From time to time, children are vaccinated - newborns, infants, schoolchildren, and adolescents. How to properly prepare a child for vaccination to avoid negative reactions? What can and cannot be done before vaccination? We'll tell you in detail!

In order for vaccination to be not only effective, but also safe, the baby should be prepared for the vaccination procedure. So, what exactly can and cannot be done for a child before vaccination?

What are the vaccinations for children?

Conventionally, vaccinations can be divided into 2 important groups – emergency and planned.

TO emergency vaccination include vaccinations caused by negative events. For example, a child with polio has been identified in your neighborhood, or an outbreak has occurred at a school in your neighborhood, or an animal with signs of rabies has been found in the village. In this case, emergency vaccination is carried out among the population.

Routine vaccinations are given according to the vaccination plan - against certain diseases.

Routine vaccination is never urgent. Any vaccination included in the plan can be rescheduled if there are reasons for this.

In other words, if the time for the next vaccination has arrived, but a child, for example, is sick or another child, or his older brother or sister has been quarantined at school, in these and similar cases the vaccination is usually postponed.

There is nothing catastrophic in this - the main thing is, after all the unfavorable circumstances, without delay, urgently carry out vaccination and gradually return to the general plan.

Vaccination for one, two, three...

Almost all modern vaccines are introduced in stages and “work” on a cumulative basis. This means that required quantity The vaccine (which is required for the production of antibodies) is not introduced into the child’s body all at once, but gradually, in parts - after a certain time interval.

However, if you missed the next vaccination (in fact, you postponed it), this does not mean that the previous parts were in vain. No - no vaccinations are started all over again if the next vaccination time is missed. No matter how much time you miss, it makes sense to get another vaccination and try to return to the vaccination plan as soon as possible.

A child before vaccination: the main strategy is no strategy

Most main secret preparing a child for vaccination is that... there is no special preparation program... at all! The only important thing is that before vaccination the child feels well, does not suffer and does not come into contact with potential infectious patients.

This means that on the day of vaccination it is advisable not to sit in line at the clinic, “collecting” everything possible infections, and having placed one of the relatives in this line, wait for the “signal” in a park nearby.

If a mother has no one to delegate waiting in line, and she has to “walk” around the clinic and come into contact with a three-month-old baby, who does not yet have protection against infectious diseases, she should stock up on the so-called physiological saline solution in advance.

Isotonic sodium chloride solution (in other words, saline solution) can be bought at any pharmacy. It is best used as a spray. It is enough to spray this liquid into your baby’s nose every 15-20 minutes to significantly reduce the likelihood of a viral infection.

And if you have the opportunity to invite health workers to vaccinate directly at your baby’s home, this would be an ideal option.

Strictly speaking, there is no special preparation for vaccinations. If the baby is healthy, does not demonstrate symptoms and there are no infectious patients in his environment, any vaccination can be carried out without any “preludes”. However, if you cannot live without instructions, here you go rough plan actions that will help prepare your child for any vaccination.

Before vaccination: 5 simple rules

• 1 Most adequately able to assess the child’s health status pediatrician. Therefore, the first rule of preparing for vaccinations is show the baby to the pediatrician. If upon examination he does not find any negative symptoms, he will simply assign you a vaccination day and give you directions.
• 2 If the doctor “suspects” a child has some disease or some “bad” symptoms, then in 99 cases out of 100 he will prescribe certain tests or tests. And then this will be the second step in preparation for vaccination.
• 3 To make it easier for the body to tolerate vaccination, it is necessary empty your baby's bowels. For this you can use special laxative suppositories or give an enema.
• 4 If, when administering one part of the vaccine, the baby experienced sharp increase temperature, then when introducing the remaining parts it makes sense Give your baby an antipyretic drug first(eg Paracetamol or Ibuprofen).
• 5 And finally, the most important rule that will help you avoid many troubles associated with vaccinations: 2-3 days before vaccination and 2-3 days after it is highly desirable have as little contact with other people as possible.

Children's doctor E.O. Komarovsky: “In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is not at all because vaccination in any way “undermined” their immunity. But because, sitting in line in front of the laboratory waiting for vaccination, the baby manages to come into contact with a dozen snotty children.

Vaccination for allergic dermatitis

Everyone knows that during an allergic attack no vaccinations are given. What should those parents do if their child is suffering? That is, in essence, he has a constant chronic allergies, which is expressed by a rash on the skin.

In this case, vaccinations are given only during the remission stage. That is, at a time when there is no exacerbation of the disease for 2-3 weeks - and, accordingly, there are no new, fresh rashes on the skin.

Child before vaccination: summary

Every year, about 14 million children die from infectious diseases around the world. A third of whom die precisely because these children were not vaccinated in a timely manner.

So, successful vaccination depends on 3 most important conditions:

• The child’s health status (before the day of vaccination, the child must be absolutely healthy for at least 2 weeks);
• Vaccine quality;
• Conditions under which vaccination is carried out;

On the quality of vaccines (with mandatory vaccination) you can hardly influence, this is the area of ​​responsibility of the state.

The most important nuance of the conditions under which vaccination takes place is the least contact with potentially sick people. This means that a couple of days before the vaccination, and for a couple of days after it, it is better for you and your baby to lead a relatively secluded lifestyle - not to receive guests and not to go out “into society” yourself. And during vaccination, it is advisable not to sit for hours at the laboratory office - let someone else sit in line, and you will approach the vaccination “on signal”.

And finally, to make sure that the baby is absolutely healthy at the time of vaccination, he needs to be shown to a pediatrician before vaccination. That's all the wisdom on how to prepare a child for vaccinations!

Children and adults need vaccinations, as an effective means of combating dangerous infectious diseases. One of the very first vaccinations that a child is given is DPT, which represents vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. All three infectious diseases are serious and potentially dangerous to humans, since, even with the use of the most modern and highly effective antibacterial drugs, the percentage of deaths is very high. In addition, severe forms of infections can lead to developmental disorders and disability of a person from childhood.

Explanation of DTP vaccination and types of vaccines used

The DPT vaccine is classified internationally as DTP. The abbreviation simply stands for adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. This drug is combined and is used to combat, respectively, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Today there is a choice of these vaccines - domestic drug DTP or Infanrix. There are also combination vaccines, which contain not only DPT, for example:

• Pentaxim – DPT + against polio + hemophilus influenzae infection;
• Bubo – M – diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B;
• Tetrakok – DTP + against polio;
• Tritanrix-HB – DTP + against hepatitis B.

The DPT vaccine is the basis for the immunoprophylaxis of tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. However, the pertussis component can cause strong reactions, or revaccination only against diphtheria and tetanus is required - then the appropriate vaccines are used, which in Russia include the following:

• ADS (according to the international nomenclature DT) is a vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria. Today, our country uses domestic ADS and imported D.T.Vax;
• ADS-m (dT) is a vaccine intended against tetanus and diphtheria, which is administered to children after 6 years of age and to adults. In Russia, domestic ADS-m and imported Imovax D.T.Adult are used;
• AC (international nomenclature T) – tetanus vaccine;
• AD-m (d) – vaccine against diphtheria.

These types of vaccines are used to vaccinate children and adults against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Should I get the DPT vaccine?

Today, DTP vaccination is given to children in all developed countries, thanks to which many thousands of children's lives were saved. In the last five years, some developing countries have abandoned the pertussis component, as a result, the incidence of infection and mortality from it have increased significantly. As a result of this experiment, governments decided to return to vaccination against whooping cough.

Of course, the question is “whether to DTP vaccination" can be asked in different ways. Some people believe that vaccinations are not necessary in principle, others believe that this particular vaccine is very dangerous and causes severe consequences in the form neurological pathologies in a child, and someone wants to know whether it is possible to vaccinate the baby at this particular point in time.

If a person decides not to get vaccinated at all, then naturally he does not need DPT. If you think that DTP vaccine harmful, and contains a lot of components that give too much heavy load on the child’s body, then this is not so. The human body is able to easily tolerate several vaccine components aimed against various infections. What is important here is not their quantity, but compatibility. Therefore, the DTP vaccine, developed in the 40s of the 20th century, became a kind of revolutionary achievement when it was possible to place a vaccine against three infections in one bottle. And from this point of view such combination drug– this means a reduction in the number of trips to the clinic, and only one injection instead of three.

It is certainly necessary to get the DPT vaccine, but you need to carefully examine the child and get permission for vaccination - then the risk of complications is minimal. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the most common reasons the development of complications due to DTP vaccination is ignored medical contraindications, incorrect administration and spoiled drug. All these reasons can be easily eliminated, and you can safely get an important vaccination.

Parents who doubt the advisability of immunization can be reminded of the statistics from Russia before the start of vaccination (before the 1950s). Approximately 20% of children suffered from diphtheria, half of them died. Tetanus - even more dangerous infection, infant mortality from which accounts for almost 85% of cases. In the world today, approximately 250,000 people die from tetanus every year in countries where they do not vaccinate. And absolutely all children suffered from whooping cough before the start of mass immunization. However, you should know that the DTP vaccine is the most difficult to tolerate of all those included in the vaccine. national calendar. Therefore, vaccination, of course, is not God's gift, but it is necessary.

DTP vaccination - preparation, procedure, side effects, complications - Video

DPT vaccination for adults

The last immunization of children with the DTP vaccine is done at the age of 14 years, then adults must be revaccinated every 10 years, that is, the next vaccination must be done at 24 years. Adults are given the diphtheria-tetanus (DT) vaccine because whooping cough is no longer a danger to them. Revaccination is necessary in order to maintain a level of antibodies in the human body that is sufficient to ensure immunity to infections. If an adult does not undergo revaccination, antibodies will remain in his body, but their quantity is not sufficient to provide immunity, so there is a risk of getting sick. If a vaccinated person who has not undergone revaccination after 10 years gets sick, the infection will progress over a longer period of time. mild form, compared to those who were not vaccinated at all.

How many DPT vaccinations are there and when are they given?

To form a sufficient number of antibodies that provide immunity to whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, the child is given 4 doses of DPT vaccine - the first at the age of 3 months, the second after 30-45 days (that is, at 4-5 months), the third at six months ( at 6 months). The fourth dose of DTP vaccine is given at 1.5 years of age. These four doses are necessary for the formation of immunity, and all subsequent DTP vaccinations will be carried out only to maintain the required antibody concentration, and they are called revaccinations.

Then children are revaccinated at 6 - 7 years old, and at 14. Thus, each child receives 6 DTP vaccinations. After the last immunization at 14 years of age, revaccination must be carried out every 10 years, that is, at 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, etc.

Vaccination schedule

In the absence of contraindications and approval for vaccinations, the administration of the DTP vaccine to children and adults is carried out according to the following schedule:
1. 3 months.
2. 4 – 5 months.
3. 6 months.
4. 1.5 years (18 months).
5. 6 – 7 years old.
6. 14 years old.
7. 24 years old.
8. 34 years old.
9. 44 years old.
10. 54 years old.
11. 64 years old.
12. 74 years old.

Interval between vaccinations

The first three doses of DPT vaccine (at 3, 4.5 and 6 months) should be administered with an interval of 30 to 45 days between them. Administration of subsequent doses is not allowed earlier than after an interval of 4 weeks. That is, at least 4 weeks must pass between the previous and next DTP vaccinations.

If the time has come for the next DTP vaccination, and the child gets sick, or there are some other reasons why vaccination cannot be carried out, then it is postponed. You can postpone vaccination for a fairly long period of time, if necessary. But the vaccination should be given as soon as it can be done (for example, the child will recover, etc.).

If one or two doses of DTP were given, and the next vaccination had to be postponed, then when returning to vaccination there is no need to start it again - you should simply continue the interrupted chain. In other words, if there is one DPT vaccination, then two more doses must be delivered at intervals of 30–45 days, and one a year after the last one. If there are two DTP vaccinations, then simply give the last one, the third one, and a year later, the fourth one. Then vaccinations are given according to schedule, that is, at 6–7 years old, and at 14.

First DTP at 3 months

According to the vaccination calendar, the first DTP is given to a child at the age of 3 months. This is due to the fact that maternal antibodies received from her by the child through the umbilical cord persist only 60 days after birth. That is why it was decided to start immunization from 3 months, and some countries do this from 2 months. If for some reason DTP was not given at 3 months, then the first vaccination can be done at any age up to 4 years. Children over 4 years of age who have not previously been vaccinated with DPT are vaccinated only against tetanus and diphtheria - that is, with DPT preparations.

To minimize the risk of reactions, it is important that the child is healthy when the vaccine is administered. The greatest danger is the presence of thymomegaly (increased thymus gland), in which DPT can cause severe reactions and complications.

The first DTP vaccination can be done with any vaccine. You can use domestic or imported ones - Tetrakok and Infanrix. DTP and Tetrakok cause post-vaccination reactions (not complications!) in approximately 1/3 of children, while Infanrix, on the contrary, is very easily tolerated. Therefore, if possible, it is better to install Infanrix.

Second DPT

The second DPT vaccination is done 30 - 45 days after the first, that is, at 4.5 months. It is best to vaccinate your child with the same drug as the first time. However, if for some reason it is impossible to deliver the same vaccine as the first time, then you can replace it with any other one. Remember that according to the requirements of the World Health Organization, all types of DTP are interchangeable.

The reaction to the second DPT can be much stronger than to the first. You shouldn’t be afraid of this, but be mentally prepared. This reaction of the child’s body is not a sign of pathology. The fact is that, as a result of the first vaccination, the body has already encountered the components of microbes, to which it has produced a certain amount of antibodies, and the second “date” with the same microorganisms causes a stronger response. In most children, the strongest reaction is observed precisely to the second DPT.

If the child missed the second DTP for any reason, then it should be given as soon as possible, as soon as possible. In this case, it will be considered the second, and not the first, since, even if the vaccination schedule is delayed and violated, there is no need to cross out everything done and start over.

If the child had a strong reaction to the first DPT vaccination, then it is better to give the second one with another vaccine with less reactogenicity - Infanrix, or administer only DPT. The main component of the DTP vaccine that causes reactions is the cells of the pertussis microbe, and diphtheria and tetanus toxins are easily tolerated. That is why, if there is a strong reaction to DPT, it is recommended to administer only DPT containing antitetanus and antidiphtheria components.

Third DTP

The third DTP vaccine is administered 30 to 45 days after the second. If the vaccine is not given at this time, then vaccination is carried out as soon as possible. In this case, the vaccination is considered to be the third one.

Some children react most strongly to the third rather than the second DTP vaccine. A strong reaction is not a pathology, as is the case with the second vaccination. If the previous two DTP injections were delivered with one vaccine, and for some reason it is impossible to obtain it for the third, but another drug is available, then it is better to get vaccinated rather than postpone it.

Where is the vaccination given?

The DTP vaccine preparation must be administered intramuscularly, since this is the method that ensures the release of the drug components at the required speed, which allows the formation of immunity. Injection under the skin can lead to a very long release of the drug, which will make the injection simply useless. That is why it is recommended to inject DTP into the child’s thigh, since the muscles on the leg are well developed even in the smallest. For older children or adults, DPT can be injected into the shoulder if the muscle layer there is well developed.

DTP vaccine should not be injected into the buttock, as there is a high risk of getting into blood vessel or sciatic nerve. In addition, there is a fairly large layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue on the buttocks, and the needle may not reach the muscles, then the drug will be administered incorrectly, and the drug will not have any effect. required action. In other words, DPT vaccination should not be done in the buttock. In addition, international studies have shown that the best production of antibodies by the body occurs when the vaccine is injected into the thigh. Based on all specified data World organization Healthcare recommends administering the DTP vaccine specifically to the thigh.

Contraindications

Today they stand out general contraindications to DPT, such as:
1. Any pathology in the acute period.
2. Allergic reaction to vaccine components.
3. Immunodeficiency.

In this case, the child cannot be vaccinated in principle.

If there are neurological symptoms or seizures due to fever, children can be vaccinated with a vaccine that does not contain a pertussis component, that is, ADS. Children with leukemia, as well as pregnant and lactating women, are not vaccinated until recovery. Children receive a temporary medical exemption from vaccination due to an exacerbation of diathesis, for whom vaccination is carried out after achieving remission of the disease and normalization of the condition.

False contraindications for DPT vaccination are as follows:

• perinatal encephalopathy;
• prematurity;
• allergies in relatives;
• convulsions in relatives;
• severe reactions to the administration of DTP in relatives.

This means that if these factors are present, vaccinations can be carried out, but it is necessary to examine the child, obtain permission from a neurologist and use purified vaccines with minimal reactogenicity (for example, Infanrix).

Introduction ADS vaccines Contraindicated only in people who have had an allergic or neurological reaction to this drug in the past.

Before DTP vaccination - preparation methods

The DPT vaccine has the highest reactogenicity among all vaccines included in the national calendar. That is why, in addition to compliance general rules, it is necessary to carry out drug preparation and support for DTP vaccination. General rules include:

• the child must be completely healthy at the time of vaccination;
• the child must be hungry;
• the baby has to poop;
• The child should not be dressed too hot.

The DTP vaccine must be administered against the background of the use of antipyretic, painkillers and antiallergic drugs. Children's antipyretics based on paracetamol and ibuprofen also have a moderate analgesic effect, which allows you to eliminate discomfort in the injection area. Keep analgin on hand, which you can give to your child if there is severe pain.

A bump after DTP can form when the vaccine gets into the subcutaneous fatty tissue rather than into the muscle. There are much fewer vessels in the fatty layer, the rate of absorption of the vaccine is also sharply reduced, and as a result, a lump that does not go away for a long time is formed. You can try Troxevasin or Aescusan ointments to increase blood circulation and speed up the absorption of the drug, which will lead to the resorption of the lump. A lump can also form if the vaccine was administered without aseptic technique? and dirt got into the injection site. In this case, the lump is inflammatory process, pus forms inside it, which must be released and the wound treated.

Redness after DPT. This is also normal phenomenon, since a weak inflammatory reaction, which is always characterized by the formation of redness. If the child is no longer bothered, do not take any action. As the drug dissolves, the inflammation will go away on its own, and the redness will also go away.
It hurts after DTP. Pain at the injection site is also caused by an inflammatory reaction, which can be more or less pronounced, depending on the individual characteristics of the child. You should not force your baby to endure pain, give him analgin, apply ice to the injection site. If the pain does not go away for a long time, consult a doctor.

Cough after DPT. In some children, in response to the DTP vaccine, a cough may appear within 24 hours if there are chronic diseases respiratory tract. This is due to the body’s reaction to the pertussis component. However this state does not require special treatment, and goes away on its own within a few days. If a cough develops a day or several days after vaccination, then a typical situation occurs when healthy child"caught" some infection at the clinic.

Complications

Complications of vaccinations include severe violations health conditions that require treatment and may have adverse consequences. So, DTP vaccination can cause the following complications:

• severe allergies (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema, etc.);
• background seizures normal temperature;
• encephalopathy (neurological symptoms);

To date, the incidence of these complications is extremely low - from 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 vaccinated children.

Currently, the connection between the development of encephalopathies and DTP vaccination is not considered scientifically proven, since it was not possible to identify any specific properties of vaccines that can cause similar phenomena. Experiments on animals also did not reveal a connection between DTP vaccination and the formation neurological disorders. Scientists and vaccinologists believe that DPT is a kind of provocation, during which an increase in temperature simply leads to the obvious manifestation of hitherto hidden disorders.

The development of short-term encephalopathy in children after DPT vaccination is caused by the pertussis component, which has a strong irritant effect on the membranes of the brain. However, the presence of convulsions against a background of normal temperature, twitching, nodding or disturbances of consciousness is a contraindication to further administration of the DTP vaccine.

To decide on the need for vaccination, determine which vaccine a child needs, the process of preparing for vaccination and monitoring after vaccination, you need to consult a doctor.

If you have a certificate of preventive vaccinations (a special book for recording vaccinations given to your child, the form of the certificate is approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated September 17, 1993 N220 “On measures to develop and improve the infectious diseases service in Russian Federation"Certificate of preventive vaccinations, form No. 156/u-93), take it with you so that the doctor can enter information about new vaccination. If you have not been vaccinated before or do not have such a certificate, ask your doctor to issue one.

These records may be useful later to show that your child has necessary vaccinations before entering kindergarten or school, or in case of moving or changing doctors.

1. Can I get vaccinated?

Indications and contraindications for vaccination are determined by the doctor.

Before immunization, the doctor (paramedic) conducts a thorough survey in order to identify previous diseases, including chronic ones, the presence of reactions or complications to the previous administration of the drug, allergic reactions to medicines, products; reveals individual characteristics body (prematurity, birth trauma, convulsions), and clarifies whether there are contacts with infectious patients, as well as the timing of previous vaccinations.

Remember that when acute diseases accompanied by an increase in temperature (cold, sore throat, bronchitis, flu, pneumonia, etc.), vaccination, as a rule, will need to be postponed until recovery.

2. Does your child have a confirmed severe allergic reaction to anything?

If a child has allergic disorders, then the need for additional measures should be discussed with the attending physician in advance.

Remember that you should not introduce new types of food a few days before and in the first days after vaccination. If the child is on breastfeeding, do not include new foods in your diet.

3. Tests and additional permissions from doctors

Your healthcare provider may determine that tests or recommendations from other specialists may be needed before vaccination.

For example, if the pediatrician is unclear about the nature of the changes nervous system, he can refer the child to a neurologist, after which he will decide on vaccination and the choice of vaccines.

4. On the day of vaccination

You have the right to receive information from your doctor about the vaccine, the need for vaccination, possible reactions on vaccination and the consequences of refusal to vaccinate.

The doctor, in turn, will ask you the questions mentioned in the previous section to determine whether your child has any contraindications and whether special measures precautions for vaccination.

Don't be shy to ask your doctor questions. You can clarify, for example, what vaccine the child will be vaccinated with, when and what reactions may occur, and in what cases to apply for medical care. In order not to forget all the questions to the doctor, you can use the BABY GUIDE application and include them there.

You should not scare your baby with injections and doctors. This can leave a negative imprint for life. If the child is already an adult, it is better to explain to him what the doctors will do, and most importantly, why. During the injection, you can hold the baby in your arms to prevent unexpected movements of the child. Medical worker The immunizer must not restrain the child himself. You should not rush to leave the clinic; usually the doctor or nurse asks the parents to sit for about 30 minutes near the office. This will help calm your child and help him if he has any reactions to the vaccine.

Discuss with your doctor the use and dosage of a child's fever reducer, as well as symptoms that warrant calling your doctor.

After vaccination, you can also set the date of vaccination in the “Vaccination Calendar” section in the BABY GUIDE program.

5. Day after vaccination

Ask your doctor how you can bathe your child after vaccination.

If you are concerned about how your child looks or behaves after vaccination, consult your doctor.

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Almost every parent sooner or later faces the need to vaccinations child, and thinks about how to ensure the calmest course of the post-vaccination state in the baby. Of course, vaccinations are not perfect; they can cause certain reactions in the child’s body, the severity of which depends on a number of factors. At the same time, vaccination is very effective remedy prevention of dangerous infectious diseases that can leave serious complications or end in the death of a child. That is why it is necessary to know the rules of behavior when administering vaccinations in order to alleviate the child’s condition as much as possible and reduce the severity of post-vaccination reaction. To do this, you need to know what determines the severity of reactions to vaccination, as well as what you can and cannot do after it.

What determines the reaction to a vaccine?

The child’s body’s reaction to vaccinations depends on the following main factors:

• the child's condition;
• conditions for administering the vaccine.

Moreover, the influence of all three factors on the child’s condition after vaccination is not the same. The vaccine itself has minimal influence, but the condition of the child and the conditions of its administration can significantly change the course of the post-vaccination period. Since these factors are under the control of parents, we will consider what can and cannot be done after vaccinating a child.

To minimize reaction child's body, it is worth choosing drugs that have minimal reactogenicity. As a rule, you have to buy such drugs yourself, since they are quite expensive. The effectiveness of conventional vaccines available in clinics is absolutely the same as that of expensive ones, but the reactogenicity of the latter may be significantly lower. You can first find out from your doctor and purchase it yourself. the right vaccine at the pharmacy, if financially possible. In general, only high-quality vaccines are registered and approved for use in Russia, that is, there are no “crappy” ones among them - so you can choose any drug.

What should you not do after vaccination?

Remember: the less loaded digestive system child, the easier it will be for him to cope with vaccination. Therefore, before and after the procedure, it is necessary to observe a semi-starvation regime. This means that directly on the day when the child is vaccinated, and on the next day, it is necessary to feed him as little as possible. Do not try to force feed your baby, do not offer him all sorts of goodies and delicacies. Immediately before the procedure, do not feed him for at least an hour - the same after vaccination.

Delay feeding as long as possible. Give your child food only when he urgently asks you to. At the same time, prepare liquid, one might say diluted, food for him. Cook the porridge more liquid than usual - for example, instead of the six spoons of the mixture per glass of water prescribed according to the instructions, put only four. This rule should be observed especially carefully when the baby has overweight bodies. Do not give your child anything new, allergenic, or with a pronounced taste - sour, sweet, salty, etc.

If there is a fever, create optimal conditions for the child - a cool room with an air temperature no higher than 20 o C, humidity not lower than 50 - 70%. Give your child plenty of fluids to restore fluid balance in the body, and if possible, do not feed. Prepare for your child to drink special solutions, which replenish the loss of fluid and microelements, such as Regidron, Gastrolit, Glucosolan, etc. Give your baby water after vaccination for several days with these solutions.

After vaccination, you can walk with your child as much as you like, if he feels normal outside, is not capricious and does not ask to go home. If the baby loves water treatments, you can bathe him before bed.

After vaccination, it is possible, and even necessary, to drop some drops into both nasal passages of the child. saline solutions, for example, Salin, Aquamaris or, in the end, the usual saline solution. Such preventive instillation saline solution will help significantly reduce the risk of contracting a viral respiratory infection.

After vaccination, take a walk for half an hour in the vicinity of the clinic. This time is necessary to determine whether the child will give immediate strong allergic reaction, to eliminate which you will need medical help. Usually doctors recommend sitting for half an hour on a bench in the clinic, but this is not recommended, since in a medical institution there is a very high risk of “catching” some kind of infection. It is better to spend this time outside, walking near the clinic.

After mass vaccination in kindergarten Leave your baby at home for two to three days so that he doesn’t get infected from his sick friends. After all, there is sure to be at least one child in kindergarten with snot or bronchitis, and your baby has a real risk of getting an infection from this peer.

Preventive vaccinations for children in Russia first began to be introduced in 1940. As soon as a child is born, he is already vaccinated in the maternity hospital. The main vaccinations that must be given are the vaccine against tuberculosis, polio, measles, hepatitis and the DPT vaccine.

We will look in detail at what DTP is, why it needs to be done, at what age it is administered, and what complications there may be.

DTP is an adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

From the transcript it is clear that the vaccine is a simultaneous prevention of the three most dangerous childhood infections: whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus.

These diseases give severe complications, which can remain with the child for life, and are also one of the main causes of child mortality. DPT vaccination is carried out not only in the Russian Federation, but also in almost all countries of the world.

DTP is a cloudy liquid. Consists of dead cells dangerous pathogens: small particles of pertussis microbes, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid.

In Russia, both the domestic DPT vaccine and proven imported vaccine are used.

The mechanism of action of the vaccine is aimed at creating artificial immunity in the baby, because the child is not yet able to independently fight such infectious diseases. The baby did not receive the necessary antibodies from the mother during intrauterine development and lactation.

After the vaccination is administered, foreign agents immediately enter the bloodstream, creating an imitation of the disease. The body begins to develop immunity to infections. The production of protective factors, antibodies, interferons, and phagocytes is activated.

Thus, blood cells (leukocytes) remember the microbial agent, and if the child gets sick, or tetanus, then he immune system will be able to overcome the disease.

Types of DTP vaccine

In medicine, there are 2 types of DPT vaccine:

1. Cellular . Cellular vaccines contain whole cells of killed bacteria and viruses containing toxoid. This type of vaccine is used if the child has not had diphtheria, whooping cough, or tetanus. Used to develop your own active immunity.
2. Acellular. Contains particles of killed microbes, viral organisms. Used if the child has had an infectious disease. IN school age the vaccine is re-administered. The vaccine supports the child’s already developed immunity, which is good prevention.

Drug names

The vaccine is produced in ampoules or disposable syringes of 0.5-1 ml. The main drugs used to vaccinate children: Pentaxim, Infanrix.

DPT

Drug for intramuscular injection. Consists of dead cells of whooping cough, diphtheria toxoid, tetanus. Available in the form of a cloudy suspension in an amount of 1 ml. Manufacturer: Russia.

Infanrix and Infanrix IPV

Infanrix - suspension for intramuscular injections in an amount of 0.5 milliliters. Contains toxoids of diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Used for primary vaccination and revaccination.

The drug Infanrix IPV is a suspension for intramuscular administration in an amount of 0.5 ml. Contains diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus toxoids. Manufacturer: Belgium.

Infanrix is ​​used both for primary immunization in children and for revaccination.

Side effects of Infanrix:

• redness, thickening, burning, lump at the injection site;
• pain, lameness of the leg;
• increased body temperature, which lasts up to 3 days;
• runny nose, sore throat;
• lethargy, drowsiness, tearfulness;
• pain in the gums and teeth;
• allergic reaction.

Side effects after the administration of Infanrix occur in almost all children, especially after the initial administration.

To alleviate side effects, you should follow the doctor’s recommendations: do not walk on the day of vaccination, do not swim, if the temperature rises, give an antipyretic, if an allergic reaction develops, it is recommended to take an antihistamine, if a lump, thickening, or redness appears, take alcohol compress.

Contraindications to the administration of Infanrix:

• high temperature;
• teething;
• ARVI, runny nose, bronchitis;

Pentaxim

The drug Pentaxim is available in a disposable syringe in a volume of 1 ml. Contains toxoids of whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria. Manufacturer: France. Pentaxim consists of three injections, each 0.5 ml. It is administered at intervals of 1 to 3 months.

Side effects of Pentaxim:

• compaction, lump, redness at the injection site;
• increased body temperature, lasts from 1 to 3 days;
• runny nose, sore throat;
• lameness in the leg;
• pain in the gums and teeth;
• allergic reaction;
• irritability, tearfulness, lethargy.

The severity of complications after the administration of Pentaxim can be controlled with antihistamines, antipyretics, and applying an alcohol compress to the area of ​​the lump, lump, or redness at the injection site. After administering Pentaxim, it is not advisable to walk outside, swim, or touch the injection site.

Contraindications to the administration of Pentaxim:

• high temperature;
• teething;
• ARVI, runny nose, sore throat, signs of intoxication;
• severe concomitant pathology.

Infanrix and Pentaxim are the most common immunization drugs.

Vaccination schedule

DTP vaccination is administered according to the schedule. First DTP vaccination must be done at 3 months. Introduction preventive vaccinations It is recommended to carry out according to schedule. If the baby has contraindications, the doctor may delay immunization for two weeks or more.

1. At 3 months.
2. At 4-5 months, that is, exactly 30-45 days depending on general condition and the consequences of the first vaccination.
3. In six months.
4. At 1.5 years.
5. At 6 or 7 years old.
6. At 14 years old.

Vaccination at the ages of 6 and 14 years is carried out in order to support the child’s immunity. Subsequently, DTP is given to an adult every 10 years.

The pediatrician at your place of residence warns you about the need for vaccination. However, it is up to parents to keep track of the vaccination schedule.

Method of administration

The DTP vaccine is always administered intramuscularly into the gluteal muscle. Some pediatricians believe that for children under 1.5 years of age, the vaccine should be injected into the deltoid muscle, in the upper third of the shoulder.

Their opinion is justified by the fact that in young children the buttocks have a large fat layer and the drug can get into it. This provokes a number of complications at the injection site, such as hematoma, local inflammatory reaction, swelling, and lump. In any case, both methods of administering the vaccine are considered effective.

Technique for administering DTP

The administration of DTP in children is carried out by the procedural nurse V vaccination room children's clinic. The injection site is treated with an alcohol cotton ball so as not to introduce microbes into the body from the surface of the skin.

The drug is injected into the gluteal (deltoid) muscle. The injection site is treated with the same cotton alcohol ball. These are standard rules for administering injections that medical staff must follow.

How to prepare for DTP vaccination

In most cases, DTP is difficult for the child to tolerate, and can even cause complications if not properly prepared. To minimize the risk of complications, the doctor gives recommendations before vaccination.

For vaccination the following conditions must be met:

• the child must be healthy;
• vaccination is not given to a hungry person and full stomach, one hour after eating;
• the child must go to the toilet;
• the child should be normally dressed, he should not be hot or cold.

Additionally, the pediatrician will prescribe medication preparation. This will protect against possible complications and unwanted reactions:

1. 2 days before vaccination and 2 days after it is recommended to take antihistamines (Fenistil, Suprastin). The dosage is prescribed by the doctor depending on the age of the child. Antihistamines will help prevent the development of an allergic reaction and diathesis.
2. DPT can cause a rise in temperature. Therefore, it is worth preparing in advance antipyretic drug(syrup, rectal suppositories).
3. On the day of vaccination, you should not bathe your child or walk outside. This can cause a rise in temperature. Children have fevers like others side effects subsides within 1-3 days.
4. The pediatrician will definitely obtain written consent from the mother (father, guardian) for vaccination.

Contraindications to DTP

Subject to availability absolute contraindications You can't vaccinate a child at all. Otherwise, a reaction to the DTP vaccine is possible. Such complications include:

• convulsive syndrome;
• diseases of the nervous system;
• immunodeficiency, HIV infection;
• tuberculosis;
• hepatitis;
• blood clotting disorder;
• hypersensitivity to the components of the DTP drug;
• if children have developed a severe allergic reaction to a previous vaccination.

Relative contraindications, that is, temporary ones, delay the time of vaccination. The pediatrician may postpone vaccination in the following cases:

• acute respiratory viral infections;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• increased body temperature;
• symptoms of intoxication: vomiting, nausea, general weakness, malaise, anxiety, lethargic child;
• loose stools, colic;
• teething;
• runny nose, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis;
• the child did not eat due to lack of appetite.

Complications and side effects of DTP

The development of complications is not associated with the place of manufacture of the drug. Both imported and domestic vaccines quite high quality and have proven themselves among pediatricians.

Subject to the rules of preparation for vaccination side symptoms will pass quickly, within 1-3 days. There are children who tolerate DTP vaccination well.

Severe complications develop if the vaccine was given in the presence of absolute contraindications.

In this case, DPT can provoke:

• severe allergic reaction: anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria;
• infectious-toxic shock;
• convulsions;
• neurological symptoms.

As a rule, severe complications develop almost immediately after the drug is introduced into the child’s body. That is why the pediatrician recommends sitting near the treatment room for some time (from 15 minutes to an hour) after vaccination, so that in case of complications, immediate medical assistance is provided.

If severe side symptoms develop later, you should immediately call an ambulance.

How to provide first aid to a child?

1. An abscess, lump, lump, and burning sensation appeared at the injection site. Prepare an alcohol compress and apply for 10-15 minutes.
2. An allergic reaction developed. Give to the child antihistamine according to the regimen recommended by the doctor.
3. The temperature rose. An antipyretic should be given or a rectal suppository should be placed. The child should not give any injections on his own. It can only make things worse.
4. Redness appeared at the injection site. Prepare an alcohol compress and apply to the area of ​​redness for 10-15 minutes. Be sure to contact the children's clinic at your place of residence.

DPT and walk

Many mothers cannot understand why they can’t walk outside after DPT? What can happen and what are the dangers?

In fact, there is nothing scary about walking after DTP. Pediatricians do not recommend walking outside, because after vaccination a decrease in immunity occurs. The child reacts to every sneeze in his direction. The child has an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases, runny nose, and bronchitis. Therefore, on the day of a heavy vaccination, it is not advisable to walk on the street.

There is also a risk of developing complications after DPT: fever, runny nose and other acute respiratory diseases. It is not recommended for your child to walk outside in hot, sunny, or frosty weather.

Autism as a consequence of DPT

No matter what safe vaccines, all parents are concerned about the dire consequences. There are many stories that say that DPT develops autism in a child.

Most pediatricians will say that autism and DPT have no connection. There is also a circle of supporters that autism in a child can be provoked by well-known foreign drugs, including the combination drugs Infanrix and Pentaxim.

Autism is a congenital, hereditary disease. This disease is characterized by isolation, the inability to adapt to society, and indifference to everything that happens. All symptoms of autism depend on the severity of the disease.

Factors and diseases that contribute to the development of autism include:

• phenylketonuria;
• meningitis;
• complication after infectious diseases;
• poisoning with toxic substances.

DTP becomes a provoking factor for autism only if there is concomitant pathology in a child.

Lump after DTP

What to do if a lump appears at the injection site? It can be in the form of a compaction, soft, with accompanying redness of the skin, and the leg may hurt. Don't panic. First of all, report the complication to your local pediatrician. Follow all his recommendations. Do not touch the bump under any circumstances. If the doctor advises you to make an alcohol compress, do it.

Poliomyelitis after DTP

Today, pediatricians prescribe simultaneous vaccinations. At one time, DTP and polio vaccination are introduced into the child’s body. For any caring mother, such an innovation is terrifying. This is understandable, because the combination gives many complications. It rarely happens that a child who has received several vaccinations feels good.

Poliomyelitis is scary infectious disease, which is fatal in most cases. To prevent it, a polio vaccine has been developed.

Contraindications to polio vaccination:

• high temperature;
• teething;
• ARVI, runny nose, bronchitis;
• severe concomitant pathology.

To ease the side effects of polio vaccination, follow your doctor's instructions: do not take your child for walks, do not bathe him, and give him the recommended medications.

Polio vaccination schedule:

1. At 3 months.
2. At 4.5 months.
3. In six months.
4. At 18 months, at this age you need to get your first polio booster vaccination.
5. At 20 months.
6. At 14 years old, at this age you need to carry out the third booster vaccination of polio.

DTP is one of the most difficult childhood vaccinations, as it is characterized a large number side effects. The temperature after vaccination increases in almost all children. This is why it is so important to be well prepared for vaccination. You should tell your pediatrician about all complaints and follow his recommendations.

Before vaccination, the doctor will definitely examine the baby, measure body temperature, examine the throat, gums, abdomen, and skin. At the slightest DTP contraindications will be delayed for some time. Most often for 2 weeks.