imbalance in the body can occur at any age. The reasons are different: stress and excessive loads, past illnesses, unhealthy lifestyle, taking the wrong medications, genetic problems and much more.

Myth-10: Adrenaline is a “good” hormone, its sharp release benefits a person

Check your body fat %, BMI and other important parameters

Hormones cannot be good or bad - each is useful in its own time. The release of adrenaline really stimulates the body, allowing it to cope faster. stressful situation. However, the feeling of a surge of energy is replaced by a state of nervous exhaustion and weakness, because... Adrenaline directly affects the nervous system, sharply putting it on alert, which then necessarily causes a “kickback.”

Suffering and cardiovascular system: blood pressure rises, pulse quickens, and there is a risk of vascular overload. That is why frequent stress, accompanied by an increase in adrenaline in the blood, can lead to a stroke or cardiac arrest.

What are the types of hormonal drugs?

According to the method of action, hormonal drugs are divided into:

• Steroids: act on sex hormones and substances produced by the adrenal glands;
• Amine: thyroxine and adrenaline;
• Peptides: insulin and oxytocin.

Steroid drugs are the most widely used in pharmacology: they are used to treat serious diseases and HIV infections. They are also popular among bodybuilders: for example, Oxandrolone and Oxymethalone are most often used to give the body definition and burn subcutaneous fat, and Stanozolol and Methane are used to gain muscle mass.

In both cases healthy people the drugs cause irreparable harm, so it is not recommended to take them without indications. AAS are based on the hormone testosterone, and for women they are most dangerous: with long-term use, they may develop primary male sexual characteristics (virilization), and the most common side effect is infertility.

What side effects can occur from taking hormones?

Most often, side effects of hormonal drugs appear in the first two weeks after starting treatment in the form of the following ailments:

• Dizziness and nausea;
• Sweating;
• Shortness of breath, lack of air;
• Tides;
• Candidiasis;
• Drowsiness;
• Deterioration of blood composition;
• Virilization (when women take steroids);
• Hypertension;
• Intestinal dysfunction.

Very in rare cases long-term use“hormones” or their abuse can cause the development of cancer. To avoid this, you need to periodically undergo tests and do liver tests to monitor your health.

Side effects of hormonal drugs in women: what to watch out for ^

Side effects of hormonal contraceptives

When choosing hormonal method For contraception, it is important to take into account all the features of a woman’s hormonal status. Find out which hormone levels predominate in the body: estrogen or progesterone, whether there is hyperandrogenism (increased levels of male sex hormones), which ones there are concomitant diseases etc..

This method of contraception is used by women quite often, because considered one of the most effective. In most cases, no negative reactions occur, however, there are side effects of birth control pills that can occur if taken for a long time or incorrectly in violation of the instructions:

• Arterial hypertension;
• Anemia;
• Acute renal failure;
• Porphyria;
• Hearing loss;
• Thromboembolism.

The most popular birth control pills are: Qlaira, Regulon, Jess, Tri-Regol. On the contrary, Duphaston is most often used to treat infertility.

Microdosed hormone pills

Side effects of hormonal ointments

Most often, such ointments are used to treat skin diseases: dermatitis, vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen, as well as allergies with external signs. What side effects may occur due to ointments:

• Striae, acne;
• Atrophy of the skin treated with the product;
• Dilatation of blood vessels;
• The appearance of spider veins;
• Skin discoloration (temporary).

Prednisolone, which is available in the form of tablets or ointments, is considered the safest and most effective.

Hormonal drugs for menopause

Hormonal therapy for menopause helps improve lipid metabolism, alleviate hot flashes, reduce anxiety, increase libido and prevent the development of atherosclerosis, but should only be done under the supervision of a physician. What negative effects may occur during self-treatment:

• Sudden weight gain;
• Fluid retention in the body, the appearance of edema;
• Breast engorgement;
• Severe headaches;
• Stagnation of bile.

Hormonal drugs for bronchial asthma

Treatment of this disease hormones are prescribed in very rare cases for several reasons:

• Hormonal dependence and withdrawal syndrome may occur when therapy is stopped;
• Immunity is noticeably reduced;
• Increased bone fragility;
• The production of insulin and glucose is destabilized, which is fraught with the development of diabetes mellitus;
• Concerned about hair loss;
• Muscles weaken;
• Intraocular pressure increases;
• Fat metabolism is disrupted.

Of course, such a side effect does not always occur, but to avoid it, it is best to start treatment with weaker medications.

It is worth noting that almost all hormonal agents affect thyroid or adrenal hormones, so their use should be agreed with a specialist. In general, if the dosage regimen is followed, side effects occur very rarely, but such medications are still not prescribed unless absolutely necessary.

Reviews from doctors

Olga, 39 years old, endocrinologist:

“I often prescribe hormones to diabetics, but before that you need to pass all the tests to choose suitable drug. If a doctor recommends medications without test results, this indicates his incompetence.”

Daria, 43 years old, gynecologist:

“To prevent pregnancy, it is best to use oral contraceptives, and in some cases they also help stabilize hormonal levels. You can get pregnant only 1-2 months after stopping them; girls usually don’t have any problems with this.”

Ekaterina, 35 years old, therapist:

“When treating asthma, hormones are used very rarely and only when the disease has taken over. running form. In other cases, it is better to limit yourself to weaker medications.”

Text: Evgenia Bagma

Hormonal imbalance causes many problems in the body. And then hormonal therapy, which is widely used in medicine today, comes to the rescue. But at the same time, talk about the dangers of hormones for health does not stop. So what are hormones - a panacea or a harm?

The harm of hormones is primarily expressed in their imbalance, which negatively affects mood and behavior, and a little later can provoke the occurrence of serious diseases.

The harm of hormones and their benefits

ABOUT the harm of hormones first started talking about hormone replacement therapy, which became widespread in the mid-to-late last century, especially in the West. So, first of all, it began to be used to relieve the symptoms of menopause, treat diseases such as dwarfism, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, etc. Today there are two opposing opinions: someone believes that hormonal therapy is a benefit for humans (especially for women) , others talk about its dangers and believe that such therapy can provoke many diseases, as well as obesity.

The last statement has a right to exist - it has already been established that hormones can increase the likelihood of breast cancer, increase the risk of thrombosis, etc. At the same time, medicine does not stand still, and hormonal drugs used several years ago differ from modern drugs - they are manufactured using more advanced technologies and undergo a better degree of purification. Another example is hormonal therapy during menopause, which helps a woman maintain her shape during this difficult period and not gain weight. On the one hand, hormones really cope with this task, but on the other hand, if a woman has already begun to gain weight, they can, on the contrary, only accelerate weight gain. As for the development of cancer cells, combined estrogen-progestogen drugs can cope with this side effect.

One of the reasons why some doctors are of the opinion that hormones are harmful is because the dosage is unclear. The level of certain hormones in the human body is not a constant value, since during life and depending on various conditions their content can fluctuate greatly. Therefore, treatment should be prescribed very carefully, taking into account individual characteristics, constantly monitoring the increase or decrease in hormone levels. But, often, neither patients nor doctors have the opportunity or time for such careful monitoring, therefore, in most cases, only average doses are prescribed, which can lead to excessive use of hormonal drugs, and the harm from such therapy will be clear. At the same time, we should not forget that our body is quite smart and is capable of removing excess of certain substances on its own. But this only happens if everything internal systems it works without failures, which, alas, is rarely expected. In addition, hormonal drugs can simply become addictive, and the endocrine glands simply become “too lazy” to produce hormones on their own.

When is the risk of hormonal harm justified?

Hormone therapy is perceived as a last resort, life-saving measure, used only when all other methods have failed, and the risk of complications or consequences of the disease is higher than the risk of complications from hormonal treatment. It is very important that the medications are chosen correctly. The use of bioidentical hormones is recommended - they are a kind of “golden mean”. As for hormonal contraceptives, they should also be selected individually, taking into account the characteristics of the woman, the state of her hormonal levels and under the supervision of her doctor. For diseases upper sections Gastrointestinal tract, gastritis and ulcers, hormonal patches or quickly dissolving tablets are recommended so that penetration into the stomach can be avoided. The risk of hormonal harm is also greatly increased by disordered and long-term use medications are usually sufficient certain period in order for the balance to return to normal. Constant use of hormones is prescribed only if, for example, a woman has undergone surgery to remove an ovary.

The possible harm of hormones does not mean that they should be abandoned completely. You just need to use them only after consultation and under the supervision of a doctor, otherwise you may not only not help, but also greatly harm your body and worsen your health.

Hormonal drugs are a group medicines, which are used for hormone therapy. The effect of such drugs on the body has been studied well enough that it does not cause concern.

Features of hormonal drugs

Such a broad group as hormonal drugs includes the following categories of drugs:

• Contraceptives.
• Medicinal (drugs whose action is aimed at curing a disease caused by a deficiency of the hormone).
• Regulating (for example, to normalize the menstrual cycle).
• Maintenance (insulin for diabetics).

All drugs affect the body of men and women differently. It all depends on the general condition of the body, the presence of serious diseases and the state of the immune system.

Treatment drugs

This group is used for hormone therapy and is available in the form of tablets and ointments. Tablets treat serious illnesses caused by hormonal imbalances, and ointments have a local effect.

In girls experiencing a lack of hormone production, the skin suffers from cracks and wounds in winter period, since the synthesis of new cells is disrupted. To deal with such trouble. The doctor prescribes creams, ointments and lotions containing hormones. Typically, ointments contain corticosteroids, which are absorbed into the blood within a few hours.

Such drugs can seriously affect the body. Therefore, it is important to maintain the dosage and, when prescribing, immediately determine the duration of the course, since one wrong step can lead to complications of existing problems.

Regulatory drugs

Due to the lifestyle modern woman, deteriorating nutrition and polluted environment, many representatives of the fair sex experience menstrual irregularities. This can affect not only the sexual sphere of the body, but also general condition body. Hormonal imbalances can lead to the development of breast cancer, as well as infertility. The action of hormonal drugs can help solve problems.

However, before taking it, examination and tests are necessary. First, a blood test is performed for certain substances. He will be able to identify a lack of certain hormones or their excess. Such tests are quite expensive, but to solve problems it is necessary to start treatment in a timely manner. After identifying a deficiency or excess of hormones, regulation of their content begins. For this, courses of injections or tablets are prescribed. Properly selected oral contraceptives will help normalize the cycle without harm to health.

Any product containing hormones requires scrupulousness in determining the dosage, since it is quite easy to cross the line of the required dose. For example, exceeding the norm of progesterone can lead to hair loss, swelling and pain in the mammary glands.

Hormonal preparations can be made from naturally occurring hormones or they can be synthetically produced substances. For endocrine diseases, a course of hormonal therapy is aimed at normalizing hormonal levels and normalizing metabolic processes. Depending on the functional state of a particular gland, hormone therapy is conventionally divided into replacement, stimulating and blocking.

Negative effects of hormones

For the body of both men and women, the use of hormonal drugs can cause such unpleasant consequences, How:

• osteoporosis and ulcers of the mucous membrane of the duodenum and the stomach itself when taking glucocorticoids;
• weight loss and cardiac arrhythmia when taking thyroid hormones;
• too much sharp decline blood sugar when taking insulin.

Hormonal medications can give you osteoporosis

The effect of hormonal ointments on the body

Preparations containing topical hormones can vary greatly in the degree of effect on the body. Ointments and creams are considered the most powerful; gels and lotions contain lower concentrations. Hormonal ointments are used to treat skin diseases and allergic manifestations. Their action is aimed at eliminating the causes of inflammation and irritation on the skin.

Hormonal ointment is the safest of all drugs

However, if you compare ointments with tablets or injections, then their harm is minimal, since absorption into the blood occurs in small doses. In some cases, the use of ointments can lead to a decrease in the productivity of the adrenal glands, but after the end of the course of treatment, their functionality is restored on its own.

The effect of hormonal contraceptives on a woman’s body

The peculiarities of the influence of hormonal drugs on the human body are that many factors are perceived purely individually. The use of such drugs is not only an intervention in natural physiological processes, but also an impact on the functioning of body systems throughout the day. Therefore, the decision to prescribe hormonal drugs can only be made by an experienced doctor based on the results comprehensive examination and analyses.

Hormonal contraceptives can be produced in various forms and dosages:

• combined;
• mini-pill;
• injections;
• plasters;
• subcutaneous implants;
• postcoidal drugs;
• hormonal rings.

Combination medications contain substances similar to female hormones produced by the ovaries. To be able to choose the optimal medicine, all groups of drugs can be monophasic, biphasic and triphasic. They differ in the proportions of hormones.

Knowing about the properties of gestagens and estrogens, we can identify certain mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives:

• reduction in the secretion of gonadotropic hormones due to the effects of gestagen;
• increased vaginal acidity due to the influence of estrogens;
• increased viscosity of cervical mucus;
• Each instruction contains the phrase “ovum implantation,” which represents a veiled abortifacient effect of the drugs.

Since the advent of the first oral contraceptives, debates about the safety of the drugs have not subsided, and research in this area continues.

What hormones are included in contraceptives?

Typically, hormonal contraceptives use progestogens, also called progestins or progestogens. These are hormones that are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries, in small quantities by the adrenal cortex and during pregnancy by the placenta. The main gestagen is progesterone, which helps prepare the uterus in a state favorable for the development of a fertilized egg.

Another component of oral contraceptives is estrogen. Estrogens are female sex hormones produced by ovarian follicles and the adrenal cortex. Estrogens include three main hormones: estradiol, estriol and estrogen. These hormones are necessary in contraceptives to normalize the menstrual cycle, but not to protect against unwanted conception.

Side effects of hormonal drugs

Each drug has a number of side effects that may occur; when these occur, a decision is made to immediately discontinue the drug.

The most frequently reported cases of side effects of hormonal drugs are:

• Arterial hypertension.
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. It manifests itself with disorders such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure.
• Porphyria, which is a disorder of hemoglobin synthesis.
• Hearing loss due to otosclerosis.

All manufacturers of hormonal drugs indicate thromboembolism as a side effect, which is extremely rare. This condition is a blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot. If the side effects outweigh the benefits of the medication, it should be discontinued.

Side effects of oral contraceptives are:

• amenorrhea (lack of menstrual flow);
• headaches;
• blurred vision;
• changes in blood pressure;
• depression;
• weight gain;
• soreness in the mammary glands.

Studies on side effects of oral contraceptives

In foreign countries, studies are constantly being conducted on the side effects of hormonal drugs on a woman’s body, which have revealed the following facts:

• Hormonal contraceptives are used by more than 100 million women in different countries.
• The number of deaths from venous and arterial diseases is recorded at 2 to 6 per million per year.
• The risk of venous thrombosis is important in young women
• Arterial thrombosis is relevant for older women.
• Among women who smoke and take OCs, the number of deaths is about 100 per million per year.

Side effects of oral contraceptives

The influence of hormones on the male body

The male body is also seriously dependent on hormones. A man's body also contains female hormones. Violation of the optimal balance of hormones leads to various diseases.

Excess or lack of estrogen leads to decreased testosterone production. This can cause problems:

• in the cardiovascular system;
• with memory;
• age-related gynecomastia;
• decreased immunity.

If the balance of hormones is disturbed, a course of hormonal therapy is necessary to help avoid further deterioration of health.

Progesterone has a calming effect on the male nervous system and helps men suffering from premature ejaculation, solve sexual problems.

The normal content of estrogen in the male body has a number of beneficial properties:

• conservation optimal level"good cholesterol";
• pronounced muscle growth;
• regulation nervous systems s;
• improvement of libido.

With an excess of estrogen, the following is noted:

• suppression of testosterone production;
• female-type fat deposits;
• gynecomastia.
• Erectile dysfunction;
• decreased libido;
• depression.

Any of the symptoms is extremely unpleasant, so do not hesitate to visit a doctor. A competent specialist will be able to conduct a full examination and prescribe a course of medications that will significantly improve the condition of the body.

The level of development of modern medicine makes it possible to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Proper use contraception guarantees that a woman has the right to have a child when she is ready for it.

Type of contraception	Pros	Cons
Hormonal	Effective protection against unwanted pregnancy, reducing the risk of ectopic pregnancy, malignant neoplasms in the reproductive system, normalization of the cycle, improvement of skin condition, prevention of infertility, can be taken continuously	Side effects, contraindications, does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, requires organization - taking medications should not be skipped
	Reliability, one-time use	High concentration of hormones, limited number of doses, likelihood of complications and side effects
Emergency non-hormonal	Ease of use, low cost	Lack of efficiency

For nulliparous women A properly selected contraceptive is not dangerous. Analyze harm and benefit of birth control pills is necessary taking into account the characteristics of a particular drug. These medications are taken only after consultation with a gynecologist-endocrinologist.

Action

Oral contraceptives (OCs) contain essential hormones that regulate the uterine cycle and a woman's ability to conceive a child. The composition is:

• combined (COCs) - based on estradiol and progesterone;
• mini-pills - based on progesterone.

Based on the concentration of hormones, combination drugs are:

• microdosed;
• low-dose;
• medium dose;
• highly dosed.

Depending on the content of hormones, OCs are divided:

• to monophasic (the content of estradiol and progesterone in all tablets is the same);
• biphasic (tablets contain a constant amount of estradiol and the amount of progesterone varying depending on the day of the cycle);
• triphasic (the amount of estradiol and progesterone in tablets corresponds to the day of the menstrual cycle).

Advantages modern drugs in the absence of side effects (weight gain, neoplasms, body hair growth) that were observed with the first oral contraceptives. These drugs appeared in 1960 and contained large amounts of female hormones.

The latest generation of hormonal mini-pills are recommended for women over 35 years of age for whom estrogens are contraindicated. Even smoking patients are allowed to take them. Bleeding between menstruation is not an indication for discontinuing the contraceptive.

Small doses of hormones contained in OCs have a therapeutic and preventive effect:

• prevent the development of malignant tumors of the reproductive system and infertility;
• regulate the uterine cycle;
• facilitate premenstrual syndrome;
• relieve pain during menstruation;
• improve skin condition.

Birth control hormonal pills are prescribed to a woman special conditions:

• in a mini-pill;
• COCs are included in therapeutic measures after artificial termination of pregnancy or miscarriage;
• OK for uterine cycle disorders, for the prevention of endometriosis (proliferation of the inner layer of the uterine wall), in the treatment of mastopathy.

What consequences may arise if canceled?

Earlier hormonal contraceptives required a mandatory break of several months every 3 years of use. Modern OCs can be taken for a long time; their withdrawal affects the body in different ways.

Positive

Already in the first months after discontinuation of the OC, a woman has the opportunity to become pregnant. While taking hormonal drugs, the body creates favorable conditions to conceive a child: the ovaries are rested, the uterus is prepared for bearing a fetus. Birth control pills do not pose a threat to the life of the unborn child. But if pregnancy occurs while taking a contraceptive, it must be stopped immediately.

Negative

In some cases, when stopping hormonal pills, women cannot become pregnant. In this case, gynecologists recommend that the patient undergo an examination to exclude the presence of inflammation. infectious diseases, malignant neoplasms in the uterus. In the absence of pathologies, a woman can plan a pregnancy.

Sometimes, after discontinuing OCs, women begin to experience skin problems, mood swings, depression, and disruption of the uterine cycle. They associate these phenomena with the development of dependence on the drug. steroid hormones. Negative reactions develop only in the case of an incorrectly selected contraceptive, so the choice is made by the doctor and regularly monitors the patient’s condition. Dependence does not develop while taking OCs.

Contraindications

The benefits and harms of birth control pills can only be determined by a specialist. The doctor will choose best condition health, regularity of sexual activity and other factors. OCs will definitely cause harm in the following pathologies:

• liver and kidney diseases;
• hypertension;
• diabetes mellitus;
• thrombosis;
• cardiac ischemia;
• arthritis;
• lupus erythematosus.

At depressive disorders, migraines, varicose veins, PMS, birth control pills can be taken under medical supervision.

Oral hormonal contraceptives are reliable and safe method. They should only be selected by the attending physician. This will help avoid negative consequences and ensure reliable protection from unwanted pregnancy. OCs are used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents.

Necessary substances for normal functioning organs human body. They are usually produced naturally. But if, as a result of a disease, there are not enough of these substances in the body, the doctor may prescribe special medications created either on the basis of natural hormones or substances produced synthetically. Their goal is to restore hormonal balance.

Although hormone treatment is effective means In the fight against a number of diseases, some people are wary of this type of treatment. This happens either because of rumors or because of the effects of drugs.

Types and areas of application of hormonal drugs

Experts divide hormone therapy into 4 main types:

• Contraceptives that are an addition or alternative to condoms. Despite the fact that the drugs may be ineffective during the period of colds, they can effectively protect a woman from unwanted pregnancy.
• Treatment drugs are aimed at combating certain disease. For example, a number of hormonal agents in the form of tablets and ointments are used to normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland and eliminate the consequences of disruption of its functioning. Also, taking hormones can be prescribed by a doctor for cracks and wounds in the skin caused by insufficient formation of new cells.
• Regulatory measures are aimed at preventing menstrual irregularities, the consequences of which can be the development of breast cancer or infertility. Only before starting such treatment, an examination is recommended that will help identify the deficiency or excess of the hormone that caused the disease in order to prescribe the drug correctly.
• Insulin used in therapy severe forms diabetes mellitus is also a hormone.

Depending on the method of exposure to the body, the following hormonal medications are distinguished:

• substitutive (replenishing the missing substance);
• stimulating (encouraging the gland to release more of the hormone it produces);
• blocking (used when there is an excess of the substance).

Some negative consequences of using hormones and the reasons for their manifestation

People's memories of the times of treatment with first-generation hormonal drugs have not completely faded. They gave a noticeable side effect, manifested in significant weight gain, the appearance of hair in unwanted places or swelling of the body. In modern versions of these drugs, such manifestations are minimized. But there are some points that need to be taken into account in order for therapy to bring more benefit than harm.

First, you must follow the schedule and dosage of the drug prescribed by your doctor. , described in the annotations for medications, are usually the result of an overdose or improper use. When using contraceptives, it is worth remembering that if you miss a pill, the effect of the drug stops for at least a day. Therefore, it is necessary to use other methods of protection during this entire time. The consequence of carelessness in this matter can be an unwanted pregnancy.

Secondly, it is important to carefully monitor your physical and emotional state, especially if you notice negative consequences hormonal treatment, such as:

• increased blood pressure;
• feelings of nausea associated with disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract;
• headaches;
• allergic reactions on the skin;
• metabolic disorders;
• problems in emotional state;
• the appearance of excess weight for no apparent reason.

In such situations, it is necessary to reconsider the dosage or method of administration of the medicine. In case of bright severe symptoms taking hormones, the drug should be replaced with an analogue. In case of allergic reactions, problems with blood vessels, rapid weight gain, you should stop taking the hormone immediately.

Thirdly, you need to be careful when combining such drugs with antibiotics, tranquilizers or analgesics. So before you start joint reception medications, you must either consult a specialist or read the instructions for use. If you ignore this point, then best case scenario one of the medications you are taking simply will not work. At worst possible severe violations functioning of the stomach, accompanied by vomiting.

There are some groups of people for whom such treatment is contraindicated:

• overweight people, since the negative consequences of taking pills can aggravate the problem;
• smokers, since hormones do not have the desired effect in combination with tobacco;
• malignant neoplasms, or a recent operation to remove a tumor may cause you to refuse such therapy and choose a different way of caring for your health;
• , which is widely used by women, should not be used during pregnancy, since the consequences of treatment will manifest themselves in the form of miscarriage or fetal pathology;
• persons with venous diseases, fibroadenoma, breast cyst, vascular thrombosis should also think about alternative methods treatment of illness;
• The combination of hormones with alcohol is unacceptable, so if the patient is not ready to control this area of ​​his life, it is better for the doctor to prudently consider other methods of treatment.

We must remember that some hormonal drugs can be addictive, so you should not use them unless necessary. And if the prescribed treatment does not bring improvement in the condition within the prescribed period, it should be abandoned.

Some patients take treatment with hormonal drugs lightly, considering it unnecessary to adhere to a stable schedule for taking the medication. The consequences of taking it may be a decrease in the effectiveness of therapy, and even the occurrence of some side effects.

Myths about hormone treatment

There are some misconceptions about hormones that can affect treatment choices. For example, some people believe that this is how severe cases of disease are treated, while forgetting the first purpose of such drugs -. Under the influence of such ideas, you may miss the opportunity to gently correct the situation at the initial stages of the development of the disease, without causing the problem to worsen.

A common misconception is that hormonal drugs accumulate in the body over time. Considering the peculiarities of the body’s natural supply of these substances and the prescription of medications, this is simply impossible.

Since the use of hormonal drugs for treatment is accompanied by a number of side effects, some consider it obligatory to completely replace these medications with other types of therapy, for example, medicinal herbs. However, experts advise to be careful in this matter. Since not all hormones have worthy and equally effective analogues.

Each treatment method has its own advantages, disadvantages and contraindications that must be taken into account. Therefore, before making a decision about treatment, it is important to consult a doctor, undergo the necessary examinations and take tests to determine your hormonal levels. After passing the examination, it is important to apply the specialist’s recommendations based on the individual characteristics of the body.

Contrary to popular belief, hormonal drugs have wide range applications: from stabilizing the menstrual cycle and preventing unwanted pregnancy to restoring the functioning of certain organs (for example, the thyroid gland) or maintaining the life of a patient with diabetes.

Modern medicine has tried to minimize the side effects of hormonal drugs. But as a precaution, when taking these medications, you should follow the established dosages and timing of treatment with a specific drug. And if side effects or lack of a positive effect of therapy are noticed, the approach and treatment methods need to be reconsidered. Only a doctor can correctly prescribe treatment, or replace it with another, if necessary.

Medicines that contain natural or artificial hormones must be taken at various reasons, and more often women do this. We drink them when we are afraid of getting pregnant or, on the contrary, we really want to conceive a child, and the hormones also help cope with menopause, acne and even cancer. However, many ladies are still afraid of this terrible word, depriving themselves of many opportunities. When are hormonal pills appropriate? Let's consider important points.

Effect of hormonal pills

The vast majority of processes occurring in the body in one way or another involve hormones produced by glands and responsible for both metabolism in general and many individual functions, such as growth, reproduction, processing of substances. The human body constantly monitors the presence of hormones in the blood and, if there is a lack of them, tries to increase production, which means a change in the function of the gland. With the help of hormonal pills, you can restore balance in the functioning of the systems.

Contraceptive drugs have an effect on the body as a whole. Long-term use of these pills reduces the risk of cancer by about 50 percent. In addition, hormones help make the cycle in the female body more regular, and the periods themselves often become less unpleasant. The drugs also help in eliminating acne, which is often a sign of hormonal imbalance.

Indications and contraindications

Hormones are prescribed different situations, but the main points are:

1. Endocrine diseases.
2. Deficiency in the production of hormones by the body (drugs are used for stimulating effects to restore the previous hormonal balance, often this is done to normalize the menstrual cycle in the body and restore the ability to conceive a child).
3. Problems with the female reproductive system (hormonal substances normalize the menstrual cycle, stop dysfunctional bleeding from the uterus, promote ovulation, and bring the body to the hormonal balance required for conception).
4. Mastopathy or fibroids (to reduce the rate of cell division in the mammary glands and uterus).
5. Contraception.
6. Acne, pimples.
7. Menopause (to restore balance in the body and prevent the occurrence of arterial hypertension, osteoporosis and other problems).

There are also general contraindications, here they are:

1. Smoking.
2. Increased blood clotting.
3. Cardiovascular diseases.
4. Excess weight.
5. Liver and kidney failure.
6. Migraines with focal neurological symptoms.
7. Pregnancy or breastfeeding.
8. Increased risk thrombosis.
9. Hormone-dependent diseases.
10. Oncology.
11. Vaginal bleeding.
12. Diabetes mellitus.
13. Pancreatitis.

Side effects

Hormones can cause side effects in the body that include unwanted hair growth, skin problems and more. When taking birth control, they can range from unpleasant discharge and swelling of the mammary glands to allergic reactions, you can still gain weight sharply. Immediate withdrawal of the drug often does not have the desired effect, since the effects of hormones can be prolonged and the body will need some time to return to normal. normal condition.

Types of hormonal pills

The drugs are divided into groups of hormones:

• glands of the adrenal cortex, which include glucocorticosteroids, used to combat allergies and inflammation, and also as painkillers.
• The thyroid gland is used if it produces them in small quantities or, conversely, too much.
• sexual, which include androgens, estrogens, gestagens.
• anabolic drugs.
• pituitary gland, such as oxytocin and human chorionic gonadotropin.
• pancreas, one of which is insulin.

Use of hormonal drugs

Hormonal drugs are used in cases where the human body is not able to provide for itself required quantity hormones. This type of therapy is called replacement therapy, since the patient is forced to resort to it for a long time, which can often extend throughout the remaining years. Medicines containing glucocorticoids are used to combat allergies.

Contraceptives

Contraceptives are one of the most the right ways avoid unwanted pregnancy. Their method of action is the influence of female hormones on the reproductive system in order to prevent ovulation and conception. The choice of drug should be made by a gynecologist; when using an incorrectly selected contraceptive, many health problems may arise, including liver disease and vein thrombosis. Let's look at which birth control pills are the most popular:

• "Diana is 35." This is an oral contraceptive with a low hormone content. In addition to direct contraception, it is used to treat seborrhea, problems with high level male hormones in the female body, acne and polycystic ovary syndrome. The drug affects ovulation, protecting against unwanted pregnancy. After stopping taking the hormonal drug, the girl can become pregnant again.
• "Lindynet 20". Modern remedy the latest generation of contraceptives. These tablets contain completely insignificant hormonal doses, which reduces the side effects to nothing. Already after three months of taking the drug, normalization of the cycle is noted, menstruation becomes less unpleasant. The likelihood of endometriosis, uterine or ovarian cancer, and mastopathy is reduced.
• "Jess." Birth control pills are an effective way to combat acne, oily facial skin, because it counteracts male sex hormones. Gynecologists often prescribe Jess contraceptive pills to girls over 14 years of age in order to combat acne and eliminate especially painful menstruation. The peculiarity of the hormonal drug is that it cannot affect weight in any way.
• "Regulon". This drug contains gestagen and ethinyl estradiol, which jointly act on the pituitary gland; the hormones make cervical mucus thicker and ovulation more difficult, which prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilization.
• "Janine." The tablets, which are a monophasic combined contraceptive, contain gestagen and ethinyl estradiol, which thicken the cervical mucus and affect ovulation, preventing sperm from fertilization.
• "Midiana". It is an oral contraceptive based on drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol, which affect the endometrium. Suppresses ovulation and prevents egg fertilization.

Estrogens

The level of estrogen hormones is significantly higher in women. There are three types:

• estrone, produced during menopause;
• estradiol, produced by all women of reproductive age;
• estriol, produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

But sometimes the level of estrogen does not correspond to the norm, this happens due to bleeding, problems with bearing a child, infertility, the presence of tumors in the reproductive system and breasts. Estrogens include the following drugs:

• "Dermestril." Contains estradiol and is used during menopause, eliminating hot flashes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, urogenital atrophy, problems with sleep and mood.
• "Divigel". Has as active substance estradiol This drug is distinguished by its beneficial effect on the development of specific female organs, such as fallopian tubes, mammary ducts. It has a positive effect on the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and normalizes menstruation. In large doses, the hormone can reduce lactation and produce endometrial hyperplasia.

Thyroid gland

Levothyroxine sodium and triiodothyronine are thyroid hormones. If their level in the body decreases, this leads to consequences such as atherosclerosis, decreased cognitive function, excess weight gain, and anemia. In the absence of diagnosis and treatment, problems with the thyroid gland can occur even in young people and result in dysfunction of other organs, apathy, and loss of strength.

Thyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone. After passing through the kidneys and liver, it affects the growth and development of tissues in the body, as well as metabolism in general. Thyroxine affects the metabolism of fats and proteins, increases oxygen consumption, and improves the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. With increased doses and long-term use, it affects the functioning of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

How to take hormonal pills correctly

If the doctor decides to prescribe hormones, do not argue, but listen. He will prescribe a course of examinations to make sure that hormonal drug you can drink it and there will be no harm to the body, and then he will determine the dosage. If you are going to take birth control, then consult a gynecologist. Having done a hormone test and found out which one is missing, the doctor will be able to prescribe a remedy. The gynecologist also examines the breasts for the presence of cancer, since hormonal drugs are not prescribed for tumors.

How to take contraceptives? In a certain order, once a day, for relief, the days of the week are indicated on the blister; it will be difficult to make a mistake or miss a dose. The first tablet should be taken on the 1st day of menstruation or on the 5th, if it was not possible earlier. You shouldn’t do this later, as there will be a risk of getting pregnant. Don't forget or skip your daily intake. One blister is designed for a month, there are tablets for continuous use, and there are tablets for 21 days (with a break of a week).

For breast enlargement

It is considered undeniable that the shape and size of female mammary glands depend on genetic factors. At the same time, we should not forget that female breast influences female hormone estrogen. Some hormonal pills affect its production, which leads to changes in size. This effect is exerted by prolactin, which acts on estrogen receptors in the breast, and progesterone, which promotes the growth of breast tissue.

Taking hormonal medications requires a careful approach; only your doctor will tell you what dosage you need. So, there are hormones that you can take 4 times a day with an interval of 4 hours. It is worth noting that it would not be superfluous to use a special cream to enlarge the bust; in addition, taking such drugs requires attentive attitude to the diet. In order not to lead to the production of testosterone, you should forget about sweets and starchy foods, and reduce your protein intake.

For pregnancy

To determine the hormones that can help in conceiving a child, you will have to take urine and blood tests, which will allow you to understand the state of the body. The ovaries produce estradiol, which is involved in preparing the uterus for conception, as well as testosterone, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, responsible for the production of eggs. Male testosterone with its elevated level in the female body, it makes conception difficult, interfering with the normal course of pregnancy.

Progesterone, sometimes called the maternal hormone, is essential for the development of the baby in the womb. Conception is due to the normal function of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland. The latter is responsible for prolactin, which stimulates lactation and ovulation, and for luteotropin, which controls the production of estrogen in the female body. If conception does not occur for a long time, women are sometimes prescribed Femoston: it contains estradiol and dydrogesterone, which normalize and maintain the necessary hormonal levels. This drug is a mixture of estrogen and progesterone.

For weight gain

Taking hormonal medications can lead to weight gain. This is used by athletes who want to increase muscle mass, using steroids, which include corticosteroids and sex hormones. They are banned in Russia, which forced them to look for other methods, one of which turned out to be somatostatin, a growth hormone that can increase muscle mass.

However, you should be careful: hormones for weight gain should not be used without medical supervision. The doctor prescribes them for people with anorexia, exhaustion, and excessively thin. The drug “Duphaston” is very common: it was created for women who want to get pregnant, but for those who want to gain weight, it is perfect. Hormonal drugs are prescribed after consultation with an endocrinologist, who determines the dosage of the drug.

For acne

Hormone therapy is effective for acne. Taking hormone-containing medications will prevent excessive sebum production. However, you need to be careful because they can lead to worsening mood, weight gain and headaches as a side effect. At the end of the course, acne may return, and to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to use antibacterial drugs simultaneously, preferably not antibiotics, but natural substances.

Subcutaneous fat is formed with the participation of androgens, which are most actively produced female body during menstruation. This leads to the appearance of acne on the skin on such days. This phenomenon can be eliminated by using hormonal pills containing progesterone and estrogen, which will help the body maintain the balance of androgens. For this purpose, it is often prescribed birth control contraceptives, such as “Jess”: take them in a course, one tablet a day.

Which drugs to choose

Often, women make decisions about choosing a hormonal contraceptive based on advertising or what their friends say. Similar situation unacceptable, because only a gynecologist after all necessary tests, examination of the body may recommend any of the remedies. If you decide to choose a hormonal drug yourself, then it may not only not have the desired effect, but also cause harm to your health, even fatal outcome.

Video

In the TV show, the obstetrician-gynecologist will tell you how and at what point hormonal contraceptives act on the body, and why you should not be afraid to take the drug. The doctor explains why birth control drugs are good in the fight against acne, how they prevent cancer of the uterus and ovaries, and also explains the benefits of the intrauterine ring and IUD for the treatment of certain gynecological diseases, for example, endometriosis.

Contraceptives for acne