Almost every person throughout his life is faced with the need to stop bleeding. IN recent years Due to the massive expansion of industrial sectors and the emergence of a large number of vehicles, doctors have to deal with such injuries more and more often. But it takes time for an ambulance to transport a victim to the hospital: this makes it important to study trauma support measures for each person.

What is venous bleeding

Bleeding from the veins is the loss by the body of biological fluid containing formed elements and plasma due to the impaired integrity of the vascular wall. The disease can occur in people of any age and gender due to a number of reasons.

Bleeding occurs when the wall of a vessel is damaged

Veins are hollow tubular formations that transport biological fluid saturated with carbon dioxide and decay products from organs and tissues to the heart muscle. Such vessels, unlike arteries, have the following features:

• the presence of a valve apparatus - a system of valves responsible for the movement of blood in only one direction;
• larger diameter (compared to arteries) of the internal lumen;
• less elastic walls;
• low pressure (5–7 mmHg).

Veins have three membranes: internal endothelial, middle muscular and external elastic. Brain vessels, retina, bone formations and spleens do not have a middle layer, which makes them especially vulnerable. It is believed that it is necessary to stop such blood loss in the first few minutes: this is the only way to achieve certain success in preventing complications.

Large venous vessels of the body

The bloodstream consists of large and smaller vessels that form them. This relationship ensures continuous circulation of fluid and maintains optimal level blood pressure. Smallest departments venous system They are capillaries in which gases and nutrients are exchanged.

The science that studies such bleeding and vascular pathologies is called phlebology.

What are the most important veins:

How does pathology develop?

Venous bleeding, like any other injury, is formed under the influence of pathological factor and some characteristics of the body. All such lesions are divided into internal and external. Due to integrity violation venous wall with external bleeding in the victim, in parallel with this, damage to the skin, fatty tissue and soft tissue occurs (the wound gapes and has open edges), and biological fluid spills into the environment.

At internal bleeding The patient gradually accumulates blood in certain cavities or parts of the body: it does not get out under any circumstances.

A particular danger of venous bleeding is the development of anemia - anemia. With this pathology, loss of essential cellular elements and blood plasma occurs. The patient gradually turns pale, loses consciousness, and his blood pressure level drops sharply. At this time, the blood supply to the most important organs (brain, liver and kidneys) is disrupted, which leads to their damage.

Classification of venous bleeding

Like any other trauma, loss venous blood Traumatologists are divided into several groups. This approach allows you to make a diagnosis as completely as possible, determine the degree of its severity and choose compensation methods.

Classification of bleeding by cause:

• traumatic (under the influence of mechanical factors);
• pathological (associated with the formation of chronic diseases).

Classification by development period:

• primary (formed for the first time in this organism);
• secondary (against the background of existing pathology).

Classification by localization:

• heads;
• breasts;
• backs;
• lower back;
• buttocks;
• upper and lower extremities;
• internal organs (liver, spleen, stomach, rectum, esophagus, colon and small intestine, gums, meninges).

Classification according to the severity of bleeding depending on the volume of blood lost:

• mild form (up to 6% of bcc - circulating blood volume);
• average (7–16% of bcc);
• severe (17–30% of bcc);
• extremely severe (31–50% of bcc);
• critical (50% bcc or more).

Causes of external and internal bleeding

There are a large number of possible situations in which a person can receive one or another injury. In some cases, this directly depends on the characteristics of the body itself, its stability or state of health, as well as on the working, living or working conditions of the patient. Knowing these factors helps doctors not only make a diagnosis, but also prevent possible injuries.

People whose professions are directly related to risk to life (rescuers, firefighters, police officers) are much more likely to develop such traumatic injuries than other groups of citizens.

Table: reasons for the formation of venous bleeding

Factors contributing to the formation of injury:

Characteristic signs

Loss of blood affects general condition the body is extremely negative. It can cause disruption in all areas human body and even lead to irreparable consequences. All manifestations of such trauma are conventionally divided into local (in the area of ​​the injury itself) and general.

Internal bleeding does not have all the superficial symptoms that are characteristic of external bleeding. This determines the complexity of diagnosis and the length of time it takes to confirm pathology using laboratory and instrumental research methods.

Clinical manifestations in the wound area:

Generalized symptoms of injury:

• headaches, dizziness;
• loss of consciousness;
• nausea and vomiting without connection with food intake and poisoning;
• trembling in the limbs;
• convulsions;
• dry mouth;
• lethargy, weakness;
• rise in temperature, chills and fever;
• depressed state, apathy, depression;
• rave;
• sleep and wakefulness disorders;
• decreased concentration and performance;
• low resistance to physical stress.

The following features are characteristic of internal chronic bleeding:

• fragility of hair, nails and white stripes on them;
• pain in the area of ​​the damaged organ ( abdominal cavity, chest, upper and lower extremities);
• loss of appetite;
• tooth loss and looseness;
• absorption disorder nutrients body;
• weight loss;
• tendency to develop infectious diseases.

Table: differentiation of venous, arterial and capillary bleeding

Each type of blood loss has its own characteristics, which allows them to be visually recognized

Diagnosis of internal blood loss

External blood loss can be diagnosed with the naked eye. If there is an accumulation of biological fluid in internal organs and cavities, the patient may for a long time don't feel any changes. This leads to a large number complications, many of which require surgical intervention.

To make the most complete and reliable diagnosis, doctors begin by examining the patient. The color of his skin and mucous membranes is assessed (with massive blood loss they are pale, dry, flaky), the presence and color of plaque on the tongue (whitish or yellow). At severe anemia The patient's gums bleed, eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp hair fall out, and teeth become loose. When measuring blood pressure, you may observe a drop or abnormally low numbers.

Immediate signs of internal bleeding:

Taking an anamnesis is of particular importance: it is necessary to find out from the patient how long ago the first symptoms of weakness, nausea and vomiting in the morning, and loss of consciousness appeared. If this was preceded by some kind of injury (a fall, a blow to the stomach or solar plexus), it is worth suspecting internal bleeding and sending the patient for more specific studies.

The intensity of internal bleeding and the rate of increase in symptoms depend on the cause of its occurrence and the diameter of the bleeding vessels. The larger the vessel is damaged, the heavier it is.

Laboratory diagnostic methods

Doctors of any specialty cannot do without data laboratory examination. It allows not only to suspect bleeding, but also to determine the severity of blood loss and methods of compensation. To get reliable results, you need to take tests in the morning on an empty stomach, and also not eat four hours before bedtime.

The following studies are usually prescribed:

1. General blood test. Simple and pretty reliable way determining the severity of anemia that occurs due to injury to the venous vessels. The tests will show a decrease in the level of hemoglobin (less than 120 grams per liter), red blood cells, platelets and hematocrit. Subject to availability inflammatory changes V vascular wall the number of leukocytes, C-reactive protein and lymphocyte cells will increase.
2. Biochemical blood test. Aimed at determining the level of electrolytes (magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium), serum iron, and also protein composition blood (albumin, globulins). With venous bleeding, these indicators are significantly reduced, which negatively affects the general condition of the body.

Instrumental methods

To accurately determine the level of localization of a hematoma in a particular cavity of the human body, traumatologists use specialized equipment. It helps not only to make a diagnosis, but also to choose a method of surgical or conservative treatment of pathology:

Providing first aid at the scene of injury

Dangerous and life-threatening blood loss can happen in any situation: in the forest, at competitions, at work, in a cinema and other public places. At the same time, all surrounding people are required to remain calm and provide first aid on the spot, without violating its basic rules. Remember that in any case it is necessary to calm the victim and call a doctor: this ensures the prevention of many complications.

If a medical worker is among the eyewitnesses to the injury, you should strictly follow his instructions and not try to interfere with the actions.

To perform auxiliary activities, you will need:

• an elastic harness or something that can replace it (headphones, wire from mobile phone, dropper system, elastic band);
• a piece of clean cloth or bandage;
• drinking still water;
• light painkillers (Ketorol, Nurofen);
• a piece of paper and a pen to indicate when a tourniquet or bandage is applied;
• a large number of gauze napkins and cotton wool (cotton pads);
• antiseptic solution for skin treatment (Chlorhexidine, Miramistin, hydrogen peroxide);
• ice or other cold items (bottles, chilled food, dry ice).

Most of necessary funds can be found in a car first aid kit

Help with external bleeding from a vein

The most important thing with such an injury is to stop the loss of biological fluid and prevent infection of the wound. There are two main methods of stopping bleeding: a tourniquet and a pressure bandage. Remember, the sooner you help the victim and call a doctor, the less damage will be done to the organs and tissues left without nutrition.

Rules for using a tourniquet:

Bleeding can also be stopped with a pressure bandage. It is characterized by the following algorithm:

1. Clean and treat the wound surface.
2. Using cotton wool, gauze napkins, build soft bandage, which is placed on the wound area, pressing firmly.
3. Secure the product on top with several layers of bandage or a clean rag.
4. To reduce pain, you can put ice on top.

Video: methods to stop venous bleeding

How to help with internal bleeding

Internal bleeding is dangerous because of its unpredictability: blood can migrate to any part of the human body if moved carelessly. Quite often, infected hematomas of internal organs develop this way. Remember that until the doctor arrives, it is necessary to keep the patient conscious, distract him in every possible way and prevent him from falling asleep.

• massage the area of ​​pain;
• induce vomiting in the victim;
• force the patient to remain on his feet;
• give him strong drugs (narcotics or tranquilizers), as well as alcohol in order to reduce pain.

Algorithm of actions for internal bleeding:

1. Call emergency medical assistance. You will be asked to describe the time the injury occurred and the circumstances surrounding it.
2. If the damage is criminal in nature, call the police.
3. Calm the person down.
4. Place the victim on a hard surface, you can raise your legs a little.
5. If there are other lesions that require immediate intervention, take care of them.

Medical assistance for various types of bleeding

Any serious damage requires mandatory medical intervention. In the ambulance, specialists only carry out primary activities, maintaining the patient’s condition normal until arrival at the hospital. In the emergency surgery department, experienced doctors with extensive clinical practice, which determine the need for surgical intervention.

Basic principles that guide the treatment of injury:

• compensation state of shock(continuous monitoring of diuresis (urine volume), blood pressure, hemoglobin and red blood cell levels);
• elimination of anemia;
• restoration of the volume of circulating fluid and plasma elements;
• withdrawal pain syndrome and spasm;
• prevention of necrotic changes and vascular thrombosis;
• adequate replenishment of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance;
• stabilization of basic life support indicators;
• maintaining the integrity of the vascular bed;
• frequency normalization breathing movements and preventing venous congestion in the lungs.

Table: drugs used to treat all types of blood loss

Specialized treatment of external venous bleeding

Surgical treatment of this pathology is quite complex and requires certain skills and abilities. Vessels are very thin formations that are easily injured and quickly sclerosed (grows connective tissue, which closes the lumen and interferes with normal blood flow). Surgical correction of the pathology is resorted to only in cases where the defect is large enough (four or more centimeters), as well as if several venous trunks are affected at once.

Technology vascular suture allows you to connect the two ends of a damaged vessel

Vascular suture - a universal solution similar problem. It is performed under local, spinal or general anesthesia:

1. Doctors carefully isolate both sections of the damaged vessel from the wound and excise the necrotic tissue.
2. After this, if necessary, a special flexible and elastic tube made of non-allergenic material is installed between both sections of the vein.
3. Using a needle, the walls are fastened (if a large branch is damaged, special staples are used).
4. Drains are installed in the surgical area for a period of no more than two days.

Final healing of the vein occurs within several months.

Therapy for internal blood loss

Several proven methods are also used to treat a hematoma located deep inside the cavity of the human body. The first and most important of them is puncture - the introduction of a sharp and long thin needle or trocar into the cavity (thoracic or abdominal). This allows you not only to remove accumulated blood, but also to wash the bleeding site with antiseptic and antibiotic solutions. Next, laparoscopic instruments can be inserted through the resulting puncture and manipulation can be performed to eliminate damage to the venous wall.

The puncture is performed using special instruments

If the hematoma is old, and there are also massive lesions vessels, doctors resort to surgery using the traditional method:

1. Necrotic tissue, bloody masses, clots and other foreign bodies are removed from a small incision above the injury area.
2. Damaged areas are washed antibacterial agent, after which doctors find the source of blood loss and stitch it up.
3. If biological fluid leaks from an organ, a special tamponade is made using an omentum, muscle flap or artificially synthesized material.

The recovery time after such an intervention is up to two months.

Treatment prognosis and possible complications

The success of therapeutic and surgical elimination of the disease largely depends on the age of the patient. Elderly people tolerate all surgical interventions much worse and react more strongly to medicines. Venous bleeding - dangerous injury, which can turn serious oxygen starvation brain or even lead to shock. Fortunately, in most cases the patient has nothing to worry about: timely assistance reduces all risks to a minimum.

The main complications of venous blood loss:

• acute and chronic hepatic-renal failure;
• anemia;
• infarction of the heart muscle and lung;
• brain malnutrition - stroke;
• scarring of damaged venous walls;
• purulent-necrotic processes in the area of ​​the hematoma (phlegmon, abscesses);
• necrosis of some tissues and organs;
• thrombosis and venous congestion;
• state of shock with sharp drop pressure, diuresis level;
• tetanus when specific microorganisms enter an open wound;
• convulsive syndrome;
• arrhythmic disorders of the heart.

Venous bleeding - quite serious problem, which can lead to tragic consequences and even death. Unfortunately, such injuries have become more and more common in peacetime: that is why it is necessary to study everything possible ways blood stops. Remember that every person should be able to provide first aid at the scene of an accident. This way you can prevent the development of many complications before doctors arrive. In case of internal bleeding, on the contrary, it is not recommended to carry out any actions without medical assistance.

Veins, arteries and capillaries are important highways through which blood circulates in the human body every minute. It is vitally necessary for all organs and systems, so any “accident” associated with blocking its movement will have very disastrous consequences for the human body.

Venous bleeding is classified as dangerous blood loss, so if you witness a person being injured with bleeding veins, emergency assistance should be provided immediately.

Important differences

Treatment for bleeding will vary slightly depending on which vessel is damaged. Therefore, within minutes after injury, a diagnostic study must be performed to determine the type of blood loss.

The most minor damage is considered to be capillary bleeding, when only the superficial tissue of the skin or mucous membrane is damaged. In this case, medical help is not needed: the wound is treated with an antiseptic and then protected from external irritants with a bandage.

Damage to the arteries poses an immediate threat to the health and life of the victim. The fact is that arteries are special vessels, which in most cases are “hidden” deep in soft tissues or are in close proximity to bones. In case of significant damage, the body cannot cope with such blood loss on its own, so it needs emergency assistance: Blood spurting from a wound will quickly deplete reserve reserves and lead to death.

Veins are not located as deep as arteries, so they are injured much more often. They do not have the arterial ability to contract, but their walls can “stick together” because they are very thin. It is easy to distinguish venous bleeding from other types of blood loss: the biological fluid is dark, thick, and flows out of the wound in a continuous stream.

Methods for stopping venous bleeding depend on the type and location of the damaged veins.

Signs and characteristics of venous bleeding

Veins, just like other vessels, are located throughout the human body. However, there are places where they are most easily injured. We list the most dangerous areas for damage:

• A large vein that runs along the thigh and lower leg, connecting with the main tributaries;
• Locations of deep veins: external and inner part shoulder and forearm;
• A plexus of veins on the superficial part of the foot;
• Upper and lower extremities (damage to superficial veins);
• Neck and head.

Highlight following reasons occurrence of venous bleeding:

• Injury;
• Wounds resulting from severe mechanical damage;
• Varicose veins;
• Constantly ;
• Pathological changes in the circulatory system.

Venous blood loss may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

• The blood that flows out is very dark in color;
• Visible open wound in the place where the veins pass;
• The blood flow comes out of the wound in a smooth, uninterrupted stream;
• There is no pulsation in the blood flow or it is extremely weak;
• If you press your finger down below the area of ​​injury, the intensity of blood loss will significantly decrease;
• Blood pressure levels increase;
• Heart rate increases significantly;
• The skin becomes very pale;
• If first aid for venous bleeding is delayed and the patient experiences significant blood loss, it will happen.

The location of the damage significantly affects symptomatic manifestations damage. Let's consider their main clinical features:

1. Bleeding from deep veins located in the thighs and shoulders never ends on their own. This is serious blood loss and can lead to fainting.
2. The loss of venous blood from the lower part of any vein develops no less rapidly, since the blood flow in these vessels is centripetal.
3. If small veins located under the skin are damaged, they do not pose a threat to the life and health of the patient. The blood loss is insignificant, and as a result of the ability of the veins to thrombose themselves, it can stop on its own without medical intervention.

Pay attention!

If blood loss is caused pathological changes in the bloodstream, blood diseases, intoxication, high performance blood pressure, it is much more difficult to stop it!

After the location and type of damage have been established, first aid for venous bleeding begins.

Emergency actions for venous bleeding

Stopping dangerous extensive blood loss from the veins occurs by doing the following:

1. Lift up injured limb victim: this action will significantly reduce, and possibly completely stop, blood loss.
2. You can stop venous blood using the “bending” technique. To perform it, the victim’s arm or leg is bent at the joint as much as possible, and then tightly fixed to the body (for example, the lower leg is bandaged to the thigh).
3. To stop bleeding from the veins, the use of a pressure bandage is indicated. Medical staff For these purposes, an individual dressing package is used. If he is not at the scene of the incident, a bandage or clean cloth serves as a material for a pressure bandage.
4. When searching for the necessary dressing material, you need to ask an assistant or the victim himself to press the area located below the bleeding with a finger.

Using a pressure bandage to stop venous blood loss - key point, which requires a detailed description:

• The wound is treated antiseptic solution, and its edges are coated with iodine;
• The material selected for the bandage is used to tightly bandage the injured limb below the wound several times.
• Used to cool the injured area cold compress: ice, snow, frozen foods. The cold “helps” the pressure bandage in stopping the bleeding.
• Place several fingers on the vessels located below. There should be a clearly audible pulsation. If it is missing, then you have pulled the bandage too tight and it needs to be changed.

Pay attention!

If a properly applied pressure bandage becomes saturated with blood, it must not be changed! Before medical help arrives, it is enough to apply several more layers of bandage on it.

In case of venous bleeding it is used extremely rarely: this device is advisable to use only in case of damage large vessels, most often arterial.

The fact is that by incorrectly applying a tourniquet or exceeding the time it remains on the human body, the rescuer provokes a danger that can lead to tissue necrosis. This complication can only be eliminated surgically, depriving the victim of an arm or leg.

However, if the patient has extensive blood loss, and a properly applied pressure bandage and other methods of eliminating the bleeding have not yielded results, you can stop the bleeding by applying a tourniquet.

This is done as follows:

• Find the material that you will use instead of a tourniquet: a scarf, handkerchief, rubber tube, rope, etc.;
• Step back from the wound about 5 cm and “twist” the tourniquet in this place until the bleeding stops.

Pay attention!

Do not tighten the tourniquet on the victim’s naked body! If there are no fragments of clothing in the place where it is applied, any pieces of fabric should be placed there.

Be sure to check for pulsation, which will indicate that the tourniquet is applied correctly. And then record the time of application of the pressure device. Despite the fact that records are supposed to be made on paper, in the case of a tourniquet, the rule can and even needs to be changed. The paper may get wet, fall out from under the bundle, or become wrinkled. In addition, she simply may not be at the scene of the incident. Therefore, doctors recommend making appropriate notes on the victim’s face.

Pay attention!

You cannot use the tourniquet for more than an hour in the summer and for half an hour in the winter!

If for some reason the first medical care cannot be provided within this period of time, the tourniquet is removed for a few minutes and then reapplied.

Pay attention!

If the patient's limb is swollen and blue, remove the tourniquet immediately! These symptoms are the main indicators of tissue necrosis.

Risk of damaging veins in the neck

Damage to the veins in the neck area is extremely dangerous due to rapid blood loss and the risk of air entering the filled veins. In addition, such wounds almost immediately cause problems with blood circulation in the brain, which leads to swelling.

Pay attention!

Use a tourniquet or pressure bandage In case of neck injury, it is prohibited!

Before the victim is examined by a doctor, assistance is provided in the following sequence:

• Squeeze the ends of the veins through the skin;
• Compress the vein in the wound itself;
• Pack the wound;
• Soak a cloth in hydrogen peroxide and press it firmly onto the injured area;

Treatment for such injuries involves surgery which needs to be done as quickly as possible.

Any injuries and pathologies associated with extensive blood loss require immediate intervention by medical professionals. Don't panic if you have to provide emergency care for the first time: its rules and techniques are simple, and your fear and indecisiveness can cost a human life.

At home, various injuries are always possible, some of which may be accompanied by rupture of small or large vessels located in the muscle, ligamentous tissues of the body or internal organs. So, when a vein, artery, or small arteries are injured, bleeding develops, which must be stopped in order to save the life of the injured person - a child or an adult.

The first question asked during exam testing in medical educational institutions or when certifying employees of enterprises, institutions or organizations it sounds like this: “How to stop bleeding when a vein and small arteries are injured?”

From the answers given below you need to choose the correct one, it is marked in bold in the text:

1. Apply a pressure bandage to the wound site.
2. Apply a tourniquet above the wound site.
3. Apply a tourniquet below the wound site.

It is important to understand that life can present us with unexpected challenges, from which passing an exam in theory may seem like a naive joke. Therefore, we will look at how to act and properly stop bleeding at home when injured from a vein or artery. And do not forget that theory is not everything. As a rule, with real injuries, both venous and arterial bleeding can be observed simultaneously!

Let's talk about capillary, venous and arterial bleeding in case of vascular injury.

Venous and arterial bleeding: how to stop the bleeding!

How to stop bleeding from a vein or artery

To properly provide first aid for venous bleeding, you need to make sure that it is the vein that is damaged. Signs: dark cherry color of blood, unhurriedly and slowly pouring out (when small veins are injured). If large veins are damaged, the blood may pulsate in a stream.

In any case, blood loss is life-threatening; you need to stop the bleeding at home before the ambulance arrives!

What to do: finger vein compression

Quickly assess the location and extent of damage. Methods to stop bleeding: finger pressure veins below places of damage (after all, venous blood rises up the limbs, heading to the pulmonary vessels to take in oxygen). You can use a pressure bandage or tourniquet.

If the artery is damaged, finger pressure is applied higher places of damage!

If there is minor bleeding from a vein, you can apply your fingers to the vessel below the injury (pressing this area of ​​the muscle with local pressure with the pads or knuckles), since venous blood flows from bottom to top. Usually this dose is enough to form a blood clot within ten to fifteen minutes.

If the artery is damaged, this technique will not be as effective!

Pressure bandage

To stop severe venous bleeding in the upper or lower limb, raise it above heart level. The blood pressure will weaken, and it will be easier to apply a pressure bandage to the wound.

Application of a pressure bandage for venous bleeding is done in a spiral from bottom to top below the site of injury. With each subsequent turn of the bandage, the tension is increased, but not completely tight. At correct application the limb bandages will retain their natural color. If the bandaging is too tight, throbbing pain appears, the limb swells and turns blue. The bandage needs to be loosened a little.

Application of a tourniquet: rules

If there is severe bleeding from a vein, and especially an artery, often finger pressure on the vessel or a pressure bandage are ineffective, then a tourniquet is used. Observe correct technique its imposition, since this life-saving manipulation can cause harm to the victim in the form complete violation blood supply and innervation of the limb and, as a consequence, the development of paralysis, prolonged compression syndrome or gangrene.

At venous bleeding, a tourniquet is applied below wounds, as well as finger pressure or applying a pressure bandage. If you do not have a regular tourniquet, replace it with a belt, towel, scarf, shirt or jacket sleeve.

At arterial bleeding, a tourniquet is applied higher wounds!

To reduce trauma to the nerves and skin, you can apply a tourniquet over clothing, making each subsequent round stronger than the previous one, but not too tight. Tuck a note under the last turn indicating the exact time of application of the tourniquet, down to minutes.

In cases where transporting the victim to the hospital takes more than one hour, the tourniquet must be loosened for several minutes, while pressing the vein to the site of the tourniquet in advance so as not to wash out blood clot. If bleeding occurs again, apply a tourniquet slightly below the previous application site, write down exact time manipulation again.

Regardless of the chosen method of stopping bleeding, you need to create a stationary position for the damaged part of the body (fix it with a roller with bandaging, a splint made from improvised materials).

Under any conditions, even when minor bleeding has been successfully treated, take the victim to the doctor. Quite often, thorough wound debridement may be necessary. disinfectant solutions, plus - the introduction of antitetanus serum.

How to stop heavy bleeding: what to do?

Stopping bleeding - priority task. Large blood loss is a threat to the patient’s life. At first glance, minor bleeding for the elderly and children can be dangerous. It is imperative to know and possess first aid skills.

Capillary bleeding

With capillary bleeding, as a rule, blood loss is small. However, with problems associated with blood clotting, stopping the bleeding is not an easy task.

What to do:

1. Cover the wound with clean gauze.
2. Place a piece of cotton wool on top.
3. Bandage the bleeding area.

Make sure to apply the bandage tightly enough so that there is enough pressure to compress the bleeding vessels. If you don't have any dressing material at hand, cover the wound with a clean handkerchief.

Venous bleeding

The main sign of venous bleeding is the release of dark red blood in large quantities.

Why is bleeding from a vein dangerous?

The risk of large blood loss plus the risk of air bubbles entering damaged vessels.

What and how to stop!

To effectively stop bleeding from a vein, apply a pressure bandage as quickly as possible: cover the wound with sterile gauze (if you have it at hand, if not, use whatever is clean), apply a cotton pad on top and tightly bandage the injured area.

The goal is to clamp the ends of damaged vessels as quickly as possible. If there are no bandages or cotton wool under your hands, press the bleeding area with your finger. If your limbs are injured, lift them up to reduce blood pressure.

Arterial bleeding

The most dangerous of all other types. In five minutes, a patient can lose several liters of blood!

A sign of bleeding from an artery: a pulsating stream of bright red blood.

What to do:

1. Immediately squeeze the wounded vessel with your fingers, do not release the fixation until someone prepares dressing materials and a tourniquet.
2. If there is no tourniquet, use a scarf, tie, belt, shirt sleeves, jacket.
3. A loop or tourniquet is placed above the bleeding area. Place a layer of gauze and clothing under them so as not to damage the skin and nerve trunks when twisting.
4. Remember that the patient must be transported to the hospital within two hours, and that if the tourniquet is in place for more than two hours, the bandaged limb will die.

How to stop bleeding from the carotid artery

Immediately apply pressure to the neck wound with your knuckles. cervical vertebrae in front (in front of the wound or the wound itself). Then tight sterile bandage folded in half like a roller, place it in the wound (tampon) and bandage it to the neck, while keeping the blood flow intact carotid artery. This is the most dangerous wound - a person can lose consciousness from blood loss in a few seconds and die. Wait for the ambulance to arrive.

Watch the video on the topic, and everything will become clear to you by looking at the preview, what to do and how: “ Temporary stop bleeding" from the video channel - Tyumen State Medical University.

Video on the topic

Bleeding: types, methods of stopping, first aid

MEDFILM: First aid for bleeding (KievNauchFilm).

Konstantin Solovyov left review: “This is the most useful video I have ever seen on YouTube.”

First aid for bleeding

On the video channel "Doctor Next Door".

Blood is a liquid tissue of the body, a significant loss of which can lead to life-threatening consequences. This episode will teach us the basics of first aid for traumatic bleeding.

Stopping venous bleeding in some cases can save a person's life. Therefore, everyone should know exactly how it is carried out. First aid for violation of the integrity of the vein differs from assistance for other types of blood loss. Therefore, it is important not only to know how to act, but also to be able to recognize venous bleeding.

What distinguishes venous blood loss from other types of bleeding? How to provide first aid to a victim?

Signs of venous bleeding

Venous refers to bleeding in which damage to the veins occurs. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood from organs and tissues to the heart. Therefore, it contains a lot of carbon dioxide and negligible oxygen.

Damage to the veins can occur during a fall from a height, road traffic accidents, piercing wounds and other situations.

The following signs indicate that the victim is bleeding:

• strong thirst;
• tinnitus;
• cold sweat;
• pale skin;
• cold extremities;
• change in breathing;
• accelerated pulse.

Venous blood loss can be distinguished from other types by several signs:

• venous blood has a dark red (cherry) color: this is due to its lack of oxygen (for comparison: in arterial bleeding, the blood is bright red);
• blood flows out continuously, slowly, with a barely noticeable pulsation, but more often without it at all;
• when large veins are damaged, blood flows in a stream;
• similar bleeding occurs when very deep cuts and other serious injuries.

Return to zmistIndications for venous bleeding

Venous bleeding leads to very large blood losses. If the damaged vein is located in the neck or head, air may enter the vessel through the wound, which can lead to the death of the victim. Therefore, you need to act quickly and competently.

When the integrity of the veins is violated, serious changes are observed in cardiovascular system. The amount of blood circulated throughout the body drops. Because of this, disturbances in the functioning of the brain occur. The brain, like other organs and tissues, cannot be provided with oxygen as before.

Blood loss is especially dangerous for older people and young children: even a slight decrease in the amount of this fluid in the body can lead to serious consequences.

Return to zmistHow to temporarily stop venous bleeding?

Stopping any bleeding can be temporary or permanent. Temporary stoppage of venous blood flow is the first first aid to the victim. The final stop of blood is carried out medical workers. There are several options for stopping such bleeding. It all depends on the degree of damage to the vessel and possible loss blood. Venous bleeding can be stopped with:

• finger pressure;
• presses;
• tourniquet

To find the right way in a particular case, everything should be applied sequentially: if it was not possible to stop the bleeding on an arm or leg with the first method, you should immediately move on to the second method, and then to the third.

For minor vein injuries, finger pressure will be effective. You need to put your fingers on blood vessel below its damage: venous blood flows from bottom to top. After some time, a blood clot forms in the vessel and the bleeding stops.

Applying a bandage will be effective in case of significant damage to the vessel. To do this, it is necessary to raise the limb (if the arm or leg is injured) above the level of the heart. After this, you need to take a bandage and wrap it around the limb in a spiral direction from top to bottom. Each new turn of the bandage should be tighter. But it is not recommended to apply the bandage very tightly. If after dressing skin have not changed their color, become bluish and swollen, which means everything was done correctly.

If neither the bandage nor finger pressure gives the desired effect, you will have to resort to using a tourniquet. You can tell this by how quickly it gets wet and presses on its color. If you don’t have a medical tourniquet at hand, a belt, girdle, scarf or other available means will do. In case of venous bleeding, the tourniquet must be applied below the wound. You should not remove clothing from the damaged area of ​​the body: this can damage the nerves or skin. Be sure to place a note under the tourniquet indicating the time of application, accurate to the minute. If within an hour the victim is delivered to medical institution It is not possible, the tourniquet will have to be removed for a while. If the bleeding is still severe, you can use the finger pressure method again, and then apply the tourniquet again. You need to do this every hour and a half.

First aid for venous bleeding is primarily aimed at slowing blood flow. What methods can this be done without harming the victim himself? How can you distinguish normal bleeding from venous or arterial bleeding? What should you do before the ambulance arrives? Essentially, this is basic knowledge from providing the first emergency care, which are studied at school. But in practice, many are not familiar with them.

How to distinguish venous bleeding?

The main feature of venous blood is its dark, purple-rich color. With capillary bleeding, the blood is lighter and more liquid. At the same time, when a vein is damaged, it flows out with a noticeable short-term increase in blood flow with the same frequency (pulsation of blood vessels due to the work of the heart).

Arterial bleeding is usually stronger than venous bleeding, but the principle of stopping it is similar. The only difference is the place where the tourniquet must be applied.

Signs of venous bleeding include continuous flow of blood. This happens when the deep veins located on the back side extremities (for example, near the wrist, at the back of the knee). It is almost impossible to eliminate such bleeding without applying a tourniquet.

The manifestations and symptoms of venous bleeding may vary among victims depending on the amount of blood lost. At the same time, we should not forget about psychological factor. If the victim panics or goes into shock, this will only increase the bleeding. This should be prevented at first aid.

Urgent Care

In most cases, stopping venous bleeding can be accomplished by applying a tight bandage. The wound should first be washed with at least clean drinking water. If you have a first aid kit, treat it with hydrogen peroxide. Then it rolls out of the bandage tight ball and placed directly on top of the wound. The whole thing is tightly bandaged on top. It is imperative to remember or write down the time exactly when the bandage was applied - this information will be required by emergency doctors.

If in this way it was possible to stop the bleeding, then after at least 4-6 hours the bandage must be changed. First, the bandage wrapped on top is removed, then the rolled ball is thoroughly moistened with a solution of potassium permanganate (literally a few crystals per 1 liter of water). This prevents re-break wounds at the site of the formed thrombus. If the bandage was too tight, then you should definitely re-bandage it, loosening your grip (so that the area near the wound does not become cold).

If a tight bandage does not help and blood begins to seep out, then this indicates that the loss there's blood coming out from deep veins - they have stronger blood flow. In this case, you also need to apply a tourniquet just above the wound (if the injury is in the neck or head, then it is applied a little lower, taking into account the blood flow). In critical cases, it can be replaced with a very ordinary belt, a piece of fabric, rope or even some kind of flexible branch. The main thing is to clamp the vein and slow down the blood flow in the area. Applying ice to the wound site also helps. Again, it is very important to record the time the tourniquet was applied. It should be taken into account that when sub-zero temperature environment it should not be held for longer than 7-10 minutes, as soft tissue atrophy may then begin.

It is advisable to provide assistance to the victim in pairs. The first one’s responsibilities include holding the limb (if that’s where the injury is) above the level of the heart, as well as trying to calm the victim. The most dangerous thing in this situation is panic on the part of the victim, which will only speed up the blood flow. And it's too long and profuse bleeding can provoke liver and heart failure, which is very likely to result in death.

So, how to stop venous bleeding? First of all, call ambulance or ask passersby to do it. Next you need to apply a tight bandage or tourniquet (if necessary). This directly determines what the victim’s chances are that before the ambulance arrives, he will not develop heart failure or the amount of blood lost will not be critical.