Date: December 18, 2014

DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF CATS AND DOGS.

Bazhina D.V. – graduate student

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, Kirov

Every year more and more more people have pets - cats and dogs. A huge variety of breeds - from simple mongrels to rare breeds. Very often, pet owners turn to veterinary clinics for help for their pets. Most of them come with complaints of diseases of the reproductive system.

Purulent-inflammatory diseases reproductive organs carnivores have been and continue to be one of the pressing problems of modern veterinary gynecology. In recent years, due to the increase in the number of inflammatory diseases in females, increasing attention has been paid to the search for optimal ways solutions to this problem.

The problem under study is relevant for dogs and cats kept at home, and for bitches actively used in breeding in nurseries. Keeping dogs and cats in apartments, lack of necessary exercise, forced control of sexual cycles and pregnancy seriously affects the gynecological condition of the animal.

As a result of the analysis of the literature on this topic, the following can be highlighted.

All diseases of the reproductive system can be divided into:

• Vaginal diseases
• Uterine diseases
• Ovarian diseases
• Neoplasms of the reproductive system of dogs and cats

Vaginal diseases.

Vulvitis is an inflammation of the vulva (the external genitalia of the female).

Vulvovaginitis is inflammation of the vulva and vagina. The disease occurs due to mechanical influences and the development of microflora, as well as hormonal disorders. With these diseases, the external genitalia of the female swell, the skin and mucous membranes turn red, and bloody or mucopurulent discharge is possible.

This disease occurs with hormonal disorders, after childbirth, with injuries, or infection in the genital tract.

Vaginal prolapse (vaginal prolapse). This condition usually occurs during estrus and is associated with increased secretion of hormones, which leads to swelling of the vaginal mucosa. A tumor-like formation appears from the swollen loop, which irritates and leads to the formation of ulcers on the mucous membrane. At the onset of the disease, a slight protrusion of the vagina may appear only occasionally, especially during urination, or be repeated with each void. Over time, the mucous membrane of the prolapsed part of the vagina dries out, becomes injured, bleeds, and undergoes ulceration and necrosis.

Diseases of the uterus.

Diseases of the uterus are divided into chronic and acute. Chronic diseases include endometritis, glandular cystic hyperplasia, and sometimes hydro- and hemometra.

Endometritis is inflammation of the uterine mucosa. According to the nature of the exudate and the manifestation of the disease, chronic catarrhal, chronic purulent-catarrhal and chronic latent endometritis are distinguished.

General clinical signs are as follows:

Copious discharge of mucopurulent or bloody nature;

Gradual increase in abdominal volume;

Lethargy, poor health;

Increased thirst;

Increased amount of urine;

Rapid heartbeat;

Decreased appetite and vomiting.

Chronic purulent catarrhal endometritis develops from acute postpartum purulent catarrhal endometritis or as a complication of chronic catarrhal endometritis. Mucopurulent exudate mixed with blood is released from the genital organs. The uterus is enlarged without rigidity with fluctuation, which is detected by palpation through the abdominal wall. The vaginal mucosa and the mouth of the cervix are swollen and severely hyperemic. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Chronic catarrhal endometritis develops, as a rule, from acute postpartum endometritis, after coitus as a result of infection. In this case, there is a discharge of cloudy, flaky mucus from the genitals, often mixed with blood in dogs. In the vagina, striped hyperemia of the mucous membrane and mucous exudate are detected; the cervix is ​​open. The motor function of the uterus is reduced or not observed at all upon palpation through the abdominal wall. Sexual cycles are not disrupted. After mating, fertilization does not occur in the animal.

Chronic latent endometritis is a type of chronic catarrhal with mild structural changes in the uterine mucosa.
With this disease, reproductive cycles are not disrupted and fertilization does not occur after mating. The cervix is ​​closed and opens during estrus.

Pyometra (endometritis-pyometra complex, glandular cystic hyperplasia - endometritis-pyometra complex) is a disease of adult dogs and cats, characterized by inflammation of the uterine mucosa with the accumulation of pus in its cavity, usually developing in the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle. Most authors associate the occurrence of pyometra with hormonal changes with simultaneous intrauterine infection.

This disease develops from chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal endometritis when the cervical canal is closed by a greatly expanded and swollen mucous membrane. In this case, the reproductive cycles are disrupted, the abdomen enlarges, the general condition of the animal worsens, the body temperature sometimes rises, sometimes purulent exudate is released from the genital slit, in dogs, as a rule, with a small admixture of blood.
In animals with pyometra, palpation reveals a tense bladder, which can be confused with a full bladder. For differential diagnosis it is necessary to perform catheterization of the bladder.

Ovarian diseases .

Most often, both cats and dogs develop cysts on the ovaries.

Cysts are cavities formed in the ovary from unovulated mature follicles, corpora lutea, etc.

Follicular cysts develop from Graafian follicles. The diameter of individual cysts is from 1 to 5 centimeters; they can also merge into groups with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Moreover, the cysts that form them are small and are not connected by cavities with other cysts.

Clinically, follicular cysts are manifested by prolonged estrus with bloody vaginal discharge, mammary gland hyperplasia and fibroleiomyoma of the genital organs.

In cats, excess estrogen can cause prolonged estrus, nymphomania, and aggressiveness.

Luteal cysts differ from follicular cysts in that they inner surface lined with a layer of luteal tissue. They are rich in progesterone.

(photo taken at the veterinary clinic "True Friend")

In terms of their physiological effect on the body, they do not differ from the corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle.

Follicular and luteal cysts are formed in the absence of ovulation due to insufficient secretion of luteinizing hormone at the beginning of sexual heat. The follicles develop rapidly, but do not ovulate, but continue to enlarge. Then, depending on the action of the luteinizing factor, the formation of a luteal or follicular cyst occurs.

A corpus luteum cyst is formed from the corpus luteum after ovulation. Such cysts account for about 2% of all cases of cysts. Their diameter is 1.5-3 cm in diameter. They contain cavities filled with progesterone.

They are not pathological formations.

Paraovarian cysts develop from the remnants of the mesonephric (Wolfian) or paramesonephric ducts. They are more common in dogs than in cats and are located between the ovary and the uterine horn.

Neoplasms of the reproductive system of dogs and cats. Tumors of the external genitalia and vagina. These tumors usually arise in the genitourinary vestibule and in the vagina itself. Benign tumors are characterized by a round shape, a smooth surface and often hang on a stalk, while malignant tumors are often characterized by the discharge of bloody mucus from the genital opening. The animal often licks the vulva.
Symptoms: in addition to those indicated, restless behavior and frequent urination are characteristic.

Tumors of the uterus. This type of neoplasm is relatively rare. The disease is often asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is made by a doctor after detecting a tumor by palpation.

Ovarian tumors. These tumors are more common than uterine tumors.
Symptoms: the animal loses weight, the coat loses its shine, the hair is tousled.

As a result of the analysis of the data I collected from June to December 2014, the following can be highlighted.

During this period, 12 dogs and 4 cats were identified with diseases of the reproductive system.

One dog was identified with clinical signs of vaginitis - miniature pinscher, Belka, age 9 years. Every estrus, this dog experiences the development of vulvitis, which is manifested by swelling, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes. Mucous and bloody discharge is released from the vagina, which causes anxiety and pain to the animal. According to ultrasound diagnostic data, an additional diagnosis was made - chronic endometritis.

In most cases, cats have chronic latent endometritis. In dogs, in turn, chronic purulent-cateral endometritis occurs more often.

As a result of the analysis of data on uterine diseases in dogs, 4 out of 12 had clinical signs of pyometra, which were confirmed after extirpation of the uterus. Two dogs had the most severe general condition with an increase in temperature to 40ºC. Bloody-purulent discharge from the vagina was observed in a small amount. Enlarged uterine horns during ultrasound examination with accumulation of exudate inside. In most cases, in dogs with endometritis and pyometra, the clinical symptoms are: fever, purulent discharge from the vagina. Purulent discharge from the vagina is not always observed, since the cervix may be closed. The absence of discharge can make diagnosis difficult, so additional tests such as ultrasound are required.

The reasons for the development of pyometra can be: endometrial hyperplasia, which is caused by progesterone; bacterial infection of the uterine cavity. Not only animals that have given birth are predisposed to these diseases, but also animals that have never given birth. The reason for this may be misuse hormonal drugs when controlling sexual heat in animals.

Thus, we can highlight the following: the most common diseases of the reproductive system in cats are in first place hidden chronic endometritis, in second place - pyometra.

In dogs, endometritis is most common, and pyometra is less common. The most severe disease is pyometra.

The causes of the development of diseases may also be improper maintenance, feeding, lack of exercise, the use of hormonal drugs for the correction of sexual behavior, disorders in hormonal level animals.

Literature.

1. Allen V. E. Complete course of canine obstetrics and gynecology. (Second edition revised and expanded by Gary K.W. England.) / Trans. from English O. Suvorov. – M.: Aquarium-Print LLC, 2006. – P. 171-191.
2. Niemand H.G., Suter P.F. Diseases of dogs. Practical guide for veterinarians (organization veterinary clinic, examination, diagnosis of diseases, treatment) 8th ed./Trans. from German, 2nd edition. - M.: “Aquarium-Print”, 2008. – P. 624 -649.
3. http://kinlib.ru/

Contraception for dogs

Estrus in females is a natural process, its presence indicates that the dog is ready to mate and bear offspring. Estrus is characterized by swelling of the external genitalia and bloody discharge from the loop, a change in the dog’s behavior, especially from the 9th day of estrus, when favorable period for conception. Normal estrus in dogs occurs twice a year.

In young animals, estrus usually occurs between 6 and 12 months of age. In small breeds of dogs and Russian greyhounds, it usually occurs at 12 months. In setters and drathhars at 6–8 months.

Complete absence estrus or its manifestation more often than twice a year indicates hormonal disorders and requires treatment.

Estrus in dogs causes many problems. A failed hunt. Stained carpets and upholstered furniture, flocks of male dogs on a walk. Animals often run away. Pregnancy from a mongrel is a blow to the owner’s nerves and the health of the animal. False pupishness also causes a lot of trouble. Contact sexual diseases are especially dangerous. There are two ways out of this situation:

• Sterilization- reliable, but it's abdominal surgery. Sterilized animals are lazy, prone to obesity, and lose their excitement;
• Contraception- reliable, and just an injection. It eliminates estrus completely and does not affect the character and working qualities of the animal. Leaves the possibility of obtaining offspring.

There are many contraceptives for animals on the Ukrainian market, but not all of them are of good quality and very often do not give the expected effect. Many of them are also not harmless to animals. For more than 2 years, drugs have been used in Ukraine and Russia active substance, which is prolygestone. The drug is practically harmless, inexpensive, and easy to use. Stops estrus with a one-time injection for 5-6 months, which is convenient if there is an exhibition, a vacation trip or hunting. With constant use of the drug, approximately twice a year, there is no estrus at all. There is also no false greed. Drugs in this group are also used to treat prolonged estrus, lactation disorders, false pregnancy, uterine bleeding. The drug is well tolerated and is 100% effective. The drug has been successfully used in Ukraine by veterinarians for more than two years.

Caution: the dose and regimen of use should only be determined by a veterinarian. The animal must be examined for pyometra*.

Contraindications: pyometra.

* Pyometra - literally "uterus filled with pus." The disease occurs against the background of hormonal disorders in the animal’s body and the presence of pathogenic microflora in the female genital tract.

Sexual diseases in dogs

Congenital diseases of the external and internal genital organs in dogs are genetic diseases that are transmitted to offspring from parents. The carrier of the damaged gene can be either a male or a female. Genetic diseases of the genital organs of dogs include: cleft prepuce in males and genital cleft in females, cryptorchidism in males, underdevelopment of the uterus in females. The complete absence of estrus in a female dog may indicate underdevelopment of the ovaries. Animals with congenital pathologies, as well as sires that produce offspring with pathologies, are considered breeding defects and cannot be used for breeding.

Non-union of the external genitalia It is usually discovered by breeders during the first two weeks after the birth of puppies. These defects can be corrected surgically, but it is better to euthanize such a puppy.

Cryptorchidism- genetic disease, characterized by the absence of one or both testes in males. In male dogs, the testes are brought out (into the scrotum) because the temperature of sperm maturation is 1–2 degrees lower than the animal’s body temperature. The disease occurs in all breeds of dogs. It cannot be treated. It is almost impossible to remove the testicle outside (into the scrotum) surgically. Because the testis is underdeveloped, the spermatic cord is short and its length is not enough to lower the testis into the scrotum.

Pseudocryptorchidism more common in small breeds of dogs (dachshunds, spaniels, welsh terriers). In this condition, one or both testes exit through the inguinal ring but do not descend into the scrotum. The testes are located in the groin area and can be easily felt under the skin. This defect is corrected surgically, if the length allows. spermatic cord. If the spermatic cord is short and correction is not possible, the testis is removed, because with age it can degenerate into a tumor.

Sexual contact diseases

Inflammation of the genital organs in dogs is common. The disease can be caused by various microflora (Trichomonas-like, coccal, fungal). Dogs are most often infected through sexual contact. Diseases are common genitourinary systems s and in puppies. In this case, the infection enters the genital tract during the birth of a puppy, from an infected bitch. Inflammation of the genitourinary system affects both females and males.

Clinical signs: Yellow-green mucus is released from the genitals, the genitals are slightly swollen, the hair around is sticky, the dog licks itself often and for a long time. Sometimes there is frequent urination (cystitis) and inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Dog owners consult a doctor, as a rule, in advanced cases when there are already complications. Diagnostics: carried out on the basis clinical signs and laboratory research.

Treatment: prescribed by a veterinarian.

Transmissible genital sarcoma in dogs

Transmissible genital sarcoma in dogs is also known as venereal sarcoma, as it is transmitted exclusively through sexual contact.

Transmissible sarcoma affects both males and females aged 1 to 8 years. Most often, the tumor occurs in dogs leading a stray lifestyle or in those dogs whose owners allow free mating with stray animals.

The tumor is transmitted by living cells, which, during sexual intercourse, break off from the tumor and are implanted on the mucous membrane of the partner’s genitals. The tumor develops from the moment of infection to the appearance of clinical signs from 2–8 months. The first clinical signs are spotting from the genitals, which the owners of bitches take for the beginning of estrus. As a result, owners of bitches usually present with advanced forms of the disease 1.5–3 months after the appearance of discharge. The owners of male dogs contact in the first weeks of the appearance of discharge, so they have running forms the disease almost never occurs.

The tumor is located on the mucous membrane of the genital organs. It is a loose red mushroom-shaped formation on a wide base.

The tumor is not nourished by large blood vessels, but the network of small vessels is very developed; the tumor bleeds when touched.

Often in advanced cases, small areas of the tumor die and fester, causing inflammation of the surrounding tissues. When it grows strongly or is located close to the genital slit, the tumor falls out, and the animal gnaws it out with its teeth. In this case, there arises heavy bleeding, which can only be stopped by urgently operating the animal.

Transmissible genital sarcoma

Tumor cells can implant on the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and the conjunctiva of the eyes. This apparently occurs when infected animals are sniffed and licked by healthy ones. It is problematic to perform surgery in the nasal cavity of dogs. Sick animals die within a year.

The tumor does not metastasize. If the operation is performed on time and efficiently, then relapses are not observed.

Diagnosis: determined by a veterinarian based on clinical examination dogs.

Treatment: by surgical intervention.

Prevention: Avoid mating with stray dogs.

Cases from practice

The first time I encountered the disease transmissible sarcoma was when I was still a novice doctor. At that time, information about dog diseases was very difficult to obtain. There was little literature, and there were no specialists in this field at all. I had to do everything at my own peril and risk. The dog was brought to me with severe bleeding from the vagina. The animal showed all signs of blood loss. Weak breathing, rapid heartbeat and pale mucous membranes. It was impossible to operate on the animal in this condition. Something had to be done. The only thing that came to my mind was to tightly pack the vagina with tampons moistened with ether for anesthesia. This is what gynecologists sometimes do to stop bleeding. I put the dog on a drip and gave all the necessary injections. After two hours, I carefully removed the tampons, the bleeding was not significant. Two days later I operated on the dog. After sitting in the library of the institute all day, I managed to find information about this disease in the materials of a medical conference on oncology. It turned out that by studying this tumor, doctors different countries have been doing this for over 40 years. As it turned out, the dog had had a tumor for about 4 months. At first, the owners thought the dog was in heat. When they went to the veterinary hospital, they were told that it was cancer and the dog would die anyway. After 4 months, the tumor had grown to such a size that it fell out of the vagina. The dog chewed it out and began bleeding heavily. After asking the owners, I found out that six months ago the dog ran away during heat. Judging by the fact that she gave birth to puppies, she was mated to a street male. Another case occurred with a male fox terrier. The dog was young - 3 years old. The owners complained about persistent runny nose at the dog. Someone told the owners that it was a plague. It immediately seemed suspicious to me that the dog had discharge from only one nasal passage. This indicated non-communicable disease. I decided that a foreign body had gotten there. I tried to rinse the nasal passage and prescribed treatment. A month later, the owners contacted me again; the dog had the same symptoms, to which was added swelling in the area of ​​the back of the nose. I sent them for x-rays. The picture clearly showed that foreign body no, the bones and cartilages of the nose are not deformed. The tumor was located deep in the nasopharynx. It was impossible to operate in this area. We decided to treat with medication. I prescribed cytostatics - drugs that inhibit and stop growth cancer cells. The drug did not stop the growth of the tumor. The dog died a year later. The dog became infected when he ran away from home after a female dog in heat and was absent for 3 days.

ANDROLOGICAL DISEASES

Andrology is a branch of urology in veterinary medicine that studies diseases of the genitourinary organs of males.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland, manifested in acute or chronic form. This frequent illness in adult males. Prostatitis occurs due to penetration and impact on prostate tissue pathogenic microorganisms and protozoa, primarily staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio, Trichomonas and chlamydia. Infectious agents can be introduced with blood or lymph from purulent and inflammatory foci of the whole body, for example, with pneumonia, abscesses and others, and also enter into prostate gland for inflammatory processes in the urinary and reproductive systems. Predisposing factors are venous stasis (stagnation of contents in the vessels) and stagnation of secretions in the gland itself, which is facilitated by hypothermia and overheating of the body, lack of exercise, unbalanced feeding and a decrease in general resistance.

Prostatitis manifests itself in the following forms:

• catarrhal- clinical signs are poorly expressed or absent, only frequent urination, mainly at night, when the veterinarian palpates the gland through the rectum, pain is detected, and an increased content of leukocytes is detected in the secretion during analysis;
• purulent- secret analysis reveals an increased content of leukocytes, pyogenic microflora, and sometimes protozoa;
• parenchymal- pain on palpation of the prostate gland, body temperature can sometimes rise slightly;
• fibrinous- severe pain in the perineal area and during urination, the animal’s state is depressed, with severe pain - agitation, body temperature is elevated, urination is frequent and painful;
• mixed.

The diagnosis of prostatitis is made comprehensively, taking into account clinical signs and results laboratory research urine, including its microscopy. The animal needs to create comfortable conditions maintenance, eliminate the causes of hypothermia and normalize feeding. The diet includes an increased amount of vitamins and microelements. Carry out regular and short exercise. From medications good effect give broad-spectrum antibiotics and sulfonamides. Soreness of the prostate gland is eliminated with the help of analgesics - analgin, spazgan, baralgin and others.

Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of the testes. It occurs due to injury or infection of the testes and surrounding tissues. At the same time, the male’s ability to fertilize the female decreases or disappears. Acute orchitis is manifested by general depression with rare attacks of anxiety, increased body temperature, swelling and increase in the size of the scrotum and severe tenderness of one or both testicles. The male moves slowly and carefully, spreading his hind limbs wide when walking.

Chronic inflammation of the testes is rarely recorded, mainly during an exacerbation of the process or when the connective tissue grows in the testicles, and the testes begin to increase in size and harden excessively. In the acute form of orchitis, it is advisable to create peace for your pet, as well as provide warmth and light massage in the area of ​​​​the testicles. Use broad-spectrum antibiotics that can be given orally. In the chronic form, treatment is ineffective.

Penis bone fracture

This pathology occurs as a result of injuries received by the male during mating or in fights between animals. A penile bone fracture is recognized by the presence of severe pain, crepitus (a rustling sound like the rustling of dry leaves) during palpation and difficulty in catheterizing the external part of the urethra. The diagnosis can be confirmed by X-ray examination. For a simple fracture of the penile bone, a urethral fistula is inserted to speed up the healing process. The dog is given rest, nutrition and vitamins. In severe cases, with complicated fractures or fragmentation of the soft tissues of the penis, amputation of the penis is recommended.

Inflammation of the prepuce

Males very often develop inflammation of the head of the penis and the inner layers of the prepuce. The disease is caused by bacterial and fungal contaminants, and sometimes by protozoa. Upon visual inspection of the brush fur in the area of ​​the hole foreskin are discovered purulent discharge or dried crusts from them. From the hole in the prepuce, yellowish-white or greenish pus is periodically released in drops, sometimes mixed with blood. The mucous membrane of the penis and prepuce are very red, swollen, sometimes with hemorrhages.

Regularly irrigate the penis and the surface of the prepuce disinfectant solutions(furacilin, potassium permanganate, rivanol and others) and subsequent introduction into a clean preputial sac of antiseptic liniments, suspensions and ointments, which are used 3-4 times a day for 5-7 days. When body temperature rises, broad-spectrum antibiotics are additionally prescribed.

OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES

This group of diseases includes diseases that occur in postpartum period, and as a result of infection of the genital organs of females.

Postpartum vulvitis, vestibulitis and vaginitis

Postpartum diseases of the genital organs are caused by injuries, use of birth canal and into the uterine cavity of substances that irritate the mucous membrane and introduce infection with hands and instruments. These include inflammation of the vulva - vulvitis, inflammation of the vestibule of the vagina - vestibulitis, inflammation of the vagina - vaginitis. These diseases are characterized by an acute or subacute course and can manifest themselves in serous, catarrhal, purulent or necrotic forms.

Clinical signs of pathologies of this kind is the dog's posture: it raises its tail, strongly arches its back, and is worried. There is frequent urination with moaning. The external genitalia are swollen and very painful when palpated. A liquid, cloudy, yellowish-pink exudate with unpleasant smell. The mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule is swollen, severely hyperemic, and sometimes there are ulcers, wounds, erosions, and hemorrhages. The tail and skin of the outer labia must be washed with solutions of disinfectants and astringents: potassium permanganate 1: 10,000, furatsilin 1: 5000, 3-5% ichthyol and others, bandage the tail and tie it to the side. Solutions are injected into the vagina using a catheter or rubber bulb.

Liquid should not flow into the uterine cavity. To do this, position your pet so that rear end the body was slightly lower than the front. Antimicrobial emulsions, liniments and fat-based suspensions (syntomycin liniment, 5% furazolidone suspension and others) are introduced into the vaginal cavity. When the temperature rises, the veterinarian prescribes intramuscular antibiotics from the penicillin group, cephalosporins, inoglycosides, chloramphenicol and others.

Postpartum eclampsia

Postpartum eclampsia - acute nervous disease, manifested sudden attacks and clonic-tonic convulsions. Presumably, the causes of eclampsia may be errors in protein and mineral feeding of animals, a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood, toxicosis, hypersensitivity the mother's body to metabolic products secreted by the fetus and placenta, or to the products of lochia and the maternal placenta.

Approximately 85% of all cases of eclampsia in bitches occur during lactation (in the first 2 weeks) and 15% during lactation. last days pregnancy. Dogs of small and medium breeds (poodle, dachshund, fox terrier, cockers and others) are predisposed to the disease. The first sign of the disease is anxiety: the dog becomes agitated, fearful, trembles, whines, runs back and forth. After 15-20 minutes, coordination of movements is impaired, then the back of the body is paralyzed, the eyes roll back and the animal falls and can no longer rise on its own. Tonic-clonic convulsions appear. The dog lies on its side, its neck is extended, its mouth is open, its tongue hangs out and foamy saliva flows out. Body temperature remains almost unchanged. The bitch reacts to any external stimuli by intensifying the attack. With some effort, you can bend the limbs at the joints with your hand, but then they quickly return to their original extended position.

The attacks last 5-30 minutes, repeat after several hours or days and then suddenly stop. In the intervals between seizures, the animal does not show any signs of illness. A sick dog needs to be created following conditions- rest, isolation in a dimly lit room, exclusion of external stimuli and noise. During a seizure, the animal must be protected from injury and no medications should be given by mouth. During treatment, it is better to separate the bitch from the puppies for 24 hours or more, using artificial feeding. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to prevent mastitis.

For the treatment of postpartum eclampsia, the bitch is prescribed the following drugs: intravenously 10% solution of calcium gluconate or calcium borogluconate in a dose of 3-15 ml; intravenous 5-40% glucose solution; intravenously or intramuscularly 25% solution of magnesium sulfate; neuroleptics or tranquilizers; cardiac drugs.

Ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts are round, cavity-like formations that develop from unovulated follicles or from the corpus luteum. Follicular cysts are common. They can be single or multiple, small or large. Cystic degeneration of follicles occurs due to a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. In this case, the ovulation process is disrupted, and the unopened follicle can turn into a cyst. Depending on the number and size of cysts, their hormonal activity in females, the rhythm of the sexual cycle may be disrupted - nymphomania (abnormally increased sexual arousal) appears. Ovarian cysts often accompany various lesions of the uterus (endometritis and others).

The symptoms of this pathology depend on the hormonal activity of the cysts. The period of proestrum and estrus (protracted empty space), or nymphomania, may lengthen. With nymphomania, the vulva is swollen, discharge from it may be reddish or light in color, and is often absent. Sexual arousal and hunting are noted, but fertilization does not occur during mating. The diagnosis is made by a veterinarian based on palpation through the abdominal walls of large follicular cysts and vaginal cytological examination. Used for treatment intramuscular injections hormones for 3 days. Sometimes surgery will be effective.

Endometritis

Inflammation of the uterine mucosa - acute endometritis is more often recorded in postpartum period. Acute catarrh the endometrium develops due to certain reasons: retention of the placenta, use of substances in the birth canal and uterine cavity during childbirth that destroy or precipitate mucopolysaccharides (natural saccharides that play an active role in the processes of interaction of the body with infectious agents), infection, hypotension and atony of the uterus, delays lochia after childbirth. Predisposing factors are a decrease in the general resistance of the body, malnutrition, lack of exercise during pregnancy.

Chronic endometritis appears as a result of hormonal disorders or infection of the uterus, which manifests itself 0.5-1.5 months after emptying pathological discharge from the sex loop. With a long course of the process, symmetrical hair loss and hyperpigmentation of the skin in the croup and thighs are noted as a sign of hormonal disorders. Treatment of this form ends with the removal of the ovaries and uterus (ovariohysterectomy).

Acute endometritis appears on the 2-5th day after birth. There is a slight fever (increase in body temperature by 0.5-1 ° C), a decrease or absence of appetite, and a decrease in milk secretion. A liquid, cloudy exudate is released from the genitals gray, often mixed with blood. With endometritis, in contrast to vaginitis, discharge from the vulva is more abundant, increasing when the dog lies down. The animal often gets into a urinating position, moans and arches its back. With reduced resistance of the body, especially in the presence of wounds of the uterine wall, often in inflammatory process its muscular layer is involved (myometritis develops) or its serous membrane (perimetritis).

With timely and proper treatment signs of the disease gradually weaken, and after 6-12 days the animal recovers. Sometimes the disease can drag on and develop into chronic purulent-catarrhal endometritis. To increase the tone of the uterus and remove exudate from it, the veterinarian prescribes pituitrin, oxytocin, and a 1% solution of sinestrol intramuscularly for one injection of 0.5-1.5 ml. Antibiotics are prescribed intramuscularly and massage of the uterus through the abdominal wall. Combinations of antibiotics, sulfonamide and nitrofuran drugs in the form of suspensions and solutions prepared on an oil or water basis are effective in the uterine cavity.

Pyometra

Pyometra is a purulent inflammation of the uterine mucosa with the accumulation of exudate in its cavity. A typical canine pyometra develops against the background of dysfunction of the ovarian corpus luteum. Involutional (reverse development) pyometra is a consequence of ovarian hypofunction, characterized by copious discharge from the uterus and vagina of brown or brown purulent masses that have an unpleasant odor. The cervical canal is open, and discharge periodically occurs from it.

Sexual cycles are disrupted, the abdomen enlarges, the general condition of the animal worsens, and at times the body temperature rises. Thirst begins, frequent and copious urination, often accompanied by urinary incontinence. The complex of conservative treatment measures usually includes estrogen drugs, oxytocin, antibiotics, sulfonamides and others. When the process is advanced, surgical treatment is prescribed.

Mastitis

Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is observed quite often in dogs, mainly in the first days or weeks after birth. This disease occurs most often against the background of nipple injuries or as a result of accumulation of milk in the mammary glands during stillbirth litter, early weaning of puppies or false pregnancy, as well as due to postpartum infection or intoxication.

There is swelling and redness of the breast tissue, and an increase in local temperature. With catarrhal mastitis, the milk is watery, mixed with flakes; with purulent mastitis, sometimes only drops of yellowish liquid or a thick gray-white mass are released, sometimes mixed with blood. Abscesses often form in the mammary glands. The disease is accompanied by general malaise, decreased and loss of appetite, and thirst. The female is worried, often leaves her cubs, and licks sore nipples. Antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, nitrofurans are administered intramuscularly. If necessary, a veterinarian performs a short novocaine blockade of the mammary gland nerves. Mature abscesses are opened surgically, administer antibiotic therapy. Puppies are not weaned, but when the mother is treated with antibiotics, they are given bifidumbacterin or colibacterin to prevent dysbacteriosis. When weakening inflammatory reaction thermal procedures are prescribed: heating pads, massage, compresses, rubbed into the skin of the mammary gland camphor oil and others.

To prevent mastitis, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for keeping and feeding females, properly care for them, avoid injury, hypothermia and contamination of the mammary gland, and also treat them in a timely manner. postpartum complications. For long-haired dogs, the hair around the nipples should be trimmed. Wounds, abrasions, cracks in the skin of the nipples should be treated promptly.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

According to statistics, diseases cardiovascular system occupy a leading place among diseases of non-communicable etiology and are the cause of mortality (43%). Diseases that developed against the background of congenital diseases are distinguished (2.4% total number cardiovascular pathologies; dogs with such pathologies do not live long) and acquired defects.

Symptoms indicate a disease of the organs of this system:

• syndrome of left ventricular failure and stagnation in the pulmonary circulation- cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis (blue coloring of the skin and mucous membranes), pulmonary edema;
• syndrome of right ventricular failure and congestion in the systemic circulation- ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity), hydrothorax (fluid accumulation in chest), peripheral edema;
• vascular insufficiency syndrome- anemia of the mucous membranes, capillary refill rate (CRF) no more than 3 seconds;
• cardiac arrhythmia syndrome- tendency to collapse, arrhythmia of pulse waves (violation of the sequence of heart contractions), pulse deficiency. However, in approximately 50% of animals with cardiovascular disorders, the only prominent symptom is a chronic cough.

NON-CLOSURE OF THE DUCTUS BOTALLOS

From congenital pathologies Non-closure of the ductus botallus occurs most often (30%). It appears in poodle, collie, and shepherd puppies - at the latest up to three years of age. Stunting, weight loss, shortness of breath and ascites are noted. The diagnosis is made based on auscultation and radiography. The prognosis for such a developmental anomaly is unfavorable. The only solution is surgery.

PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS

Narrowing, or stenosis, of the openings pulmonary artery- the second most common congenital heart defect in dogs (20%). Pulmonary artery stenosis is an inherited disease found in Beagles. English bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Boxers and Fox Terriers. In dogs, this defect is asymptomatic. Most animals only show signs of fatigue after many years, they experience fainting, ascites, and enlarged liver. When the symptoms of the disease increase, it is necessary to limit physical activity and give the dog digoxin.

AORTIC STENOSIS

Aortic stenosis is the third most common birth defect (15%), almost always manifested as a defect in the form of a compressive ring under the valve. Happens to boxers German Shepherds and Labradors, and in Newfoundlands it tends to be hereditary. The diagnosis is usually made when the puppy is first examined by auscultation. Puppies with this defect are stunted in growth and get tired quickly. For dogs with this pathology, consistent performance of simple training exercises helps slow the development of decompensation of the left ventricle of the heart and reduces the likelihood of life-threatening arrhythmia. A course of symptomatic therapy will be prescribed by a veterinarian after examining the sick pet.

MYOCARDITIS

Myocarditis is inflammatory lesion heart muscle, occurring mainly as a complication of sepsis, acute intoxication, pyometra, uremia, pancreatitis, as well as parvovirus enteritis. According to the course, myocarditis can be acute or chronic. This disease manifests itself in disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity. Against the background of the underlying disease, the general condition of the animal worsens with the occurrence of tachyarrhythmia up to 180-200 heart beats per minute. In case of infection, body temperature rises to 40 ° C, the state is depressed, and appetite is reduced.

The disease is diagnosed based on laboratory blood tests and electrocardiogram data. Animals must be given complete rest and stress limited. It is advisable to darken the place where they are located. Feed dogs a milk-vegetable diet and vitamins. Veterinarian after examination, prescribes symptomatic treatment (antibiotics, desensitizing agents, corticosteroid hormones, cardiac glycosides).

MYOCARDOSIS

Myocardosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the myocardium, characterized by degenerative processes in it. Disorders of protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral and vitamin metabolism due to unbalanced feeding; intoxication in chronic infectious, invasive, gynecological, surgical and internal non-communicable diseases leads to the development of myocardosis.

General symptoms of this disease boil down to general weakness of the dog, decreased appetite, decreased muscle tone, peripheral circulatory disorder (decreased arterial and increased venous blood pressure), decreased skin elasticity, shortness of breath, cyanosis of visible mucous membranes and skin, swelling on the body, and so on. Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and electrocardiogram results. Sick individuals must be given rest, the diet balanced in terms of content and ratio of essential nutrients, vitamins and microelements, as well as introduce vegetables, fruits, and dairy feed. There must be exercise. Treatment is determined by the veterinarian, and it is aimed at eliminating the etiological factors that caused myocardosis.

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Myocardial infarction is a focus of necrosis in the muscle of the left ventricle, resulting from the cessation of its blood supply, that is, ischemia. Extensive heart attacks developing against the background coronary disease, does not happen in dogs, since this type of animal is not characterized by vascular atherosclerosis (damage to the walls of blood vessels with the growth of connective tissue), hypertension(prolonged increase in blood pressure and damage to the vascular walls of a sclerotic nature), nervous overload. However, the violation of myocardial trophism itself as a concomitant phenomenon of congestive cardiomyopathy, myocardial hypertrophy with atrioventricular valve defects occurs quite often.

Symptoms of heart attacks are nonspecific. In the most acute period, dogs experience extreme pain in the area of ​​the left elbow, accompanied by fear, excitement, the skin and mucous membranes are pale. IN acute period the symptoms remain the same, the pain disappears. In the subacute period pain syndrome absent. The diagnosis is made based on medical history, changes in the electrocardiogram, and blood enzyme activity. It is recommended to create conditions of peace and quiet for the sick pet, to limit physical activity. Easily digestible carbohydrates, fermented milk products and vitamin supplements are introduced into the diet, fats and sweets are excluded. Treatment is prescribed by a veterinarian taking into account the severity of the disease.

PERICARDITIS

Pericarditis is inflammation of the outer lining of the heart (pericardium, cardiac sac). Depending on the course, it can be acute or chronic; by origin - primary and secondary; by prevalence pathological process- focal and diffuse; according to the nature of the inflammatory exudate - serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic and purulent. There are also dry (fibrinous) and effusion (exudative) pericarditis. The causes of the disease can be colds, drafts, allergies, blood diseases and hemorrhagic diathesis(syndrome increased bleeding), malignant tumors, radiation exposure, metabolic disorders; infectious (plague, parvovirus enteritis, hepatitis), invasive (coccidiosis, helminthiasis, piroplasmosis) and non-communicable diseases(pneumonia, pleurisy, myocarditis).

Symptoms of the disease depend on the origin and stage of its development. Dry pericarditis is accompanied by a slight increase in body temperature, increased heart rate, depressed state of the sick animal, and lack of appetite. Dogs avoid sudden movements and often stand with their forelimbs spread to the side, elbows sharply turned outward. Effusion pericarditis is characterized by severe constant shortness of breath, forced dog pose - sitting position leaning forward. The diagnosis is made based on clinical symptoms, auscultation data, laboratory blood tests, electrocardiogram.

If such signs appear, give the sick animal rest and limit exercise. Introduce more vegetables and herbs into your diet. The food must be high in calories, fortified and contain wide range microelements. In the first days of therapy, limit the amount of water, since various diuretics, antihistamines, and antibiotics are used in the course of treatment. Veterinary specialist prescribes a course of medications designed primarily to treat the underlying disease that caused pericarditis.

ANEMIA

Anemia, or anemia, is a violation of the component composition of the blood, expressed in a decrease in the absolute number of red blood cells and a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin. Anemia is classified into posthemorrhagic anemia (acute and chronic bleeding), hemolytic anemia (infections, poisoning with chemical compounds) and secondary anemia (combined with damage to other organs). Symptoms of anemia are very variable and depend on the main pathogenetic factor. The first sign, as a rule, is pallor of the oral mucosa: from faint pink to pearly white. The animal's weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath, and rapid pulse progresses.

The diagnosis is made based on the results of a laboratory study of the composition of peripheral blood and bone marrow. During treatment, pay attention to feeding: additional amounts of vitamins are introduced, especially cyanocobalamin, folic acid, preparations containing iron. In emergency cases, surgical intervention is possible.

Diseases of the endocrine glands

Relatively often, especially in older dogs, work is disrupted endocrine glands. Most endocrine disorders are characterized by the simultaneous development of dermatopathies, which serves as a sign for the detection of these disorders (Table 19). Thus, estrogens cause thinning of the epidermis, enrich it with pigment, and inhibit the development and growth of hair. Androgens cause thickening of the epidermis and activate the function of the sebaceous glands.

The pituitary gland is involved in hair change; its adrenocorticotropic hormone inhibits the development of fur when the hormone thyroid gland stimulates this process. Therefore, when diagnosing endocrine diseases, it is necessary to know and use these patterns. Estrogeny is almost always associated with increased content estrogen, and in males the long-term influence of estrogen is manifested by feminizing syndrome. Castration is indicated for animals of both sexes.

Hypogonadotropism syndrome occurs with reduced production of sex hormones, characterized by the erasure of secondary sexual characteristics in animals. Treatment consists of replacement therapy - the administration of androgens or estrogens in very small doses. Hyperadrenocorticism is an increased production of adrenal hormones, that is, glucocorticoids. This pathology is treated with 50 mg/kg of cloditan daily for 1-2 weeks.

Hypothyroidism is noted due to decreased production of thyroxine due to congenital deficiency thyroid function or previous autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroxine is prescribed orally at a dose of 30 mg per day. Diabetes mellitus is the release of sugar in the urine due to an absolute or relative lack of insulin. Let's take a closer look at diabetes.

Table 19
Main changes in the skin and coat of dogs with various hormonal diseases

Hormonal disorder	Leather	Wool cover	Localization	Symptoms
Estrogeny. Feminization syndrome	Hyperkeratosis, pigmentation, rash	The change of coat takes a long time. brittle, sparse hair, baldness	Back (“glasses”), genital area, armpits, groin	Reluctance to move, weight loss, prolonged estrus, endometritis. In males - testicular atrophy, edema preputia
Hypogonadotropism	Soft, thin, pliable, later dry, flaky, yellow-brown with white spots	Finely silky, loss of color, hair loss and baldness, decreased growth	Neck, ears, groin, tail, limbs	Reluctance to move, weight gain, sexual dysfunction (castration, senile testicular atrophy)
Hyperadrenocorticism	Thin, dry, flaccid, hyperpigmentation "black pepper" or in white spots, hypothermia	Soft, straight, slightly stretchy, depigmented, hair loss, baldness	Back (sides), lower abdomen, tail	Apathy, muscle weakness, polydipsia, polyuria, obesity, pear-shaped stomach, limited or absent sexual function
Hormonal disorder	Leather	Coat	Localization	Symptoms
Hypothyroidism	Thickened, flaky, low-elastic, cold, diffuse or melanin-colored spots	Thin, dry, matted, dull, sparse coat, alopecia	Bridge of nose, neck, croup, base of tail, groin, hips, chest and lower abdomen	Lethargy, hypothermia, bradycardia, obesity, lack of sexual function
Diabetes mellitus	Weeping eczema	Hair loss in altered areas	Absently	Polydipsia, polyuria, asthenia, severe itching

Diabetes mellitus, or diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin. Dachshunds, wire-haired terriers, Scotch terriers, Spitz dogs and Irish terriers are predisposed to it. It appears in dogs older than 7 years. An interesting statistic: the ratio of affected males to females is approximately 1:4. Dogs predominantly have insulin deficiency diabetes (“juvenile diabetes”), as opposed to humans, who more often have non-insulin-dependent “adult diabetes.” An increase in blood sugar is caused by a decrease in insulin levels due to:

• reducing its production by the pancreas (pancreatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatic atrophy);
• overproduction of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal glands;
• overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland;
• overproduction of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.

Vivid symptoms diabetes mellitus is polydipsia (thirst) and polyuria (increased amount of urine excreted) with simultaneous asthenia (weakness) and severe itching. There is a smell of sour fruit from the mouth. The wool is dull, brittle, and does not hold well. Wounds on the body heal slowly. Sexual reflexes fade away. Urine is liquid - light yellow in color with a high specific gravity. The amount of glucose in the urine increases to 12%, in the blood - 3-5 times and reaches 400 mg%. The diagnosis is made based on clinical signs, urine and blood tests.

The first aid for an animal when symptoms of diabetes mellitus appear is feeding dietary ration: boiled and raw meat, green soups, milk, eggs, multivitamins. Avoid sugar, bread, and oatmeal. The water is not limited, but it is slightly alkalized with baking soda. The veterinarian will prescribe treatment based on the results of urine and blood tests, namely based on blood sugar levels. There are a few key points to remember. If the blood sugar level is below 11 mmol/l, it is necessary to give full and balanced diet for proteins, fats and carbohydrates. You can’t feed only meat!

If the blood sugar level is above 11 mmol/l, long-acting insulin is administered subcutaneously, while maintaining the same diet or reducing it by 1/4. Insulin administration is stopped after thirst disappears. When prescribing long-acting insulin, the dog must be fed immediately and again after 6-8 hours. With the onset of estrus, treatment is immediately resumed and the insulin dose is increased by half. Before and after estrus, repeatedly monitor the appearance of sugar in the urine! With good general condition it is best to sterilize the dog, given harmful influence steroid hormones on the course of diabetes.

The life expectancy of a diabetic dog without treatment is short. With insulin therapy and elimination of thirst, the animal can live over 5 years.

Veterinary guide for dog owners
M. V. Dorosh

We begin to think about sexually transmitted diseases in dogs around the time when, after mating, bitches “suddenly” begin to get sick. And the answer lies nearby. Many veterinarians are now talking about a surge in sexually transmitted diseases among dogs. And the most common is the so-called transmissible venereal sarcoma. There are now several times more animals infected with this disease than five years ago.

Any obvious symptoms indicating illness (depression, refusal to eat, skin rashes), usually on early stages not observed. Over time, infected dogs begin to bleed blood in their urine. Main problem is that the dog venereal disease very difficult to diagnose. Due to the fact that it was previously extremely rare, many veterinarians are unaware of the existence of such a disease. For this reason, most experts mistake transmissible venereal sarcoma, for example, for urolithiasis and prescribe the wrong treatment. There have been cases when advanced venous disease led to death.

All breeds of dogs are susceptible to venereal sarcoma. It occurs in both males and females.

Sarcoma is located on the mucous membrane of the genital organs and is transmitted sexually. During sexual intercourse, tumor cells break off and attach to the partner's mucous membrane. Venereal sarcoma does not metastasize, but it can spread to the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes. When a dog licks a tumor, it mechanically transfers its cells.
Transmissible sarcoma cannot occur “on its own.” Stray dogs play a major role in its spread. They are a natural reservoir of this pathology, infecting the “master’s” dogs, which sometimes run away in search of love.

The first and main sign to suspect the presence of transmissible sarcoma in a dog is the discharge of drops of blood from the genitals. Owners of bitches often mistake this for incipient or ongoing heat. In male dogs, spotting due to transmissible sarcoma is confused with a manifestation of prostatitis. With transmissible sarcoma, bleeding is usually permanent. Sometimes you can see the tumor itself: bright red with a lumpy, bloody surface. This loose, bleeding formation on a broad base resembles a cauliflower.

The main prevention is to prevent unscheduled, and even more so, street matings.

Since sarcoma is cancerous, chemotherapy is used as treatment.

In addition to sarcoma, the group of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) includes more than 20 diseases caused by various pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.). What they have in common is that infection is transmitted primarily through sexual contact.

The most likely possibility of infection during mating is:

• transmissible venereal sarcoma;
• gonococcal urethritis (in other words, gonorrhea - transmitted only during mating, and inflammation begins the next day; signs - painful and frequent urination);
• chlamydia (a disease similar to gonorrhea, only caused by other microbes - chlamydia; develops on the 3-5th day after breeding dogs).

In addition to the above ailments, dogs can become sexually infected with slightly less common, but by no means less dangerous staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, and brucellosis. These infections are very dangerous for both males and females and their puppies.

Prevention venereal diseases in dogs includes

1. douching after mating with a solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate 0.05%
2. To reassure yourself, it would be useful to do a microflora analysis (bacteriological studies).
3. reasonable restraint has never hurt anyone - regulation of mating activity and legibility in this regard is perhaps one of the most effective methods prevention of STDs in dogs.

For reference

Staphylococcosis. The most common form is staphylococcal plaques on the skin. The predominant localization of lesions is the groin area, back, croup, hips. During mating, the mucous membrane of the genital tract becomes very vulnerable, and if one of the animals was a carrier of staphylococcus, after mating a clinical picture may develop: against the background of general itching, round, flaky plaques with a dark center appear. Staphylococcal rashes often accompany chronic allergic otitis and dermatitis, the appearance of symptoms of vaginal inflammation, endometritis. Carriage of the infection in the mother can result in purulent conjunctivitis, otitis media, acne, and vaginitis in puppies.
Streptococcosis. Infectious disease. Method of transmission: contact and airborne droplets. The diagnosis is made based on the results of bacteriological examination. The main source of the pathogen is sick animals.

Characterized by severe septic symptoms, inflammation of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and joints. In adult animals - endometritis and mastitis.

Young animals are affected from the first days of life to 3-4 months. In the acute form, body temperature rises to 41-42°C, loss of appetite and depression are observed, the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth become red, purulent discharge begins from the eyes and nostrils. The death of the animal occurs within 24-48 hours. In non-acute cases, a cough, mucopurulent discharge from the nose, diarrhea mixed with blood, and swelling of the joints appear on the 3-4th day. Chronic course typical in animals older than 2 months of age. Patients develop purulent discharge from the nose and a wet, painful cough.
Brucellosis. An infectious, predominantly chronic disease of animals, characterized by damage to many life support systems, dysfunction of the vascular, digestive, genitourinary and reproductive systems.
In bitches, brucellosis is manifested by abortions and retention of the placenta, the birth of non-viable young animals, and infertility; in males - orchitis (inflammation of the testicle). Possible joint inflammation.
The source of the pathogen is sick animals that excrete the infection during abortion, during childbirth, mating, with feces, urine, and milk.

The main route of infection is contact, through the mucous membrane, during mating, through the skin (damaged and undamaged). Newborn animals can become infected from a sick mother, as well as when they are artificially fed milk contaminated with Brucella.

A frequent and sometimes only sign of the disease in females is repeated fruitless matings with obviously healthy males, that is, those from which other females give viable offspring.
Cases of the course of the disease without damage to the genital tract have been described, when deviations from the normal state are expressed in fever, increased lymph nodes, loss of appetite, indigestion, enlarged liver, weight loss and nervous phenomena.

Many, if not most, diseases of the female reproductive system are life-threatening. Therefore, if the owners do not intend to engage in breeding, then it is advisable to sterilize the bitches at an early age.

Vaginitis can occur due to the development bacterial infection caused by the bacterium mycoplasma, viral infection or anatomical abnormality urinary tract dogs. With vaginitis, a dog intensively licks its vulva. The vaginal mucosa is inflamed.

Diagnosis and treatment
The diagnosis is made based on visual examination of the vulva and vagina and the results of culture from the vaginal mucosa. Testing is also carried out to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics.

Treatment is carried out by washing the bitch's external genital tract with a diluted antiseptic solution, such as chlorhexidine, and using antibiotics. Serious anatomical abnormalities are corrected surgically.

Some puppies have a sticky yellowish-green vaginal discharge that is present until their first heat.

This type of vaginitis is called juvenile; it does not cause discomfort in the animal.

Treatment
The vulva is washed with diluted saline solution or a diluted antiseptic solution. The discharge stops after the first heat. Therefore, if you do not plan to breed puppies from your dog, she should be spayed three months after her first heat.

In the early stages of estrus, when reproductive system dogs are under the influence of estrogen, there is a thickening of the uterine mucosa and a noticeable thickening of the vulva.

This hyperplasia of the vaginal wall is usually accompanied by swelling in the perineal area, but sometimes the vaginal mucosa becomes so thick that it protrudes from the vulva, which greatly bothers the dog and encourages it to lick the vulva vigorously.

In severe cases, hyperplasia can become so severe that vaginal prolapse occurs—the vagina falls out of the vulva in a ring of pink tissue shaped like a donut. Vaginal prolapse can also occur when dogs that are mated are separated before the male bulbourethral gland has decreased in size.

Vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse are most often observed during estrus and rarely with rectal obstruction.

Diagnostics
The diagnosis is made based on a visual examination of the dog's vagina.

Treatment
Treatment is usually by keeping the vaginal tissue moist using jelly or liquid paraffin. Antibiotic ointment is used to prevent bacterial infection.

A vaginal polyp is a growth on the vaginal mucosa that can be either benign or malignant. Vaginal polyps are usually classified as fibromas, fibroids, or sarcomas.

Diagnostics
The diagnosis is made based on a visual examination of the vagina and the results of a biopsy of the tumor.

Treatment
Treatment is carried out through surgical removal.

Tumors of the ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina are diagnosed infrequently; First of all, because when spaying female dogs, in most cases, all tissues in which tumors can develop are removed.

Treatment
An operation is performed - ovariohysterectomy, including the cervix. Secondary development of such tumors is rare.

Prevention measures
Spaying a female dog before her first heat prevents the development of mammary tumors. Sterilization performed after several heats does not eliminate the risk of developing such tumors.