Analysis of vaginal secretions is carried out from time to time to monitor the condition reproductive health, if you have complaints of itching and burning in the genital tract, during pregnancy or menopause. The results allow us to objectively assess the number and percentage of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

Microflora in the vagina

A smear on the flora in women is an analysis that allows you to assess the likelihood of pathological processes occurring in the reproductive system. The analysis can detect squamous epithelial cells, cocci, Dederlein's lactobacilli, leukocytes and other microorganisms. Microflora can be scanty, medium, mixed or abundant. If the microflora in the vagina is poor, then only Dederlein's rods are detected, these are beneficial lactobacilli.

With an average number, large colonies of rods and 7-10 leukocytes will fall into the field of view of the laboratory technician. If we're talking about about mixed microflora, in women’s smears 15-30 leukocytes are found, a small amount of cocci - spherical pathological bacteria. The result “abundant microflora” means that the inner walls of the vagina are covered with leukocytes in the absence of lactobacilli. This provokes an unpleasant odor and the release of a significant amount of mucus.

Why do they take a smear test for flora?

A gynecologist takes biological material from the vagina (smear for flora) from women to identify the presence of pathogenic microflora and determine the presence of pathology. In the absence of complaints, doctors previously recommended taking the test annually, but now the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has introduced new rules. People between the ages of 21 and 65 need to have smear tests every three years.

More often, diagnostic manipulation is performed in the presence of complaints: burning or itching in the vagina, pain in the lower abdomen, changes in the consistency, color or smell of discharge. The analysis should be done during pregnancy, suspected development gynecological pathologies, menopause. Experts recommend taking a smear after finishing your appointment. hormonal drugs, which can affect acidity levels, and visit a gynecologist regularly.

Preparing for analysis

A week before taking biological material from the vagina, it is recommended to stop taking antibiotics and other medications that can have a significant impact on the result of the smear. If you cannot stop taking medications, you should inform your doctor. The day before the test, you need to stop douching and treatment with suppositories or vaginal tablets.

What can be found in a smear

To diagnose pathological conditions, the doctor will most likely take a smear not only from the vagina, but also from the cervical canal and urethra. Technically it's perfect different procedures, but the material is usually collected only once. During microscopic diagnostics, a laboratory technician can detect flat epithelium, mucus, Doderlein bacilli, and leukocytes in a smear.

The inner surface of the vagina and cervical canal consists of squamous epithelium. The presence of a large number of cells of this type indicates the possible development of urethritis or vaginitis. A lack of squamous cells indicates insufficient secretion of progesterone, a hormone necessary for successful conception and pregnancy.

Leukocytes are necessary for the body to cope with. Normally, the number of cells in the vagina does not exceed 10, in the cervix - 30. High concentration leukocytes most often indicates the presence of an inflammatory process reproductive system(vaginitis, cervicitis), accompanied by phagocytosis.

Mucus is produced by the vaginal glands and cervix. The amount of mucus in the smear should be moderate. Heavy discharge (the doctor will also assess this visually during the examination) may indicate vaginal dysbiosis. Doderlein rods constitute normal microflora; these are gram-positive cells. A lack of rods in most cases indicates the development of bacterial vaginosis.

Mixed type

If a mixed flora is detected in the analysis, what does this mean? The question is relevant for most women, and therefore should be given attention special attention. The presence of a mixed type of flora in a smear indicates a balance between normal and pathogenic microorganisms. With this result, flat epithelium, leukocytes, Doderlein's lactobacilli and other types of microorganisms are found in the biological material.

In the absence of an inflammatory process, the number of lactobacilli predominates (approximately 90-95%). The remaining 5% are opportunistic bacteria, which include rods and cocci. Potentially dangerous microorganisms do not harm the body, but as their numbers increase, the threat of developing pathology increases.

The risk of developing diseases with mixed abundant flora in a smear during pregnancy is very high. Carrying a child in general is special condition female body, in which existing chronic diseases may worsen or new problems may appear. It may be necessary to go complex treatment to prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of pathogenic agents.

During the analysis process, biological material taken from the vagina is assigned a degree of purity. This indicator indicates the presence of pathogens and the level of acidity of the microflora. The first degree is a normal condition in which opportunistic microorganisms and lactobacilli are in a state of balance, the permissible limits are not violated. The second degree is a relative norm. At the same time, the percentage of pathogenic bacteria is slightly increased, but does not pose a health hazard.

The third degree of purity involves a large amount of mixed flora in the smear. At the same time, the number of opportunistic microorganisms prevails over Doderlein bacilli, which are normally contained in large quantities in the secretions. We are definitely talking about pathology if the results indicate a quarter degree of vaginal cleanliness. This condition is characterized by a predominance of squamous epithelium, pathogenic bacteria and leukocytes.

Abundant microflora

Mixed flora in large quantities usually indicates the presence of pathological processes in the uterus. Moreover, in biological material with microscopic examination a large amount of mucus and squamous epithelium, layers of MPE cells are detected, shaped elements blood, there are traces of phagocytosis. The pathological condition is treated with vaginal suppositories, which inhibit the functioning of pathogens and restore normal pH levels.

Coccobacillary microflora

Mixed flora in small quantities is a pathological condition. If the smear is dominated by coccobacilli (something between ordinary cocci and bacilli), then in most cases the gynecologist diagnoses the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus influenzae or chlamydia. An increase in the number of pathogenic agents will lead to the development of fungal infections, vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis.

Causes of flora disturbance

Scanty mixed flora in the smear may be detected after administration antibacterial drugs, which greatly influence immune system, creating conditions for the development of pathogenic bacteria. Disturbances in the balance of microflora can result from taking hormonal contraceptives. At the same time, the number of lactobacilli and leukocytes in the environment usually increases.

Women themselves provoke an imbalance by protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancy. Poor flora smear results are usually obtained by those patients who have an intrauterine device installed. This contraceptive creates an imbalance suitable for the active development of coccobacilli.

Frequent douching provokes the proliferation of pathogenic microflora and washing out the normal contents of the vagina. Therefore, intimate hygiene should be moderate. Daily washing with plain water is sufficient (at least once a day, maximum after each visit to the toilet or shift). hygiene product during menstruation). The vagina is a self-cleaning system, so it does not need excessive hygiene procedures. It is not advisable to use aggressive agents for intimate hygiene. It is better to choose gels with a neutral pH, without dyes or flavors.

Is treatment required?

Mixed flora in a smear requires clarification of the diagnosis, because therapy is not required in all cases. If erosion is present, cauterization is prescribed, but some forms of the disease do not require medical intervention(regular observation only). Gonorrhea, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis and similar diseases are being treated by special means, containing components aimed at combating certain bacteria.

If the microflora changes slightly, a course of vaginal suppositories or ointments is sufficient. After finishing treatment, you need to take the test again. If the results again reveal pathological microorganisms in large quantities and mixed flora in the smear (in women, this may be a consequence of taking certain medications), you may need to undergo a course of therapy with stronger drugs.

The gynecologist may recommend additional examinations to the patient to eliminate the possibility of an incorrect diagnosis ( reanalysis after certain preparation, for example, completion of a course of antibiotics or refusal of hormonal contraceptives, ultrasound of the pelvic organs, tests biological fluids and the like). It is better to immediately listen to the doctor’s advice in order to immediately clarify the diagnosis.

Features during pregnancy

Mixed microflora is often detected in Pregnant women undergo this test at least three times: when issuing an exchange card and registering, up to thirty weeks and in the third trimester, shortly before giving birth, that is, at thirty-six to thirty-seven weeks. Sometimes there may be a need for additional examination: if there are complaints of itching, changes in the amount, smell or consistency of discharge, or burning.

A successful sign of conception before the onset of delayed menstruation is a change in character vaginal discharge. During implantation, immunity decreases slightly because the fertilized egg is often perceived by the body as a foreign object. Pregnant women often encounter thrush. It is important to get rid of the symptoms of this disease before delivery, because the child can become infected when passing through the mother’s genital tract.

If mixed flora is associated with serious illnesses, the doctor may recommend terminating the pregnancy. The fact is that many drugs are prohibited during pregnancy, and the lack of therapy can lead to intrauterine infection and death of the embryo. Therefore, experts recommend getting tested and undergoing treatment at the stage of pregnancy planning.

It is much easier to prevent any pathology than to eliminate it (especially if you have to be treated during pregnancy). Mixed flora in a smear in women is no exception. Do not forget about the prevention of diseases of the reproductive system and regularly visit the gynecologist. Following simple rules will not only prevent gynecological diseases, but also give birth to a healthy child.

A flora smear is a fairly common test that is taken from a woman’s vagina using a special spatula. It is given at almost every gynecologist appointment and is necessary to determine the presence or absence of harmful microorganisms, their origin and quantity.

Mixed flora in a smear can bother many women, but a gynecologist can decipher what it is. However, knowing some information, a woman can prepare for a doctor's appointment.

How to submit?
Scanty or abundant mixed flora in a smear may be indicated due to a violation of the rules for taking the test. Ideally, before taking a smear, it is not recommended to wash yourself the day before visiting the doctor. And when washing, if you really need to, do not use any products, only water.

What is mixed flora in a smear?
Mixed flora in a smear refers to one of 4 types of flora, when the number of leukocytes ranges from 10 to 30 in the field of view, and the number of lactobacilli is small. At the same time, the flora contains rods and spherical bacteria - cocci.

When is mixed flora in a smear normal?
Mixed microflora in a smear is considered normal occurrence at the beginning of puberty in girls; V menopause in women; at the beginning and at the end menstrual cycle; as well as in the presence of sexually transmitted diseases and ovarian hyperfunction. By itself, analyzing a smear of mixed flora will not show the full picture, so together with it it is necessary not only to evaluate the number of leukocytes, but also to conduct additional examinations.

Rod flora
Sticks in a smear mixed flora There are two types. This is a morphotype of lactobacilli (Dederlein bacilli) and small bacilli. At the same time, the first type is characteristic of a healthy person, and the second indicates vaginal dysbiosis or the onset of gardnerellosis.

Lactobacilli
Lactobacilli are generally a normal part of the microflora healthy person. However, when deciphering the analysis of abundant or scanty mixed flora in a smear, pay attention to the concentration of red blood cells and white blood cells. Ask your doctor about their relationship to the number of lactobacilli.

Coccobacilli
If the content of leukocytes in a vaginal smear is increased, then most likely the woman has a gynecological or venereal disease, which is also characterized by the absence of Dederlein sticks. Recognize unpleasant symptoms An unpleasant specific odor and thick discharge will help.

Treatment of mixed flora in a smear is prescribed only by a doctor, and is carried out with the help of antibiotics and antifungal drugs. It is specific and necessary, but is always prescribed not on the basis of vaginal smear examinations, but after studying urine, blood tests and some other studies.

During the period of bearing a baby, a woman needs an increased dose of vitamins and microelements. Therefore, if there is a shortage of some of them, the doctor prescribes...

During a gynecological examination, doctors take biological material for subsequent microscopic and bacteriological examination. Let us consider in detail how dangerous mixed flora in a smear is.

The result indicates a normal, mixed, rod flora in the smear, but not every girl knows what this is. Such diagnostics determines early stage pathological changes in the functioning of the reproductive system and individual organs

The analysis reveals: blastospores (Candida fungus), gardnerella, klebsiella, coca, corynecobacteria, corynobacteria, leptothrix, neutrophils, etc.

Procedure for collecting material

What does mixed flora mean?

The vaginal environment is inhabited by non-hazardous and potentially dangerous microorganisms. When the number of pathogenic representatives exceeds the number of beneficial bacteria, the risk of developing gynecological diseases. An increase in the number of leukocytes, lactobacilli, mycelium, fibrin, and erythrocytes is considered potentially dangerous.

Such results indicate the progression of pathologies of infectious or inflammatory in nature. During pregnancy, the detection of pathogenic flora in a smear poses a danger to the intrauterine development of the fetus. Staphylococci, gonococci and coccobacillary representatives provoke miscarriage and premature birth.

Normally, the concentration of beneficial bacteria is 95%, and opportunistic bacteria is no more than 5%. There should be no pathogenic microorganisms in a smear of a healthy woman. With a mixed flora, there is an imbalance between the number of beneficial lactobacilli and opportunistic cocci and rods. The number of the latter is increasing sharply.

Mixed flora appears when local immunity decreases. There are several reasons for this condition:

1. Treatment with antibiotics. Drugs in this group upset the balance between pathogenic and natural microorganisms, resulting in the development of thrush and bacterial vaginosis.
2. Use of spermicidal contraception. They increase the content of leukocytes and opportunistic flora in the vaginal environment and on the cervix.
3. Wearing intrauterine devices. The risk of active reproduction of coccobacilli and disruption of the vaginal biocenosis increases.
4. Post-acute ARVI, intestinal infection. The balance of the microflora of the genital tract is also disturbed in chronic pathology of the digestive tract.

When the vaginal flora is overpopulated with pathogens, dysbiosis develops. This is one of the causes of inflammatory processes in the genital tract.

Dysbacteriosis is always accompanied by itching and burning of the genitals, and during a gynecological examination, redness of the vagina and cervix of the uterus is noted.

Appears with thrush white coating(spores of Candida fungi). Against the background of bacterial vaginosis, when gardnerella is activated, a grayish coating appears with the smell of rotten fish.

With such symptoms, it is important to visit a gynecologist, conduct an examination on a chair with mirrors and perform a microscopic analysis (smear of the vaginal flora).

Bacteriological examination is also indicated (culture of material from the cervix and vagina for flora). The study involves growing microorganisms on a nutrient medium. If colonies increase, the type of pathogen, its sensitivity to antibiotics are identified, and then treatment is prescribed.

Types of microflora in the vagina

During the examination, laboratory assistants identify flat epithelium, Dederlein bacilli, cocci, leukocytes, and erythrocytes in a smear for flora. An increase in the number of certain microorganisms indicates the development various diseases or pathological processes.

Read also: Colposcopy of the cervix - what is it and why is it prescribed?

Since the therapy will be different, it is important to correctly determine what predominates: polymorphic rod flora in the smear, normal or mixed.

Mixed flora

When executing bacteriological culture the results are considered only in relation to the inspection data. Additionally, a smear for oncocytology is performed for early detection cervical cancer (regardless of the presence of complaints).

Imbalance develops for the following reasons:

• menopause;
• sexually transmitted diseases;
• onset of puberty;
• conditions associated with a decrease in general and local immunity.

Normally, the content of lactobacilli predominates in the composition of biological material. About absence inflammatory pathologies And good level immunity is indicated by the presence of lactobacilli, mucus in the smear, epithelial cells and leukocytes in small quantities.

It is possible to determine a small number of diphtheroids. Obtaining such results indicates that the patient is healthy.

When leukocytes are present (more than 5 in the field of view), a moderate amount of mucus, cocci, fungi (mycelium in a smear on the flora), the likelihood of developing inflammatory processes increases.

A high concentration of leukocytes, mucus, and epithelium indicates pathology, so additional examination is required.

The minimum content of lactobacilli and the predominance of fungi and rods in the inoculation are dangerous. In this case inflammatory process has already started and requires immediate relief. To do this, determine the type of pathogen, sensitivity to drugs and prescribe therapy.

Rod flora in a smear

Microscopic examination is carried out to determine the number of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, rods and other organisms in the vagina. Based on the results of the analysis, it is determined whether there are problems with the reproductive system, separate bodies or the patient is healthy.

Small rod flora indicates the presence of gram-negative bacteria. They reduce the body's defenses. As a result, the immune system cannot suppress the vital activity of pathogenic representatives on its own. An abundant content of rod flora indicates the development of inflammation.

Rod-shaped organisms also indicate the development of gardnerellosis and dysbacteriosis. Treatment in this case is selected individually, taking into account the characteristics clinical picture.

Dederlein rods (gram-positive) are included in the useful category. These are lactobacilli, and the smear should contain at least 95% (10 7 CFU). They are responsible for creating acidic environment on the vaginal wall, necessary for the fertilization process. These microorganisms ensure the cleanliness of the genital tract. Thanks to them, the pathogens of trichomoniasis and gonorrhea do not have the opportunity to reproduce.

Polymorphic rod flora is considered pathogenic. These are microorganisms that provoke the development of vaginal dysbiosis. When performing a microscopic analysis, together with them, it is revealed increased content leukocytes capable of phagocytosis, and sharp decline number of Dederlein sticks. As a result, an inflammatory process develops.

Bacillary flora in a smear

Sometimes the analysis results indicate the detection of bacillary flora. It is pointless to decipher this parameter, since normally the vaginal environment is populated by bacilli. The doctor determines the presence of abnormalities after counting the number of yeast fungi (sometimes called blastospores), red blood cells and white blood cells in the smear.

If a woman does not have a healthy microflora, this is confirmed by bacterial culture, then she will have problems conceiving and bearing a child.

When the vaginal environment is aggressive, sperm die on the way to the egg, so fertilization does not occur.

Read also: Examination of smears for cervical cytology: interpretation

Lack of flora in the smear

Microscopic examination of biological material obtained by taking a smear from the vagina and cervix is ​​considered highly informative. There is always flora in a smear. If lactobacilli die, they are replaced by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms.

This is often associated with long-term treatment with antibiotics, which kill both beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. These results indicate the need to restore the balance of the vaginal environment.

During pregnancy, everyone is recommended to take a smear for flora: at the first visit to the doctor, at 30 weeks and before giving birth. Timely detected fungal spores, staphylococci, gonococci are treated without serious consequences for the unborn child and mother. A gynecological examination and constant monitoring are required.

What else can be found in a smear?

When performing bacterioscopy, it is possible to assess the biocenosis. This test is also called a staphylococcus smear.

But at the same time, it is possible to detect pseudomycelium, mixed microflora, fungal spores, enterobacteria, streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, corynebacteria are determined. They are potential causative agents of vaginitis, vulvitis and vulvovaginitis.

Streptococcus agalactia and Streptococcus pyogenes are dangerous species. Regardless of the quantity of them found during culture, treatment must be prescribed.

Treatment of pathogenic flora

Normal or moderate mixed flora of the vaginal environment indicates a good level of health for the patient, which is marked by the first or second degree of purity. In this case, no specific therapy is required.

Along with this, if additional alarming symptoms appear (itching, irritation, burning, redness, heavy discharge, unpleasant odor), you should visit a gynecologist and undergo an examination on the chair.

Often, an imbalance of the vaginal microflora (moderate or severe) is observed after taking medications from the antibiotic group. These drugs kill pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. But only thanks to this does it become possible to cope with various infectious diseases.

The choice of drug for the treatment of inflammatory processes in the genital tract will depend on the identified causative agent of the disease:

• Thrush (candidal colpitis) is treated with antifungal drugs.
• If gardnerella is detected in a high titer, metronidazole is indicated.
• Opportunistic flora can be treated well with broad-spectrum antiseptics.
• At mixed infection drugs are used that act immediately on both fungi and bacteria.

Priority is given to funds local action(suppositories, vaginal tablets). Systemic drugs in tablets and capsules are prescribed extremely rarely in gynecology: for severe inflammatory processes in women with immunodeficiency, for chlamydial and mycoplasma infections.

Flora smear- a test often prescribed by gynecologists. What does it show and what misconceptions exist about it?

This analysis can be called "general". This is a primary diagnosis that allows the doctor to confirm or refute the presence of an inflammatory process in the vagina, urethra, cervical canal, as well as draw certain conclusions regarding possible menopause or menopausal changes in the patient.

What exactly is the name of the analysis:

• microscopic (bacterioscopic) examination of a Gram-stained smear - this is the official name;
• genital smear;
• bacterioscopy;
• microscopy.

Used to diagnose infectious and inflammatory processes. Bacterioscopy allows you to detect bacteria in a woman’s genital organs: protozoan microorganisms - gonococci, which cause gonorrhea, Trichomonas - the causative agent of trichomoniasis. Also, a specialist will see through a microscope some bacteria, fungi (Candida), key cells (a sign of bacterial vaginosis). The type of microorganism is determined by its shape, size, and whether it is stained with a dye or not, that is, whether it is gram-positive or gram-negative.

In addition, in a smear from each point (taken from the vagina, urethra, cervical canal), the number of leukocytes in the field of view is counted. The more there are, the more pronounced the inflammatory process. The amount of epithelium and mucus is assessed. especially in women reproductive age during ovulation - in the middle of the menstrual cycle.

Microscopic examination of the discharge of the female genital organs is an opportunity to quickly assess whether a woman is gynecologically healthy or not and make one of four diagnoses:

• vaginal candidiasis (thrush);
• bacterial vaginosis (formerly called gardnerellosis);
• gonorrhea;
• trichomoniasis.

If there are no clear signs of one of these diseases, but the smear is bad, an in-depth study of the material is carried out - bacterial culture is performed.

Reasons for performing culture in gynecology

1. If the smear contains a moderate or large number of leukocytes, but the causative agent of the infection is not known. Since with microscopy there is a lower limit for the detection of microorganisms: 10 to 4 - 10 to 5 degrees.
2. If a microbe is identified, to determine its sensitivity to antibiotics.
3. If there are signs of a fungal infection. To accurately determine the type of fungi and prescribe an effective antimycotic drug.

   Some types of fungi, for example, Candida albicans (a diploid fungus), are very dangerous for expectant mothers and can cause infection and premature rupture of the membranes.

   Other types of Candida fungi do not need to be treated if there are no pathological symptoms.

If key cells are found (signs of bacterial vaginosis), but besides them, other microbes are also present. For identification.

What are the differences between bacterial culture, flora smear and degree of vaginal cleanliness?

In the research method. With a general smear, the material applied to the glass is stained with special dyes and examined under a microscope. And when a bacteriological (bacteriological, cultural, microbiological) study is done, it is first “sown” on a nutrient medium. And then, after a few days, they look under a microscope to see what colonies of microorganisms have grown.

That is, if we are talking about a rapid analysis, you will only be given a conclusion about the number of leukocytes, epithelium and mucus. Sowing is not urgent

Also, with microscopy, you can quickly determine the degree of purity from the vagina. Here the doctor only assesses the relationship between normal, opportunistic and pathogenic microflora.

Classic assessment of vaginal cleanliness.

Updated table

Degrees	Signs
I	Dederlein rods, squamous epithelium.
II	Non-pyogenic bacteria. Leukocytes are normal. Diagnosis: non-purulent bacterial colpitis.
III	Pyogenic (staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gonococci, etc.) microorganisms. High level leukocytes. Purulent bacterial colpitis.
IV	Gonorrhea (gonococci detected).
V	Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas detected).
VI	Vaginal candidiasis (fungi detected).

What doctors don't see with microscopy

1. Pregnancy. To determine it, a smear is not needed and it does not matter what result it shows. It is necessary to take a blood test for hCG, undergo gynecological examination see a doctor or do an ultrasound of the uterus. It is possible to detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine, but not in genital discharge!
2. Cancer of the uterus and cervix. To diagnose malignant degeneration of the endometrium, histological material is needed, and in large quantities. And they take it directly from the uterus.

   CC and other pathologies (erosion, leukoplakia, atypical cells, etc.) are diagnosed based on the results of a cytological examination. This analysis is taken directly from the cervix, from the transformation zone, using a certain method with Papanicolaou staining (hence the name of the analysis - PAP test). It is also called oncocytology.

3. Does not show infections (STDs) such as:
   • herpes;
   • chlamydia (chlamydia);
   • mycoplasmas (mycoplasmosis);
   • ureaplasma (ureaplasmosis);

The first four infections are diagnosed PCR method. And it is impossible to determine the presence of the immunodeficiency virus from a smear with high accuracy. You need to take a blood test.

How to prepare for the test and when it is needed

The doctor takes a smear from the patient on the gynecological chair (regardless of whether she is pregnant or not) using a special brush or a sterile Volkmann spoon. It doesn't hurt at all and is very fast.

It is technically possible to achieve a good, even perfect smear if you sanitize the vagina with chlorhexidine or miramistin, for example. But what's the point?

To get a reliable smear result, 48 hours before taking it you cannot:

• douche;
• have sex;
• use any vaginal hygiene products, intimate deodorants, or medications unless they have been prescribed by a doctor;
• do an ultrasound using a vaginal probe;
• undergo colposcopy.
• 3 hours before visiting a gynecologist or laboratory, you should not urinate.

You need to take smears outside menstrual bleeding. Even if there is just a “daub” on the last day of menstruation, it is better to postpone the study, since the result will probably be bad - a large number of leukocytes will be detected.

There are no prohibitions regarding drinking alcohol.

Is it possible to take a smear while taking antibiotics or immediately after treatment? It is not advisable to do this within 10 days after using topical drugs (vaginal) and one month after taking antibacterial agents orally.

Microscopic examination is prescribed:

• as planned when visiting a gynecologist;
• upon admission to the gynecological hospital;
• before IVF;
• during pregnancy (especially if smears are often bad);
• if there are complaints: unusual discharge, itching, pelvic pain, etc.

Decoding the results: what is considered normal and what is pathology in the microflora

To begin with, we present to your attention a table that displays the indicators of the so-called first degree of purity. There is no mention of the urethra (although material is taken from there too), since we are talking about gynecological diseases. The inflammatory process in the urethra is treated by a urologist.

Indicator	Vagina	Cervical canal
Leukocytes	0-10 in field of view	0-30 in sight
Epithelium	depending on the phase of men. cycle
Mucus	moderately
Trichomonas	No
Gonococci	No
Key cells	No
Candida	No
Microflora	gram-positive rods	absent

Epithelium - the number of epithelial cells is not counted, since this has no diagnostic value. But too much meager quantity epithelium indicates an atrophic type of smear - occurs in women during menopause.

Leukocytes - counted in the “field of view”:

• no more than 10 - a small amount;
• 10-15 - moderate amount;
• 30-50 is a large number, the woman notices pathological symptoms, and the doctor, upon examination, diagnoses an inflammatory process in the vagina and (or) cervix.

Mucus (mucus strands)- should be present normally, but a large amount occurs during inflammation. There should be no mucus in the urethra.

Rod flora or gr lactomorphotypes- the norm, this is the protection of the vagina from germs.

Trichomonas, gonococci and key cells in a healthy woman there should not be any in the cervix and vagina. Candida is also normally absent. At least in a significant amount, which is detected when analyzing the flora.

The usefulness of the smear is not great. But if a woman is admitted to the hospital, then right there, at initial examination on the chair, take a fresh one.

Results are usually valid for 7-14 days. Therefore, if you need to take it before surgery, do it 3 days before entering the hospital. The last of the prescribed tests.

What is found in bacterial culture

A gynecologist can best decipher the result of a cultural study. But you yourself, if you read the information below, will roughly understand your analysis.

The number of microorganisms can be expressed by “crosses”:

• “+” – small amount;
• “++” – moderate amount;
• “+++” – large quantity;
• “++++” – abundant flora.

But more often the number of microflora representatives is expressed in degrees. For example: Klebsiella: 10 to 4 degrees. By the way, this is one of the representatives of enterobacteria. Gram-negative rod, aerobic microorganism. One of the most dangerous pathogens, although it is only opportunistic. This is because Klebsiella is resistant (immune) to most antibacterial agents.

Below we describe other common terms that appear in research results or you may hear from your doctor.

Soor is candidiasis, or in other words, thrush. It is treated with antimycotic (antifungal) drugs.

Blastospores and pseudomycelium of yeast-like fungi- candidiasis or other fungal disease, usually treated in the same way as thrush.

Diphtheroids are opportunistic microorganisms; according to scientific research, in most women about 10% of the microflora consists of them, as well as streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli, and gardnerella. If the flora is disturbed, their number increases.

Mixed flora is a variant of the norm, if there are no symptoms of the disease, only leukocytes or a strong increase in them (40-60-100). 15-20 is the norm, especially during pregnancy.

Enterococcus (Enterococcus)- representatives of intestinal microflora, which sometimes enter the vagina. Gram-positive cocci. We are talking about Enterococcus faecalis. There is also enterococcus coli - E. coli. Usually cause unpleasant symptoms at concentrations above 10 to the 4th power.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- gram-negative bacterium. Often affects people with low immunity. It has good resistance to antibiotics, which makes the treatment process difficult.

Polymorphic rod- a common representative of the vaginal biocenosis. If the number of leukocytes is normal and there are no complaints, its presence should not be alarming.

Red blood cells - may be present in small quantities in the smear, especially if it was taken during an inflammatory process or when there was slight bleeding.

Coccus or coccobacillary flora- usually occurs with an infectious process in the vagina or cervix. If a woman has complaints, it is required antibacterial treatment- sanitization of the vagina.

Diplococci are a type of bacteria (cocci). In small quantities they are not harmful. With the exception of gonococci - the causative agents of gonorrhea. She is always treated.

And in conclusion, here are the common abbreviations that are written on test results forms:

• L – leukocytes;
• Ep – epithelium;
• Pl. ep. - flat epithelium;
• Gn (gn) – gonococcus, the causative agent of gonorrhea;
• Trich is a trichomonas, the causative agent of trichomoniasis.

A flora smear is a type of test that allows you to determine the presence and number of pathogenic microorganisms in the vagina. This makes it possible to determine the risks of developing gynecological diseases and other health problems.

What is mixed flora in a vaginal smear and what does such an interpretation of test results indicate, we will understand in our article.

During macroscopic analysis, squamous epithelial cells, Dederlein's lactobacilli, cocci, leukocytes and other types of microorganisms are detected in the smear. The composition of the smear determines the type of microflora, as well as the possibility of pathological processes occurring.

What types of floras exist?

• Scarce. During macroscopic analysis, mainly only Dederlein's bacilli - beneficial lactobacilli - are identified in the vaginal environment;
• Average. In the field of view of a specialist there are approximately 7-10 leukocytes and large colonies of lactobacilli;
• Mixed. The medium contains from 15 to 30 leukocytes, a small number of lactobacilli, as well as cocci - pathogenic spherical bacteria;
• Abundant. The inner walls of the vagina are densely covered with leukocytes in the complete absence of lactobacilli. Coccobacillary microflora emits an unpleasant odor and provokes the secretion of large amounts of mucus.

Material is taken from the vagina in order to diagnose the presence of pathogenic flora and inflammatory processes in the body.

The procedure is carried out if the following signs are present:

• painful sensations in the lower abdomen;
• change in color and odor of discharge;
• burning or itching inside the vagina.

An analysis of the state of the “female” microflora must be done during pregnancy, menopause and suspected development gynecological ailments. Experts also recommend getting tested after taking hormonal medications that can affect the level of acidity inside the cervical canal and uterus.

To diagnose diseases, specialists take material not only from the vagina, but also from the cervical canal and urethra.

During microscopic diagnosis, the following types of cells may be present in a smear:

• Flat epithelium is the cells that make up the entire inner surface cervical canal and vagina. The presence of a large number of cells indicates the possibility of developing vaginitis or urethritis. The lack of squamous epithelium indicates insufficient secretion of progesterone;
• Leukocytes are “defenders” that fight pathogenic microorganisms. Normally, their number in the vagina does not exceed 10, in the cervix - 30. A high number of leukocytes most often indicates the presence of inflammation (cervicitis, vaginitis), accompanied by phagocytosis - the devouring of pathogenic agents by “defenders”;
• Mucus is a derivative of the vaginal glands and cervix. The amount in the smear should be moderate. Heavy discharge may indicate dysbacteriosis;
• “Vaginal” rods (Doderlein) are gram-positive cells that make up the normal microflora. An 80% lack of “useful” bacilli in the body indicates the development of bacterial vaginosis.

The presence of mixed flora in a smear indicates an imbalance between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The biological material contains flat epithelium, Doderlein's lactobacilli, leukocytes and other types of microorganisms.

In the absence of any pathological processes, the number of lactobacilli is approximately 90-95%, the remaining 5% are opportunistic agents, which include cocci and bacilli.

Potentially dangerous bacteria in small quantities they do not harm the body, but as their numbers increase, the threat of developing diseases also increases. During pregnancy, the risk of increasing colonies of pathogenic microorganisms is very high. If there is mixed flora in a vaginal smear during pregnancy, it is necessary to undergo comprehensive treatment that will prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of staphylococci and other pathogenic agents.

In the process of deciphering the analyses, the biomaterial taken for testing is assigned a degree of purity.

It indicates the pH level in the microflora and the presence of pathogenic bacteria and rods:

• 1st degree – normal state of the flora, in which lactobacilli and opportunistic microorganisms are within acceptable limits;
• 2nd degree - a relatively normal state of the vaginal environment, in which the percentage of pathogenic agents is higher, but does not pose a health hazard;
• 3rd degree – flora mixed type with a predominance of pathogenic microorganisms over Doderlein bacilli;
• Grade 4 is a pathological condition of the environment, characterized by a predominance of squamous epithelium, leukocytes and “foreign” bacteria.

Many women, after reading the test results, do not understand how to decipher the phrase “mixed abundant flora in a smear.” According to cytological data, such a diagnosis indicates the presence of abscesses in the uterus.

In this case, microscopic examination reveals the following types of cells and microorganisms in the biomaterial:

• a large amount of mucus;
• formed elements of blood;
• presence of traces of phagocytosis;
• MPE cell layers;
• increased content of squamous epithelium.

Abundant mixed flora is treated with sanitation with vaginal suppositories, which inhibit the activity of pathogens and restore normal pH levels.

Coccobacillary flora is a pathological condition of the environment of the cervical canal and vagina. It is dominated by the so-called coccobacilli, which are an average variant between bacilli and ordinary cocci.

Commonly encountered representatives of pathogenic coccobacilli include:

• hemophilus influenzae;
• chlamydia trachomatis (provokes the development of chlamydia);
• Gardnerella vaginalis.

A large number of pathogenic agents leads to the development of vaginitis, fungal infections, including bacterial vaginosis.

What are the reasons for their appearance in the body?

1. Taking antibiotics. Antibiotics weaken the immune system, creating favorable conditions for the development of pathogenic bacteria;
2. Contraception. Hormonal drugs lead to disturbances in the microflora, which affects the number of leukocytes and lactobacilli in the environment;
3. Intrauterine devices. By protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancy, women unwittingly create an imbalance in the vaginal environment, suitable for the development of coccobacilli;
4. Frequent douching. Cleaning the vagina provokes the washing away of normal flora and the proliferation of harmful bacteria.

Mixed pathogenic flora, including coccobacillary flora, can be eliminated by restoring normal pH levels in the “female” environment. To suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, the doctor prescribes gentle antibiotics that fight coccobacilli.

Vaginal dysbiosis indicates the presence of inflammatory processes or the development of other sexually transmitted diseases. If you feel severe itching or discomfort inside the genital organs, it is worth taking a smear for analysis to clarify the diagnosis.

Do not self-diagnose or self-medicate! I wish you good health and wellness!

mjusli.ru

Mixed flora in a smear in women: what does it mean, is treatment required and how to treat?

Analysis of vaginal secretions is carried out to identify gynecological diseases.

There are several variations in the results of this analysis. These include mixed flora in a smear.

In this article we will tell you what mixed flora in a smear means - abundant and scanty, and how to treat this condition in women, including during pregnancy.

Depending on the obtained ratio, the smear is given a specific name.

Normally, the smear should include about 95% lactobacilli. The number of cocci and rods should be insignificant - no more than 5%.

With mixed flora, an imbalance in the number of bacteria is observed in the smear. The number of pathogenic microbes that can cause a variety of diseases is growing.

At the same time, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes. Their presence indicates the possibility of an inflammatory process.

Mixed flora does not pose a strong danger. But complete absence treatment can lead to unpleasant consequences.

The inflammatory process in the pelvic area is fraught with the formation of adhesions and deformation of organs.

The patency of the tubes is disrupted, ovulation disappears and the structure of the endometrium changes. This leads to problems during pregnancy planning.

The main characteristic features of mixed flora include the following:

• the presence of mucus in the smear;
• the presence of stratified squamous epithelium;
• traces of phagocytosis;
• increase in the number of leukocytes.

Additional examination helps specialists make an accurate diagnosis.

The disease can occur in both acute and chronic form. In the first case, the woman notes the appearance of unpleasant symptoms.

These include itching sensations, the presence of an unpleasant odor, changes in the nature of discharge and discomfort during sexual intercourse. Similar symptoms may also occur in a sexual partner.

Sparse mixed flora can be easily treated without the use of potent agents. The abundant flora is corrected using the most effective drugs.

There is a third type of pathology - it is called coccobacillary flora.

This phenomenon indicates that a woman has diseases transmitted as a result of sexual contacts, or vaginal dysbiosis.

The following reasons can cause microflora disturbance:

• taking hormonal medications, in particular oral contraceptives;
• protection against unwanted pregnancy using an IUD;
• antibiotic treatment;
• frequent douching;
• use of aggressive intimate hygiene products.

Any intervention in the microflora of the female genital organs entails its restructuring. The flora contains not only negative, but also beneficial bacteria that perform a protective function.

Washing them out contributes to a decrease in immunity. As a result, women develop various diseases.

But additional manipulations are carried out first to help clarify the diagnosis. It depends on how the treatment will be carried out.

The presence of erosion implies cauterization. Some forms of this disease do not require any intervention.

Diseases such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, trichomoniasis and gonorrhea are treated by taking specially targeted drugs. They contain components aimed at combating certain groups of bacteria.

If the microflora changes insignificantly, the use of vaginal suppositories or ointments is prescribed.

After the course of treatment, it is necessary to take the test again. If necessary, the most powerful drugs are prescribed.

Additional examinations may be carried out to exclude the possibility of an erroneous diagnosis.

A change in the nature of the discharge is considered an indirect sign of successful conception before the onset of delay.

During the period of embryo implantation, a woman’s immunity begins to decline. The fertilized egg is perceived as a foreign object.

For this reason, thrush occurs. It is characterized by the appearance of cheesy discharge and discomfort.

Thrush is eliminated with drugs approved during pregnancy. It is very important to get rid of symptoms before delivery. As the baby passes through the birth canal, it can become infected.

If the mixed flora manifests itself as more serious diseases, then there is a high probability of termination of pregnancy.

Many potent drugs are prohibited during this period. Treatment may not be effective enough.

Some types of infections can penetrate the placenta, causing developmental pathologies. Experts recommend getting rid of the existing disease at the stage of preparation for pregnancy.

It is easier to prevent any pathology than to eliminate it. Prevention of diseases of the reproductive system will save time, effort and money that will have to be spent on treatment.

We should also not forget about timely contacting specialists when the first signs appear.

Classmates

beautyladi.ru

Mixed flora in a smear: what does it mean, how to treat?

Every visit by a woman to a gynecologist necessarily includes certain tests, and the detected mixed flora in the smear shows certain imbalances between beneficial and harmful microorganisms.

The normal flora is 95% lactobacilli, and cocci and bacilli, which pose a potential health threat, account for the remaining 5%.

If such proportions are violated, the risk of various diseases increases significantly.

Mixed microflora is especially dangerous for pregnant women, so if it is detected during such periods, it is recommended to undergo comprehensive treatment.

What does mixed flora mean on a smear?

Studies of smear analysis for flora are correlated with quantitative changes in blood composition.

Microscopic examination identifies lactobacilli, pathogenic coccal bacteria, bacilli that provoke the development of diseases, and shows the risks of oncological changes.

These studies determine the composition of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the woman’s genital organs.

At the same time, mixed flora is characteristic of menopause, menstruation, sexually transmitted diseases, the onset of puberty, and ovarian hyperfunction.

The predominance of lactobacilli characterizes a healthy microflora. If the smear contains most of the lactobacilli, epithelial cells, mucus, and normal leukocytes, then this indicates the absence of inflammatory processes and healthy immunity.

With moderate mucus and normal leukocytes, an increase in the number of cocci and fungi may be observed. This situation increases the risk of inflammatory processes.

With a significant increase in leukocytes, mucus and epithelial inclusions, we can talk about pathologies.

In the worst case, lactobacilli are detected in small quantities, and leukocytes are significantly higher than normal.

At the same time, pathogenic bacteria and fungi make up the majority of the microflora. This situation indicates inflammation and requires immediate treatment.

Based on the results of the analysis, the attending physician identifies the causative agent of the disease and prescribes appropriate treatment.

For example, for candidiasis they use antifungal drugs, and in cases of diseases caused by gonococci, they must be treated with antibacterial agents.

Treatment is prescribed not only based on the results of a smear test for flora, but after a comprehensive study of urine and blood.

In any case, the mixed microflora identified during the analysis of the smear results requires attentive attitude and specialist consultations.

Symptoms of diseases and causes of mixed flora

In mature women with an active sexual life, and sometimes in girls even before the onset of puberty, a mixed flora is observed.

This diagnostic picture may indicate venereal diseases, inflammation genitourinary system.

Pathological conditions accompanied by certain symptoms. Itching, mucous discharge with unpleasant smell and a burning sensation may indicate colpitis (inflammation of the vagina) or bacterial vaginosis.

These diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Moreover, despite the common origin, one disease goes away with an increase in the number of leukocytes, while the other does not.

However, in both cases, the disease provokes an increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms.

Predominance in female body pathogenic flora can be caused by several reasons:

• the use of antibiotics for a long time significantly weakens the immune system and destroys beneficial bacteria;
• excessive douching, washing away normal microflora, provokes the development of harmful microorganisms;
• hormonal agents contraception disrupts the microflora, significantly changing the concentration of leukocytes and lactobacilli;
• negatively affect balance vaginal microflora intrauterine devices.

To determine a more precise cause, comprehensive additional studies are carried out, the totality of which makes it possible to determine correct diagnosis, appoint optimal treatment.

Rules for taking a smear and deciphering the results

A smear in women may reveal scanty or abundant mixed flora. Deviations in indicators are often directly related to violations of the rules for preparing for a smear test.

On the eve of visiting a doctor, you need to prepare in a certain way:

• visit the toilet two hours before, since urination is contraindicated during this period;
• Before the procedure you just need to wash your face warm water no soap;
• You cannot take a smear test during menstruation;
• abstain from sex for two days;
• do not use tampons, vaginal suppositories and don't douche.

Although deciphering smear results is the responsibility of the doctor, understanding what certain indicators may mean is important for any woman.

Healthy genital organs are characterized by a predominance of lactobacilli, and if their number decreases, the risk of damage by pathogenic microorganisms increases.

A large number of leukocytes is an indicator of the inflammatory process. However, the norms for the vagina, urethra and cervix are different.

Significant excess of indicators will be the basis for additional research.

The number of red blood cells increases during menstruation, damage to the mucous membrane and inflammatory processes.

Normally, upon microscopic examination, their number does not exceed several units. A small amount of mucus is also common in the vagina and cervix.

The results of a smear for mixed flora are presented in encrypted form. It will be useful for any woman to know what each Latin designation means.

The letter “V” represents the vagina, and the numbers next to this letter clarify the smear readings.

Likewise numeric value clarify the readings of the letters “U” - “urethra” and “C” - “cervix”.

Latin letter“L” stands for leukocytes, “Ep” for squamous epithelium. The letters “gn” and “trich” indicate the presence of gonococci and trichomoniasis bacteria.

The abbreviation "abs" refers to the absence of bacteria and infections in the smear examination.

Thus, smear analysis for mixed flora has certain standards, which are presented in the following form.

Leukocytes: (U) 0-5 in the field of view under a microscope, (V) 0-10, (C) 0-30. Mucus: (V) and (C) - “moderate”, and in the case of (U) - “moderate” or “absent”.

Epithelium. (V, C, U) – “moderate”. In all cases, an increase in these indicators indicates inflammatory processes.

Gram-positive rods (gr.+). (V) – “large amount”, (C) – “absent”, (U) – “absent”.

This picture indicates a healthy body, good immunity and about in good condition microflora.

Gram-negative rods (gr.-). (V), (C), (U) – should be absent everywhere, and opposite values ​​indicate inflammatory processes within these organs and dysbiosis.

Correct transcript A smear requires a certain qualification of a doctor, and in some cases a repeat examination.

In any situation, it is better to be observed and treated by one doctor. This will ensure accurate diagnosis and positive therapeutic outcome.

moydiagnos.ru

What does a smear on the flora show in women?

Women's health can easily be damaged, because it is a very fragile substance. Every woman should visit a gynecologist once every six months in order to promptly determine the presence of pathologies and not risk her health. The first thing doctors do during an examination is take a gynecological smear, designed to detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms.

Flora smear indicators

After a vaginal smear is taken, it is sent to a laboratory for testing. The results are announced to the patient by the gynecologist. To avoid erroneous conclusions, it is advisable to go for examination to the same specialist or to the same institution, because different laboratories use various methods studying and coloring the material. What does a smear on the flora show in women?

Norm of leukocytes in women

The deciphering of the smear analysis for flora in women begins with determining the level of leukocytes. These are particles that protect the body from infections, preventing the penetration of microorganisms into the genitals. After taking a smear, when deciphering, you need to take into account the presence colds, pregnancy and day of the menstrual cycle. The normal content of leukocytes in the field of view should contain 10-15 units, and erythrocytes - 2 units. After menstruation, the number of white cells may be higher - up to 25 units.

In pregnant women, the leukocyte norm is allowed up to 30 units. If the patient has a viral or bacterial infection, then the level of leukocytes during microscopic examination may be increased. Therefore, doctors will always recommend taking a smear to determine the degree of vaginal cleanliness after an illness. If all conditions affecting the level of leukocytes are excluded, but the content of white cells is increased, then this indicates the presence of inflammation.

Flat epithelium in a smear

The mucous cells that line the uterine cervix and vagina are called squamous epithelium. The cervical canal contains columnar epithelium. What does a smear on the flora in women show if there are no epithelial cells or there are too many of them? When a woman is healthy, when examining a sample, the norm is from 3 to 15 units. If there is insufficient squamous epithelium or no squamous epithelium at all, this may indicate increased levels of male hormones.

In this case, the gynecologist may suggest that the patient undergo hormone therapy. This pathology may also indicate atrophy of epithelial cells. Increased concentration indicates the presence of infection or acute inflammation. When the study shows altered squamous epithelium, it means that the woman has developed dysplasia, which, under a combination of circumstances, can cause a cervical tumor (malignant).

What do key cells mean?

The test will identify key cells in the smear if a woman has bacterial vaginosis. In this case, polymorphic gram-variable or gram-negative rods - gardnerella - are attached to the walls of the vagina. Pathology can greatly undermine the immune system, and therefore is fraught with consequences. With bacterial vaginosis, the vaginal flora contains many pathogenic microorganisms, which brings the owner a lot of discomfort.

Key cells do not always indicate a bacterial imbalance. After their detection, it is necessary to identify specific pathogens. Sometimes key cells are found in cancer or erosive pathology of the mucous membrane, therefore, after detection and treatment, their content should be regularly monitored (at least twice a year).

Mixed flora in a smear in women

If the smear showed the presence of mixed flora, then this indicates an imbalance between non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms. This means that the material taken contains lactobacilli, squamous epithelium, leukocytes and other microorganisms. When there are 95% lactobacilli and 5% opportunistic bacilli, this is considered normal, since a small number of staphylococci cannot cause harm. What does it show mixed smear on flora in women with other indicators:

1. First degree. Leukocytes are normal, epithelial cells and lactobacilli are in moderate quantities, but mucus is present. This means that there is no inflammation, the immune system is healthy, the microflora is normal, and there is no pathogenic flora.
2. Second degree. A urogenital smear showed that lactobacilli were present along with yeast fungi and cocci. White blood cells are normal, but there is moderate mucus. This indicator is also considered normal, but there is a risk inflammatory diseases.
3. Third degree. Flora mixed with an advantage of pathogenic microorganisms. The presence of leukocytes, mucus and epithelium exceeds normal indicators– In women, inflammatory processes occur in the genital organs.
4. Fourth degree. A microflora smear showed a large amount of epithelium and mucus. The norm of leukocytes was several times exceeded, no lactobacilli were detected, and the microflora was represented by pathogenic bacteria. This shows that the disease is very advanced. Treatment of inflammation is prescribed, after which a second smear is made on the flora.

Candida fungus

Yeast-like fungi Candida are single-celled microorganisms of round or oval shape that form blastospores (kidney cells), threads of elongated cells (pseudomycelium) and some double-walled spores (chlamydospores). They are often found in the vagina. Candida fungal spores are also found in absolutely healthy women. The manifestation of mycelium shows active infectious process caused by thrush or candidiasis. The first symptoms of the disease include itching in intimate area, vaginal dryness, curdled discharge having an unpleasant odor.

Coccal flora in women

Coccal flora is constantly present in the vaginal contents. In some cases, it requires attention when a large amount of it is detected against the background of inflammation of microorganisms. Cocci are shaped like grains of rice, so in translation from ancient Greek the name corresponds to the word “grain”. The number of these bacteria increases during vaginal secretion when the production of ovarian hormones - estrogen - stops or decreases. Cocci are antagonists to lactobacilli. If coccobacillary flora is detected, you should think about the health of the vagina.

Mucus in a smear in women

If all indicators are normal, then the mucus in the smear is not particularly important. The picture changes if bacterioscopy shows that other bacteria are present. Mucus is the result of the production of glands of the vagina and cervical canal, which has an alkaline reaction. She performs important functions, among which the main place is occupied by the ability to suppress the development of pathogenic bacteria. Depending on the menstrual cycle, the thickness and composition of mucus changes. If the secreted contents are bright pink, then this indicates endocervicitis (inflammation of the cervical canal).

Degree of vaginal cleanliness

The concept reflects the state of the vaginal flora. To determine the degree of purity, the doctor evaluates the ratio of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Normally, the vagina contains beneficial bacilli called Doderlein bacilli. They produce lactic acid, which protects female flora from the possibility of growth of pathogenic microorganisms. When Doderlein's rods die, an inflammatory process develops. The degree of purity shows how much beneficial bacillary flora and corynebacteria is currently in the vagina.

Interpretation of smear results

So what does a smear show on the flora in women? For brevity, doctors abbreviate the letters in the table of indicators. To understand how good or bad analysis, you need to understand what lies behind such designations:

• U, V, C – places from which doctors take a smear for flora: U-uretra is the urethra, V-vagina is the vagina, C-cervix is ​​the cervical canal;
• Ep is short for epithelium;
• L – leukocytes;
• Trich – the causative agent of Trichomonas;
• Gn is the causative agent of gonorrhea.

What diseases does a smear reveal?

A smear for flora is prepared within 1 to 2 working days. If there is a need to clarify the results, the doctor may additionally perform cultural studies. What can a smear test for flora in women and the detection of key cells in the uterus indicate:

• polyps;
• mucosal erosion;
• chlamydia;
• gonorrhea;
• cancerous degeneration of the epithelium;
• mycoplasmosis;
• trichomoniasis.

Video: how to decipher flora analysis