The ADS vaccine is a vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Diphtheria vaccination for children: timing and side effects

As protection against a dangerous infection, diphtheria vaccination is given to children as early as infancy. The disease is caused by a toxin from the microorganism Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The course of the disease is quite severe: dense films form on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, throat and intestines, under which ulcers and tissue necrosis are found.

If the serum is not administered on time, the mortality rate is 70 out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which at the same time protects against tetanus and whooping cough. In its isolated form, anti-diphtheria vaccination is used extremely rarely today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Most often, children are simultaneously vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus - it is a combination of toxoids and is called ADS. There is also a vaccine with a pertussis component (DPT vaccine), but not all children tolerate it. Why is an injection given for two diseases at once? There are quite justifiable reasons for this:

both components (antidiphtheria and antitetanus) require the same active substance– aluminum hydroxide;
vaccination calendars, schedules, and timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) coincide, which makes it possible to administer these vaccines simultaneously;
The current level of industrial development makes it possible to place these two components into one preparation, which means the number of injections for children is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination, its side effects It will be possible to survive only 1 time instead of 2.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

at 3 months;
at 4.5 months;
in six months;
at one and a half years;
at 6–7 years old.

Full susceptibility of the body to diphtheria is formed after the administration of three doses of the vaccine (they are given at intervals of 30–40 days). But to maintain immune system Children are given two more auxiliary vaccinations against diphtheria, which allow them to maintain immunity to infection for 10 years. So revaccination after this will be necessary only at 16–17 years of age.

The second question that parents always worry about before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or into the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Despite all the usefulness and maximum effectiveness of this vaccination, and also due to the availability of information on how to get vaccinated against diphtheria, many parents doubt whether to give consent to such a procedure. Why does the number of refusals from it not decrease every year, but grow?

Pros and cons

Before vaccination, parents ask whether diphtheria vaccination is mandatory and whether it is possible to refuse it. On the one hand, you can write a refusal, and then the injection will not be administered to the child. But at the same time, doctors must explain to parents in detail what this can lead to. You need to keep in mind the benefits of diphtheria vaccination:

the risk of infection is minimal;
even if a child gets sick with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
when your child grows up, he may not be hired due to his lack of medical card information about this vaccination.

Moreover, the list of jobs for which vaccination against diphtheria is mandatory is quite impressive:

agricultural;
construction;
irrigation;
procurement;
geological;
fishing;
exploration;
expeditionary;
animal care;
maintenance of sewerage facilities;
medicine;
education.

So if you want to see your baby as a doctor or teacher in the future, it is better to immediately agree to vaccination, otherwise many doors will simply close in front of him. Why, then, does the diphtheria vaccine scare parents so much that they refuse a life-saving and so useful injection? Perhaps they are frightened by the list of complications that may arise after it. However, they develop only if some contraindications have not been observed, the presence of which is detected in children before they are given the vaccine.

Contraindications

One of the most important advantages of diphtheria vaccination is the minimum of contraindications. Vaccination is not carried out at all if the child has individual intolerance to the components of the administered drug. In other cases, vaccination can only be postponed:

at acute course any disease;
if there is a high temperature;
if you are taking potent medications;
presence of eczema;
if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not identified in time, only in this case can one expect any side effects after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

Parents should know what reaction their child should have to the diphtheria vaccine so as not to worry unnecessarily. Despite the fact that the symptoms of this post-vaccination reaction can be unpleasant, they pass quickly and without a trace, without affecting the child’s health in any way. These most often include:

local reaction: redness of the skin;
lethargy;
general malaise;
drowsiness;
if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, you don’t need to be afraid: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so this reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
the formation of a lump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the fiber under the skin: there is nothing wrong with that, but this neoplasm will take quite a long time to dissolve - over the course of a month;
if a child has a fever within two days after vaccination, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

In order for the reactions after the injection to be completely normal, you need to know a few basic points about caring for the puncture site. For example, many are interested in how long one should not wash after vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, although there are no contraindications after this vaccination for water procedures No. Just don't bathe your baby in too much hot bath with foam, and even more so with salt, so as not to irritate the skin at the injection site. It is also better not to use a washcloth for a week. Otherwise, there are no restrictions, so parents should not be afraid to give consent to vaccination against diphtheria. Moreover, complications after it are extremely rare.

Complications

All the consequences of diphtheria vaccination can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the child’s health. These include:

diarrhea;
profuse sweating;
dermatitis;
cough;
otitis;
pharyngitis;
runny nose;
bronchitis.

All these diseases can be treated in a short time. They are extremely rare as side effects after diphtheria vaccination. Moreover, the motives of those parents who refuse this vaccination are not clear. Neither anaphylactic shock, no deaths were observed after ADS injection. At the same time, the effectiveness and benefits of vaccination have been repeatedly confirmed in practice. So, before making such an important decision, parents should definitely talk to their pediatrician, find out all the advantages and disadvantages of the anti-diphtheria injection and draw the right conclusions. After all, both health and future life baby.

DPT vaccination is one of the main ones in the national vaccination calendar. But what should you do if your child has serious complications from this vaccine? What to administer if the baby has already had whooping cough and has received lifelong immunity. Is it worth exposing his body to additional danger?

Below we will talk about alternative DTP vaccinations specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what kind of vaccine is this? What are its contraindications and indications, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to get this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What kind of vaccine is ADS?

Interpretation of the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and whooping cough. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

children who have had whooping cough;
children with three years;
vaccination of adults;
persons who have serious negative effects after administration of DPT.

If a child had a pronounced reaction to the DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose to whooping cough antigens.

The ADS vaccine contains the following components:

tetanus toxoid;
diphtheria toxoid.

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of the ADS vaccine is Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition, can be considered as such.

Instructions for vaccination

The ADF vaccination schedule in accordance with the national calendar is carried out differently depending on the situation. If ADS is a replacement for DPT, then it is administered twice with an interval of 45 days. In this case, revaccination is carried out once every year. The next administration of ADS is carried out at 6–7, and then at 14 years.

Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age instead of the DPT vaccine.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity vaccination is done every 10 years.

If a child received a one-time injection of DTP, which caused serious side effects (encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next one is administered DTP once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9–12 months.

Only revaccination with DPT is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were done with DTP.

ADS vaccination in adults is done if injections were previously missed. In other cases, ADS-M is administered. Medical workers, teachers, sellers and other persons in contact with food, and kindergarten teachers are subject to mandatory vaccination.

ADS vaccination is contraindicated for pregnant women. If a woman wants to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45–60 days before planning a pregnancy.

Where is the vaccination given? The instructions for the ADS vaccine say that it is administered intramuscularly. The buttock and upper outer thigh area are recommended. Large muscles are more suitable for injection. For adults and children over 7 years of age, administration of ADS at subscapular region subcutaneously

The drug can only be mixed and administered simultaneously with the polio vaccine.

Contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus has the following contraindications.

Individual intolerance. This also includes the occurrence of allergies during previous administrations of the drug.
ADS vaccination is contraindicated in patients with cancer undergoing immune system suppression and radiation therapy. And also for those suffering from epilepsy or seizures.
A contraindication for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is acute illness, for example, a cold, or an exacerbation of a chronic illness.
If a person suffers from tuberculosis, hepatitis or meningitis, then vaccination with ADS can be carried out only a year after treatment.
You need to wait 2 months with the vaccine if you have had another vaccine. This may increase the risk of side effects.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is much higher than from the DTP vaccine, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision about which vaccine to give for vaccinating children who have not been ill should be made only by a doctor. Dire consequences ADS vaccinations occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of those sick die from tetanus.

To minimize risk possible complications, the child must be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine for a general analysis in advance. If you have problems with neurology, you should definitely see a specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, and if necessary, obtain an exemption from vaccination.

But still, the decision whether to vaccinate with ADS or not is made by parents. But vaccination should not be canceled just because it is fashionable. The reason “I'm afraid” is also not suitable. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. There must be real contraindications for medical withdrawal, clinically and laboratory justified.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of the ADS vaccination, since it has the greatest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination occur much less frequently than after DPT. But they still exist.

The most common, like most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be bothered by redness, swelling, induration, or pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. Typically, no assistance is required. But if the lump really bothers the child, then it is recommended to apply warm lotions so that it dissolves faster. Painful sensations at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of an antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Motor activity And light massage will also help the infiltrate disappear faster.

One more possible reaction the ADS vaccination is an increase in temperature. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of injection. Can last up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 °C, it is not worth reducing it. And if it’s higher, you can give single dose antipyretic, drinking plenty of fluids. Temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. ADS vaccination at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

IN in rare cases However, severe complications were observed after ADS vaccination, such as seizures, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction cannot be ruled out. It can occur in the form of a rash, anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic area for about 20–30 minutes.
What to vaccinate if after ADF vaccinations Are there any serious complications? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after vaccination with ADS

Is it possible to wash after getting a diphtheria and tetanus vaccination? Even taking into account that adverse reactions occur rarely, it is not recommended to wet the vaccine for 24 hours. It is not advisable to visit baths and saunas, or take hot baths, as they can reduce immunity.

How to behave after administration of ADS? A gentle regime is recommended. It is advisable not to swim, walk or overeat. Infants are shown frequent application to the chest. Hypothermia and drafts also pose a danger; they can reduce immunity, and if a cold occurs, then the risk adverse reactions increases several times.

Let's summarize. ADS is a vaccine that creates immunity in the human body against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains only pathogen toxoids. But it is they who cause the clinic and the terrible consequences of these diseases. The introduction of this vaccine is justified if the child has suffered from whooping cough or had a strong reaction to previous administrations of DPT. It is also administered for revaccination to children after three years of age, since whooping cough is already excluded in them. Adults are given the vaccine less frequently. Preference is given to ADS-M.

The adsorbed vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria is better tolerated than analogues with a pertussis component. Complications are represented by reactions typical for most vaccinations: local redness, soreness, increased body temperature. The vaccination does not pose a great danger and is recommended for all persons with indications.

Vaccination against diphtheria and its effect on the human body

Modern medicine has reached good level in the treatment and rehabilitation of such patients. Diphtheria vaccination - whooping cough-tetanus When administered, it exposes the body to great danger. Is it worth agreeing to this?

Vaccines are designed to protect humans from various bacteria and viruses. They are created by identifying disease factors that are pathogenic to humans.

Once this factor is determined, chemically its pathogenicity is destroyed. All that remains is the structure from which the human immune system can be developed.

Anatoxin is a safe toxin that is chemically deprived of its pathogenic properties using formaldehyde. It is used to create substances in the human body that will fight the real toxin.. Pathogenic toxins are produced by microorganisms that cause infectious pathology.

Any substance that enters the body causes a cascade of reactions that lead to positive or negative consequences.

Likewise, a reaction to a diphtheria vaccine can cause various changes.

Once in the bloodstream, the active substance of the vaccine works with the immune system as a stimulant, provoking the production of antibodies. They are the ones who are able to fight Corynobacter toxins.

Does the diphtheria vaccine have consequences that will negatively affect human health? Of course, it does not, because the active substance of the vaccine does not cause changes characteristic of diphtheria disease.

The health burden after the injection is provided by the immune system, and side effects are often caused by additional substances. Vaccination against diphtheria stimulates the formation of long-term and stable immunity, which an adult needs to maintain once every ten years.

Berbiga Anatoly Efremovich, Kiev, consultant doctor private clinic infectious diseases

Practical medicine in at the moment has reached such a level of care that saving a patient from diphtheria rarely ends in complications and fatal.

But this is more likely due to the preservation of the general immunity of the population against diphtheria.

Many of my patients are worried when they get vaccinated against diphtheria. I always say that it is better to spend 140 rubles. for vaccination than 20,000 rubles. for treatment for this disease.

Why are the consequences of the disease more dangerous than the side effects of the vaccine? Diphtheria disease is a pathological condition caused by Corynobacter.

The disease is characterized by damage to any mucous membrane, severe symptoms of intoxication, as well as a high risk of developing complications of vital organs.

These include the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The severity of the disease depends on the reactivity of the body and the amount pathogenic bacteria that entered the bloodstream. They will produce pathogenic toxins.

The vaccine contains a safe toxin that cannot cause the onset of the disease.

Only those vaccines that are stored for no more than 3 years at a temperature of 2-8 ° C are suitable for use. If frozen, they become unusable.

If the vaccination rules are followed, diphtheria vaccination does not cause side effects in adults. But if they are violated, it will lead to negative effects in 80-90% of cases.

If your temperature rises after DPT vaccination, this can be considered normal or a complication, read the next article.

When is diphtheria vaccination necessary for adults and children?

Many patients and even doctors ask the question, “When is the diphtheria vaccine given?” The answer to this question is contained in the Population Vaccination Calendar.

It contains all the necessary rules for the use of vaccines. Diphtheria vaccination has the same contraindications as other vaccines, which are also described in detail in this calendar.

Categories of people who need to be vaccinated against diphtheria	Name
Children aged 3 months	The first DTP vaccine
Children aged 4.5 months	Second DTP vaccine
Children aged 6 months	Third DTP vaccine
Children aged 18 months	First revaccination with DTP
Children aged 6-7 years	Second revaccination with ADS-M
Children aged 14 years	Third revaccination with ADS-M
Children aged 18 years	Revaccination with ADS-M

After 18 years of age, children and adults are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria every 10 years.. But in case of illness, revaccination is not done, since it is believed that immunity after past illness has already formed.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is used at any age for planned and emergency prevention of these diseases. Vaccination against whooping cough and tetanus is often used for preschool children.

There is also a vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age. We will talk about it in our other material.

What is hidden under the mysterious letters of the abbreviations AKDS, ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, Bubo-M

DTP is a whole-cell pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, which in 1 dose of 0.5 ml contains 30 IU of diphtheria, 60 IU of tetanus toxoids and 4 IU of pertussis vaccine.

Substances are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The preservative used is merthiolate.

DTS - diphtheria-tetanus toxoid Russian production, which in 1 ml contains 60 LF of diphtheria and 20 EC of tetanus toxoids.

ADS-M is a Russian-made diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, which in 1 ml contains 10 LF diphtheria and 10 EC tetanus toxoids.

This vaccination against diphtheria for adults is given intramuscularly in a dosage of 0.5 ml. The first vaccination is given in two doses with the introduction of immunoglobulin.

AD-M – diphtheria toxoid, produced by the Russian Federation, the Microgen company. 1 dose (1 ml) contains 10 LF of diphtheria toxoid.

Vaccination against diphtheria for children over 6 years of age is done according to the rules for using the ADS-M vaccine.

Alekseeva Nina Ilyinichna, Lugansk, pediatrician, infectious diseases department No. 2

Vaccination practice is currently subject to significant manipulation of facts about its results.

IN modern articles Journalists significantly exaggerate the risk of adverse reactions from vaccinations.

You shouldn’t give in to the anti-vaccination panic, you need to look at things realistically. Thanks to vaccination, the world is gradually getting rid of fatal diseases, diseases after which the patient remains disabled.

Now you don't need to swallow a huge number of pills to get well. You can simply vaccinate on time and correctly.

Bubo-M - vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, hepatitis B. The vaccine is produced by the Combiotech company, Russian Federation. 1 dose (0.5 ml) contains 10 μg of HBsAg, 5 LF diphtheria and 5 EC tetanus toxoids and a preservative - 2-phenoxy-ethanol, merthiolate 0.005%. It is administered to children over 6 years of age in 1 dose intramuscularly..

When not to vaccinate

It is definitely not worth getting vaccinated if there is an elevated body temperature, illness of the ENT organs, pregnancy, or relapse of long-standing diseases.

This can provoke an exacerbation of the condition. During pregnancy, immunity decreases, so the effect of vaccination on a woman can lead to the threat of termination of pregnancy.

During breastfeeding, revaccination is not recommended, since the baby receives all the components of the mother’s blood through milk.

That's why the possibility of the toxin entering the baby’s body is dangerous to his health.

You should not get vaccinated against diphtheria in the first 30 days after recovering from any disease.

This is a period of convalescence, when the patient is recovering from an illness and vaccination will lead to various diseases or side effects.

The body's response to vaccination

Diphtheria vaccination causes a wide variety of side effects in adults. From itching in the injection area to anaphylactic shock.

The risk group consists of those people who have a history of allergic reactions on medicines, including previously administered vaccines.

But with careful collection allergy history and following all vaccination rules, diphtheria vaccination does not cause side effects.

If complications arise in such situations, it is necessary to be treated exclusively in a hospital, because unwanted effects may increase over time.

The most common side effect is itching in the injection area.. And patients very often turn to an infectious disease doctor with the question “How to care for the injection site?”

The answer is quite simple: you need to forget about this place, do not scratch it, do not wash it.

It is a mistake to rub the injection site with alcohol or apply compresses, even if the diphtheria vaccine hurts.

Pain can create mechanical injury muscles when administering the drug, and irritation on the skin can be caused by formic alcohol, which is often used to treat the skin before the injection.

Where do you get the diphtheria vaccination and where is the best place to get it?

Pain and swelling after vaccination - this may be normal reaction, the main thing is not to intensively influence this place

It is advisable to do all vaccinations into the outer thigh muscle as deeply as possible.

To decide where to get vaccinated against diphtheria, you need to verify the competence of a pediatrician (for children) or an infectious disease doctor (for adults) at the clinic at your place of residence.

Government institutions operate according to the latest modern orders, which are compiled by scientists of the required specialty.

When consulting, pay attention to the doctor’s professionalism and attention to detail. If everything suits you, do preventive tests and feel free to get vaccinated. Before vaccination, it is necessary to take and evaluate the test results:

Clinical blood test;
General urinalysis (how to take a test in infants using a urine bag, read here).

Also, at the discretion of the doctor, instrumental studies are prescribed:

Ultrasound of organs abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space.

All these examinations can be done at the nearest medical facility.

The need to vaccinate adults should be consulted in the infectious diseases office.

In regions where such rare diseases like plague, tularemia, typhoid fever, anthrax, Haemophilus influenzae infections, vaccination for epidemic indications is quite widespread.

In case of danger of development negative consequences in humans, cell-free toxoids can be used for vaccination.

They have higher prices, but the risk of developing unwanted reactions is much lower than that of whole-cell ones.

Vasina Irina Grigorievna, Kharkov, infectious disease doctor at the city Polyclinic

I have been vaccinating adults for 20 years. And throughout my entire medical career, I have encountered only 2 cases of side effects from diphtheria vaccination.

Competent doctors take a very careful approach to vaccinating the population, carefully taking into account all indications and contraindications for an individual patient

Is vaccination really necessary for a disease that people no longer get?

In 1990-1995, the disease with tonsillitis was epidemic. At that time, almost 60% of children and 15% of adults died from complications caused by Corynobacter.

Only thanks to vaccination, the prevalence of the disease decreased by 2008 to 5-6 cases per year in the Russian Federation. But still, the high contagiousness of the bacterial infection remains.

10-15 years have passed since forced vaccination in the early 90s. During this time, many people's immune systems against the disease have weakened.

Therefore, revaccination is currently needed for every segment of the population. Decreased immunity leads to the emergence of carriers of the pathogen.

This person still has immunity against the toxin, but it is not enough to fight the pathogen. So the carrier is in the company of people, infecting them with the disease through airborne droplets.

Conclusions

Based on the above facts, we can conclude that only systematic vaccination of various segments of the population will help eradicate such a disease as diphtheria from the face of the Earth. Don't avoid vaccinations. Follow the rules for using vaccinations and then the side effects from them will not bother you.

Pathogenic microorganisms lie in wait for humans almost everywhere. Some of them can cause illness, others - complex pathological conditions that are life-threatening. That is why the need arose in society for the prevention of infectious diseases; it would prevent pathogens from infecting the human body.

Fortunately, modern medical science has truly effective method prevention of most infectious diseases, which is called vaccination. The introduction of a vaccine allows you to build immunity against diseases and protect the body from their consequences. Diphtheria vaccination is an important part of routine immunization of the population, giving real opportunity significantly reduce the number of cases of the disease and eliminate the likelihood of its epidemic developing.

General information about diphtheria

Diphtheria is one of the aggressive infectious diseases; it occupies a leading position in terms of the degree of danger to the health and life of patients. Pathological process characterized by the development in the patient of symptoms of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the pharynx and oral cavity, nasal passages, upper respiratory tract and reproductive organs.

The causative agents of diphtheria are Corynebacterium diphtheria, which produce an aggressive toxin during their life processes. The disease is transmitted through the air, as well as through shared objects. It is dangerous due to its complications, including damage to the central nervous system, complex types of nephropathy, and dysfunction of cardiovascular organs.

Do I need to be vaccinated against diphethria?

According to statistics, diphtheria in most clinical variants is severe, with severe symptoms general intoxication and consequences dangerous for normal life. Doctors never cease to pay attention to the fact that diphtheria is the cause of death in half of the patients, the majority of whom are small children.

Currently, vaccination against diphtheria in adults and children is the only way protect yourself from the penetration of infectious agents. After vaccination, a person receives reliable immune protection from the disease, it persists for many years.

What can be the consequences of diphtheria?

As is known, diphtheria pathogens produce a very poisonous toxin; it has an extremely negative effect on most internal organs and affects the central nervous system. In some cases, diphtheria bacilli are responsible for the development of severe complications in the body of a sick person; they are characterized by:

damage nerve cells leading to paralysis, in particular of the neck muscles, vocal cords, upper and lower extremities;
infectious-toxic shock, manifested by symptoms of intoxication leading to failure of organs and systems;
inflammation muscle tissue heart (myocarditis) with the formation different forms rhythm disturbances;
asphyxia is the result of diphtheria croup;
decreased immunity.

Features of diphtheria vaccination

The diphtheria vaccine is a special composition; it contains a weakened toxin that promotes the production of diphtheria toxoid in the body. That is, the vaccine against diphtheria does not directly affect the causative agents of inflammation, but inactivates their waste products, thereby preventing the appearance of symptoms of the infectious process.

There are two groups of vaccinations that form the basis for the grafting material:

merthiolates (contain mercury), which are highly allergenic and have mutagenic, teratotoxic, and also carcinogenic effects;
compounds without mercury (without the preservative thiomersal), which are safer for the body, but have a very short term suitability.

In Russia, the most popular variant of vaccination against diphtheria is the DPT vaccine or adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus solution, which includes the preservative thiomersal. IN this drug purified microorganisms and toxoids of three infections are present, namely diphtheria and tetanus. Despite the fact that the composition can hardly be called safe, it is recommended by WHO as the maximum effective remedy to develop immunity against these diseases.

There are several main types of diphtheria vaccination:

ADS (diphtheria and tetanus vaccine without pertussis component);
(a drug that, in addition to the tetanus component, also contains diphtheria toxoid, only in lower concentrations).

Most do not contain mercury, due to which they are considered safer for children and patients with associated pathologies. Among these drugs, the following have been certified in our state:

"", protecting against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, tetanus and;
“Infanrix”, as well as “Infanrix Hexa”, promote the development of immunity from a trio of childhood illnesses (the hexa version makes it possible, in addition, hemophilus influenzae infection, polio).

Immunization schedule

As you know, after vaccination with DPT, only temporary protection occurs. The frequency of revaccination depends on the immune reactivity of each individual organism, living conditions and characteristics labor activity. Doctors advise people who are at risk for illness to get vaccinated on time to avoid infection.

Routine vaccination against diphtheria in adults is given every ten years, starting at age 27. Naturally, the vaccination schedule may take a different form if a person lives in a region with an unfavorable epidemiological situation, is a student, a military personnel or a person working in the medical, railway, or food industries. However, ten-year intervals between revaccinations only apply to patients who were vaccinated in childhood. All other people must be vaccinated according to a different scheme. They are initially given three doses of the vaccine every month and after a year. After the third injection, it is recommended to vaccinate according to the schedule.

Vaccination of children

Due to a fragile and immature immune system, a child’s body is more susceptible to damage by microorganisms. Especially if we are talking about a child under one year old. That is why the vaccination schedule in childhood has a rich appearance and includes a number of injections aimed at preventing diphtheria in a child.

Pediatricians recommend getting vaccinated against diphtheria for the first time at the age of 3 months. If foreign drugs are used, the vaccine can be administered as early as two months of age. In total, during the first 12 months of life, the child is given three DTPs with an interval of 6 weeks. Then they take a break. The further grafting scheme takes the following form:

revaccination at 1.5 years;
ADS + polio vaccination at 6-7 years old;
vaccination for adolescents aged 13 to 15 years.

Such a vaccination schedule for children is not universal and depends on a huge number of factors. In particular, in infants, the administration of the vaccine may be postponed due to the presence of temporary contraindications. An older child should be vaccinated taking into account the amount of active antibodies in his body; the period until the next vaccination can be extended to ten years.

Rules for administering vaccinations

Diphtheria vaccination is given intramuscularly. For this, the gluteal muscle or the anterior lateral area of the thigh is used. It is prohibited to administer the vaccine directly into a vein or under the skin; these measures lead to the development of a number of side effects. Before injecting, make sure that the needle is not in a blood vessel.

To wet or not after vaccination?

That after vaccination the injection site should not be wet. Is this true? Experts do not prohibit contact of the vaccination site with water, but warn that the patient should not visit the pool, sauna, or take water-salt procedures for seven days. It is also not recommended to vigorously rub the injection site with a washcloth, as this may cause skin irritation.

Adverse reactions from the vaccine

Diphtheria vaccination is well tolerated by most patients, regardless of their age. It rarely potentiates the appearance of side effects, the duration of which normally should not exceed 4 days. Given that subcutaneous administration When vaccinated, a person experiences irritation or a lump at the injection site. The affected area of skin may itch and turn red. In isolated cases, the site of exposure becomes inflamed with the formation of an abscess.

Among the reactions after vaccination, patients may experience elevated temperature, intestinal disorders, impaired sleep quality, moderate nausea, loss of appetite.

How does a child react to a vaccine?

Children who do not suffer from allergies perceive immune materials normally. After vaccination, they may complain of minor discomfort in the throat, sore throat, and cough. It is extremely rare for doctors to diagnose the development of more complex adverse reactions in children, namely:

fever;
frequent crying and mood swings;
decrease in blood pressure.

Reactions in adults to vaccination

In adults, there are practically no complications after vaccination. The exception is cases when a person has an individual intolerance to the vaccine or its individual components. With this option, after vaccination against diphtheria, skin reactions in the form of dermatitis, eczema or diathesis can be diagnosed, and also general manifestations immediate type (most often anaphylaxis).

Contraindications to vaccination

presence of colds in active stage development of the disease process;
a period of exacerbation of chronic diseases of the visceral organs, enzymopathy, and also enzyme deficiency;
history of neurological pathologies;
birth trauma with the occurrence of hematomas in the brain area;
congenital and acquired heart defects;
conditions after undergoing surgical interventions and diseases with a long course;
autoimmune pathologies;
cancerous tumors;
progressive variant of the course of encephalopathy;
allergic reaction to vaccine components;
elevated body temperature and immunodeficiency states;
convulsive syndrome.

Vaccination against diphtheria for adults is undesirable for pregnant women who are up to 12 weeks pregnant, as well as for categories of the population prone to developing severe forms of allergies in the form of anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, Lyell's syndrome, hay sickness, and the like.

Contraindications to vaccination against diphtheria in a child of the first years of life:

diathesis;
intestinal colic;
defeat central department NS;
cold.

Before vaccination, the doctor mandatory must examine the child and assess all the risks of his developing pathological reactions to the administration of the vaccine drug.

Video about diphtheria

Today, one of the most popular sources for obtaining information about vaccination against diphtheria infection is the Internet. Anyone can learn more interesting things about vaccinations by watching the video.

Diphtheria is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and transmitted from person to person by sneezing and coughing. In the process of their life activity, pathogens diphtheria release toxins. They amaze tonsils(this leads to severe sore throat), as well as upper respiratory tract, most often the larynx (as a result, suffocation may develop). In addition, toxins can cause general poisoning of the body (intoxication) and affect internal organs and systems (heart, kidneys, nervous system). Diphtheria is one of the most terrible childhood diseases in the pre-vaccination period. Nowadays, it reasserts itself in the form of epidemics affecting many adults and unvaccinated children. Although the disease is treatable with timely administration of anti-diphtheria serum and antibiotics, even with appropriate therapy the mortality rate reaches 10%. Vaccination is basic preventive measure, preventing diphtheria. At one time, the incidence of diphtheria decreased due to routine vaccinations, which were given to a wide coverage of the population. They were made for both children and adults all over the world. This led to a decrease in the circulation of pathogens and disruption of natural contact with the pathogen. But at the same time, the level of collective immunity among the population has also decreased significantly. In 1980, Europe accounted for less than 1% of cases diphtheria, registered in the world. It was assumed that the disease would be eradicated soon. However, by 1994, 90% of all cases were reported in Europe diphtheria in the world. The first wave of the epidemic was observed already in the eighties, reaching its peak in 1983-85. At the same time, the number of sick preschoolers has noticeably increased - the result of insufficient coverage of children with preventive vaccinations. The second wave of the epidemic occurred in 1990. By 1992, the incidence increased in all age groups, but children aged 5–10 years old, as well as adults aged 30–50 and over 60 were especially often affected. The incidence grew steadily: if in 1990 there were less than 2,000 cases, then in 1994 – 47 000. Moreover, by 1993, 80% of cases diphtheria accounted for Russia. However, in February 1994, the Russian Ministry of Health, together with WHO ( World Organization Health) have developed a regional program to combat diphtheria. Epidemic diphtheria in Russia in the 90s it was possible to eliminate it, thanks to high vaccination coverage among children and total mass immunization of the entire adult population.

Tetanus

Tetanus - one of the most severe infectious diseases, often leading to death (in 90% of cases). The causative agent of tetanus is the tetanus bacillus (Clostridium tetani), which, once in the wound, releases a toxin that affects the nervous system: pain and stiffness appear in the muscles of the abdomen and back, while swallowing becomes difficult, tension and convulsive contraction increase facial muscles face, very painful cramps develop, which lead to breathing problems. The disease occurs when the pathogen enters through damaged skin(abrasions, wounds, burns, frostbite) and mucous membranes with particles of soil, manure or feces. The likelihood of developing tetanus increases with a larger area of tissue damage. The only measure to avoid this dangerous disease is preventive immunization.

Types of vaccinations

Double protection. In Russia, as well as throughout the world, for prevention diphtheria and tetanus, associated preparations of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, as well as their licensed foreign analogues, are used. But these drugs do not create lifelong immunity, so it is necessary to periodically repeat the administration of vaccines (re-vaccination). However, thanks to preventive vaccinations, antibodies against toxins are formed in the blood. In 95 - 100% of cases of infection they do not allow development clinical manifestations tetanus and diphtheria or sharply soften them . In this case, the concentration of antibodies in the blood serum of a vaccinated person must correspond to the protective level. This concentration (titer) is designated as the ratio between a unit volume of blood serum and the amount of antibodies. The concentration of anti-diphtheria antibodies should be at least 1:40 and higher (where 1 is a unit volume of serum), and anti-tetanus antibodies - 1:20 and higher . ADS-M ANATOXIN( diphtheria-tetanus toxoid; the letter “M” indicates reduced content active substance) - Russian drug. Analog - French IMOVAX DT ADULT. These vaccines are used:

for revaccination of children at 7 and 14 years of age, as well as adults every 10 years;
for vaccination of previously unvaccinated persons over 6 years of age (first 2 vaccinations with an interval of 30-45 days, after 6-9 months - the first revaccination, after 5 years - the second, then every 10 years);
for vaccination in outbreaks diphtheria.

Mono-vaccines. To vaccinate against diphtheria, without tetanus, used AD-M ANATOXIN(diphtheria toxoid), and separately against tetanus - AS ANATOXIN(tetanus toxoid) of domestic production. “Single” vaccinations against tetanus are given, for example, in cases of emergency prophylaxis. Diphtheria vaccine is used for routine age-related revaccination against diphtheria or if after last vaccination 10 years have already passed, but the person has already received tetanus toxoid. Also a monovaccine against diphtheria used if there are insufficient anti-diphtheria antibodies in the blood serum (titer less than 1:40), which is determined not only by the date of the last vaccination, but also by blood serum analysis (it can be carried out both routinely and for emergency indications).

Urgent measures

Chemoprophylaxis diphtheria recommended for close contact with a patient. For this purpose it is prescribed ERYTHROMYCIN at an age-specific dose for 10 days or BENZATINE - PENICILLIN intramuscularly once - in a dose of 600,000 units for children under 6 years of age and 1,200,000 units for older children age groups. This prophylaxis is carried out until tests of throat swabs show the absence of infection. This not only prevents the disease of a particular person, but also stops the spread of infection . If a person in contact with a sick person diphtheria, is not vaccinated, he needs vaccination. Emergency prevention tetanus carried out for wounds with violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane. A cut, abrasion or animal bite, burn or frostbite of the second and third degree, when the integrity of the skin is compromised, an injury to the intestines with a violation of its integrity - all this can become a reason for urgent measures against tetanus. Immediately after injury, a person who has not been vaccinated against tetanus should be given PURIFIED, CONCENTRATED ANTI-TETANUS Equine SERUM(or ANTI-TETANUS HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN) And AS ANATOXIN. Unfortunately, this still does not guarantee reliable protection from illness and also often causes severe allergic reactions. A vaccinated person is also given emergency immunization, but only if more than 5 years have passed since the planned revaccination - for this they use AS ANATOXIN.

Side effects

Vaccine preparations are administered in a dose of 0.5 ml deep, subcutaneously into the subscapular region. Sometimes vaccinations cause local and general vaccine reactions. Local symptoms include redness and thickening at the injection site, general symptoms include a short-term increase in temperature up to 38.0 degrees C and malaise. This cannot be called a serious complication of vaccination; however, in some cases, a neurological and local allergic complication may develop. There are no absolute contraindications for the administration of toxoids. Immunodeficiency conditions and HIV infection are not contraindications to vaccination. If allergic reactions develop, the next dose is administered against the background of antiallergic drugs. However, pregnant women routine vaccinations not recommended. Children and adults with chronic illnesses vaccinated during the period of remission, i.e., when there are no external manifestations of the disease, and against the background of maintenance therapy.

Anatoxin is a drug that helps the human body produce antibodies (protective blood proteins) to toxins.

Antitetanus human immunoglobulin- a drug obtained from the blood of vaccinated people, which contains ready-made protective proteins (antibodies) against the toxin.

Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus are serious illnesses, having a bacterial nature. The source of infection is a sick person; the pathogen enters through scratches and wounds.

Whooping cough is a very dangerous disease that is especially difficult for young children. At this disease A paroxysmal cough appears, which can last up to several weeks and lead to respiratory arrest. The cough prevents the child from eating, drinking, and breathing normally. The disease may be accompanied by pneumonia, seizures, and brain damage.

With diphtheria, the pharynx and larynx swell, which can lead to respiratory failure and even death. If a person is sick with tetanus, then at the slightest touch the patient experiences convulsions and muscle spasms. This disease can be fatal due to spasm of the respiratory muscles and paralysis of the heart muscles.

To prevent such diseases, vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus - DPT - is used. It began to be used back in the 40s of the last century, foreign analogues are Infanrix, Pentaxim, Tetraxim, Hexavak, Tetrakok.

Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus is done using combination vaccine DPT. It contains killed cells of the causative agent of whooping cough, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid. In addition, preservatives and adjuvants are added to it to enhance defensive reaction against infections.

Sometimes vaccines are used that lack some components or reduce the content of toxoids. These drugs include the following:

Vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus toxoid ADS-M– reduced content of active substance
AD-M – diphtheria toxoid with low concentration
DDS – diphtheria and tetanus toxoid (vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus)
DTaP is a vaccine containing pertussis component in acellular form
AaDPT-M is a vaccine containing an acellular pertussis component and a reduced concentration of components.

Vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus: frequency

DTP vaccinations are carried out according to the calendar preventive vaccinations. Infanrix is administered three times - at 3, 4 and a half and 6 months. Revaccination is carried out at 18 months. Subsequently, vaccination is prescribed at the ages of 7 and 14 years. Adults need to be vaccinated every 10 years.

The DTP vaccine is used up to 4 years of age, ADS - from 4 to 6 years, ADS-M - after 6 years.

Vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough forms children's immunity to them. If infection does occur, the disease will be much easier.

Vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus: contraindications

Vaccination is contraindicated if the child has an infectious disease, exacerbation chronic disease, immunodeficiency. Children should not be vaccinated if they are allergic to vaccine components. If your baby has previously had seizures during high temperature or he suffers from a pathology nervous system, then it is also not worth vaccinating it.

Vaccination "whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus": complications after vaccination

Mild side effects are normal phenomenon after vaccination. Only rarely can severe reactions occur. Minor side effects are the following:

After the diphtheria, tetanus vaccination, the arm at the injection site is swollen and may be accompanied by redness and pain.
Temperature up to 37.5 degrees
Loss of appetite, fatigue
Irritability and nervousness
Vomiting (one-time).

If symptoms such as seizures, crying for more than 3 hours without a break. Temperature more than 38.5 degrees, difficulty breathing, pallor, dizziness, loss of consciousness, then you should immediately consult a doctor.

Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be prevented by vaccination, but treatment is much more difficult. Therefore, get vaccinated on time.

Diphtheria is a dangerous infectious disease to which residents of Russia are especially susceptible. It causes many serious, irreversible consequences in both children and adults. Parents who vaccinate their children rush to get vaccinated against diphtheria, protecting their child from the disease.

After the diphtheria vaccine is introduced into the child's body, it begins to produce antitoxic antibodies, which are substances that protect the baby from the toxins produced by the diphtheria bacillus. The diphtheria vaccine is part of such vaccine preparations as ADS, ADS-M, DTP, Tetrakok, Pentaxim, Infanrix. DTP also contains a vaccine against whooping cough and tetanus, protecting the child’s body from three dangerous diseases simultaneously.

Composition of the vaccine against diphtheria in children and at what age are vaccinations given?

Vaccination against diphtheria for children is carried out using the following diphtheria toxoids, which are registered in Russia:

1. ADS – diphtheria-tetanus toxoid. It is administered to children under 6 years of age in a dosage of 0.5 ml.

2. ADS-M – diphtheria-tetanus toxoid. Used for vaccination of children over 6 years of age and adults, 0.5 ml is administered.

3. AD-M – diphtheria toxoid. 0.5 ml is administered to children over 6 years of age.

The DTP vaccine is used to immunize children from 3 months to 6 years of age who have contraindications to the DTP vaccine or those who have already had whooping cough. The course is two doses, the interval between diphtheria vaccinations is 30–45 days. Revaccination with the ADS vaccine is carried out once, 9–12 months after the second dose of the drug. Children who have reached 6 years of age are revaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine.

Revaccination: vaccination of a child at 7 and 14 years old

The ADS-M vaccine is used for revaccination of children at 7, 14 years of age and adults every 10 years. This vaccine is also used to immunize children over 6 years of age who have never been vaccinated against diphtheria before.

A 7 year old child is vaccinated against diphtheria using DTP vaccines or ADS, ADS-M is used at this age only for revaccination or is administered to those children who have not previously been vaccinated against this infection.

According to national calendar, diphtheria vaccination is not carried out at 14 years of age, only revaccination is carried out.

Vaccination of children against diphtheria: frequency of vaccinations

Vaccination against diphtheria for children of early and preschool age is carried out intramuscularly; upon reaching the age of 6, the vaccine can be administered in another way - deep subcutaneously.

When are children vaccinated against diphtheria according to the national calendar? The first dose is administered to the baby at three months of age, the second at 4 and 5 months, the third at six months, the fourth at one and a half months, and the fifth at 6–7 years. Children develop full-fledged strong immunity after three doses of the vaccine. The frequency of diphtheria vaccinations for the first three times should be 30–40 days. In order to develop immunity child's body for diphtheria, two more auxiliary vaccinations must be given - at one and a half years and at 6-7 years, they will allow you to maintain protective properties for 10 years. Revaccination is carried out only after 10 years, at the age of 16–17 years.

Another common question that parents ask specialists is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. The drug is injected into the muscle; the area under the shoulder blade or thigh is best suited for injection. In these places the skin is thin, so the drug will quickly reach its final goal.

For all children under three years of age, the diphtheria vaccine is injected into the anterolateral surface of the thigh. After three years, the vaccine is given in the shoulder, strictly from the side. The diphtheria vaccine contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide, which helps improve immunity.

Do children who have been ill need diphtheria vaccination?

Do children who have already had diphtheria need to be vaccinated against diphtheria? infectious disease? The disease with diphtheria is regarded as the first vaccination; for those who were infected after the first vaccination, the disease is regarded as the second vaccination. After suffering from diphtheria, vaccination is carried out further according to the national vaccination calendar.

Most parents, every time before the next vaccination of their baby, doubt whether they need to be vaccinated. At their discretion, parents can write a refusal to immunize in this way, but first you should familiarize yourself with the benefits of vaccination and possible risks in case of its absence. The diphtheria vaccine has the following positive aspects:

the risk of infection is minimized;
If the child gets sick, he will transfer the disease to mild form without complications;
if all immunization rules are followed, the occurrence of side effects minimal.

If you refuse immunization, the risk of contracting an infection increases significantly. At the same time, experts note that in unvaccinated children the disease occurs in extremely severe forms, causing serious complications, often even fatal. Vaccinated children can also become infected, so parents should not assume that vaccination completely protects against the disease. But, nevertheless, vaccinated children have a smooth course and favorable outcome, many children can act as carriers of the infection only for a while, while they themselves do not suffer from diphtheria. The development of diphtheria in vaccinated children becomes possible when immunity decreases, as well as in cases of violation of the timing and rules of vaccination.

Complications after diphtheria vaccination: fever, pain, lump

Parents need to know what reactions can occur to vaccinations so they know when to seek professional help. Like any other vaccination, diphtheria immunization may cause some side effects and complications. Most often, minor side effects occur from the diphtheria vaccine. The first few days may be observed unpleasant symptoms, which do not pose a threat to the child’s body and, as a rule, soon pass without a trace.

Typically, side effects of diphtheria vaccination in children are observed, such as redness of the injection site, lethargy, drowsiness, general malaise, and weakness. The child may even experience pain after diphtheria vaccination at the injection site; such a reaction is considered completely normal and can be observed within a week after vaccination. Experts even warn parents that a bump from the diphtheria vaccine may form at the injection site. It appears as a result of the vaccine preparation entering the subcutaneous tissue, while it needs to be injected only into the muscle. There is nothing dangerous in the formation of a lump, however, such a formation will dissolve for quite a long time - approximately within a month, causing painful sensations. Children often feel pain and aches in their muscles and joints.

Temperature after vaccination against diphtheria is a common occurrence, however, if it does not reach 40 degrees. If the temperature rises to 38 degrees and persists for more than two days, an antipyretic should be given.

In some cases, allergic reactions to the composition of the vaccine preparation may develop. They usually appear as skin rashes, swelling and hives.

Complications occur extremely rarely after diphtheria vaccination, and they usually do not pose a danger to the child’s health. These include diarrhea, profuse sweating, cough, pharyngitis, otitis media, runny nose and bronchitis.

IN pediatric practice However, there have been cases of serious complications from the ADS vaccine, which are manifested by severe allergic reactions. A child may be allergic to each of the components of the vaccine preparation, therefore, before immunization, children should be examined by specialists. Parents must definitely show their child to a neurologist, since complications may be associated with impaired functioning of the central nervous system.

There is only one absolute contraindication to vaccination against diphtheria, these are allergic reactions of the child’s body to the components of the vaccine. In this case, immunization cannot be carried out at all. Temporary vaccination is not given if the child has a fever or other signs colds. Vaccination is postponed for a month from the moment the child fully recovers.

What should you not do after diphtheria vaccination so as not to cause complications?

To minimize the occurrence of side effects after diphtheria vaccination in children, you should know how to care for the puncture site. Many parents are interested in the question of what should not be done after diphtheria vaccination so as not to cause complications.

First of all, they want to know whether it is possible to bathe the baby after vaccination. In fact, there are no contraindications to water procedures; you just shouldn’t allow soap to get into the injection site, and also shouldn’t use too hot water. It is not recommended to use a washcloth for a week so as not to irritate the delicate baby skin. None antiseptics There is also no need to treat the injection site.

In the event of a diphtheria epidemic, mass vaccination is carried out unscheduled. To create strong immunity, it is very important to carry out vaccination on time, without violating the established deadlines, because the sooner the child is vaccinated, the less likely infection dangerous infection. Knowing at what age children are vaccinated against diphtheria, parents can independently control the timing of vaccination.

All parents have the right to refuse vaccination of their child by providing a written refusal addressed to the head of the children's clinic.

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