When worsening general well-being need to measure something like arterial pressure(hereinafter referred to as blood pressure), since in this way it is possible to determine hypotension or hypertension. In the first case blood pressure pathologically decreases, and in the second increases. Before talking about progress pathological process, it is important to understand in detail what a person's normal pressure is, and what it should be.

What is blood pressure

This is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels in the process of systemic circulation. Such an important parameter of the viability of the organism characterizes the total peripheral vascular resistance, in the case of lethal outcome tends to zero. The process of squeezing the walls of capillaries, arteries and veins under the influence of systemic blood flow - complex mechanism subject to the pathogenic influence of provoking factors. From this indicator will depend on a healthy body, or there are dangerous diseases. The norm has differences in age, gender.

Types of pressure

Many patients have noticed that after taking a measurement with a tonometer, blood pressure is recorded in the form of a fraction, where the first and second numbers are radically different in value. To understand what these numbers are, it's time to recall the conditional classification of such important indicator functionality of the systemic circulation. Doctors distinguish the upper and lower, each of which has its own characteristics:

1. Upper blood pressure (systolic). It is determined at the moment of contraction of the heart muscle. The resulting indicator depends on heart rate, tone blood vessels, the force of myocardial contraction. The normal indicator is in the range of 110-120 mm. rt. Art. Its abnormal deviation is influenced not only by the pathologies present in the body, but also physical exercise, age-related changes organism.
2. Lower blood pressure (diastolic). It is determined at the moment of relaxation of the heart muscle. The real indicator depends on arterial tone, total blood volume, elasticity vascular walls. Within the normal range, the lower arterial varies within 70-80 mm. rt. Art. If a dangerous pathology occurs, specified value goes beyond acceptable limits.

Norm by age

In adulthood, the indicators differ not only by years, but also by the gender of the patient. Each person is simply obliged to know what are the permissible positions of blood pressure in his case, so that after measuring with the device, reduce the likelihood of relapses dangerous pathologies more often from the side of the cardiac system. Below is a table that indicates what ideal blood pressure should be in adult women and men, according to age category.

During pregnancy, there is a high probability of the presence of mild hypertension, which is an acceptable limit of the norm. This deviation is explained by a doubling of systemic blood flow due to the presence of a new life in the womb. Getting rid of such a violation is a matter of time, so you should not take medications with synthetic drugs in vain. active ingredients- and the pregnant woman will not be helped, and the child may be harmed.

How to find out your numbers

To determine the blood pressure in your own body, you must use a special medical device called a tonometer. It can be used at home, and with proper handling, it states with high accuracy the fact of increasing and lowering the permissible limits of blood pressure. The characteristic oscillations can be determined in two ways. physiological ways:

1. Korotkov method. This is the most common diagnostic method developed by the surgeon Korotkov back in 1905. For measurement, a classic tonometer is used, which structurally consists of a cuff with a pear, a phonendoscope, and a manometer.
2. Oscillometric method. In this case, modern electronic devices are used, which are necessary for recording pulse fluctuations during the passage of blood through the section of the vessel squeezed by the cuff.

Increased

Before you heal vascular disease, it is required with the utmost accuracy to determine the main causes of an increase in blood pressure, in a timely manner to eliminate the provoking factor, its unpleasant symptoms. We are talking about pathology if, after a characteristic measurement, the tonometer shows a limit of more than 140/90 mm Hg. Art. Doctors distinguish 2 types arterial hypertension:

• primary (essential) hypertension, which can be identified after careful clinical examination;
• secondary hypertension, which is an unpleasant symptom of the underlying disease of the body.

Symptoms

If we are talking about arterial hypertension, the first sign characteristic ailment- a jump in blood pressure above the permissible limit. The disease may prevail for some time latent form, but with systematic relapses, you should not engage in dangerous self-medication, it is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner and undergo full examination. It is necessary to pay attention not only to high blood pressure, but also to the following symptoms arterial hypotension:

• tinnitus;
• noise in the head;
• migraine attacks with throbbing at the temple;
• flies before the eyes, loss of sharpness of vision;
• frequent dizziness;
• symptoms of cerebral hypoxia;
• frequent urination;
• nausea, less often - vomiting;
• hypertensive crisis, pain in the heart;
• a sharp decline in performance.

Causes

If the arterial pressure is pathologically increased, extensive pathologies are often the cause thyroid gland, kidney, adrenal, hormonal imbalance. There is an increased production of a natural hormone called renin in the body, resulting in increased tone blood vessels, the myocardium contracts too often, the pulse is abnormally quickened. The reasons for such an extensive pathology can be as follows:

• diabetes;
• one of the forms of obesity;
• passive lifestyle;
• the presence of bad habits;
• chronic stress;
• malnutrition;
• chronic diseases myocardium.

Low

In this case, we are talking about arterial hypotension, which can be an independent or secondary disease that requires immediate conservative treatment. When measuring blood pressure, the device shows a deviation at which blood pressure indicates an interval of less than 90/60 mm Hg. Art. Such a condition can be physiological and temporary (not considered pathologies), but with regular deviation Blood pressure in the lower direction, doctors suspect hypotension.

Symptoms

Such a diagnosis also poses a significant health hazard, therefore, if hypotension is suspected, the patient needs to perform a characteristic measurement with a tonometer at home several times a day. Other signs of this pathology are presented in detail below, while they should not be ignored by a potential patient:

• nausea and dizziness;
• distraction of attention;
• decreased memory function;
• dyspnea;
• migraine attacks;
• fatigue;
• decline in performance.

Causes

Before using any medications and starting treatment on your own, it is necessary to determine the pathogenic factor of arterial hypotension in a timely manner and eliminate it. The attending physician recommends complete diagnostics organism, an important component of which is the collection of anamnesis data. The causes of a characteristic ailment can be as follows:

• any kind of anemia;
• severe blood loss;
• complete or partial dehydration of the body;
• chronic myocardial diseases;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• drug overdose;
• hypothyroidism.

How to treat pressure

Knowing the principle of the development of such a cardiac pathology, it is important to correctly and timely choose intensive care allowed to be carried out at home. The intake of medications depends on the level of blood pressure, chronic diseases of the body, the age of the patient. The regulation of blood in the vessels is achieved by medication However, the patient will additionally have to reconsider the habitual way of life, forever give up bad habits. List effective drugs detailed below.

Increased

With a systematically elevated level of blood pressure, it means that the patient is a chronic hypertensive patient, is under systematic control by a cardiologist. In such clinical picture course admission is required for representatives of the following pharmacological groups to prolong the period of remission of the underlying disease, reduce blood pressure and get rid of unpleasant symptoms:

• ACE inhibitors expanding the vascular walls: Fosinopril, Captopril, Ramipril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Perindopril;
• beta-blockers that reduce the minute volume of systemic blood flow: Bisoprolol, Atenolol, Nebivolol, Metoprolol;
• diuretics to reduce portions of fluid in systemic circulation: Furosemide, Chlortalidone, Torasemide, Indapamide;
• sartans, they are also angiotensin receptor blockers: Losartan, Valsartan, Losartan, Valsartan, Telmisartan;
• blockers calcium channels expanding the lumen in peripheral vessels: Amlodipine, Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem.

Reduced

With obvious signs of hypotension, it is indicated to use caffeine and vitamin C, while completely eliminating bad habits, active image life, there is more sweet. Of the medicines, it is especially effective medical preparation Etimizol. However, doctors also prescribe biological phytostimulants, represented by infusion Chinese magnolia vine or aralia, extracts of eleutherococcus, ginseng, echinacea, radiola. If the arterial pressure has dropped pathologically, the natural preparation Pantokrin is recommended to reduce the risk of collapse.

Treatment of pressure folk remedies

In order to achieve the norm of pressure by age, you can use the methods of alternative medicine, but first enlist medical support, do not self-medicate. To regulate the level of blood pressure, the patient is recommended to use the following recipes in practice folk treatment, characterized high efficiency:

1. For hypertension, complete liter jar open cones, pour vodka up to the neck, cover and insist in a dark place. Use the finished tincture inside after straining 1 tsp. three times a day before each meal.
2. With hypotension in one container, it is supposed to combine 20 g of hawthorn berries, ginseng root, chamomile flowers and astragalus. Pour a tablespoon of raw materials with a glass of boiling water, insist, strain. Take orally a third of a glass three times a day, until blood pressure rises.

Prevention

In order for the blood pressure indicator not to deviate from the norm, it is necessary to completely eliminate bad habits, control coffee consumption, eat right, and take multivitamin complexes. In addition, others preventive actions are presented below:

• visit more often fresh air;
• increase physical activity;
• do sport;
• timely treat diseases of the heart, blood vessels;
• control your overall health.

Video

The pressure is physical quantity which plays a special role in nature and human life. This phenomenon, imperceptible to the eye, not only affects the condition environment, but also very well felt by everyone. Let's figure out what it is, what types of it exist and how to find the pressure (formula) in different environments.

What is called pressure in physics and chemistry

This term refers to an important thermodynamic quantity, which is expressed as the ratio of the perpendicularly exerted pressure force to the surface area on which it acts. This phenomenon does not depend on the size of the system in which it operates, and therefore refers to intensive quantities.

In a state of equilibrium, the pressure is the same for all points in the system.

In physics and chemistry, it is denoted by the letter "P", which is short for Latin name term - pressūra.

If it's about osmotic pressure fluid (the balance between the pressure inside and outside the cell), the letter "P" is used.

Pressure units

Standards international system SI, the physical phenomenon under consideration is measured in pascals (in Cyrillic - Pa, in Latin - Ra).

Based on the pressure formula, it turns out that one Pa is equal to one N (newton - divided by one square meter(unit of area).

However, in practice, it is rather difficult to use pascals, since this unit is very small. In this regard, in addition to the standards of the SI system, this value can be measured in a different way.

Below are its most famous analogues. Most of them are widely used in the former USSR.

• bars. One bar is equal to 105 Pa.
• Torres, or millimeters of mercury. Approximately one Torr corresponds to 133.3223684 Pa.
• millimeters of water column.
• Meters of water column.
• technical atmospheres.
• physical atmospheres. One atm is equal to 101,325 Pa and 1.033233 at.
• Kilogram-force per square centimeter. There are also ton-force and gram-force. In addition, there is an analog pound-force per square inch.

General pressure formula (7th grade physics)

From the definition of a given physical quantity, one can determine the method of finding it. It looks like the photo below.

In it, F is force, and S is area. In other words, the formula for finding pressure is its force divided by the surface area on which it acts.

It can also be written as follows: P = mg / S or P = pVg / S. Thus, this physical quantity is related to other thermodynamic variables: volume and mass.

For pressure, the following principle applies: the smaller the space affected by the force, the greater the amount of pressing force it has. If, however, the area increases (with the same force) - the desired value decreases.

Hydrostatic pressure formula

Different aggregate states of substances provide for the presence of their properties that are different from each other. Based on this, the methods for determining P in them will also be different.

For example, the formula for water pressure (hydrostatic) looks like this: P = pgh. It also applies to gases. However, it cannot be used to calculate atmospheric pressure, due to the difference in altitudes and air densities.

In this formula, p is the density, g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height. Based on this, the deeper the object or object sinks, the higher the pressure exerted on it inside the liquid (gas).

The variant under consideration is an adaptation of the classical example P = F / S.

If we recall that the force is equal to the derivative of the mass by the free fall velocity (F = mg), and the mass of the liquid is the derivative of the volume by the density (m = pV), then the pressure formula can be written as P = pVg / S. In this case, the volume is area multiplied by height (V = Sh).

If you insert this data, it turns out that the area in the numerator and denominator can be reduced and the output is the above formula: P \u003d pgh.

Considering the pressure in liquids, it is worth remembering that, unlike solids, the curvature of the surface layer is often possible in them. And this, in turn, contributes to the formation of additional pressure.

For similar situations a slightly different pressure formula is used: P \u003d P 0 + 2QH. In this case, P 0 is the pressure of a non-curved layer, and Q is the liquid tension surface. H is the average curvature of the surface, which is determined by Laplace's Law: H \u003d ½ (1 / R 1 + 1 / R 2). The components R 1 and R 2 are the radii of the main curvature.

Partial pressure and its formula

Although the P = pgh method is applicable to both liquids and gases, it is better to calculate the pressure in the latter in a slightly different way.

The fact is that in nature, as a rule, absolutely pure substances are not very common, because mixtures predominate in it. And this applies not only to liquids, but also to gases. And as you know, each of these components performs different pressure called partial.

It's pretty easy to define. It is equal to the sum of the pressure of each component of the mixture under consideration (ideal gas).

It follows from this that the partial pressure formula looks like this: P \u003d P 1 + P 2 + P 3 ... and so on, according to the number of constituent components.

There are often cases when it is necessary to determine the air pressure. However, some mistakenly carry out calculations only with oxygen according to the scheme P = pgh. But air is a mixture of different gases. It contains nitrogen, argon, oxygen and other substances. Based on the current situation, the air pressure formula is the sum of the pressures of all its components. So, you should take the aforementioned P \u003d P 1 + P 2 + P 3 ...

The most common instruments for measuring pressure

Despite the fact that it is not difficult to calculate the thermodynamic quantity under consideration using the above formulas, sometimes there is simply no time to carry out the calculation. After all, you must always take into account numerous nuances. Therefore, for convenience, a number of devices have been developed over several centuries to do this instead of people.

In fact, almost all devices of this kind are varieties of a pressure gauge (it helps to determine the pressure in gases and liquids). However, they differ in design, accuracy and scope.

• Atmospheric pressure is measured using a pressure gauge called a barometer. If it is necessary to determine the vacuum (that is, pressure below atmospheric pressure), another version of it, a vacuum gauge, is used.
• In order to find out the blood pressure in a person, a sphygmomanometer is used. To most, it is better known as a non-invasive tonometer. There are many varieties of such devices: from mercury mechanical to fully automatic digital. Their accuracy depends on the materials from which they are made and the place of measurement.
• Pressure drops in the environment (in English - pressure drop) are determined using or difnamometers (not to be confused with dynamometers).

Types of pressure

Considering the pressure, the formula for finding it and its variations for different substances, it is worth learning about the varieties of this quantity. There are five of them.

• Absolute.
• barometric
• Excess.
• Vacuum.
• Differential.

Absolute

This is the name of the total pressure under which a substance or object is located, without taking into account the influence of other gaseous components of the atmosphere.

It is measured in pascals and is the sum of excess and atmospheric pressure. It is also the difference between barometric and vacuum types.

It is calculated by the formula P = P 2 + P 3 or P = P 2 - P 4.

The reference point for absolute pressure under the conditions of the planet Earth is taken as the pressure inside the container from which air is removed (that is, classical vacuum).

Only this type of pressure is used in most thermodynamic formulas.

barometric

This term refers to the pressure of the atmosphere (gravity) on all objects and objects found in it, including the surface of the Earth itself. Most people also know it under the name atmospheric.

It is reckoned to and its value varies with the place and time of measurement, as well as weather conditions and being above / below sea level.

The value of barometric pressure is equal to the modulus of the force of the atmosphere per unit area along the normal to it.

In a stable atmosphere, the magnitude of this physical phenomenon is equal to the weight of a column of air on a base with an area equal to one.

The norm of barometric pressure is 101,325 Pa (760 mm Hg at 0 degrees Celsius). Moreover, the higher the object is from the surface of the Earth, the lower the air pressure on it becomes. Every 8 km it decreases by 100 Pa.

Thanks to this property, in the mountains, water in kettles boils much faster than at home on the stove. The fact is that pressure affects the boiling point: with its decrease, the latter decreases. And vice versa. The work of such kitchen appliances as a pressure cooker and an autoclave is built on this property. An increase in pressure inside them contributes to the formation of more high temperatures than in conventional pots on the stove.

The barometric altitude formula is used to calculate atmospheric pressure. It looks like the photo below.

P is the desired value at a height, P 0 is the air density near the surface, g is the free fall acceleration, h is the height above the Earth, m - molar mass gas, t is the temperature of the system, r is the universal gas constant of 8.3144598 J⁄(mol x K), and e is the Euclair number of 2.71828.

Often in the above formula for atmospheric pressure, instead of R, K is used - Boltzmann's constant. The universal gas constant is often expressed in terms of its product by the Avogadro number. It is more convenient for calculations when the number of particles is given in moles.

When making calculations, it is always worth taking into account the possibility of changes in air temperature due to a change in the meteorological situation or when climbing above sea level, as well as geographical latitude.

Gauge and vacuum

The difference between atmospheric and measured ambient pressure is called overpressure. Depending on the result, the name of the value changes.

If it is positive, it is called gauge pressure.

If the result obtained is with a minus sign, it is called a vacuum gauge. It is worth remembering that it cannot be more than barometric.

differential

This value is the pressure difference at different measuring points. As a rule, it is used to determine the pressure drop on any equipment. This is especially true in the oil industry.

Having figured out what kind of thermodynamic quantity is called pressure and with the help of what formulas it is found, we can conclude that this phenomenon is very important, and therefore knowledge about it will never be superfluous.

PHYSICS. 1. The subject and structure of physics F. the science that studies the simplest and at the same time the most. general properties and the laws of motion of the objects of the material world around us. As a result of this generality, there are no natural phenomena that do not have physical. properties... Physical Encyclopedia

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PHYSICS- PHYSICS, a science that studies, together with chemistry, the general laws of the transformation of energy and matter. Both sciences are based on two basic laws of natural science - the law of conservation of mass (the law of Lomonosov, Lavoisier) and the law of conservation of energy (R. Mayer, Jaul ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

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• Physics. 7th grade. Didactic materials for the textbook by A. V. Peryshkin. Vertical. GEF, Maron Abram Evseevich, Maron Evgeny Abramovich. This manual includes training tasks, tests for self-control, independent work, tests and examples of solutions typical tasks. In total, in the proposed set of didactic ...

Blood pressure is an individual physiological indicator that determines the force of blood pressure on the walls of blood vessels.

In many ways, blood pressure depends on how the human heart works and how many beats per minute it can make.

Normal human pressure is an indicator that can vary depending on the physical load on the body.

Thus, with active training or strong emotional experiences, a person’s normal pressure can increase and go beyond the norm.

Ideal at rest is considered a pressure indicator of 110/70. Low blood pressure starts at 100/60. Increased (hypertension) - from 140\90.

The critical (maximum) indicator is 200/100 or more.

A person's normal blood pressure can also change after physical activity. If the heart at the same time copes with its functions, then the change in blood pressure is not a deviation. So after sports loads a person's blood pressure can rise to 130/85.

There are such factors that have a significant impact on the normal pressure (including intraocular, intra-abdominal, etc.) of a person:

1. The person's age and general health. It is important to know that existing diseases (especially chronic pathologies kidney, heart, venereal or viral diseases) can significantly increase blood pressure.
2. The presence of diseases that can thicken the blood (diabetes mellitus).
3. The presence of progressive deviations in pressure (hypertension, hypotension).
4. The condition of the heart and the presence of diseases in it.
5. Atmosphere pressure.
6. Thyroid hormone levels and menopause in women.
7. Hormonal disruptions in the body that narrow the arteries and blood vessels.
8. General elasticity of the vascular walls. In older people, the vessels wear out and become brittle.
9. The presence of atherosclerosis.
10. Bad habits (smoking, drinking).
11. Emotional condition person (frequent stresses and experiences are negatively reflected on normal pressure person).

Normal blood pressure has some differences in women, adult men and children.

In the event that a person has failures in this indicator and problems with jumps in blood pressure, he needs an urgent medical assistance and medical treatment.

In addition to this, a lot important role the pulse rate also plays, since the blood pulse is inextricably linked with venous pressure.

Normal blood pressure in humans: upper and lower pressure

Before considering what upper and lower blood pressure is, let's give a classification of blood pressure according to WHO.

There are such stages of elevated blood pressure according to WHO:

1. The first stage is accompanied by a stable course of hypertension, without deterioration in the functioning of internal organs.
2. The second stage involves the development of pathologies in one or two organs.
3. The third stage affects not only the organs, but also the systems of the body. In addition, the following degrees of AD are distinguished:
   • border state, at which the indicators are not more than 159/99.
   • The second degree is moderate hypertension (179/109 or more).

Normal blood pressure in a person is a relative concept, since for each individual (separate) organism there are certain normal indicators of the tonometer.

Before understanding what a person's normal blood pressure is, it is important to find out what upper and lower blood pressure is.

Not everyone knows what upper and lower blood pressure is, and it is often confused. talking in simple terms, upper or systolic pressure is an indicator that depends on the frequency of contraction and the strength of the myocardial rhythm.

Lower or diastolic pressure is an indicator that reveals the minimum pressure during the decrease in the load (relaxation) of the heart muscle.

What should be the blood pressure by age and gender?

In men, the norms are:

1. At 20 years old - 123/76.
2. At 30 years old - 130/80.
3. At 50-60 years old - 145/85.
4. More than 70 years - 150/80.

Among women normal performance pressures are:

1. At 20 years old -115/70.
2. At 30 years old - 120/80.
3. At 40 years old - 130/85.
4. At 50-60 years old - 150/80.
5. More than 70 years - 160/85.

As you can see, blood pressure levels increase with age in both men and women.

Normal blood pressure in a person is inextricably linked with his pulse, which can also indicate various diseases and pathologies in the body (especially in the kidneys and blood vessels).

By itself, the pulse is nothing more than periodic contractions that are associated with the oscillation of the vessels when they are filled with blood. With reduced vascular pressure the pulse will also be weak.

Normally, at rest, a person's pulse should be 60-70 beats per minute.

Allocate different norms heart rate for people of different age categories:

1. In children from one to two years old - 120 beats per minute.
2. In children from three to seven years old - 95 strokes.
3. In children from eight to 14 years old - 80 strokes.
4. Adolescents and young adults have 70 strokes.
5. In the elderly - 65 strokes.

Normal pressure in a person during pregnancy does not go astray until the sixth month of bearing a child. After that, due to the influence of hormones, blood pressure may increase.

In the event that the pregnancy proceeds with deviations or pathologies, then jumps in blood pressure may be more noticeable. In this condition, a woman may experience a persistent increase in blood pressure. At the same time, she is recommended to register with a therapist and go to the hospital under the supervision of a doctor.

Before considering the units in which blood pressure is measured, you should understand the rules of the procedure itself for setting blood pressure indicators.

1. Man must take sitting position with back support.
2. Before measuring pressure, it is not recommended to physically overstrain, smoke, eat, or take alcoholic beverages.
3. It is necessary to use only a working mechanical device for changing blood pressure, which will have a normalized scale.
4. The person's hand should be at chest level.
5. During the procedure, you can not speak or move.
6. In measuring the magnitude of the pressure of both hands, you need to take a break of ten minutes.
7. Your blood pressure should be measured by a doctor or nurse. On your own, a person will not be able to accurately determine his pressure.

Not everyone knows in what units blood pressure is measured and what the “mmHg” indicators mean. Art. In fact, everything is simple: these units of measurement of blood pressure mean millimeters of mercury. They show on the device how high or low the blood pressure is.

After we figured out in what units blood pressure is measured, we will give the main causes of deviations from the norm.

Violations of pressure in the body can develop according to the most different reasons. It can be physical overwork, starvation, or simple stress that has greatly affected a person's condition. Usually, in this state, the indicators themselves stabilize when the body returns to normal, the person eats, rests and sleeps well.

A more serious reason high blood pressure progressive diseases such as vascular atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, acute viral or infectious diseases. In this state, a person may suffer from jumps blood pressure, as well as clear signs of hypertension.

One more common cause failure in AD is sharp narrowing vessels that have arisen due to hormonal influence as well as emotional stress.

Taking certain drugs, heart disease, bleeding disorders and excessive physical activity can also affect the failure in this indicator.

Malnutrition and malfunctioning of the endocrine system usually has a bad effect on blood pressure in both young and old people.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure: norm and deviation

Blood pressure has two main indicators:

1. Systolic.
2. diastolic.

There is a significant difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Upper norm ( systolic pressure) is determined by the level of pressure in the human blood at the moment of the strongest (limiting) contraction of the heart.

Thus, the rate of systolic pressure directly depends on the frequency of heart beats and the number of its contractions.

There are such factors that affect the rate of systolic pressure:

1. The volume of the right ventricle.
2. The frequency of oscillations of the heart muscle.
3. A measure of the stretching of the walls in the aorta.

The normal systolic pressure is 120 mm. rt. Art. Sometimes it is called “heart”, but this is not entirely correct, because not only this organ, but also vessels are involved in the process of pumping blood.

The norm of diastolic pressure depends on the level of blood pressure at the moment of maximum relaxation of the heart. Thus, the norm of diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.

Therefore, there is a fairly significant difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

The norm, however, is still individual for each person, depending on the state of health, age and gender.

High blood pressure or hypertension (hypertension) usually occurs in older people. This disease is considered very dangerous because it can lead to a stroke, that is, a rupture of a vessel in the brain.

Such a deviation may develop for the following reasons:

1. Overweight person (obesity).
2. strong nervous strain, frequent stress and psycho-emotional instability.
3. chronic diseases internal organs.
4. sedentary image life.
5. Diabetes.
6. The use of alcoholic beverages.
7. Smoking.
8. Wrong nutrition.
9. genetic predisposition person to this disease.

During hypertension, a person suffers from terrible headaches, weakness, shortness of breath, dry mouth, heart pain and weakness.

In this state, the patient should be given urgent help and consult a doctor until the disease caused dangerous complications. It is also important to identify the underlying cause of hypertension, and together with high pressure treat and the factor that provoked its appearance.

Hypotension is a condition in which a person has low blood pressure. In this case, the patient will feel severe weakness, nausea, dizziness.

This condition can be caused by:

1. Anemia.
2. Heart attack.
3. Prolonged fasting.
4. Diseases of the adrenal glands.

Everything is quite simple. It is one of the main indicators of activity of cardio-vascular system. Let's look at this issue in more detail.

What is BP?

Blood pressure is the process of squeezing the walls of capillaries, arteries and veins under the influence of blood circulation.

Types of blood pressure:

• upper, or systolic;
• lower, or diastolic.

When determining the level of blood pressure, both of these values ​​\u200b\u200bmust be taken into account. The units of its measurement remained the very first - millimeters of a mercury column. This is due to the fact that mercury was used in the old devices to determine the level of blood pressure. Therefore, BP looks like in the following way: upper blood pressure (for example, 130) / lower blood pressure (for example, 70) mm Hg. Art.

Circumstances that directly affect the range of blood pressure include:

• the level of strength of contractions performed by the heart;
• the proportion of blood pushed out by the heart during each contraction;
• resistance of the walls of blood vessels, which is the flow of blood;
• the amount of blood circulating in the body;
• fluctuations in pressure in the chest, which are caused by the respiratory process.

Blood pressure levels can change throughout the day and with age. But for most healthy people characterized by stable blood pressure.

Definition of types of blood pressure

Systolic (upper) blood pressure is a characteristic general condition veins, capillaries, arteries, as well as their tone, which is caused by contraction of the heart muscle. It is responsible for the work of the heart, namely, with what force the latter is able to expel blood.

Thus, the level of upper pressure depends on the strength and speed with which heart contractions occur.

It is unreasonable to assert that arterial and cardiac pressure is one and the same concept, since the aorta also participates in its formation.

The lower characterizes the activity of blood vessels. In other words, this is the level of blood pressure at the moment when the heart is maximally relaxed.

Lower pressure is formed as a result of the contraction of peripheral arteries, through which blood enters the organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, the state of blood vessels is responsible for the level of blood pressure - their tone and elasticity.

How to know the level of blood pressure?

You can check your blood pressure level with special device called "blood pressure monitor". This can be done both at the doctor's (or nurse's) and at home, having previously bought the device at the pharmacy.

Distinguish the following types tonometers:

• automatic;
• semi-automatic;
• mechanical.

A mechanical tonometer consists of a cuff, a pressure gauge or display, a pear for pumping air and a stethoscope. Principle of operation: put the cuff on your arm, put a stethoscope under it (while you should hear the pulse), inflate the cuff with air until it stops, and then start to lower it gradually, unscrewing the wheel on the pear. At some point, you will clearly hear pulsating sounds in the stethoscope headphones, then they will stop. These two marks are the upper and lower blood pressure.

Consists of a cuff, an electronic display and a pear. Principle of operation: put on the cuff, pump up the air to the maximum with a pear, then let it out. The electronic display shows the upper and lower values ​​of blood pressure and the number of beats per minute - the pulse.

The automatic blood pressure monitor consists of a cuff, an electronic display and a compressor that performs inflation and deflation manipulations. Principle of operation: put on the cuff, start the device and wait for the result.

It is generally accepted that a mechanical tonometer gives the most accurate result. It's also more affordable. At the same time, automatic and semi-automatic blood pressure monitors remain the most convenient to use. Such models are especially suitable for older people. Moreover, some types have the function of voice notification of pressure indicators.

It is worth measuring blood pressure indicators no earlier than thirty minutes after any physical exertion (even minor ones) and an hour after drinking coffee and alcohol. Before the measurement process itself, you need to sit quietly for a couple of minutes, catch your breath.

Blood pressure - the norm by age

Each person has an individual which may not be associated with any diseases.

The level of blood pressure is determined by a number of factors that are of particular importance:

• age and gender of the person;
• personal characteristics;
• life style;
• lifestyle features, preferred type of vacation, and so on).

Blood pressure also tends to rise with unusual physical activity and emotional stress. And if a person constantly performs physical activity (for example, an athlete), then the level of blood pressure can also change both for a while and for a long period. For example, when a person is under stress, his blood pressure can rise to thirty mm Hg. Art. from the norm.

However, there are still certain limits of normal blood pressure. And even every ten points of deviation from the norm indicate a violation of the body.

You can also calculate the individual value of blood pressure using the following formulas:

1. For men:

• upper blood pressure = 109 + (0.5 * number full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg);
• lower BP \u003d 74 + (0.1 * number of full years) + (0.15 * weight in kg).

2. For women:

• upper BP \u003d 102 + (0.7 * number of full years) + 0.15 * weight in kg);
• lower blood pressure \u003d 74 + (0.2 * number of full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg).

The resulting value is rounded to an integer according to the rules of arithmetic. That is, if it turned out to be 120.5, then when rounded it will be 121.

Elevated blood pressure

High blood pressure is high level at least one of the indicators (lower or upper). It is necessary to judge the degree of its overestimation, taking into account both indicators.

Regardless of whether the lower blood pressure is high or upper, it is a disease. And it's called hypertension.

There are three degrees of the disease:

• the first - GARDEN 140-160 / DBP 90-100;
• the second - SAD 161-180 / DBP 101-110;
• the third - GARDEN 181 and more / DBP 111 and more.

It is worth talking about hypertension when there is a high level of blood pressure values ​​for a long period.

According to statistics, an overestimated indicator of systolic pressure is most often observed in women, and diastolic - in men and the elderly.

Symptoms of high blood pressure can be:

• decrease in working capacity;
• appearance of fatigue;
• frequent feelings of weakness;
• morning pain in the back of the head;
• frequent dizziness;
• occurrence of bleeding from the nose;
• noise in ears;
• decreased visual acuity;
• appearance at the end of the day.

Causes of high blood pressure

If lower arterial, then most likely this is one of the symptoms of a disease of the thyroid gland, kidneys, adrenal glands, which began to produce renin in large quantities. It, in turn, increases the tone of the muscles of the blood vessels.

Elevated lower blood pressure is fraught with the development of more more serious illnesses.

high top pressure indicates too frequent contractions of the heart.

A jump in blood pressure can be caused by a number of reasons. This is for example:

• vasoconstriction due to atherosclerosis;
• overweight;
• diabetes;
• stressful situations;
• malnutrition;
• excessive consumption of alcohol, strong coffee and tea;
• smoking;
• lack of physical activity;
• frequent weather changes;
• some diseases.

What is low BP?

Low blood pressure is vegetovascular dystonia or hypotension.

What happens with hypotension? When the heart contracts, blood enters the vessels. They expand and then gradually narrow. Thus, the vessels help the blood to move further along circulatory system. The pressure is normal. For a number of reasons, vascular tone may decrease. They will remain expanded. Then there is not enough resistance for the movement of blood, because of which the pressure drops.

The level of blood pressure in hypotension: upper - 100 or less, lower - 60 or less.

If the pressure drops sharply, then the blood supply to the brain is limited. And this is fraught with such consequences as dizziness and fainting.

Symptoms may be:

• increased fatigue and lethargy;
• darkening in the eyes;
• frequent shortness of breath;
• cold feeling in hands and feet;
• hypersensitivity to loud sounds and bright lights;
• muscle weakness;
• motion sickness in transport;
• frequent headaches.

What is the reason for low blood pressure?

Poor joint tone and low blood pressure (hypotension) can be present from birth. But more often the culprits reduced pressure become:

• Severe fatigue and stress. Congestion at work and at home, stress and lack of sleep cause a decrease in vascular tone.
• Heat and stuffiness. When you sweat, it leaves the body a large number of liquids. In order to maintain water balance, it pumps water out of the blood that flows through the veins and arteries. Its volume decreases, vascular tone decreases. The pressure drops.
• Taking medication. Heart drugs, antibiotics, antispasmodics and painkillers can “drop” the pressure.
• emergence allergic reactions anything with possible anaphylactic shock.

If you have not had hypotension before, do not leave unpleasant symptoms without attention. They can be dangerous "bells" of tuberculosis, stomach ulcers, complications after a concussion and other diseases. Contact a therapist.

What to do to normalize the pressure?

These tips will help you feel whole hearty day if you are hypotonic.

1. Don't rush to get out of bed. Wake up - do a little warm-up lying down. Move your arms and legs. Then sit down and stand up slowly. Perform actions without sudden movements. they can cause fainting.
2. Accept cold and hot shower in the morning for 5 minutes. Alternate water - a minute warm, a minute cool. This will help to cheer up and is good for blood vessels.
3. A good cup of coffee! But only natural tart drink will raise the pressure. Drink no more than 1-2 cups a day. If you have heart problems, drink coffee instead green tea. It invigorates no worse than coffee, but does not harm the heart.
4. Sign up for a pool. Go at least once a week. Swimming improves vascular tone.
5. Buy a tincture of ginseng. This natural "energy" gives tone to the body. Dissolve 20 drops of tincture in ¼ cup of water. Drink half an hour before meals.
6. Eat sweets. As soon as you feel weak - eat ½ teaspoon of honey or a little dark chocolate. Sweets will drive away fatigue and drowsiness.
7. Drink clean water. Daily 2 liters of pure and non-carbonated. This will help maintain pressure on normal level. If you have diseased heart and kidneys drinking regimen must be prescribed by a doctor.
8. get enough sleep. A rested body will work as it should. Sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.
9. Get a massage. According to experts oriental medicine, there are special points on the body. By acting on them, you can improve your well-being. Pressure is controlled by the point between the nose and upper lip. Gently massage it with your finger for 2 minutes in a clockwise direction. Do this when you feel weak.

First aid for hypotension and hypertension

If you feel dizzy, severe weakness, tinnitus, call an ambulance. In the meantime, the doctors go, act:

1. Open the collar of your clothes. The neck and chest should be free.
2. Lie down. Lower your head down. Place a small pillow under your feet.
3. Smell ammonia. If it is not available, use table vinegar.
4. Have some tea. Definitely strong and sweet.

If you feel close hypertensive crisis, it is also necessary to call doctors. In general, this disease should always be supported preventive treatment. As first aid measures, you can resort to the following actions:

1. Organize foot bath With hot water, in which mustard was previously added. An alternative would be to apply mustard compresses to the area of ​​the heart, back of the head and calves.
2. Lightly bind the right, and then the left arm and leg for half an hour each side. When the tourniquet is applied, a pulse should be felt.
3. Have a drink from chokeberry. It can be wine, compote, juice. Or eat jam from this berry.

To reduce the risk of occurrence and development of hypotension and hypertension, you should adhere to a regimen healthy eating, prevent the appearance excess weight, exclude harmful products from the list, move more.

Pressure should be measured from time to time. When observing a trend of high or low blood pressure, it is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the causes and prescribe treatment. Prescribed therapies may include methods to normalize blood pressure, such as taking special medications and herbal infusions diet, exercise, and so on.