Bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of planet Earth. They inhabited it in ancient times and continue to exist today. Some species have even changed little since then. Bacteria, beneficial and harmful, literally surround us everywhere (and even penetrate into other organisms). With a rather primitive unicellular structure they are probably one of the most effective forms living nature and stand out in a special kingdom.

Safety margin

These microorganisms, as they say, do not drown in water and do not burn in fire. Literally: they can withstand temperatures up to plus 90 degrees, freezing, lack of oxygen, pressure - high and low. We can say that nature has invested a huge margin of safety in them.

Bacteria beneficial and harmful to the human body

As a rule, the bacteria that inhabit our bodies in abundance do not receive due attention. After all, they are so small that they seem to have no significant significance. Those who think so are largely mistaken. Beneficial and harmful bacteria have long and reliably “colonized” other organisms and successfully coexist with them. Yes, they cannot be seen without the help of optics, but they can cause harm to our body.

Who lives in the intestines?

Doctors say that if you add together just the bacteria that live in the intestines and weigh them, you get something like three kilograms! Such a huge army cannot be ignored. Many of the microorganisms continuously entered the environment, but only some species found favorable conditions for living and living there. And in the process of evolution, they even formed a permanent microflora, which is designed to perform important physiological functions.

"Wise" neighbors

Bacteria have been playing for a long time important role, although until very recently people had no idea about it. They help their owner with digestion and perform a number of other functions. What are these invisible neighbors?

Permanent microflora

99% of the population resides permanently in the intestines. They are ardent supporters and helpers of man.

• Basic beneficial bacteria. Names: bifidobacteria and bacteroides. They are the vast majority.
• Associated beneficial bacteria. Names: Escherichia coli, enterococci, lactobacilli. Their number should be 1-9% of the total.

You also need to know that under appropriate negative conditions, all these representatives of the intestinal flora (with the exception of bifidobacteria) can cause diseases.

What are they doing?

The main functions of these bacteria are to help us in the digestion process. It has been noticed that in humans poor nutrition Dysbacteriosis may occur. As a result - stagnation and constipation and other inconveniences. When a balanced diet is normalized, the disease usually recedes.

Another function of these bacteria is guard. They monitor which bacteria are beneficial. To ensure that “strangers” do not penetrate their community. If, for example, the causative agent of dysentery, Shigella Sonne, tries to penetrate the intestines, they kill it. However, it is worth noting that this only occurs in the body relatively healthy person, with good immunity. Otherwise, the risk of getting sick increases significantly.

Fickle microflora

Approximately 1% of the body of a healthy individual consists of so-called opportunistic microbes. They belong to the unstable microflora. At normal conditions they perform certain functions that do not harm a person, they work for the benefit. But in certain situations they can manifest themselves as pests. These are mainly staphylococci and various types of fungi.

Dislocation in the gastrointestinal tract

In fact, the entire digestive tract has a heterogeneous and unstable microflora - beneficial and harmful bacteria. The esophagus contains the same inhabitants as in the oral cavity. In the stomach there are only a few that are acid-resistant: lactobacilli, Helicobacter, streptococci, fungi. IN small intestine microflora is also sparse. Most bacteria are found in the colon. Thus, when defecating, a person is capable of excreting over 15 trillion microorganisms per day!

The role of bacteria in nature

It is also, of course, great. There are several global functions, without which all life on the planet would probably have ceased to exist long ago. The most important is sanitary. Bacteria eat dead organisms found in nature. They, in essence, work as a kind of wipers, preventing deposits of dead cells from accumulating. Scientifically they are called saprotrophs.

Another important role of bacteria is participation in the world on land and sea. On planet Earth, all substances in the biosphere pass from one organism to another. Without some bacteria, this transition would simply be impossible. The role of bacteria is invaluable, for example, in the circulation and reproduction of such important element, like nitrogen. There are certain bacteria in the soil that make nitrogenous fertilizers for plants from nitrogen in the air (microorganisms live right in their roots). This symbiosis between plants and bacteria is being studied by science.

Participation in food chains

As already mentioned, bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the biosphere. And accordingly, they can and should participate in the inherent nature of animals and plants. Of course, for humans, for example, bacteria are not the main part of the diet (unless they can be used as food additives). However, there are organisms that feed on bacteria. These organisms, in turn, feed on other animals.

Cyanobacteria

These (an outdated name for these bacteria, fundamentally incorrect with scientific point vision) are capable of producing huge amounts of oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. Once upon a time, it was they who began to saturate our atmosphere with oxygen. Cyanobacteria continue to do this successfully to this day, producing a certain portion of the oxygen in the modern atmosphere!

Safety margin

Who lives in the intestines?

"Wise" neighbors

Permanent microflora

What are they doing?

Fickle microflora

Dislocation in the gastrointestinal tract

The role of bacteria in nature

Participation in food chains

Cyanobacteria

IN human body These microscopic creatures live more than 2 kilograms! Moreover, most of them do not cause any harm, but live in peace and harmony with the owner of the body. But what are they for? What benefits and harm do bacteria bring to humans?

The role of bacteria living inside us

All microorganisms that inhabit a person from the inside can be divided into two categories:

1. Bacteria that bring tangible benefits to their owner. They help a person absorb and digest food, as well as synthesize healthy vitamins. The most well-known bacterium with these properties is Escherichia coli. The intestinal microflora is also inhabited by various bacteroids, lacto- and bifidobacteria. Their benefit is to strengthen the immune system. They also reduce the risk of dangerous germs entering. Excessive use antibiotics or other chemicals can lead to the death of beneficial bacteria. As a result, dysbiosis develops (diarrhea, constipation, nausea) and the human immune system suffers.
   • gonorrhea;
   • whooping cough;
   • diphtheria;
   • cholera;
   • plague and many other diseases.

When microbes enter the body of animals, they again bring great harm. They cause infection with diseases such as anthrax and brucellosis (and many others). Eating meat from an infected animal can cause serious harm human health.

The importance of bacteria in various areas of life

There are many bacterial preparations, which help fight pests in agriculture and forestry. Some of these microscopic creatures are used for ensiling green fodder. And for cleansing waste water They use a special type of bacteria that decomposes organic residues and helps control the level of pollution in water bodies. And even in modern medicine microorganisms are actively used for the production various vitamins, antibiotics and others medicines.

Not all bacteria are beneficial and serve the benefit of people. There are also those that harm food and cause rotting organic matter and produce poison. Eating low-quality food leads to poisoning of the body. In some cases, the result is completely sad - death. To protect yourself and your loved ones from harm caused by bad bacteria, as well as maintain the natural balance of beneficial creatures in the body, you need to:

Home » Harmful » Harm from bacteria

Beneficial and harmful bacteria. What bacteria are the most dangerous for humans?

Most people associate the word “bacteria” with something unpleasant and a threat to health. IN best case scenario are remembered fermented milk products. At worst - dysbacteriosis, plague, dysentery and other troubles. But bacteria are everywhere, they are good and bad. What can microorganisms hide?

What are bacteria

Bacteria means “stick” in Greek. This title doesn't say what it means harmful bacteria. They were given this name because of their shape. Most of these single cells look like rods. They also come in the form of triangles, squares, and star-shaped cells. For a billion years, bacteria do not change appearance, can only change internally. They can be movable or immobile. A bacterium consists of one cell. On the outside it is covered with a thin shell. This allows it to maintain its shape. There is no nucleus or chlorophyll inside the cell. There are ribosomes, vacuoles, cytoplasmic outgrowths, and protoplasm. The most large bacterium was found in 1999. It was called the “Grey Pearl of Namibia”. Bacteria and bacillus mean the same thing, they just have different origins.

Man and bacteria

In our body there is a constant battle between harmful and beneficial bacteria. Thanks to this process, a person receives protection from various infections. Various microorganisms surround us at every step. They live on clothes, fly in the air, they are omnipresent.

The presence of bacteria in the mouth, and this is about forty thousand microorganisms, protects the gums from bleeding, from periodontal disease and even from sore throat. If a woman’s microflora is disturbed, she may develop gynecological diseases. Following basic rules of personal hygiene will help avoid such failures.

Human immunity completely depends on the state of the microflora. Only in the gastrointestinal tract intestinal tract contains almost 60% of all bacteria. The rest settled in respiratory system and in the genital area. About two kilograms of bacteria live in a person.

The appearance of bacteria in the body

A newly born baby has a sterile intestine. After his first breath, many microorganisms enter the body with which he was previously unfamiliar. When the baby is first put to the breast, the mother transfers beneficial bacteria with milk, which will help normalize the intestinal microflora. It is not for nothing that doctors insist that the mother immediately after the birth of her child breastfeed him. They also recommend extending this feeding as long as possible.

Beneficial bacteria

Beneficial bacteria are: lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, E. coli, streptomycents, mycorrhizae, cyanobacteria.

They all play an important role in human life. Some of them prevent the occurrence of infections, others are used in the production of medicines, and others maintain balance in the ecosystem of our planet.

Types of harmful bacteria

Harmful bacteria can cause a number of serious illnesses in humans. For example, diphtheria, anthrax, sore throat, plague and many others. They are easily transmitted from an infected person through air, food, or touch. It is the harmful bacteria, the names of which will be given below, that spoil food. From them appears bad smell, rotting and decomposition occurs, they cause diseases.

Bacteria can be gram-positive, gram-negative, rod-shaped.

Names of harmful bacteria

Table. Harmful bacteria for humans. Titles

Titles	Habitat	Harm
Mycobacteria	food, water	tuberculosis, leprosy, ulcer
Tetanus bacillus	soil, skin, digestive tract	tetanus, muscle spasms, respiratory failure
Plague stick (considered by experts as a biological weapon)	only in humans, rodents and mammals	bubonic plague, pneumonia, skin infections
Helicobacter pylori	human gastric mucosa	gastritis, peptic ulcer, produces cytoxins, ammonia
Anthrax bacillus	soil	anthrax
Botulism stick	food, contaminated dishes	poisoning

Harmful bacteria can for a long time reside in the body and absorb useful substances from it. At the same time, they are capable of causing infectious disease.

The most dangerous bacteria

One of the most resistant bacteria is methicillin. It is better known as Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus). This microorganism can cause not one, but several infectious diseases. Some types of these bacteria are resistant to powerful antibiotics and antiseptics. Strains of this bacterium can live in the upper respiratory tract, in open wounds and urinary canals of every third inhabitant of the Earth. For a person with strong immunity it is not dangerous.

Harmful bacteria to humans are also pathogens called Salmonella typhi. They are pathogens acute infection intestines and typhoid fever. These types of bacteria, harmful to humans, are dangerous because they produce toxic substances that are extremely dangerous to life. As the disease progresses, intoxication of the body occurs, very high fever, rashes on the body, and the liver and spleen enlarge. The bacterium is very resistant to various external influences. Lives well in water, on vegetables, fruits and reproduces well in milk products.

Clostridium tetan is also one of the most dangerous bacteria. It produces a poison called tetanus exotoxin. People who become infected with this pathogen experience terrible pain, seizures and die very hard. The disease is called tetanus. Despite the fact that the vaccine was created back in 1890, 60 thousand people die from it every year on Earth.

And another bacterium that can lead to human death is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It causes tuberculosis, which is drug-resistant. If you do not seek help in a timely manner, a person may die.

Measures to prevent the spread of infections

Harmful bacteria and the names of microorganisms are studied by doctors of all disciplines from their student days. Healthcare annually seeks new methods to prevent the spread of life-threatening infections. If you follow preventive measures, you will not have to waste energy on finding new ways to combat such diseases.

To do this, it is necessary to timely identify the source of the infection, determine the circle of sick people and possible victims. It is imperative to isolate those who are infected and disinfect the source of infection.

The second stage is the destruction of pathways through which harmful bacteria can be transmitted. For this purpose, appropriate propaganda is carried out among the population.

Food facilities, reservoirs, and food storage warehouses are taken under control.

Every person can resist harmful bacteria by strengthening their immunity in every possible way. Healthy image life, observing basic hygiene rules, protecting yourself during sexual intercourse, using sterile disposable medical instruments and equipment, complete restriction from communicating with people in quarantine. If you enter an epidemiological area or a source of infection, you must strictly comply with all the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological services. A number of infections are equated in their effects to bacteriological weapons.

Bacteria are useful and harmful. Bacteria in human life

Bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of planet Earth. They inhabited it in ancient times and continue to exist today. Some species have even changed little since then. Bacteria, beneficial and harmful, literally surround us everywhere (and even penetrate into other organisms). With a rather primitive unicellular structure, they are probably one of the most effective forms of living nature and are classified as a special kingdom.

Safety margin

These microorganisms, as they say, do not drown in water and do not burn in fire. Literally: they can withstand temperatures up to plus 90 degrees, freezing, lack of oxygen, pressure – high and low. We can say that nature has invested a huge margin of safety in them.

Bacteria beneficial and harmful to the human body

As a rule, the bacteria that inhabit our bodies in abundance do not receive due attention. After all, they are so small that they seem to have no significant significance. Those who think so are largely mistaken. Beneficial and harmful bacteria have long and reliably “colonized” other organisms and successfully coexist with them. Yes, they cannot be seen without the help of optics, but they can benefit or harm our body.

Who lives in the intestines?

Doctors say that if you add together just the bacteria that live in the intestines and weigh them, you get something like three kilograms! Such a huge army cannot be ignored. Many microorganisms continuously enter the human intestine, but only some species find favorable conditions for living and living there. And in the process of evolution, they even formed a permanent microflora, which is designed to perform important physiological functions.

"Wise" neighbors

Bacteria have long played an important role in human life, although until very recently people had no idea about it. They help their owner with digestion and perform a number of other functions. What are these invisible neighbors?

Permanent microflora

99% of the population resides permanently in the intestines. They are ardent supporters and helpers of man.

• Essential beneficial bacteria. Names: bifidobacteria and bacteroides. They are the vast majority.
• Associated beneficial bacteria. Names: Escherichia coli, enterococci, lactobacilli. Their number should be 1-9% of the total.

You also need to know that under appropriate negative conditions, all these representatives of the intestinal flora (with the exception of bifidobacteria) can cause diseases.

What are they doing?

The main functions of these bacteria are to help us in the digestion process. It has been noted that dysbiosis can occur in a person with poor nutrition. As a result - stagnation and feeling unwell, constipation and other inconveniences. When a balanced diet is normalized, the disease usually recedes.

Another function of these bacteria is guard. They monitor which bacteria are beneficial. To ensure that “strangers” do not penetrate their community. If, for example, the causative agent of dysentery, Shigella Sonne, tries to penetrate the intestines, they kill it. However, it is worth noting that this only happens in the body of a relatively healthy person with good immunity. Otherwise, the risk of getting sick increases significantly.

Fickle microflora

Approximately 1% of the body of a healthy individual consists of so-called opportunistic microbes. They belong to the unstable microflora. Under normal conditions, they perform certain functions that do not harm humans and work for the benefit. But in certain situations they can manifest themselves as pests. These are mainly staphylococci and various types of fungi.

Dislocation in the gastrointestinal tract

In fact, the entire digestive tract has a heterogeneous and unstable microflora - beneficial and harmful bacteria. The esophagus contains the same inhabitants as in the oral cavity. In the stomach there are only a few that are acid-resistant: lactobacilli, Helicobacter, streptococci, fungi. The microflora in the small intestine is also sparse. Most bacteria are found in the colon. Thus, when defecating, a person is capable of excreting over 15 trillion microorganisms per day!

The role of bacteria in nature

It is also, of course, great. There are several global functions, without which all life on the planet would probably have ceased to exist long ago. The most important is sanitary. Bacteria eat dead organisms found in nature. They, in essence, work as a kind of wipers, preventing deposits of dead cells from accumulating. Scientifically they are called saprotrophs.

Another important role of bacteria is participation in the global cycle of substances on land and sea. On planet Earth, all substances in the biosphere pass from one organism to another. Without some bacteria, this transition would simply be impossible. The role of bacteria is invaluable, for example, in the circulation and reproduction of such an important element as nitrogen. There are certain bacteria in the soil that make nitrogenous fertilizers for plants from nitrogen in the air (microorganisms live right in their roots). This symbiosis between plants and bacteria is being studied by science.

Participation in food chains

As already mentioned, bacteria are the most numerous inhabitants of the biosphere. And accordingly, they can and should participate in food chains inherent in the nature of animals and plants. Of course, for humans, for example, bacteria are not a main part of the diet (unless they can be used as a food additive). However, there are organisms that feed on bacteria. These organisms, in turn, feed on other animals.

Cyanobacteria

These blue-green algae (an outdated name for these bacteria, fundamentally incorrect from a scientific point of view) are capable of producing huge amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis. Once upon a time, it was they who began to saturate our atmosphere with oxygen. Cyanobacteria continue to do this successfully to this day, producing a certain part of the oxygen in the modern atmosphere!

Bacteria in nature are harmful and beneficial to humans

Most people view various bacterial organisms solely as harmful particles that can provoke the development of various pathological conditions. Nevertheless, according to scientists, the world of these organisms is very diverse. Exist frankly dangerous bacteria, dangerous our body, but there are also useful ones - those that ensure the normal functioning of our organs and systems. Let's try to understand these concepts a little and consider individual species similar organisms. Let's talk about bacteria in nature that are harmful and beneficial to humans.

Beneficial bacteria

Scientists say that bacteria became the very first inhabitants of our big planet, and it is thanks to them that there is life on Earth now. Over the course of many millions of years, these organisms gradually adapted to the constantly changing conditions of existence, they changed their appearance and habitat. Bacteria were able to adapt to the surrounding space and were able to develop new and unique methods of life support, including multiple biochemical reactions - catalysis, photosynthesis and even seemingly simple respiration. Now bacteria coexist with human organisms, and such cooperation is characterized by some harmony, because such organisms are capable of bringing real benefits.

After little man is born, bacteria immediately begin to penetrate into his body. They penetrate through respiratory tract along with the air, enter the body along with breast milk etc. The whole body becomes saturated with different bacteria.

It is impossible to accurately calculate their number, but some scientists boldly say that the number of such cells in the body is comparable to the number of all cells. The digestive tract alone is home to four hundred different types of living bacteria. It is believed that a certain variety of them can grow only in a specific place. Thus, lactic acid bacteria are able to grow and multiply in the intestines, others feel optimal in the oral cavity, and some live only on the skin.

Over many years of coexistence, humans and such particles were able to recreate optimal conditions for cooperation for both groups, which can be characterized as a useful symbiosis. At the same time, bacteria and our body combine their capabilities, while each side remains in the black.

Bacteria are capable of collecting particles of various cells on their surface, which is why the immune system does not perceive them as hostile and does not attack them. However, after organs and systems are exposed to harmful viruses, beneficial bacteria rise to the defense and simply block the path of pathogens. When existing in the digestive tract, such substances also bring tangible benefits. They process leftover food, releasing a significant amount of heat. It, in turn, is transmitted to nearby organs, and is transferred throughout the body.

A deficiency of beneficial bacteria in the body or a change in their number causes the development of various pathological conditions. This situation can develop while taking antibiotics, which effectively destroy both harmful and beneficial bacteria. To correct the amount of beneficial bacteria can be consumed special drugs- probiotics.

Harmful bacteria

However, it is worth remembering that not all bacteria are human friends. Among them there are enough dangerous varieties that can only cause harm. Such organisms, after entering our body, become the cause of the development of various bacterial ailments. These are different colds, some types of pneumonia, and also syphilis, tetanus and other diseases, even deadly ones. There are also diseases of this type that are transmitted by airborne droplets. This dangerous tuberculosis, whooping cough, etc.

A significant number of ailments caused by harmful bacteria develop due to the consumption of insufficiently high-quality food, unwashed and unprocessed vegetables and fruits, raw water, and undercooked meat. You can protect yourself from such diseases by following the rules and regulations of hygiene. An example of such dangerous illnesses are dysentery, typhoid fever, etc.

Manifestations of diseases that develop as a result of an attack by bacteria are the result of the pathological influence of poisons that these organisms produce or that form against the background of their destruction. The human body is able to get rid of them thanks to its natural defense, which is based on the process of phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells, as well as on the immune system, which synthesizes antibodies. The latter bind foreign proteins and carbohydrates, and then simply eliminate them from the bloodstream.

Also, harmful bacteria can be destroyed using natural and synthetic medications, the most famous of which is penicillin. All medications of this type are antibiotics, they differ depending on the active component and from the scheme of action. Some of them are capable of destroying the cell membranes of bacteria, while others suspend their vital processes.

So, in nature there are a lot of bacteria that can bring benefits and harm to humans. Fortunately, the modern level of development of medicine makes it possible to cope with most pathological organisms of this kind.

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The benefits and harms of bacteria???

The fact is that bacteria bring not only harm, but also undoubted benefit. It is not for nothing that in the intestines of any organism there is a separate environment, which it would not hurt to separate into an independent organ, which is called the microflora of the body. Microflora includes a range of bacteria necessary for normal life.
The role of bacteria in human life is great. While still in the intestines, bacteria break down food residues indigestible in the stomach into organic and inorganic compounds. In the process, amino acids and some vitamins are extracted, which are immediately absorbed into the blood.
Bacteria are also found in dairy products - yoghurt, kefir, fermented baked milk. Together with these products, microorganisms enter the gastric tract, where they help the stomach itself cope with its main task - thoroughly digesting food. It is for this reason that we always feel light after eating dairy products and do not feel discomfort in the stomach caused by pain, colic or nausea.
The role of bacteria in human life is great. Being inside the female genital organs, microorganisms create a special acid-base environment, the violation of which leads to a series unpleasant diseases and inflammation. To maintain such an optimal environment, personal hygiene must be observed.
The oral cavity is also full of microbes, which help get rid of inflammation and bleeding gums, tonsillitis and periodontal disease.
As you understand, microorganisms are located inside our entire body, and it’s not worth getting rid of them so violently. The role of bacteria in human life is ambiguous, but the fact that we need these simple organisms is one hundred percent correct answer.
Drink less antibiotics, which destroy the normal cooperation between microbes and humans, which leads to serious diseases.

Tanya

Benefit: Bacteria that bring tangible benefits to their owner. They help a person absorb and digest food, as well as synthesize beneficial vitamins. The most well-known bacterium with these properties is Escherichia coli. The intestinal microflora is also inhabited by various bacteroids, lacto- and bifidobacteria. Their benefit is to strengthen the immune system. They also reduce the risk of dangerous germs entering. Excessive use of antibiotics or other chemicals can kill beneficial bacteria. As a result, dysbiosis develops (diarrhea, constipation, nausea) and the human immune system suffers.

Sergey

Bacteria harmful to human health. Most often, pathogenic microbes enter the human body through airborne droplets. But this is far from the only way infection. Dirty or stale food bad water, poorly washed hands, various blood-sucking insects (fleas, lice, mosquitoes), a wound on the skin - all this can cause infection with bad microorganisms. Such organisms cause significant harm to health. Namely, they cause serious diseases:

What benefits and harm do bacteria bring to humans?

Elena

The harm from bacteria is very noticeable - many bacteria are sources of inflammation and infections. Deadly diseases Typhoid and cholera, the serious diseases pneumonia and diphtheria are caused by bacteria, and it is not surprising that people are constantly looking for ways to combat them.
However, many bacteria are beneficial. Bacteria that cause, for example, fermentation of sweet juices or ripening of cream are beneficial. If bacteria did not decompose dead tissue, then the entire surface of the Earth would already be covered with it. But most importantly, bacteria participate in the formation of nitrates, which are necessary for plant life and, therefore, for our life.

Vladimir Kukuruzov

There are microorganisms that indirectly affect human life. They live in soils and water bodies and are involved in the breakdown of organic waste, ensure the rotting of dead plants, and saturate the soil with essential nutrients. minerals and oxygen. Thanks to them, planet Earth does not lack oxygen.
Even in ancient times, people understood what invaluable benefits bring bacteria to humans everyday life. Many food products cannot be produced without the use of beneficial bacteria. Fermented milk products(kefir, yogurt), acetic acid, confectionery, cocoa, coffee - the result active life microorganisms. Even the production of tanned leather or, for example, flax fiber is not complete without their participation.
fermented milk products There are many bacterial preparations that help fight pests in agriculture and forestry. Some of these microscopic creatures are used for ensiling green fodder. And to purify wastewater, a special type of bacteria is used, which decompose organic residues and help control the level of pollution in water bodies. And even in modern medicine, microorganisms are actively used to produce various vitamins, antibiotics and other medications.
preparation with lactic acid bacteria Not all bacteria are beneficial and serve the benefit of people. There are also those that harm food, cause rotting of organic substances and produce poison. Eating low-quality food leads to poisoning of the body. In some cases, the result is completely sad - death. To protect yourself and your loved ones from harm caused by bad bacteria, as well as maintain the natural balance of beneficial creatures in the body, you need to:
Regularly eat fermented milk products enriched with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
Eat only fresh and high-quality foods.
Wash your hands before eating and thoroughly wash all fruits and vegetables.
Subject the meat to heat treatment.
Take antibiotics strictly as prescribed by your doctor. And try not to abuse various medications. Otherwise, instead of benefit, you can cause significant harm to your health.
Compliance with these simple rules is the key to a healthy life.

How do bacteria enter the human body and what harm do they cause?

ValyuSha

from the environment, for example, from dirty hands, towels, through the nose, mouth, skin, those who have normal immunity - bacteria are basically not scary, but those who have problems with it - due to bacteria, various illnesses can arise - colds, acne, diarrhea etc.)

Dmitry Kalinkin

There is a hypothesis that all microorganisms are biorobots that perform the functions of repairing tissues, organs, cells, DNA
but not only repairs, but also, in general, changes in the internal state of living beings, people, animals and plants, as well as single-celled organisms. Viruses, like the smallest biorobots, engage in changes at the genetic level.
At the crudest level, helminths are used.
That is, all microorganisms are a management tool internal state complex organisms from the control function of NATURE. There is even a humorous hypothesis that driving force The evolution of living things are viruses that forced all living things to develop in order to ensure the life of viruses. (After all, they cannot live on their own.

Grigory Miroshin

Eternity…………

The danger of bacterial diseases has been greatly reduced in late XIX century with the invention of the vaccination method, and in the middle of the 20th century with the discovery of antibiotics.

useful; For thousands of years, people have used lactic acid bacteria to produce cheese, yogurt, kefir, vinegar, and fermentation.

Currently, methods have been developed for the use of phytopathogenic bacteria as safe herbicides, and entomopathogenic bacteria instead of insecticides. Most wide application received Bacillus thuringiensis, which secretes toxins (Cry-toxins) that act on insects. In addition to bacterial insecticides, bacterial fertilizers are used in agriculture.

Bacteria that cause human disease are used as biological weapons.

Thanks to rapid growth and reproduction, as well as simplicity of structure, bacteria are actively used in scientific research in molecular biology, genetics, genetic engineering and biochemistry. The most well-studied bacterium is Escherichia coli. Information about bacterial metabolic processes has made it possible to produce bacterial synthesis of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, etc.

A promising direction is the enrichment of ores using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the purification of soils and water bodies contaminated with petroleum products or xenobiotics by bacteria.

The human intestine normally contains from 300 to 1000 species of bacteria with a total mass of up to 1 kg, and the number of their cells is an order of magnitude greater than the number of cells in the human body. They play an important role in the digestion of carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and displace pathogenic bacteria. We can figuratively say that the human microflora is an additional “organ” that is responsible for protecting the body from infections and digestion.

It's not very short here. but I think you can shorten it as you like.

Karim Murotaliev

Bacteria and millennium man coexist with each other. They bring enormous benefits to humans. Beneficial bacteria make up 99% of the entire population that inhabit the human body and only 1% of them have a bad reputation. Because of the harm that bacteria cause to humans, any mention of them causes negative emotions. Bacteria are found in the air we breathe, in the soil, in food and water, in plants, in our bodies, etc.

Rice. 1. Bacteria and humans.

The first bacteria on planet Earth appeared billions of years ago, long before the appearance of plants, animals and humans. For millions of years they have been changing their habitat unfavorable climate, changed themselves, gradually improving methods of life support, and over time populated the entire planet: oceans, soil, rocks, volcanoes and arctic ice. The survival of bacteria was ensured by the presence of “jumping” genes, which they learned to pass on to each other along with the acquired achievements.

Rice. 2. Microbes are the real invisible masters of the Earth.

Rice. 3. About 70% of living creatures on Earth are bacteria.

Bacteria and humans: benefits for the human body

Bacteria have lived on planet Earth for more than 3.5 billion years. During this time they learned a lot and adapted to a lot. Now they help people. Bacteria and humans have become inseparable. Scientists have calculated that the human body contains from 500 to 1000 different types of bacteria or trillions of these amazing residents, which amounts to up to 4 kg of total weight. Up to 3 kilograms of microbial bodies are found only in the intestines. The rest of them are found in the genitourinary tract, on the skin and other cavities of the human body.

The human body is inhabited by both beneficial and harmful bacteria. The existing balance between the human body and bacteria has been refined over centuries. When immunity decreases, “bad” bacteria cause great harm to the human body. Some diseases make it difficult to replenish the body with “good” bacteria.

Rice. 4. Bacteria inhabiting the oral cavity: Streptococcus mutants ( green). Bakteroides gingivalis, causes periodontitis (lilac color). Candida albicus (yellow color).

Rice. 5. Inner surface colon. Pink islands are clusters of bacteria.

Rice. 6. Bacteria in duodenum(marked in red).

Rice. 7. Bacteria (blue and green) on human skin (computer image).

Microbes fill the body of a newborn from the first minutes of his life and finally form the composition of the intestinal microflora by the age of 10-13 years. The intestines are inhabited by streptococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria, fungi, intestinal viruses, non-pathogenic protozoa. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria make up 60% of the intestinal flora. The composition of this group of bacteria is always constant, numerous and performs basic functions.

Rice. 12. Intestinal bacteria (red) in the duodenum.

The normal functioning of the human body is due to bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterococci, Escherichia coli and bacteriodes, which account for 99% of the normal intestinal microflora. 1% are representatives of opportunistic flora: clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci, Proteus, etc.

Bifidobacteria

• Thanks to bifidobacteria, acetate and lactic acid are produced. By acidifying the environment, they suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause rotting and fermentation;
• thanks to bifidobacteria, the risk of developing allergies to food products in babies;
• they provide antioxidant and antitumor effects;
• bifidobacteria take part in the synthesis of vitamin C;
• bifidobacteria and lactobacilli take part in the processes of absorption of vitamin D, calcium and iron.

Rice. 13. Bifidobacteria. Three-dimensional image.

Escherichia coli

• Particular attention is paid to the representative of this genus Escherichia coli M17. It is capable of producing the substance cocilin, which inhibits the growth of a number of pathogenic microbes.
• With the participation of E. coli, vitamins K, group B (B1, B2, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12), folic and nicotinic acids are synthesized.

Rice. 14. Escherichia coli. Three-dimensional image.

Rice. 15. Escherichia coli under a microscope.

Enterobacteriaceae

Enterobacteriaceae take an active part in the restoration of intestinal microflora after taking antibiotics.

Lactobacilli

Lactobacilli inhibit the growth of putrefactive and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms due to the formation of a number of antimicrobial substances.

Rice. 16. Lactobacilli (three-dimensional image).

Positive role of bacteria in the human body

• With the participation of bifido-, lacto- and enterobacteria, vitamins K, C, group B (B1, B2, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12), folic and nicotinic acids are synthesized.
• Thanks to the intestinal microflora, undigested food components are broken down from upper sections intestines - starch, cellulose, protein and fat fractions.
• Intestinal microflora maintains water-salt metabolism and ion homeostasis.
• Thanks to the secretion of special substances, the intestinal microflora suppresses the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause rotting and fermentation.
• Bifido-, lacto- and enterobacteria take part in the detoxification of substances that enter from the outside and are formed inside the body itself.
• Intestinal microflora plays a big role in restoring local immunity. Thanks to it, the number of lymphocytes, the activity of phagocytes and the production of immunoglobulin A increase.
• Thanks to the intestinal microflora, the development of the lymphoid apparatus is stimulated.
• Increases the resistance of the intestinal epithelium to carcinogens.
• Microflora protect the intestinal mucosa and provide energy to the intestinal epithelium.
• Regulates intestinal motility.
• Intestinal flora acquires the skills to capture and remove viruses from the host body, with which for many years she was in symbiosis.
• Maintains the body's thermal balance. The microflora is nourished by substances that are not digested by the enzymatic system, coming from the upper sections gastrointestinal tract. As a result of complex biochemical reactions, a huge amount of thermal energy is produced. Heat is carried through the bloodstream throughout the body and enters everything. internal organs. This is why a person always freezes when fasting.
• Regulates the reabsorption of components bile acids(cholesterol), hormones, etc.

Rice. 17. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bifidum cells.

Rice. 18. Escherichia coli.

In diseases that reduce the body's immunity, intestinal diseases, long-term use of antibacterial drugs and in the absence of lactose in the human body, when the sugar contained in milk is not digested and begins to ferment in the intestines, changing acid balance intestines, a microbial imbalance occurs - dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis). Dysbacteriosis is characterized by the death of “good” bacteria and increased growth of pathogenic microorganisms and fungi. The processes of rotting and fermentation begin to prevail in the intestines. This is manifested by diarrhea and bloating, pain, loss of appetite, and then weight, children begin to lag behind in development, anemia and hypovitaminosis develop.

Bacteria and humans will always coexist together. The health of every person is in his hands. If a person takes care of himself, he will remain healthy, and therefore happy, for many years.

Rice. 19. Bacteria and humans. Together forever.

These microorganisms, or at least some of them, deserve to be treated well, because many bacteria are friendly to our bodies - in fact, they are beneficial bacteria and live in our bodies constantly, bringing only benefits. Over the past few years, scientists have discovered that of all the bacteria that live in our bodies, a minority are harmful to our health. In fact, most of the bacteria found in our bodies are beneficial to us.

Thanks to the Human Microbiome Project, a list of five beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies was compiled and made public. Although there are pathogenic strains of some of the bacteria, these types are quite rare. It should also be noted that even beneficial strains of these bacteria, if they are present in people with a severely weakened immune system and/or enter a part of the body where they should not be, can cause illness. However, this does not happen very often. Here is a list of five beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies:

1. Bifidobacterium longum

This microorganism is found in large quantities in the intestines of infants. They produce several acids that make the intestinal microflora toxic to many pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium longum serves to protect people from various diseases.

People cannot digest many molecules of plant food on their own. Present in the gastrointestinal tract, the bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotamicron break down such molecules. This allows people to digest the components present in plant foods. Without these beneficial bacteria, vegetarians would be in trouble.

3. Lactobacillus Johnsonii

This bacterium has vital important for people and especially for children. It is located in the intestines and greatly facilitates the process of milk absorption.

4. Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli bacteria synthesize vital important vitamin K in the human gastrointestinal tract. The abundance of this vitamin allows the human blood clotting mechanism to function normally. This vitamin is also necessary for normal operation liver, kidneys and gall bladder, metabolism and normal absorption of calcium.

5. Viridans Streptococci

These beneficial bacteria multiply rapidly in the throat. Although people are not born with them, over time, after a person is born, these bacteria find a way to enter the body. They reproduce there so well that they leave very little room for other, more harmful bacteria to colonize, thereby protecting the human body from disease.

How to protect beneficial bacteria from death

We need to use antibiotics only as a last resort because antibacterial drugs in addition to pathogenic microorganisms, they also destroy beneficial microflora, as a result of which an imbalance occurs in our bodies and diseases develop. Apart from this, you can also start regularly consuming fermented foods that are rich in beneficial strains of microorganisms (good bacteria), such as sauerkraut and other vegetables, fermented milk products (yogurt, kefir), kombucha, miso, tempeh, etc.

Washing your hands is necessary, but you should not go overboard with antibacterial soap, as this also contributes to the development of bacterial imbalance in the body.

The entire set of bacteria that live in the human body is called microbiota. Healthy intestinal microflora consists of many bacteria. There are more than a million of them. Each microorganism plays a huge role in normalizing the functioning of the entire body. If the balance is disturbed and there is a lack of any bacteria, this leads to disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenic process begins to develop rapidly. All beneficial microorganisms are found mostly in the intestines, as well as on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. The immune system is able to regulate required quantity beneficial bacteria.

The microflora of the human body is populated with both beneficial and pathogenic organisms. At a certain concentration this is considered normal. There are beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. Of course, there are many more beneficial microorganisms in the intestines. Balance is only maintained when good microflora makes up more than 95 percent of all microorganisms. There are the following types of bacteria that live in the human body:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• enterococci;
• coli.

Bifidobacteria

They are the most common type of bacteria. They are directly involved in the formation of lactic acid and acetate. Bifidobacteria contribute to the creation acidic environment, which helps neutralize almost everything pathogenic bacteria. In this case, the pathogenic flora can no longer develop further. The processes of decay and fermentation stop in the body.

Bifidobacteria are very important for child's body. They are responsible for allergic reactions on various products nutrition. They also have a good antioxidant effect and prevent the development of tumors.

This type of bacteria takes part in the synthesis of vitamin C. They help the rapid absorption of vitamins B and D, which take part in the formation of the child’s body. If there are few bifidobacteria in the body, then even synthetic vitamins will not be able to fully replenish their required quantity.

Lactobacilli

These microorganisms also play a fairly important role in normal functioning body. They are able to interact with other good bacteria that inhabit the intestines. At the same time, they block the development of pathogenic microflora and suppress the activity of bacteria, causing diseases intestines.

Lactobacilli take part in the formation of lysozyme, lactic acid and some vitamins. They are excellent helpers for immune system. A deficiency of these bacteria almost always leads to the development of dysbacteriosis.

Lactobacilli can often be found not only in the intestines, but also on the mucous membranes. This is very important factor, especially for women's health. With their help, the necessary acidity in the vagina is maintained. This helps prevent the development of diseases such as bacterial vaginosis.

Enterococci

Appear in the human body in the first days after birth. Contribute to good absorption sucrose. Most often, enterococci are found in the small intestine. By interacting with other good bacteria, they protect the body from the development of pathogenic microflora. However this type microorganisms are considered to be conditionally safe. If their concentration is exceeded, intestinal diseases develop.

Escherichia coli

Many types of such microorganisms do not contribute to the development of any diseases. In some cases, they also perform a protective function. Their usefulness lies in the synthesis of cocilin, which creates an obstacle to the proliferation of pathogenic microflora. E. coli takes part in the synthesis of many vitamins, as well as nicotinic and folic acid. This is very important because folic acid responsible for the formation of red blood cells in the body, which helps maintain hemoglobin levels.

Positive effects of bacteria on the human body

Good bacteria have a lot of beneficial and required properties. The body is able to function normally as long as it maintains the necessary balance between the bacteria that inhabit the intestines and mucous membranes. A lot of them are involved in the most important process synthesis of vitamins. B vitamins cannot be absorbed normally without exposure to beneficial bacteria. Because of this, the level of hemoglobin in the blood may decrease, suffering skin, violations are observed nervous system.

Bacteria are able to break down undigested food components that reach the large intestine. Beneficial microorganisms help maintain water-salt balance in the body.

The intestinal microflora takes part in the formation of local immunity. Helps block the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, people do not feel bloating and flatulence. An increase in the number of lymphocytes provokes the work of phagocytes, which consists of fighting harmful microbes. At the same time, some bacteria actively participate in the synthesis of immunoglobulin A.

Beneficial microorganisms have a positive effect on the functioning of the colon and small intestine. With their help, it is possible to maintain the necessary acidity, as a result of which the epithelium becomes more resistant to the effects of harmful factors. Intestinal motility also depends on microorganisms. Bifidobacteria take part in blocking the processes of decay and fermentation in the body. Many bacteria are constantly in symbiosis with pathogens, controlling their effect on the body.

The overall balance of the body is maintained biochemical reactions, occurring in the body with the participation of bacteria. At the same time, it stands out thermal energy. The basis of nutrition for beneficial bacteria is the remains of undigested food.

Dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis is usually called changes in the quantity and quality of bacteria. In this case large number good bacteria They simply die, and the bad ones begin to multiply quickly. Dysbacteriosis in many cases affects not only the intestines. It can appear in the oral cavity or on mucous membranes. Strepto- and staphylococci can be detected in the tests.

At in good condition The body's beneficial bacteria are able to completely regulate the proliferation of pathogens. Usually the airways and skin are protected. But if the balance is imbalanced, a person begins to feel some symptoms developing disease. Abdominal pain, bloating, and possible development of flatulence and diarrhea. Later, vitamin deficiency and anemia begin. Due to lack of appetite, weight rapidly decreases. Women may develop sexual dysfunction. Appear copious discharge from the vagina. They often have an unpleasant odor. The skin becomes dry. You can find roughness and cracks on it. In almost all cases, dysbiosis is one of the manifestations long-term use antibiotics.

At the first signs of illness, it is advisable to immediately consult a doctor. The doctor will prescribe all the necessary examinations, on the basis of which the maximum effective treatment dysbacteriosis. Most often in medicinal purposes Various probiotics are used.